BIOLO(3Y       REESE  LIBRARY 

LIBRARY  ,„  ,.,.„,, 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


,/&;/T 


AN 


ILLUSTRATED  FLORA 


NORTHERN  UNITED  STATES,  CANADA 

AND    THE 

BRITISH  POSSESSIONS 

FROM  NEWFOUNDLAND  TO  THE  PARALLEL  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  BOUNDARY  OF  VIRGINIA, 
AND  FROM  THE  ATLANTIC  OCEAN  WESTWARD  TO  THE  IO2D  MERIDIAN 


BY 

NATHANIEL   LORD   BRITTON,  PH.D. 

EMERITUS  PROFESSOR  OF  BOTANY  IN  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY,  AND  DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF 
OF  THE  NEW  YORK  BOTANICAL  GARDEN 

AND 

HON.  ADDISON   BROWN 

PRESIDENT  OF  THE  TORREY  BOTANICAL  CLUB 


THE    DESCRIPTIVE    TEXT 

CHIEFLY  PREPARED  BY  PROFESSOR  BRITTON,  WITH  THE  ASSISTANCE  OF  SPECIALISTS  IN 
SEVERAL  GROUPS;  THE  FIGURES  ALSO  DRAWN  UNDER  HIS  SUPERVISION 


IN   THREE   VOLUMES 

VOL.  I 

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE    TO    AIZOACEAE 

FERNS  TO   CARPET-WEED 
SE    UBR^ftT^v. 

OF  THE  \ 

UNIVERSITY) 

^x^ 


NEW  YORK 

CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S   SONS 
1896 


COPYRIGHT  1896 

BY 
CHARLES  SCRIBNER'S  SONS 


THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  HOUSE, 
LANCASTER,  PA. 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  I. 


INTRODUCTION 


1.  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  i 

2.  OSMUNDACEAE  4 

3.  HYMENOPHYI<LACEAE  6 

4.  SCHIZAEACEAE  7 


I.  PlNACEAE 


1.  TYPHACEAE 

2.  SPARGANIACEAE 

3.  NAIADACEAE 

4.  SCHEUCHZERIACEAE 

5.  AUSMACEAE 

6.  VAL.LISNERIACEAE 

7.  GRAMINEAE 

8.  CYPERACEAE 

9.  ARACEAE 
10.  L/EMNACEAE 


1.  SAURURACEAE 

2.  JUGLANDACEAE 

3.  MYRICACEAE 

4.  LEITNERIACEAE 

5.  SAL.ICACEAE 

6.  BETUI,ACEAE 

7.  FAGACEAE 


PTERIDOPHYTA  i 

5.  POLYPODIACEAE  8 

6.  MARSIUEACEAE  33 

7.  SALVINIACEAE  34 

8.  EQUISETACEAE  35 


9.  LYCOPODIACEAE 

10.  SEL.AGINELL.ACEAE 

11.  ISOETACEAE 


SPERMATOPHYTA          49 
GYMNOSPERMAE          49 
49  2.  TAXACEAE 


61 


ANGIOSPERMAE 


61 


Monocotyledones         t 

2 

62 

11. 

MAYACACEAE 

367 

63 

12. 

XYRIDACEAE 

368 

65 

13- 

ERIOCAUI.ACEAE 

37i 

82 

14. 

BROMELIACEAE 

374 

84 

15- 

COMMEWNACEAE 

374 

92 

16. 

PONTEDERIACEAE 

379 

94 

17- 

JUNCACEAE 

38i 

234 

18. 

MELANTHACEAE 

399 

360 

19- 

L/IIylACEAE 

410 

365 

Dicotyledones         482 

Choripetalae            482 

482 

8. 

UlvMACEAE 

523 

483 

9- 

MORACEAE 

527 

487 

10. 

URTICACEAE 

530 

489 

ii. 

L/ORANTHACEAE 

534 

490 

12. 

SANTALACEAE 

536 

506 

13- 

ARISTOI.OCHIACEAE 

537 

513 

39 
44 
45 


20.  CONVALLARIACEAE  427 

21.  SMII.ACEAE  438 

22.  HAEMODORACEAE  442 

23.  AMARYUvIDACEAE  443 

24.  DlOSCOREACEAE  446 

25.  IRIDACEAE  447 

26.  MARANTACEAE  454 

27.  BURMANNIACEAE  455 

28.  ORCHIDACEAE  456 


14.  POI^YGONACEAE  541 

15.  CHENOPODIACEAE  569 

16.  AMARANTHACEAE  586 

17.  PHYTO^ACCACEAE  593 

18.  NYCTAGINACEAE  594 

19.  AIZOACEAE  597 


ENGLISH   FAMILY   NAMES. 


FERNS   AND   FERN-ALLIES 


1.  ADDER'S  TONGUE  FAMILY  i 

2.  ROYAL-FKRN  FAMILY          4 

3.  FILMV-FERX  FAMILY  6 

4.  CLIMBING-FERN  FAMILY     7 


5.  FERN  FAMILY  8 

6.  MARSILEA  FAMILY  33 

7.  SALVINIA  FAMILY  34 

8.  HORSETAIL  FAMILY  35 


9.  CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY          39 

10.  SELAGINELLA  FAMILY     44 

11.  QUILLWORT  FAMILY        45 


IV 


CONTENTS. 


SEED-BEARING   PLANTS          49 

SEEDS  NAKED         49 

i.  PINE  FAMILY — CONIFERS  49  2.  YEW  FAMILY 

SEEDS  ENCLOSED         61 


6 1 


1.  CAT-TAIL  FAMILY  62 

2.  BUR-REED  FAMILY  63 

3.  PONDWEED  FAMILY  65 

4.  ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY  82 

5.  WATER-PLANTAIN 

FAMILY  84 

6.  TAPE-GRASS  FAMILY  92 

7.  GRASS  FAMILY  94 

8.  SEDGE  FAMILY  234 

9.  ARUM  FAMILY  360 
10.  DUCK- WEED  FAMILY  365 


1.  LIZARD 'S-TAIL  FAMILY 

2.  WALNUT  FAMILY 

3.  BAYBERRY  FAMILY 

4.  CORK-WOOD  FAMILY 

5.  WILLOW  FAMILY 

6.  BIRCH  FAMILY 

7.  BEECH  FAMILY 


482 

483 
487 
489 
490 
506 
513 


Cotyledon  one         62 

1 1 .  M AYACA  FAMILY  367 

12.  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS 

FAMILY  368 

13.  PIPEWORT  FAMILY  371 

14.  PINE-APPLE  FAMILY  374 

15.  SPIDERWORT  FAMILY  374 

16.  PICKEREL-WEED 

FAMILY    379 

17.  RUSH  FAMILY  381 

18.  BUNCH-FLOWER 

FAMILY       399 

Cotyledons  two         482 
Petals  distinct,  or  none          482 

8.  ELM  FAMILY  523 

9.  MULBERRY  FAMILY        527 

10.  NETTLE  FAMILY  530 

11.  MISLETOE  FAMILY    •  534 

12.  SANDALWOOD  FAMILY  536 

13.  BIRTHWORT  FAMILY  537 


19.  LILY  FAMILY  410 

20.  LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY 

FAMILY  427 

21 .  SMILAX  FAMILY  438 

22.  BLOODWORT  FAMILY  442 

23.  AMARYLLIS  FAMILY  443 
22.  YAM  FAMILY  446 

25.  IRIS  FAMILY  447 

26.  ARROW-ROOT  FAMILY  454 

27.  BURMANNIA  FAMILY  455 

28.  ORCHID  FAMILY  459 


14.  BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY     541 

15.  GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY       569 

16.  AMARANTH  FAMILY       586 

17.  POKE-WEED  FAMILY       593 

18.  FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY  594 

19.  CARPET-WEED  FAMILY  597 


LATIN  INDEX  OF  NAMES  599 

I 
ENGLISH  INDEX  OF  NAMES  608 


SITY' 


INTRODUCTION 


E  present  work  is  the  first  complete  Illustrated  Flora  published  in  this  country.  Its 
aim  is  to  illustrate  and  describe  every  species,  from  the  Ferns  upward,  recognized  as 
•*-  distinct  by  botanists  and  growing  wild  within  the  area  adopted,  and  to  complete  the 
work  within  such  moderate  limits  of  size  and  cost  as  shall  make  it  accessible  to  the  public 
generally,  so  that  it  may  serve  as  an  independent  handbook  of  our  Northern  Flora  and  as  a 
work  of  general  reference,  or  as  an  adjunct  and  supplement  to  the  manuals  of  systematic 
botany  in  current  use. 

To  all  botanical  students,  a  complete  illustrated  manual  is  of  the  greatest  service;  always 
useful,  often  indispensable.  The  doubts  and  difficulties  that  are  apt  to  attend  the  best  writ- 
ten descriptions  will  often  be  instantly  solved  by  figures  addressed  to  the  eye.  The  greatest 
stimulus,  moreover,  to  observation  and  study,  is  a  clear  and  intelligible  guide;  and  among 
the  aids  to  botanical  enquiry,  a  complete  illustrated  handbook  is  one  of  the  chief.  Thou- 
sands of  the  lovers  of  plants,  on  the  other  hand,  who  are  not  botanists  and  are  not  familiar 
with  botanical  terms  or  the  methods  of  botanical  analysis,  will  find  in  the  illustrations  of  a 
complete  work  the  readiest  means  of  comparison  and  identification  of  the  plants  that  grow 
around  them;  and  through  the  accompanying  descriptions  they  will  at  the  same  time  acquire 
a  familiarity  with  botanical  language.  By  these  facilities,  not  only  will  the  study  of  our  na- 
tive plants  be  stimulated  and  widened  among  all  classes,  but  the  enjoyment,  the  knowledge 
and  the  scientific  progress  derivable  from  these  studies  will  be  proportionately  increased. 

Though  most  European  countries  have  complete  illustrations  of  the  flora  of  their  own 
territory,  no  similar  work  has  hitherto  been  attempted  here.  Our  illustrated  works,  some  of 
them  of  great  value,  have  been  either  sumptuous  and  costly  monographs,  accessible  to  com- 
paratively few,  or  confined  to  special  groups  of  plants,  or  have  been  works  of  a  minor  and 
miscellaneous  character,  embracing  at  most  but  a  few  hundred  selected  species,  and  from  in- 
completeness, therefore,  unsuited  for  general  reference.  Scarcely  one-quarter  of  the  species 
illustrated  in  the  present  work  have  ever  been  figured  before.  That  no  such  general  work 
has  been  previously  attempted  is  to  be  ascribed  partly,  perhaps,  to  the  imperfect  exploration 
of  our  territory,  and  the  insufficiency  of  the  collections  to  enable  such  a  work  to  be  made 
approximately  complete ;  partly  to  the  great  number  of  species  required  to  be  figured  and 
the  consequent  difficulty  and  cost  of  the  undertaking,  and  partly  to  the  lack  of  any  apparent 
demand  for  such  a  work  sufficient  to  warrant  the  expense  of  the  enterprise. 

The  increased  accumulations  of  material  in  our  largest  herbaria,  the  result  of  multiplied 
explorations,  and  the  widely  extended  interest  in  the  study  of  our  native  plants,  seem  now 
to  justify  the  endeavor  to  supply  a  complete  illustrated  work  adapted  to  general  use. 

The  enterprise,  projected  by  Judge  Brown,  and  maintained  and  supervised  by  him 
throughout,  has  been  diligently  prosecuted  for  the  past  six  years.  Its  execution  has  been 
mainly  the  work  of  Dr.  Britton.  The  text,  founded  upon  a  careful  examination  of  living  or 
herbarium  specimens,  has  been  chiefly  prepared  by  him,  with  the  assistance,  however,  of 
specialists  in  a  few  groups  who  have  contributed  the  descriptions  for  certain  families  as 
stated  in  the  footnotes.  The  figures  »lso  have  been  drawn  by  artists  under  his  immediate 
supervision;  except  those  of  most  of  the  grasses,  drawn  by  Mr.  Holm,  under  the  eye  of  Prof. 
Scribner;  while  the  work  in  all  its  parts  has  been  carefully  revised  by  both  authors.  The 
keys  to  the  genera  and  species,  based  upon  a  few  distinctive  characters,  will,  it  is  believed, 
greatly  facilitate  the  determinations. 

In  preparing  a  new  work  of  this  character,  the  authors  have  felt  that  there  should  be  no 
hesitation  in  adopting  the  matured  results  of  the  botanical  studies  of  the  last  half  century 
here  and  in  Europe,  so  as  to  bring  the  work  fully  abreast  of  the  knowledge  and  scientific 
conceptions  of  the  time,  and  make  it  answer  present  needs.  Although  this  involves  changes 
in  systematic  order,  in  nomenclature,  and  in  the  division  of  families  and  genera,  such  as  may 

(5) 


Vl  INTRODUCTION. 

seem  to  some  to  be  too  radical,  no  doubt  is  entertained  that  time  will  fully  justify  these 
changes  in  the  judgment  of  all,  and  demonstrate  that  the  permanent  advantages  to  Botanical 
Science  will  far  outweigh  any  temporary  inconveniences,  as  has  been  already  so  fully  shown 
in  Ornithology  and  other  zoological  sciences. 

The  work  will  be  completed  in  three  volumes  and  will  be  issued  as  rapidly  as  it  can  be 
printed,  the  text  being  already  written  and  the  figures  drawn. 

Area. 

The  area  of  the  work  extends  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean  westward  to  the  load  Meridian,  a 
little  beyond  that  of  Gray's  Manual,  so  as  to  include  the  whole  of  the  State  of  Kansas;  and 
northward  from  the  parallel  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky  to  the  north- 
ern limits  of  Labrador  and  Manitoba.  For  convenience,  the  whole  of  Nebraska  has  been  in- 
cluded, thus  permitting  the  illustration  of  practically  the  entire  Flora  of  the  northern  por- 
tion of  the  Great  Plains. 

The  Flora  of  Canada  and  the  British  possessions  not  being  distinguishable  by  any  well 
marked  features  from  that  of  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  United  States,  and  not  embracing 
more  than  about  300  additional  species,  it  was  deemed  best  to  include  this  more  northern  ter- 
ritory, in  order  to  present  a  manual  of  the  whole  Flora  of  the  northeastern  part  of  the  con- 
tinent, with  the  exception  of  that  of  Greenland  and  the  Arctic  Circle,  which  is  much  the 
same  on  both  continents;  nearly  all  the  Arctic  plants  are,  however,  included,  as  but  very  few 
of  them  are  strictly  confined  to  the  Arctic  Zone. 

Figures. 

Within  the  above  area  there  are  over  4,000  recognized  species,  more  than  three  times  the 
number  in  Bentham's  Illustrated  Handbook  of  the  British  Flora.  To  illustrate  all  these  in  a 
work  of  moderate  size  and  cost,  only  parts  of  each  plant  could  usually  be  figured,  and  these 
mostly  below  life-size.  To  exhibit  full-page  illustrations  would  have  added  fourfold  to  the 
bulk  of  the  work,  and  the  consequent  more  limited  sales  would  have  necessarily  increased 
the  price  in  a  much  greater  proportion,  and  thus  have  thwarted  the  primary  object,  viz.,  to 
supply  a  work  adapted  to  general  circulation  and  use.  On  the  other  hand,  it  was  found  that 
any  considerable  further  reduction  of  the  figures  in  order  to  reduce  the  size  of  the  work,  would 
be  at  the  sacrifice  of  the  clearness  and  usefulness  of  the  illustrations. 

In  the  general  plan  adopted  and  in  giving  parts  only  of  the  larger  plants,  it  has  been  the 
constant  aim  to  make  the  reduction  of  each  figure  as  little  below  life-size  as  possible,  to  select 
the  most  characteristic  parts  for  illustration  and  to  preserve  the  natural  proportions.  In 
these  respects,  it  is  believed,  the  present  work  will  be  found  to  be  at  least  not  inferior  to  that 
above  named  and  often  superior. 

The  cuts  are  all  from  original  drawings  for  this  work,  either  from  life  or  from  herba- 
rium specimens,  though  reference  has  constantly  been  made  to  published  plates  and  figures. 
All  have  been  first  drawn  life-size  from  medium-sized  specimens,  and  afterwards  reduced  to 
the  proportion  indicated  by  the  fraction  near  the  bottom  of  each  cut,  most  of  them  being 
from  Yz  to  %  of  medium  life-size.  By  this  method  the  illustrations  do  not  suffer  from  the 
use  of  a  magnifier,  but  are  improved  by  it  and  regain  their  full  expression. 

Enlargements  of  special  parts  are  added  in  most  of  the  illustrations  in  order  to  show 
more  clearly  the  floral  structure,  or  minute  organs,  or  the  smaller  flowers.  These  are  in  vari- 
ous degrees  of  enlargement,  not  deemed  necessary  to  be  stated.  The  figures  are  uncolored, 
because  coloring,  except  in  costly  work,  obscures  the  fineness  of  linear  definition  and  injures 
the  cuts  for  descriptive  and  educational  uses. 

The  Classification  of  Plants. 

The  Plant  Kingdom  is  composed  of  four  Subkingdoms,  or  primary  groups: 

1.  Thallophyta,  the  Algae,  Fungi  and  Lichens. 

2.  Bryophyta,  the  Mosses  and  Moss-allies. 

3.  Pteridophyta,  the  Ferns  and  Fern-allies. 

4.  Spermatophyta,  the  Seed-bearing  plants. 

The  subkingdoms  are  divided  into  Classes,  the  Classes  into  Orders,  the  Orders  into  Fam- 
ilies, the  Families  into  Genera,  and  the  Genera  into  Species,  a  species  being  composed  of  all 
the  individuals  of  a  kind  capable  of  continuous  successive  propagation  among  themselves, 
and  being  the  only  group  marked  out  by  nature  by  such  a  definite  and  positive  boundary. 


INTRODUCTION.  vil 

In  addition  to  these  main  ranks,  subordinate  ones  are  sometimes  employed,  when  further 
division  is  desirable:  thus  a  Class  may  be  separated  into  Subclasses,  as  the  Class  Angio- 
spermae  into  the  Subclasses  Monocotyledones  and  Dicotyledones;  Families  may  be  separated 
into  Tribes,  as  in  the  treatment  of  Gramineae  in  the  following  pages;  Genera  are  often  separ- 
ated into  Subgenera;  and  in  the  case  of  Species,  where  certain  individuals  are  found  to  ex- 
hibit features  of  structure  or  aspect  differing  more  or  less  constantly  from  the  majority  of 
the  kind,  these  are  set  off  as  Varieties  or  Subspecies.  Often  the  varieties  or  subspecies  are 
subsequently  found  to  be  distinct  species. 

The  variability  of  some  species,  caused  by  the  operation  of  the  forces  collectively  known 
as  the  factors  of  organic  evolution,  is  so  great,  and  the  variation  being  often  toward  a  re- 
lated species,  that  it  is  sometimes  very  difficult  to  determine  whether  certain  individuals  be- 
long to  one  or  to  the  other,  or  to  a  variety  of  one  or  the  other.  This  leads  to  different  opin- 
ions. The  actual  fact,  whether  of  the  same  species  or  not,  may  usually  be  ascertained  by  the 
close  examination  of  a  large  number  of  specimens,  or  by  growing  the  forms  in  question  side 
by  side,  when,  if  they  are  the  same,  their  rapid  approximation  will  be  manifest;  though  if 
their  natural  habitats  are  in  different  soils,  this  latter  experiment  may  not  be  a  satisfactory  test. 

The  grouping  of  Species  into  Genera,  and  of  Genera  into  Families,  though  based  upon 
natural  characters  and  relationships,  is  not  governed  by  any  definite  rule  that  can  be  drawn 
from  nature  for  determining  just  what  characters  shall  be  sufficient  to  constitute  a  Genus  or 
a  Family.  These  divisions  are,  therefore,  necessarily  more  or  less  arbitrary  and  depend  upon 
the  judgment  of  scientific  experts,  in  which  natural  characters  and  affinities,  as  the  most  im- 
portant and  fundamental  factors,  do  not  necessarily  exclude  considerations  of  scientific  con- 
venience. The  practice  among  the  most  approved  authors  has  accordingly  been  various. 
Some  have  made  the  number  of  genera  and  families  as  few  as  possible.  This  results  in  as- 
sociating under  one  name  species  or  genera  that  present  marked  differences  among 
themselves.  The  present  tendency  of  expert  opinion  is  to  separate  more  freely  into 
convenient  natural  groups,  as  genera  and  families,  according  to  similarity  of  structure, 
habit,  form  or  appearance.  While  this  somewhat  increases  the  number  of  these  divisions,  it 
has  the  distinct  advantage  of  decreasing  the  size  of  the  groups,  and  thus  materially  facilitates 
their  study.  This  view  has  been  taken  in  this  work,  following  in  most  instances,  but  not  in 
all,  the  arrangement  adopted  by  Engler  and  Prantl  in  their  recent  great  work,  "  Natiir- 
liche  Planzenfamilien,"  *  not  yet  quite  completed,  in  which  all  known  genera  are  described. 

Systematic  Arrangement. 

The  Nineteenth  Century  closes  with  the  almost  unanimous  scientific  judgment  that  the 
order  of  nature  is  an  order  of  evolution  and  development  from  the  more  simple  to  the  more 
complex.  In  no  department  of  Natural  Science  is  this  progressive  development  more  marked 
or  more  demonstrable  than  in  the  vegetable  life  of  the  globe.  Systematic  Arrangement 
should  logically  follow  the  natural  order;  and  by  this  method  also,  as  now  generally  recog- 
nized, the  best  results  of  study  and  arrangement  are  obtained.  The  sequence  of  Families 
adopted  50  or  75  years  ago  has  become  incongruous  with  our  present  knowledge;  and  it  has 
for  some  time  past  been  gradually  superseded  by  truer  scientific  arrangements  in  the  later 
works  of  European  authors,  f 

The  more  simple  forms  are,  in  general,  distinguished  from  the  more  complex,  (i)  by  fewer 
organs  or  parts;  (2)  by  the  less  perfect  adaptation  of  the  organs  to  the  purposes  they  sub- 
serve; (3)  by  the  relative  degree  of  development  of  the  more  important  organs;  (4)  by  the 
lesser  degree  of  differentiation  of  the  plant-body  or  of  its  organs;  (5)  by  considerations  of 
antiquity,  as  indicated  by  the  geological  record;  (6)  by  a  consideration  of  the  phenomena  of 
embryogeny.  Thus,  the  Pteridophyta,  which  do  not  produce  seeds  and  which  appeared  on 
the  earth  in  Silurian  time,  are  simpler  than  the  Sperm atophyta;  the  Gymnospermae  in  which 
the  ovules  are  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale,  and  which  are  known  from  the  Devonian  period 
onward,  are  simpler  than  the  Angiospermae,  whose  ovules  are  borne  in  a  closed  cavity,  and 
which  are  unknown  before  the  Jurassic. 

In  the  Angiospermae  the  simpler  types  are  those  whose  floral  structure  is  nearest  the 

*  Berlin,  15  volumes,  1890-1896. 

tEnglerund  Prantl,   "  Natiirliche  Pflanzenfamilien;"  Warming,    "  Systematic  Botany,   is<»5: 
Vines,  "Student's  Handbook  of  Botany,  1895;"  Richter,  "  Plantae  Europeae,  1890;"  Thome,  "Flora 
von  Deutschland,  OEsterreich  und  der  Schweiz,  1886-1889;"  Potonie,  "  Illustrirte  Flora  von  Nord- 
undMittel-Deutschland,  1887;"  Schlechtendahl,  Langethal  und  Schenck,  "Flora  von  Deutschland," 
fifth  edition  by  Hallier,  1880-1885. 


Vlll  INTRODUCTION. 

structure  of  the  branch  or  stem  from  which  the  flower  has  been  metamorphosed,  that  is  to 
say,  in  which  the  parts  of  the  flower  (modified  leaves)  are  more  nearly  separate  or  distinct 
from  each  other,  the  leaves  of  any  stem  or  branch  being  normally  separated,  while  those  are 
the  most  complex  whose  floral  parts  are  most  united.  These  principles  are  applied  to  the 
arrangement  of  the  Subclasses  Monocotyledones  and  Dicotyledones  independently,  the 
Monocotyledones  being  the  simpler,  as  shown  by  the  less  degree  of  differentiation  of  their 
tissues,  though  their  floral  structure  is  not  so  very  different  nor  their  antiquity  much  greater, 
so  far  as  present  information  goes.  For  these  reasons  it  is  considered  that  Typhaceae,  Spar- 
ganiaceae  and  Naiadaceae  are  the  simplest  of  the  Monocotyledones,  and  Orchidaceae  the  most 
complex;  Saururaceae  the  simplest  family  of  Dicotyledones,  and  Compositae  the  most  complex. 

Inasmuch  as  evolution  has  not  always  been  progressive,  but  some  groups,  on  the  contrary, 
have  clearly  been  developed  by  degradation  from  more  highly  organized  ones,  and  other 
groups  have  been  produced  by  divergence  along  more  than  one  line  from  the  parent  stock, 
no  linear  consecutive  sequence  can,  at  all  points,  truly  represent  the  actual  lines  of  descent. 

The  sequence  of  families  adopted  by  Engler  and  Prantl,  in  "  Natiirliche  Pflanzenfam- 
ilien  "  above  referred  to,  has  been  closely  followed  in  this  book,  in  the  belief  that  their  sys- 
tem is  the  most  complete  and  philosophical  yet  presented.  The  sequence  of  genera  adopted 
by  them  has  for  the  most  part  also  been  accepted,  though  this  sequence  within  the  family 
does  not  attempt  to  indicate  greater  or  less  complexity  of  organization. 

It  was  originally  intended  to  present  a  conspectus  of  the  orders  and  families  included  in 
this  work  in  the  Introduction,  as  is  indicated  upon  page  62  of  this  volume.  But  as  the  printing 
proceeded  it  was  deemed  better  to  place  this  at  the  end  of  the  third  volume. 

Nomenclature. 

The  names  of  genera  and  species  used  in  this  work  are  in  accordance  with  the  Code  of 
Nomenclature  devised  by  the  Paris  Botanical  Congress  in  1867,  as  modified  by  the  rules 
adopted  by  the  Botanical  Club  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
at  the  meetings  held  at  Rochester,  New  York,  in  August,  1892,  and  at  Madison,  Wisconsin, 
in  August,  1893.  These  names  were  mostly  elaborated  in  the  "List  of  Pteridophyta  and 
Spermatophyta  growing  without  Cultivation  in  Northeastern  North  America,"  prepared  by 
the  Committee  of  that  association  and  published  in  1894  as  the  fifth  volume  of  Memoirs  of 
the  Torrey  Botanical  Club.  The  synonyms  given  under  each  species  in  this  work  include 
the  recent  current  names,  and  thus  avoid  any  difficulty  in  identification. 

The  necessity  for  these  rules  of  nomenclature  arose  from  the  great  confusion  that  has  ex- 
isted through  the  many  different  botanical  names  for  the  same  species  or  genera.  Some 
species  have  had  from  10  to  20  different  names,  and,  worse  still,  different  plants  have  often 
had  the  same  name.  For  about  200,000  known  species  of  plants  there  are  not  fewer  than 
700,000  recorded  names.  Such  a  chaotic  condition  of  nomenclature  is  not  only  extremely 
unscientific,  burdensome  and  confusing  in  itself,  but  the  difficulty  and  uncertainty  of  identi- 
fication which  it  causes  in  the  comparative  study  of  plants  must  make  it,  so  long  as  it  con- 
tinues, a  serious  and  constant  obstruction  in  the  path  of  botanical  inquiry. 

The  need  of  reform,  and  of  finding  some  simple  and  fixed  system  of  stable  nomenclature, 
has  long  been  recognized.  This  was  clearly  stated  in  1813  by  A.  P.  De  Candolle  in  his  Theorie 
Elementaire  de  la  Botanique  (pp.  228-250),  where  he  declares  priority  to  be  the  fundamental 
law  of  nomenclature.  Most  systematists  have  acknowledged  the  validity  of  this  rule.  Dr. 
Asa  Gray,  in  his  Structural  Botany,  says  (p.  348):  "For  each  plant  or  group  there  can  be 
only  one  valid  name,  and  that  always  the  most  ancient,  if  it  is  tenable;  consequently  no  new 
name  should  be  given  to  an  old  plant  or  group,  except  for  necessity." 

This  principle  was  applied  to  Zoology  in  the  "  Stricklandian  Code,"  adopted  in  1842  as 
Rules  of  the  British  Association,  and  revised  in  1860  and  1865  by  a  committee  embracing 
the  most  eminent  English  authorities,  such  as  Darwin,  Henslow,  Wallace,  Clayton,  Balfour, 
Huxley,  Bentham  and  Hooker.  In  American  Zoology  the  same  difficulties  were  met  and 
satisfactorily  overcome  by  a  rigid  system  of  rules  analogous  to  those  here  followed  and  now 
generally  accepted  by  zoologists  and  palaeontologists. 

At  an  International  Botanical  Congress  held  at  Paris  in  1867,  in  which  unfortunately  the 
English  botanists  did  not  participate,  A.  DeCandolle  presented  a  system  of  rules  which,  with 
modifications,  were  adopted,  and,  as  above  stated,  are  the  foundation  of  the  present  rules  of 
the  botanists  of  the  American  Association.  These  rules  were  in  part  adopted  also  by  the  In- 
ternational Botanical  Congress  held  at  Genoa  in  1892,  and  by  the  Austro-German  botanists  at 


INTRODUCTION.  IX 

their  meeting  in  September,  1894;  while  in  the  gth  Edition  of  the  London  Catalogue  of  Brit- 
ish Plants  published  in  1895,  these  rules  as  respects  the  names  of  genera  are  largely  followed; 
out  of  440  genera  in  common  with  ours,  all  but  18  bear  the  same  names  as  here  given.* 

It  cannot  be  too  often  repeated  that  the  object  of  these  rules  is  not  to  introduce  new 
names,  but  to  restore  the  old  and  the  true  ones.  The  rules  of  the  botanists  of  the  American 
Association,  adopted  as  above,  are  as  follows.  A  brief  explanation  of  the  objects  attained 
by  them  is  appended: 

RULE  i.  Priority  of  publication  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  fundamental  principle  of  botani- 
cal nomenclature. 

This  has  been  generally  acknowledged  in  theory  as  the  guiding  principle  for  determining 
which  name  should  be  borne  by  an  animal  or  plant  differently  named  by  different  writers. 
Various  causes  have  retarded  its  application  in  practice.  Its  adoption  is  the  only  practicable 
way  of  securing  stability  to  the  original  names.  It  has  also  been  generally  considered  that 
the  author  who  first  defines  or  describes  an  animal  or  plant  is  entitled  to  the  distinction  of 
having  his  own  name  permanently  associated  with  the  name  assigned  to  it;  and  this  is  also 
necessary  for  reasons  of  accuracy,  because  in  numerous  instances  different  plants  have  been 
called  by  the  same  name.  In  most  cases  the  synonyms  given  in  this  work,  with  the  date  of 
publication,  indicate  the  original  name  and  the  reason  for  its  restoration  under  this  rule. 

RULE  2.  The  botanical  nomenclature  of  both  genera  and  species  is  to  begin  with  the  pub- 
lication of  the  first  edition  of  Linnaeus'  "  Species  Plantarum  "  in  1753. 

Some  past  date  must  of  necessity  be  taken,  in  order  to  fix  the  limits  within  which  prior- 
ity shall  be  reckoned.  Prior  to  the  publication  of  "Species  Plantarum"  in  1753,  the  ab- 
sence of  any  general  binomial  nomenclature,  and  the  meagre,  uncertain  and  inadequate  de- 
scriptions by  most  prior  authors,  make  any  earlier  date  beset  with  difficulties.  The  result  of 
much  discussion  has  been  to  fix  that  work,  with  which  modern  nomenclature  substantially 
begins,  as  the  ' '  point  of  departure. ' '  That  date  received  the  endorsement  of  the  International 
Botanical  Congress  at  Genoa  in  1892,  and  has  since  been  accepted  by  most  botanists  in  Amer- 
ica and  Europe.  Under  this  rule,  no  reference  is  made  to  names  used  prior  to  that  work. 

RULE  3.  In  the  transfer  of  a  species  to  a  genus  other  than  the  one  under  which  it  was 
first  published,  the  original  specific  name  is  to  be  retained. 

From  different  views  of  the  limits  of  genera,  or  from  further  knowledge  of  a  plant,  it 
often  happens  that  it  must  be  transferred  to  a  different  genus  from  that  to  which  it  was  first 
assigned.  Upon  such  a  transfer,  Rule  3  requires  the  original  name  of  the  species  to  be  con- 
tinued, and  preserves  its  stability.  Thus,  out  of  the  genus  Polypodium  of  Linnaeus,  three 
other  groups  have  been  since  carved,  viz.,  Dryopteris  (Aspidium),  Cystopteris  and  Phegop- 
teris.  The  Long  Beech  Fern  (p.  19),  called  PoLvpodium  Phegopteris  by  Linnaeus,  belongs 
to  the  generic  group  named  Phegopteris  by  Fee  in  1850.  Rule  3  forbids  the  use  of  the  new 
specific  name,  polypodioides,  given  to  this  plant  by  Fee,  and  requires  the  former  specific  name 
of  Linnaeus  to  be  preserved,  and  the  plant  thus  becomes  Phegopteris  Phegopteris,  an  acci- 
dental re-duplication  that  occurs  in  but  few  instances  in  the  whole  field  of  nomenclature. 
The  Twin-leaf  was  called  Podophyllum  diphyllum  by  Linnaeus  in  1753,  and  Jeffersonia  binata 
by  Barton  in  1793;  Persoon  in  1805  restored  the  Linnaean  specific  name,  making  the  plant 
Jeffersonia  diphylla,  the  correct  binomial  under  the  rule,  and  the  one  which  the  plant  has 
borne  for  nearly  one  hundred  years. 

RULE  4.  The  original  name  is  to  be  maintained,  whether  published  as  species,  subspecies 
or  variety. 

Plants  and  animals  are  continually  described  as  species  which  subsequent  authors  con- 
clude are  but  varieties,  and  those  first  understood  as  varieties  prove  by  subsequent  study  to 
be  entitled  to  specific  rank.  Rule  4  maintains  the  first  designation  as  the  proper  one,  and 
avoids  much  confusion.  Examples  are  numerous:  See  Figs.  28,  38,  61  et  seq. 

RULE  5.  The  publication  of  a  generic  name  or  a  binomial  invalidates  the  use  of  the  same 
name  for  any  subsequently  published  genus  or  species 'respectively. 

Thus  in  the  case  of  the  Long  Beech  Fern,  above  cited,  though  the  specific  name  polypodi- 
oides  is  held  to  have  been  improperly  given  to  it  by  Fee,  the  binomial,  Phegopteris  polypodi- 
oides,  cannot  be  applied  to  any  different  plant;  for  if  the  earlier  name  should  for  any  reason 
be  lost  or  discarded,  the  name  polypodioides  must  remain  available  as  the  next  lawful  substi- 
tute, and  thus  the  principle  of  nomenclature — once  a  synonym  always  a  synonym. 

This  rule  operates  to  maintain  one  name  only  for  a  genus  or  species,  and  that,  the  first 
one  applied  to  it,  unless  this  was  properly  the  name  of  another,  in  which  case  the  next  oldest 

*For  a  fuller  discussion  of  this  subject  see  articles  by  Professor  Lester  F.  Ward,  in  "Bulletin 
of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,"  22:  308-329,  from  which  the  above  summary  is  mostly  taken;  by 
Professor  C.  E.  Bessey,  in  "American  Naturalist,"  29:  666-668;  by  Professor  W.  A.  Kellerman,  in 
"Journal  of  the  Columbus  Horticultural  Society,"  10:  7-10,  and  in  "  Botanical  Gazette."  20:  468-470; 
by  Professor  Conway  MacMillan,  in  " Metaspermae  of  the  Minnesota  Valley,"  17;  by  Dr.  B.  I,. 
Robinson,  in  "Botanical  Gazette, "20:  97-103,  261-263;  by  Mr.  F.  V.  Coville,  in  "  Botanical  Gazette," 
20:  162-167,  320-322,  428,  429;  by  Dr.  F.  H.  Knowlton,  in  "Botanical  Gazette,  21:  82-85. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

is  to  be  used.  By  mistake  or  inadvertently  the  same  name  has  frequently  been  given  to  sev- 
eral different  genera  or  species,  and  it  has  repeatedly  occurred  that  a  name  believed  by  the 
author  to  be  a  synonym  is  shown  by  another  to  be  a  valid  designation. 

RULE  6.  Publication  of  a  genus  consists  only,  ( i )  in  the  distribution  of  a  printed  descrip- 
tion of  the  genus  named;  (2)  in  the  publication  of  the  name  of  the  genus  and  the  citation 
of  one  or  more  previously  published  species  as  examples  or  types  of  the  genus,  with  or 
without  a  diagnosis. 

RULE  7.  Publication  of  a  species  consists  only,  ( i )  in  the  distribution  of  a  printed  de- 
scription of  the  species  named;  (2)  in  the  publishing  of  a  binomial,  with  reference  to  a  pre- 
viously published  species  as  a  type. 

RULE  8.  Similar  generic  names  are  not  to  be  rejected  on  account  of  slight  differences, 
except  in  the  spelling  of  the  same  word. 

Thus  Epidendrum  and  Epidendron  are  but  different  spellings  of  the  same  word ;  only 
one  of  them  can  therefore  be  used;  the  same  of  E lodes  and  Elodea. 

RULE  9.  In  the  case  of  a  species  which  has  been  transferred  from  one  genus  to  another, 
the  original  author  must  always  be  cited  in  parenthesis,  followed  by  the  author  of  the  new 
binomial. 

Thus  Dryopteris  Lonchites  (L. )  Kuntze  (Fig.  26)  is  so  cited,  because  Linnaeus  first  gave 
the  plant  the  specific  name  Lonchites,  while  Kuntze  first  combined  that  name  with  the 
accepted  genus  Dryopteris. 

RULE  10.  In  determining  the  name  of  a  genus  or  species  to  which  two  or  more  names 
have  been  given  by  an  author  in  the  same  volume,  or  on  the  same  page  of  a  volume,  preced- 
ence shall  decide.* 

The  Latin  names  of  families  have  mostly  been  adopted  as  currently  used,  without  refer- 
ence to  priority  or  terminations,  as  no  rule  on  that  subject  has  yet  been  formally  adopted  by 
botanists.  It  seems  desirable,  however,  that  the  scientific  names  of  families  should  also  fol- 
low some  uniform  system,  and  as  a  very  large  proportion  of  botanical  family  names  have  long 
been  formed  by  the  termination  aceae  affixed  to  some  prominent  genus  of  the  group,  that 
this  rule  should  be  applied  to  the  few  remaining  families  otherwise  named.  All  would  thus 
be  brought  into  a  harmonious  system  of  nomenclature,  as  the  zoologists  have  done  by  the 
adoption  of  the  ending  idae  for  all  zoological  families.  The  English  common  names  of  fam- 
ilies are  similarly  adopted  from  some  characteristic  genus  of  the  group;  as  Pink  Family, 
Mustard  Family,  Mint  Family,  etc.  The  Carophyllaceae,  in  the  absence  of  any  genus  Cary- 
ophyllum,  might  thus  become  Alsinaceae;  the  Cruciferae,  Brassicaceae;  the  Labiatae,  Men- 
thaceae  or  Larniaceae. 

English  Names  of  Plants. 

The  general  desire  for  some  English  name  to  the  different  plants  described  has  been  met 
so  far  as  possible.  All  names  in  common  use  have  been  inserted,  so  far  as  they  have  come  to 
the  authors'  knowledge,  except  such  as  were  merely  local,  or  where  they  were  too  numerous 
for  insertion.  An  exception  has  also  been  made  in  a  few  instances  where  a  common  name, 
from  its  false  suggestion,  as  in  the  name  of  Dog's-tooth  Violet  (p.  420)  for  Adder 's-tongue, 
is  calculated  to  mislead  as  to  the  nature  of  the  plant.  Where  no  previous  names  in  common 
use  could  be  found,  the  names  given  are  founded  on  some  characteristic  circumstance  of  de- 
scription, habitat,  site  or  author.  Names  used  in  England  have  been  freely  availed  of,  but 
the  use  of  the  same  common  name  for  different  plants  there  and  here  has  occasionally  re- 
quired the  omission  of  one  or  the  oth^er.  The  use  of  the  same  name  for  different  plants  has 
been  rejected,  except  where  there  is  no  such  close  affinity  or  resemblance  between  them  as  is 
likely  to  cause  confusion. 

Pronunciation. 

In  botanical  names  derived  from  Greek  or  Latin  words,  their  compounds,  or  derivatives, 
the  accent,  according  to  the  ordinary  rule,  is  placed  upon  the  penultimate  syllable,  if  it  is  long 
in  Latin  quantity;  otherwise,  upon  the  antepenult.  Many  names,  however,  have  been  given  to 

*The  rules  have  been  closely  followed  in  the  publications  of  The  United  States  National  Mu- 
seum; the  Divisions  of  Botany  and  Forestry  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture;  The 
Missouri  Botanical  Garden;  The  Torrey  Botanical  Club;  The  University  of  Nebraska;  The  Botan- 
ical Survey  of  Nebraska;  The  Department  of  Botany  of  Columbia  University;  The  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota;  The  Botanical  Survey  of  Indiana,  and  many  other  societies 
and  institutions.  Also  in  Professor  Sargent's  "Silvaof  North  America;"  Professor  Underwood's 
"Native  Ferns  and  their  Allies;"  Professor  Kellerman's  "  Plants  of  Ohio;"  Mr.  Newhall's  "Shrubs 
of  Northeastern  America;"  and  by  a  large  number  of  other  authors  in  less  extensive  writings. 


INTRODUCTION.  XI 

plants  in  honor  of  individuals,  which,  having  nothing  Latin  about  them  except  the  terminal 
form,  and  the  pronunciation  given  to  them  by  botanical  authors  being  diverse,  are  here  ac- 
cented like  the  names  of  the  persons,  so  far  as  euphony  will  permit.  This  rule  is  followed 
because  it  is  believed  to  agree  with  the  prevailing  usage  among  botanists  in  ordinary  speech; 
because  it  is  in  accord  with  the  commemorative  object  of  such  names,  which  ought  not  to  be 
obscured  by  a  forced  and  unnatural  pronunciation;  and  because  the  test  applied  to  words 
properly  Latin,  viz.,  the  usage  of  the  Latin  poets,  cannot  be  applied  to  words  of  this  class. 
We  therefore  give  Torreyi,  Vaseyi,  Careyi,  Jamesii,  Alleni,  rather  than  Torreyi,  Vaseyi, 
Careyi,  Jamesii,  Alleni. 

The  acute  accent  is  used  to  denote  the  short  English  sound  only;  as  in  bat,  be"t,  bid,  n6t, 
nut;  the  grave  accent,  to  denote  either  of  the  other  English  sounds,  whether  long,  broad  or 
open;  as  a  in  bale,  ball,  bar,  bare,  laud;  e  in  eve,  there;  i  in  pine,  pique,  machine;  o  in  note, 
move;  «  in  pure,  rude.  The  accent  for  the  short  or  longer  English  sound  is  based  upon  cur- 
rent English  usage,  as  given  in  the  chief  English  dictionaries  from  Walker's  to  the  most  re- 
cent, and  without  reference  to  the  supposed  ancient  pronunciation. 

Much  diversity  has  been  found  in  botanical  works  in  the  accented  syllable  of  many  mod- 
ern Latin  adjectives  ending  in  -inus,  -ina,  -inum,  derived  from  Latin  words.  As  these 
adjectives  are  derived  from  Latin  roots  and  are  regularly  formed,  their  pronunciation  should 
properly  follow  classical  analogies.  When  signifying,  or  referring  to,  time,  material,  or  in- 
animate substances,  they  should,  therefore,  according  to  Andrews  &  Stoddard's  rule,  have  the 
penult  usually  short,  and  the  accent  on  the  antepenult;  as  in  gossipina,  cannabina,  secalina, 
salicina,  amygdalina,  and  other  adjectives  derived  from  plant  names,  like  the  classic  nard- 
inus,  cyprinus,  faginus.  When  these  adjectives  have  other  significations  than  those  above 
referred  to,  the  penult  under  the  ordinary  Latin  rule  is  usually  long  and  accented;  as  in 
lupulina,  leporina,  hystricina,  like  the  classic  ursina,  canina. 

The  Use  of  Capital  Letters. 

In  accordance  with  the  recommendations  of  the  Committee  on  Nomenclature  of  the 
Botanical  Clnb  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  specific  or  var- 
ietal names  derived  from  persons  or  places,  or  used  as  the  genitive  of  generic  names  or  as 
substantives,  are  printed  with  an  initial  capital  letter.  There  is  much  difference  of  opinion 
as  to  the  desirability  of  this  practice,  many  botanists,  and  almost  all  zoologists,  following 
the  principle  of  \vriting  all  specific  names  writh  a  small  initial  letter.  Should  this  custom  pre- 
vail, much  information  concerning  the  history  and  significance  of  the  specific  names  would 
be  lost.  Thus  in  the  Tulip-tree,  Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  the  specific  name  Tulipifera  was 
the  ancient  generic  name;  and  the  same  with  Lythrum  Salicaria,  L.  Hyssopifolia,  L.  Vul- 
neraria,  and  many  other  species.  In  all  other  forms  of  writing,  personal  adjectives  such  as 
Nuttallii,  Engelnianni  or  Torreyi  are  printed  with  capitals.  We  adhere  to  the  ordinary 
literary  usage. 

Varieties 

are  printed  as  trinomials,  e.  g.,  Rynchospora  glonierata  paniculaia,  the  contraction  var.  or 
the  Greek  letters  «  or  >i  commonly  inserted  between  the  specific  and  varietal  name  being 
dispensed  with.  The  comma  sometimes  placed  between  the  specific  or  varietal  name  and 
the  name  of  the  author  is  omitted,  in  accordance  with  the  opinions  of  the  same  committee. 

Assistance. 

Cordial  acknowledgment  for  assistance  and  advice  is  hereby  tendered  to  Professor  Thomas 
C.  Porter,  who  has  continuously,  from  the  inception  of  the  enterprise,  cooperated  in  its  exe- 
cution by  suggestion,  information  and  the  contribution  of  specimens,  and  who  has  read  all 
the  proofs;  to  Mr.  Eugene  P.  Bicknell,  who  has  supplied  many  specimens  and  read  the  proof- 
sheets;  to  Professor  Lucien  M.  Underwood,  for  the  text  of  the  Pteridophyta;  to  Mr.  Frederick 
V.  Coville,  for  the  text  of  the  Juncaceae;  to  Dr.  John  K.  Small,  for  the  text  of  Polygonaceae 
and  Euphorbiaceae,  and  for  assistance  and  critical  notes  on  many  other  families;  to  Mr.  Geo. 
V.  Nash,  for  the  text  of  the  Gramineae;  to  Professor  F.  Lamson-Scribner,  for  supervising  the 
drawings  of  Gramineae,  and  for  manuscript  notes  on  many  genera  and  species  of  that  family; 
to  Mr.  Arthur  Hollick,  for  supervision  of  the  drawings;  to  Mr.  Edmund  P.  Sheldon, 
for  the  text  of  Lemnaceae;  to  Mr.  Charles  E.  Smith,  for  critical  examination  of  the  final 
proof-sheets,  and  to  many  others  who  by  the  contribution  of  specimens  or  notes  have  facili- 
tated the  production  of  the  work. 


xii  ,  INTRODUCTION. 

The  text  for  the  families  Typhaceae,  Sparganiaceae,  Naiadaceae,  Scheuchzeriaceae,  Ara- 
ceae,  Eriocaulaceae,  Pontederiaceae,  Smilaceae  and  Orchidaceae,  was  prepared  by  the  late 
Rev.  Thomas  Morong,  and  has  been  printed  with  very  little  change  from  his  manuscript. 

Draughtsmen. 

Most  of  the  drawings  have  been  executed  by  Mr.  F.  Emil;  he  has  made  all  the  figures  of 
the  Pteridophyta,  Gymnospermae,  and  nearly  all  of  the  Monocotyledones,  with  the  exception 
of  those  of  Gramineae,  Melanthaceae,  Liliaceae  and  Convallariaceae;  also  nearly  all  of  the 
apetalous  Choripetalae,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  Sympetalae.  Miss  Millie  Timmer- 
man  ( now  Mrs.  Heinrich  Ries )  drew  the  bulk  of  the  polypetalous  Choripetalae,  the  enlarged 
parts  being  mostly  inserted  by  Mr.  Arthur  Hollick;  she  also  did  some  work  on  several  of  the 
sympetalous  families.  Mr.  Joseph  Bridgham  drew  the  Melanthaceae,  Liliaceae  and  Conval- 
lariaceae; also  the  Ericaceae,  Primulaceae  and  several  related  families.  Mr.  Theodor  Holm 
drew  most  of  the  Gramineae.  Mr.  Hollick  has  made  some  drawings  and  numerous  enlarge- 
ments of  special  parts  throughout  the  work.  Miss  Mary  Knight  and  Mr.  Rudolph  Weber 
have  also  contributed  drawings. 

Symbols  Used. 

0   is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  feet. 

'    is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  inches. 

"  is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  lines,  or  twelfths  of  an,  inch. 

/•   over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  short  English  sound  of  the  vowel. 

\   over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  long,  broad,  open  or  close  English  sound. 

NEW  YORK,  August  I5th,  1896. 


ILLUSTRATED   FLORA. 


Subkingdom  PTERIDOPHYTA  * 

FERNS   AND    FERN-ALLIES. 


Plants  containing  woody  and  vascular  tissues  in  the  stem  and  producing 
spores  asexually,  which,  on  germination,  develop  small  flat  mostly  green  struc- 
tures called  prothallia  (gametophyte).  On  these  are  borne  the  sexual  repro- 
ductive organs,  the  female  known  as  archegones,  the  male  as  antherids.  From 
the  fertilization  of  the  oosphere  of  the  archegone  by  spermatozoids  produced  in 
the  antherids,  the  asexual  phase  (sporophyte)  of  the  plants  is  developed  ;  this 
phase  is  represented  by  an  ordinary  fern,  lycopod  or  horsetail. 

This  subkingdom  comprises  about  4000  liviiig  species,  of  which  more  than  three-fourths 
are  confined  to  tropical  regions.  The  number  of  extinct  species  known  probably  exceeds 
those  living.  They  appeared  on  the  earth  in  the  early  part  of  the  Palaeozoic  Era,  reached 
their  greatest  abundance  in  Carboniferous  Time,  but  have  since  been  mainly  replaced  by 
plants  of  higher  organization,  so  that  at  present  they  form  only  about  one-fiftieth  of  the 
total  flora.  The  time  of  year  noted  under  each  species  indicates  the  season  at  which  the 
spores  are  mature. 

Family  i.     OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  Presl,  Pterid.  6.       1836. 
ADDER'S-TONGUE  FAMILY. 

More  or  less  succulent  plants  consisting  of  a  stem  and  leaf  growing  from  a 
fleshy  root.  Sporanges  formed  of  the  interior  tissues,  naked,  borne  in  a  spike 
or  panicle  and  opening  at  maturity  by  a  transverse  slit.  Spores  copious,  yellow. 
Prothallium  subterranean,  devoid  of  chlorophyll. 

Three  genera,  the  following  represented  on  both  continents  ;  the  third,  Helminthostachys  is 
native  of  southern  Asia. 

Veins  reticulate  ;  sporanges  cohering  in  a  distichous  spike.  i.   Ophioglossum. 

Veins  free  ;  sporanges  distinct,  borne  in  spikes  or  panicles.  2.  Botrychium. 

i.    OPHIOGLOSSUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1062.       1753. 

Low  plants  from  a  small  fleshy  roptstock,  with  slender  fleshy  roots,  the  bud  for  the 
following  year  formed  at  the  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem.  Leaves  solitary,  borne  on  the 
stem,  simple  in  our  species.  Spike  terminal,  formed  of  the  two  rows  of  large  coalescent 
sporanges.  Veins  of  the  leaf  reticulate.  Spores  copious,  sulphur-yellow.  [Name  from 
the  Greek,  signifying  the  tongue  of  a  snake,  in  allusion  to  the  narrow  spike  of  sporanges.] 

About  10  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  three  others  are 
found  in  the  southern  United  States,  one  of  them  extending  to  California. 


*  Text  contributed  by  Professor  LUCIEN  M.  UNDERWOOD. 

i 


OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 

i.  Ophioglossum  vulgatum  I,, 
tongue.      (Fig.  i.) 


Adder '  s- 


Ophioglossum  vulgatum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1062.     1753. 

Rootstock  short,  oblique ;  stem  slender,  erect,  sim- 
ple, glabrous,  2/-i2/  high,  bearing  the  sessile  thin 
ovate  or  elliptic-oblong  leaf  (sterile  segment)  near  its 
middle;  sterile  segment  i/~3/  long,  X/~IX/  wide, 
rather  firm  in  texture,  distinctly  reticulated;  spike 
solitary,  >^/-i/  long,  erect,  the  axis  extending  beyond 
the  sporanges  into  a  point. 


In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  or  sometimes  on  dry 
hillsides,  Prince  Edward  Island  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  Kentucky  and  Arizona.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia, 
Africa  and  Australia.  May-Aug. 


2.    BOTRYCHIUM  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2  :  8.       1800. 

Fleshy  plants  with  short  erect  rootstocks,  and  clustered  fleshy  roots,  the  bud  for  the 
succeeding  year  imbedded  in  the  base  of  the  stem.  Sterile  portion  (leaf)  pinnately  or  ter- 
nately  divided  or  compound,  the  fertile  portion  pinnate  or  tripinnate  with  sessile  distinct 
sporanges  in  rows  on  either  side  of  its  branches,  forming  large  panicles  in  some  species. 
Veins  free.  Spores  of  various  shades  of  yellow.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  grape-like 
clusters  of  sporanges.] 

About  10  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  one  or  two  occurring  in  Australia. 
Besides  the  following,  another,  B,  boreale,  occurs  in  Alaska. 

Bud  for  the  following  year  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  plants  mostly  small. 

Vernation  wholly  straight ;  sterile  portion  simple  or  2-5-lobed.  i.  B.  simplex. 

Vernation  partly  inclined  in  one  or  both  portions. 

Buds  glabrous  ;  sterile  portion  pinnate  ;  small  plants,  mature  in  early  summer. 
Sterile  portion  alone  bent  in  vernation,  its  segments  fan-shaped. 

2.  B.  Ltinaria. 
Both  portions  bent  in  vernation  ;  segments  of  sterile  portion  narrow. 

3.  B.  matricariaefoliiini. 
Bud  pilose  ;  sterile  portion  ternate,  long-stalked  ;  larger  plants,  mature  in  autumn. 

4.  B.  ternatum. 
Vernation  wholly  inclined,  recurved  in  the  fertile  portion  ;  sterile  portion  triangular,  sessile. 

5.  B.  lanceolatum. 

Bud  enclosed  in  a  cavity  at  one  side  of  the  base  of  the  stem  ;  sterile  portion  ternate  and  compound  ; 
plant  large.  6.  B.    Virginianum. 


i.   Botrychium  simplex  E.  Hitchcock. 
Ivittle  Grape-fern.      (Fig.  2.) 

Botrychium  simplex  E.  Hitchcock,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci.  6  :  103. 
1823. 

Plant  2/-7/  high,  slender,  very  variable.  Sterile  por- 
tion ovate,  obovate  or  oblong,  entire,  lobed  or  pinnately 
parted,  borne  near  the  base  of  the  stem  or  higher,  some- 
times above  the  middle;  fertile  portion  a  simple  or 
slightly  compound  spike,  sometimes  reduced  to  only  a 
few  sporanges ;  spores  large  for  the  genus,  minutely 
tuberculate;  bud  for  the  following  year  enclosed  in  the 
base  of  the  stem  ;  apex  of  both  fertile  and  sterile  portions 
erect  in  vernation. 

In  moist  woods,  meadows  or  swamps,  Prince  Edward 
Island  to  Maryl-md,  wast  to  Wyoming  and  California.  Also 
in  northern  Europe.  May-June. 


ADDER'S-TONGUE  FAMILY.  3 

2.    Botrychium  Lunaria  (L.)  Sw.     Moonwort.     (Fig.  3.) 

Osmunda  Lunaria  1,.  Sp.  PI.  1064.     1753. 

Bolrychium  LunariaSw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2:  no.    1800. 

Plant  very  fleshy,  2/-i2/  high.  Sterile  portion 
usually  sessile,  borne  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the 
stem,  pinnate  with  2-8  pairs  of  lunate  or  fan-shaped 
lobes  which  vary  from  crenate  to  entire  and  are  either 
close  and  imbricated  or  distant ;  fertile  portion  2-3- 
pinnate,  often  dense,  i/-2/  long,  often  about  the 
height  of  the  sterile  ;  bud  for  the  following  year  glab- 
rous, enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem ;  apex  only  of 
the  sterile  portion  bent  over  the  nearly  straight  fertile 
portion  in  vernation. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Connecticut,  central 
New  York,  Michigan,  British  Columbia  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado,  mostly  in  fields.  Also  in  north- 
ern Europe  and  Asia.  June-July. 


3.  Botrychium  matricariaefolium  A.  Br. 

Matricary  Grape-fern.     (Fig.  4.) 

Botrychium  matricariaefolium  A.  Br.  in  Doell,  Rhein. 
Fl.  24.     1843. 

Plant  2/-i2/  high,  often  very  fleshy.  Sterile 
portion  borne  above  the  middle  of  the  stem,  short- 
stalked,  ovate  or  oblong,  i-2-pinnatifid  or  rarely 
2-pinnate,  with  obtuse  divisions  and  narrow  toothed 
segments ;  midveins  disappearing  by  continued 
branching;  fertile  portion  2-3-pinnate,  often  much 
branched  ;  spores  tuberculate  ;  bud  for  the  follow- 
ing year  glabrous,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem  ; 
apex  of  both  sterile  and  fertile  portions  turned 
down  in  vernation. 

In  grassy  woods  and  swamps,  Nova  Scotia  to  New 
Jersey,  west  to  Ohio.  Also  in  Washington  and  in  Eu- 
rope. May-June. 

4.    Botrychium  ternatum  (Thunb.)  Sw.    Ternate  Grape-fern.     (Fig.  5.) 

Osmunda  ternata  Thunb.  Fl.  Jap.  329.     1784. 
Botrychium  ternatum  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2:  in.   1800. 

Plant  4/-i6/  high,  very  fleshy,  often  slightly  pubes- 
cent. Sterile  portion  long-stalked  from  near  the  base 
of  the  stem,  broadly  triangular,  ternate,  variously 
compound,  the  divisions  stalked  ;  ultimate  segments 
varying  from  round-reniform  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
their  margins  entire  or  finely  incised  ;  bud  for  the 
following  year  pilose,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the  stem; 
apex  of  both  portions  bent  down  with  a  slight  inward 
curve  in  vernation. 

In  moist  meadows,  woods  and  on  hillsides,  Nova  Scotia 
to  Florida,  west  to  California.  Also  in  Europe,  eastern 
Asia  and  Australia.  The  sterile  portion  is  persistent 
through  the  winter.  Sept. -Dec. 

Varies  greatly  ;  the  large  forms  are  known  as  var.  aus- 
trale,  smaller  forms  with  obliquely  lanceolate  segments 
as  var.  obliquum,  similar  forms  with  finely  dissected  seg- 
ments as  var.  dissecttim,  and  small  forms  with  roundish- 
reniform  segments  as  var.  lunarioides. 


4  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 

5.  Botrychium  lanceolatum  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  Angs.     Lance-leaved  Grape-feru. 

(Fig.  6.) 

Osmunda  lanceolata  S.  G.  Gmel.  Nov.  Comment. 
Acad.  Petrop.  12:  516.     1768, 

Botrychium  lanceolatum  Angs.  Bot.  Notiser,  1854 : 
68.      1854. 

Plant  3 '-9'  high,  somewhat  fleshy.  Sterile 
portion  closely  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem,  i'  or  more  wide,  3-lobed  or  broadly  trian- 
gular and  2-pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  oblique,  entire  or  dentate ; 
midvein  continuous,  with  forking  veinlets ;  fer- 
tile portion  slightly  overtopping  the  sterile, 
short-stalked,  2-3-pinnate ;  bud  for  the  follow- 
ing year  glabrous,  enclosed  in  the  base  of  the 
stem  ;  fertile  portion  recurved  its  whole  length 
with  the  shorter  sterile  portion  reclined  upon  it 
in  vernation. 

In  meadows,  woods  and  swamps,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Ohio  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  June-July. 


.3. 
4 


6.    Botrychium  Virginianum  (L.)  Sw.     Virginia  Grape-fern.      (Fig.  7.) 


Osmunda  Virginiana  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1064.     1753. 
Botrychium   Virginianum  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ. 

Bot.  2 :  in.     1800. 
Botrychium  gracile  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  656. 

1814. 

Plant  4'-2°  high,  the  stem  slender.  Sterile 
portion  nearly  or  quite  sessile  above  the 
middle  of  the  stem,  spreading,  thin,  ternate 
with  the  primary  divisions  pinnate  to  2-pin- 
nate  and  the  segments  i-2-pinnatifid  ;  ulti- 
mate segments  oblong,  more  or  less  toothed 
near  the  apex ;  epidermal  cells  flexuous ; 
fertile  portion  long-stalked,  2-3-pinnate ; 
bud  for  the  following  year  pilose,  enclosed 
in  a  glabrous  cavity  at  one  side  of  the  lower 
part  of  the  stem  ;  fertile  portion  recurved  its 
whole  length,  the  sterile  reclined  upon  it  in 
vernation. 

In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  west 
to  British  Columbia  and  Arizona.  Also  in  Eu- 
rope and  Asia.  June-July. 


Family  2.     OSMUNDACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  1 :  161.     1810. 

ROYAI,  FERN  FAMILY. 

Large  ferns  with  stout  often  erect  rootstocks,  1-2  pinnate  leaves  coiled  in 
vernation,  the  veins  free,  mostly  forked,  running  to  the  margins  of  the  pin- 
nules or  lobes.  Sporanges  large,  globose,  with  mere  traces  of  an  elastic  ring  of 
cells  or  none,  borne  on  modified  contracted  pinnae  in  the  typical  genus  ;  in 
Todea,  a  genus  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  lower  sur- 
faces of  the  pinnules. 

\ 

Two  living  genera,  Osmunda  and  Todea. 


ROYAL   FERN   FAMILY. 


i.    OSMUNDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1063.       1753. 

Tall  swamp  ferns,  growing  in  large  crowns,  with  the  fertile  (spore-bearing)  portions 
very  much  contracted,  the  short-pedicelled  naked  sporanges  on  the  margins  of  their  rachis- 
like  divisions,  which  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll.  Veins  forked,  very  regular  and  prom- 
inent. Sporanges  thin,  reticulated,  opening  by  a  longitudinal  cleft  into  two  halves,  a  few 
parallel  thickening  cells  near  the  apex  representing  the  rudimentary  transverse  ring.  Spores 
copious,  green.  [BYotu  Osmunder,  a  name  for  the  god  Thor.  ] 


Only  the  following  occur  in  North  America, 
i.   O.  regalis. 


Six  species,  mostly  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Leaves  bipinnate,  fertile  at  the  apex. 
Sterile  leaves  bipinnatifid. 

Pinnae  of  sterile  leaf  with  a  tuft  of  tomentum  at  base  ;  fertile  leaf  distinct  from  sterile. 

2.  O.  cinnamomea. 
Pinnae  of  sterile  leaf  without  a  tuft  of  tomentum  at  base  ;  leaves  fertile  in  the  middle. 

3.  O.  Claytoniana. 


i.  Osmunda  regalis  L,.     Royal  Fern. 

(Fig.  8.) 

Osrnunda  regal  is  I*.  Sp.  PI.  1065.       1753. 

Rootstock  stout,  bearing  a  cluster  of  several 
tall  bipinnate  leaves,  2°-6°  high,  and  i°or  more 
wide.  'Sterile  pinnae  6/-i2/  long,  2'-4/  wide, 
the  pinnules  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate-oblong, 
sessile  or  slightly  stalked,  glabrous,  finely  ser- 
rulate, especially  near  the  apex  and  occasionally 
crenate  towards  the  base  which  is  truncate, 
oblique  or  even  cordate  ;  fertile  pinnules  liuear- 
cyliudric,  panicled  at  the  summit,  withering 
and  shrivelling  with  age,  greenish  before  ma- 
turity, but  becoming  dark  brown  after  the 
spores  have  fallen. 

In  swamps  and  marshes,  New  Brunswick  to 
Florida,  west  to  the  Northwest  Territor\' and  Mis- 
sissippi. Also  in  Mexico,  Europe  and  Asia.  As- 
cends to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  May-July. 


2.    Osmunda  cinnamomea 


Cinnamon  Fern.      (Fig.  9.) 

OsmiDida  cinnamomea  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1066.     1753. 

Rootstock  very  large,  widely  creeping,  bear- 
ing a.circular  cluster  of  sterile  leaves  with  one 
or  more  fertile  ones  within.  Stipes  i°  or  more 
long,  clothed  with  ferruginous  tomentum  when 
young,  glabrous  when  old  ;  sterile  leaves  i°-5° 
long,  glabrous  when  mature,  except  a  small  tuft 
of  tomentum  at  the  base  of  each  pinna;  pinnae 
linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  oblong 
obtuse  segments  ;  fertile  leaf  contracted,  bipin- 
nate, soon  withering  ;  sporanges  cinnamon-col- 
ored after  the  copious  green  spores  have  been 
discharged. 

In  wet  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Florida  and  Mexico.  Forms  occur  with  leaves 
variously  intermediate  between  the  fertile  and  ster- 
ile; some  being  sterile  at  the  apex,  others  in  the 
middle,  others  on  one  side  only.  Ascends  to  5600  ft. 
in  Virginia.  May-June. 


OSMUNDACEAE. 


3.  Osmunda  Claytoniana  L,.   Clayton's 
Fern.     (Fig.  10. ) 

Osmunda  Claytoniana  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1066.     1753. 
Osmunda  interrupta  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2 :  273. 
1803. 

Rootstock  stout,  bearing  a  circle  of  2-pinnat- 
ifid  leaves  2°-6°  high,  6'-io'  wide  ;  sterile  pinnae 
without  tufts  of  tomentum  at  the  base,  linear- 
lanceolate,  deeply  cleft  into  oblong  obtuse  seg- 
ments, some  of  the  leaves  contracted  in  the 
middle  and  bearing  2-5  pairs  of  fertile  pinnate 
pinnae  with  dense,  cylindric  divisions  which  are 
greenish  at  first,  afterwards  dark  brown,  finally 
withering  ;  leaves  clothed  with  tomentum  when 
young,  glabrous  when  mature,  the  fertile  ones 
taller  than  the  sterile,  and  finally  widely  re- 
curving. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Min- 
nesota south  to  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.  As- 
cends to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  India.  May- 
July. 


Family  3.     HYMENOPHYLLACEAE  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy.  262.       1826. 

FILMY-FERN  FAMILY. 

Membranaceous,  mostly  small  ferns  with  filiform  or  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks.  Leaves  usually  much  divided.  Sporanges  sessile  on  a  filiform,  usually 
elongated  receptacle,  surrounded  by  a  transverse  ring  which  opens  vertically. 

Two  genera,  Hymenophyllum  I,.,  and  the  following,  comprising  some  200  species,  very  abund- 
ant in  tropical  regions,  a  few  occurring  in  the  temperate  zones. 

i.    TRICHOMANES  L.  Sp.  PI.  1097.       i?53- 

Delicate  filmy  ferns,  the  leaves  usually  much  divided.  Sporauges  flattened,  surrounded 
by  a  broad  entire  transverse  ring  opening  vertically,  sessile  on  the  lower  part  of  the  slender 
filiform  receptacle.  Receptacle  surrounded  by  a  tubular  or  funnel-shaped  indusium  which 
is  truncate  or  slightly  2-lipped.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  thin  hair-like  segments  of  some 
species.] 

About  100  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions.    Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  Alabama. 


i.    Trichomanes  radicans  Sw. 

Bristle-fern.      (Fig.   n.) 

Trichomanes  radicans  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  3:  1736. 
1806. 

Rootstock  filiform,  wiry,  tomentose,  creep- 
ing. Stipes  (petioles)  ascending,  I'-T,' 
long,  naked  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  2 '-8'  long, 
8" -i)4'  wide,  membranaceous,  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-3-pinnatifid ;  pinnae 
ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  side  of  the  cuneate 
base  parallel  with  or  appressed  to  the  nar- 
rowly winged  rachis  ;  segments  toothed  or 
cut  into  linear  divisions  ;  indusia  terminal 
on  short  lobes,  1-4  on  a  pinnule,  the  mouth 
slightly  2-lipped ;  receptacle  more  or  less 
exserted,  bristle-like,  bearing  the  sessile 
sporanges  mostly  near  the  base. 

On  wet  rocks,  Kentucky  to  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama. Also  in  the  West  Indies,  Mexico,  trop- 
ical America,  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.  Summer. 


CLIMBING   FERN  FAMILY.  7 

Family  4.     SCHIZAEACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  39.       1828. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  with  simple  or  pinnate  leaves.  Sporanges  borne 
in  spikes  or  panicles,  ovoid,  sessile,  provided  with  an  apical  ring,  opening  verti- 
cally by  a  longitudinal  slit. 

Five  genera  and  about  75  species,  the  following  genera  represented  in  the  north  temperate 
zone,  the  others  tropical  in  distribution. 

Sporanges  in  close  2-ranked  spikes  ;  leaves  filiform.  i.  Schizaea. 

Sporanges  in  ample  panicles  ;  pinnules  palmate.  2.  Lygodium. 

i.    SCHIZAEA  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Tor.  5  :  419.    pi.  19.  f.  9.       1793. 

Small  slender  ferns  \vith  filiform  or  linear  leaves,  the  fertile  distinct  from  the  sterile. 
Sporanges  sessile  in  close  distichous  spikes  along  the  single  vein  of  the  narrow  divisions  of 
the  fertile  leaves,  provided  with  a  complete  apical  ring.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  cleft 
leaves  of  some  species.] 

A  genus  of  16  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribu- 
tion, mostly  in  tropical  regions. 

i.  Schizaea  pusilla  Pursh.     Curly-grass. 
(Fig.  12.) 

Schizaea  pusilla  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  657.     1814. 

Sterile  leaves  linear,  very  slender  and  tortuous. 
Fertile  leaves  longer,  3 '-5'  high,  the  fertile  por- 
tion terminal,  consisting  of  about  5  pairs  of 
crowded  pinnae,  forming  a  distichous  spike ; 
sporanges  ovoid  or  pyriform,  sessile  in  two  rows 
along  the  single  vein  of  the  narrow  incurved  linear 
divisions  of  the  fertile  leaf,  partially  concealed  by 
its  incurved  margins  which  are  hooded  at  the  apex 
and  ciliate  ;  ring  apical,  the  sporanges  opening  by 
a  vertical  slit. 

In  wet  soil,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  and  in 
Nova  Scotia.  Rare  and  local.  Aug. -Sept. 

2.    LYGODIUM  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2  :   106.       1800. 

Twining  or  climbing  ferns,  the  lower  divisions  sterile,  variously  stalked  and  lobed,  the 
fertile  terminal,  panicled.  Sporanges  ovoid,  solitary  or  two  together  in  the  axils  of  imbri- 
cated scale-like  indusia,  provided  with  an  apical  ring,  opening  vertically.  Indusia  fixed  by 
their  broad  bases  to  short  oblique  veinlets.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  flexible  stipes.] 

Sixteen  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution. 

i.   Lygodium  palmatum  (Bernh.  )Sw. 
Climbing  Fern.     Hartford  Fern. 

(Fig-  I3-) 

Gisopteris palmata  Bernh.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2:  129. 

1800. 
Lygodium  palmatum  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  154.     1806. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Stipes  slender, 
flexible  and  twining  ;  leaves  i°-3°  long,  their  short 
alternate  branches  2-forked,  each  fork  bearing  a 
nearly  orbicular  4-7-lobed  pinnule  which  is  more 
or  less  cordate  at  the  base  with  a  narrow  sinus ; 
surfaces  naked  ;  fertile  pinnules  contracted,  sev- 
eral times  forked,  forming  a  terminal  panicle ; 
sporanges  solitary,  borne  on  the  alternate  veins 
which  spring  from  the  flexuous  midvein  of  the 
segments,  each  covered  by  a  scale-like  indusium. 

In  moist  thickets  and  open  woods,  Massachusetts  to 
Pennsylvania,  south  to  Florida  and  Tennessee.  As- 
cends to  2100  ft.  in  eastern  Pennsylvania.  Summer. 


8  POLYPODIACEAE. 

Family  5.    POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  1 :  145.     1810, 

FERN   FAMILY. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  the  rootstocks  horizontal,  often  elongated,  or  short 
and  erect,  the  leaves  simple,  pinnate,  pinnatifid  or  decompound,  coiled  in  ver- 
nation. Sporanges  borne  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  lower  side  or  margins  of  the 
leaves  or  their  segments,  stalked,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  of  cells,  open- 
ing transversely.  Sori  with  or  without  a  membranaceous  covering  (indusium). 
Prothallium  green. 

About  70  genera  and  3000  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  The  family  includes- 
by  far  the  greater  number  of  living  ferns. 

Spore -bearing  leaves  closely  rolled  together,  with  necklace-like  segments. 

i.  Onoclea. 
Leaves  all  flat  or  their  edges  only  slightly  revolute. 

Sori  dorsal  or  marginal,  provided  with  special  indusia. 

Sori  roundish,  indusja  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 
Indusium  wholly  inferior. 

Indusium  roundish  or  stellate.  2.    Woodsia. 

Indusium  cup-shaped  or  somewhat  2-valved.  3.  Dicksonia. 

Indusium  partly  inferior,  fixed  by  a  broad  base  and  enclosing  the  sori  like  a  hood. 

4.  Cystopteris. 

Indusium  superior,  fixed  by  its  centre  or  sinus.  5.  Dryopteris. 

Sori  linear  or  oblong  ;  indusia  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Sori  in  chain-like  rows  parallel  to  the  midribs  or  rachises.  7.    Woodwardia. 

Sori  all  oblique  to  the  midrib  or  rachises  ;  veins  free. 

Sori  confluent  in  pairs  with  an  apparently  double  indusium  opening  in  the  middle  -t 

leaf  simple.  8.  Scolopendrinm. 

Sori  single  on  the  upper  side  of  a  veinlet  or  rarely  crossing  it. 

10.  Asplenium. 
Sori  partly  parallel  to  the  midrib,  partly  oblique;  veins  united.    9.   Camptosorus. 

Sori  with  marginal  indusia  formed  of  the  more  or  less  altered  edge  of  the  leaf. 
Sporanges  at  the  ends  of  veins,  borne  on  a  reflexed  portion  of  the  leaf. 

11.  Adiantum. 
Sporanges  borne  on  a  continuous  vein-like  receptacle  which  connects  the  apices  of  the 

veins.  12.  Pteris. 

Sporanges  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins. 

Leaves  of  two  forms  ;  stipes  pale.  13.  Cryptogramma. 

Leaves  uniform  ;  stipes  usually  dark  colored. 

Sori  mostly  forming  a  continuous  indusium  around  the  segment. 

14.  Pellaea. 
Sori  minute  ;  indusium  usually  interrupted,  if  continuous  the  segments  small  and 

bead-like.  15.   Cheilanlhes. 

Sori  without  indusia. 

Sori  linear  and  marginal.  16.  Notholaena. 

Sori  roundish  or  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Stipes  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  pinnatifid. 

17.  Pplypodium. 

Stipes  not  articulated  to  the  rootstocks  ;  leaves  in  our  species  2-3-pinnatifid  or  ternate. 

6.  Phegopteris. 


i.    ONOCLEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1062.       1753. 

Coarse  ferns  with  the  fertile  leaves  closely  rolled  up  into  necklace-like  or  berry-like 
segments,  and  entirely  unlike  the  broad  pinnatifid  sterile  ones.  Sori  round,  borne  on  the 
back  of  the  veins.  Indusium  very  thin  and  membranous,  hemispheric  or  hood-shaped,  fixed 
at  the  inferior  side  of  the  sorus.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  dorsal  ring,  burst- 
ing transversely.  Fertile  leaves  unrolling  at  maturity,  allowing  the  spores  to  escape,  and 
remaining  long  after  the  sterile  leaves  have  been  killed  by  frost.  [Name  ancient,  not 
originally  applied  to  these  plants.] 

Three  species,  natives  of  cold  and  temperate  regions.  Only  the  following  are  known  to  occur 
in  North  America. 

Fertile  leaf  bipinnate  ;  veins  anastomosing,  i.   O.  sensibilis. 

Fertile  leaf  simply  pinnate  ;  veins  free.  2.   O.  Strutliiopteris. 


FERN   FAMILY 


i.  Onoclea  sensibilis  L.     Sensitive  Fern. 
(Fig.  14.) 

Onoclea  sensibilis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1062.      1753. 

Rootstock  rather  slender,  copiously  rooting  ;  fer- 
tile leaves  i°-2^°  high,  persistent  over  winter, 
much  contracted,  and  with  short  pinnules  rolled 
up  into  berry-like  closed  involucres  forming  a  nar- 
row panicle ;  sterile  leaves  i°-4>2°  high,  broadly 
triangular,  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  segments  lanceo- 
late-oblong, entire,  undulate,  or  the  lower  pairs 
sinuate-pinnatifid  ;  veins  freely  anastomosing  ;  low- 
est segments  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle ; 
veins  forming  a  somewhat  regular  series  of  semi- 
elliptic  areoles  next  the  midvein  and  numerous 
smaller  areoles  between  this  series  and  the  margin. 

In  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  and  Ontario  to  the 
Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and 
Kansas.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Various  in- 
termediate forms  between  the  sterile  and  fertile  leaves 
occur.  Sensitive  to  early  frosts.  Aug. -Nov. 


2.  Onoclea  Struthiopteris  (L,. )  Hoffm. 
Ostrich  Fern.     (Fig.  15.) 

Osmnnda  Struthiopteris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1066.      1753. 

Onoclea  Siruthiopteris  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  2  :  n. 

1795- 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending,  bearing  a  circle 
of  sterile  leaves  with,  one  or  more  fertile  ones 
within.  Fertile  leaves  i°-i*4°  high,  simply 
pinnate  with  necklace-shaped  pinnae  which  are 
formed  of  the  closely  revolute  margins ;  sori 
crowded  and  confluent ;  sterile  leaves  2°--j° 
high,  6/-i5/  wide,  broadly  lanceolate,  pin- 
nate, much  the  broadest  above  the  middle  and 
gradually  tapering  below,  the  lower  pinnae 
being  gradually  much  reduced ;  veins  pin- 
nate, free  and  simple  ;  texture  firm  ;  rootstocks 
stoloniferous. 

In  moist  thickets,  especially  along  streams,  Nova 
Scotia  to  New  Jersey,  west  to  British  Columbia  and 
Illinois.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  July-Oct. 


2.  WOODSIA  R.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  n  :  170.       1812. 

Small  or  medium-sized  ferns,  growing  in  rocky  places,  with  i-2-pinnate  or  pinnatifid 
leaves  and  round  sori  borne  on  the  backs  of  simply  forked  free  veins.  Indusia  inferior, 
thin  and  often  evanescent,  roundish  or  stellate,  either  small  and  open  or  early  bursting  at 
the  top  into  irregular  lobes  or  segments.  Stipes  often  jointed  above  the  base  and  separating 
at  the  joint.  [Name  in  honor  of  Joseph  Woods,  1776-1864,  English  architect  and  botanist.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions.     Besides  the  following,  another  oc- 
curs in  the  southwestern  United  States. 
Indusium  minute  or  evanescent,  flat,  concealed  beneath  the  sorus,  its  margin  cleft  into  slender 

hair-like  segments. 

Stipes  obscurely  jointed  near  the  base;  cilia  of  the  indusium  inflexed  over  the  sporanges. 
Leaves  with  more  or  less  rusty  chaff  underneath.  i.  W.  Ilvensis. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaf  lanceolate,  not  tapering  below;  pinnae  cordate-ovate,  5-7-lobed.     2.  W.  alpina. 
Leaf  linear  or  linear-oblong,  often  tapering  both  ways;  pinnae  deltoid.   3.  W.  glabella. 
Stipes  not  jointed;  cilia  of  the  indusium  very  short,  hidden  by  the  sporanges. 

Puberulent;  indusium  deeply  cleft,  ending  in  hairs  with  cylindric  cells.       4.  IV.  scopnlina. 
Leaves  and  stipes  glabrous  ;  indusium  divided  to  centre  into  beaded  hairs.   5.  W.  Oregana. 
Indusium  distinct,  at  first  enclosing  the  sporanges,  splitting  into  jagged  lobes.        6.  W.  obtusa. 


10 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


i.  Woodsia  Ilvensis  (I,.)  R.  Br.     Rusty  Woodsia.      (Fig.  16.) 


Acrostichum  Ilvense  L-  Sp.  PI.  1071.      1753. 

Woodsia    Ilvensis    R.    Br.    Trans.    Linn.    Soc.    n 
1812. 


173- 


Rootstock  short,  caespitose.  Leaves  lanceolate,  4'- 
10'  long,  pinnate,  glabrous  above,  more  or  less  covered 
•with  rusty  chaff  beneath,  as  are  also  the  slender  stipes ; 
pinnae  crowded,  sessile,  pinnately  parted,  the  crowded 
segments  oblong,  obscurely  crenate ;  stipes  jointed 
near  the  base ;  sori  borne  near  the  margins  of  the 
segments,  somewhat  confluent  when  old  ;  indusium 
minute,  concealed  beneath  the  sorus,  its  margin  cleft 
into  filiform  segments  which  are  inflexed  over  the 
sporanges  and  inconspicuous,  especially  when  the 
latter  have  scattered  their  spores. 

On  exposed  rocks,  Labrador  and  Greenland  to  the 
Northwest  Territory,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Ken- 
tucky. Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 


2.  Woodsia  alpina  (Bolton)  S.  F.  Gray. 
Alpine  Woodsia.      (Fig.  17.) 

Acrostichum  alpimim  Bolton,  Fil.  Brit.  76.      1790. 
Acrostichum  hyperboreum   Liljeb.  Act.  Stockh.  201. 

1793- 
Woodsia  hyperborea  R.  Br.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  ii:  173. 

1812. 
Woodsia  alpina  S.  F.  Gray,  Nat.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  2:  17. 

1821. 

Rootstock  short,  caespitose.  Leaves  narrowly  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 2/-6/  long,  8/ '- 1 2X/  wide,  scarcely 
narrower  below  the  middle  ;  pinnae  cordate-ovate 
or  triangular-ovate,  pinnately  s-y-lobed,  glabrous 
or  very  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces ;  stipes  jointed 
near  the  base  ;  sori  somewhat  scattered  on  the  seg- 
ments ;  indusium  as  in  the  preceding  species. 

On  moist  rocks,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine, 
northern  New  York  and  western  Ontario.  Ascends  to 
4200  ft.  in  Vermont.  July-Aug. 


3.    Woodsia  glabella  R.   Br.      Smooth 
Woodsia.      (Fig.  18). 

Woodsia  glabella  R.  Br.  App.  Franklin's  Journ.  754. 
1823. 

Rootstock  small,  caespitose.  Stipes  obscurely 
jointed  at  the  base  ;  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lan- 
ceolate, z'-*,'  long,  4X/  8/x  wide  ;  pinnae  deltoid  to 
ovate,  the  lower  remote,  obtuse,  crenately  lobed, 
often  somewhat  smaller  than  the  middle  ones, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  sori  scattered  on  the  seg- 
ments ;  indusium  minute,  membranous,  with  6-10 
radiating  segments,  covered  by  the  sporanges,  its 
filamentous  segments  only  inflexed  over  them 
when  young  as  in  the  two  preceding  species. 

On  moist  rocks,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  northern  New  York  and  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior.  Also  in  arctic  and 
alpine  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


FERN   FAMILY. 


II 


4.    Woodsia    scopulina    D.    C.    Eaton. 
Rocky  Mountain  Woodsia.      (Fig.  19.) 

U'oodsia   scopulina    D.    C.    Eaton,    Can.    Nat.    2:    go. 
1865. 

Rootstock  short,  creeping,  densely  chaffy.  Stipes 
zf~4'  long,  not  jointed,  puberulent  like  the  rachis 
and  lower  surface  of  the  leaf  with  minute  flattened 
hairs  and  stalked  glands;  leaves  lanceolate,  6/-i2/ 
long,  tapering  from  about  the  middle  to  both  ends  ; 
pinnae  numerous,  oblong-ovate,  pinnatifid  into 
10-16  oblong  toothed  segments  ;  indusium  hidden 
beneath  the  sporanges,  very  deeply  cleft  into  short 
cilia  with  cylindric  cells 

In  crevices  of  rocks,  northern  Minnesota  and  west- 
ern Ontario  to  Oregon,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Arizona  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  California. 
Summer. 


5.  Woodsia  Oregana  D.  C.  Eaton.     Oregon  Woodsia.      (Fig.  20.) 

U'oodsia  Oregana  D.  C.  Eaton,  Can.  Nat.  2  :  90.      1865. 
U'oodsia  obi  lisa  var.  Lyallii  Hook.  Syn.  Fil.  48.      1868. 

Rootstock  short.  Stipes  and  leaves  glabrous 
throughout ;  stipes  not  jointed,  brownish  below  ; 
leaves  2/-io/  long,  elliptic-lanceolate,  the  sterile 
shorter  than  the  fertile  ;  pinnae  triangular-oblong, 
obtuse,  pinnatifid  ;  lower  pinnae  reduced  in  size 
and  somewhat  remote  from  the  others ;  rachis 
straw-colored  ;  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  dentate 
or  crenate,  the  teeth  often  reflexed  and  covering 
the  submarginal  sori ;  indusia  minute,  concealed 
by  the  sporanges,  divided  almost  to  the  centre  into 
a  few  beaded  hairs 

On  rocks,  northern  Michigan  and  Minnesota  and 
Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Arizona  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  Cal- 
ifornia. July-Aug. 


6.  Woodsia  obtusa  (Spreng.)  Torr. 

Polypodium  obtusitm  Spreng.  Anleit.  92.      1804. 
Hypopeltis  obtusa  Torr.  Comp.  380.      1824. 

Woodsia  obtusa  Torr.  Cat.  PI.  in  Geol.  Rep.  N.  Y.  195. 
1840. 

Rootstock  short,  creeping.  Stipes  not  jointed, 
pale  green,  3/-6/  long ;  leaves  broadly  lanceolate, 
6'-i5/  long,  minutely  glandular-pubescent,  nearly 
2-pinnate  ;  pinnae  rather  remote,  triangular-ovate, 
or  oblong,  pinnately  parted  into  obtuse  oblong 
crenate-dentate  segments ;  veins  forked  and  bear- 
ing the  sori  on  or  near  the  minutely  toothed  lobes  ; 
iudusium  conspicuous,  at  first  enclosing  the  spor- 
anges, at  length  splitting  into  several  jagged  lobes, 
which  are  much  wider  than  those  in  any  of  the  pre- 
ceding species. 

On  rocks,  Nova  Scotia  (according  to  Macoun)  and 
Maine  to  northern  New  York,  Wisconsin  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Georgia,  Alabama,  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  Arizona.  Ascends  to  2200  ft.  in  Yirgfinia. 
July-Aug. 


Blunt-lobed  Woodsia.      (Fig.  21.) 


12 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


3.    DICKSONIA  L/Her.  Sertum  Angl.  30.       1788. 

L-arge  ferns  with  2-3-pinnatifid  leaves,  and  creeping  or  erect  rootstocks,  many  tropical 
species  arborescent.  Sori  small,  globular,  marginal  or  submargiual.  Sporanges  borne  in 
an  elevated  globular  receptacle,  enclosed  in  the  membranous  cup-shaped  inferior  indusium 
which  is  open  at  the  top  and  on  the  outer  side  adherent  to  a  reflexed  toothlet  of  the  leaf. 
Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.  Veins  always 
free.  [Name  in  honor  of  James  Dickson,  English  nurseryman  and  botanist,  1738-1822.] 

About  50  species,  of  wide  distribution,  the  greater  number  in  tropical  America  and  Polynesia.. 

i.  Dicksonia  punctilobula  (Michx. )  A.  Gray.   Hay-scented  Fern.    (Fig.  22.) 

Nephrodium  punctilobulum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2 : 

268.      1803. 

Dicksonia  pilosiuscula  Willd.  IJnum.  1076.      1809. 
Dicksonia  punctilobula  A.  Gray,  Man.  628.      1848. 

Rootstock  slender,  extensively  creeping,  not 
chaffy.  Stipes  stout,  chaffless,  pale  green  and 
sweet-scented  ;  leaves  i°-3°  long,  5/~9/  wide,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  frequently  long- 
attenuate,  usually  3-pinnatifid,  thin  and  delicate ; 
rachis  and  under  surface  minutely  glandular  and 
pubescent;  sori  minute,  each  on  a  recurved  tooth- 
let,  usually  one  at  the  upper  margin  of  each  lobe  ; 
sporanges  few;  indusium  cup-shaped  with  a  delicate 
membranous  irregular  margin. 

In  various  situations,  most  abundant  on  open  hill- 
sides, New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  to  Indiana  and  Min- 
nesota (according  to  Upham),  south  to  Alabama  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  5600  ft.  in  Virginia.  Aug. 

4.  CYSTOPTERIS  Bernh.  Schrad.  Neues  Journ.  Bot.  i:  Part  2,  26.       1806, 

Delicate  rock  ferns  with  slender  stipes,  2-4-pinnate  leaves,  and  roundish  sori  borne  on 
the  backs  of  the  veins.  Indusium  membranous,  hood -like,  attached  by  a  broad  base  on 
its  inner  side  and  partly  under  the  sorus,  early  opening  and  somewhat  evanescent.  Veins 
free.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  transversely  bursting  vertical  ring.  [Greek, 
signifying  Bladder- fern,  in  allusion  to  the  inflated  indusium.] 

Five  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.     Only  the  following  known  in  North  America. 

leaves  ovate -lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  2~3-pinnate. 

Leaves  broadest  at  base,  long-tapering,  bearing  bulblets  beneath.  i.  C.  bulbifera. 

Leaves  scarcely  broader  at  base,  short-pointed;  no  bulblets.  2.  C.  fragilis. 

Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  3-4-pinnate.  3.  C.  monlana. 

i.    Cystopteris    bulbifera    (I,.)    Bernh. 
Bulblet  Cystopteris.      (Fig.  23.) 

Poly  podium  bulbiferum  L-  Sp.  PI.  1091.      1753. 

Cystopteris  bulbifera    Bernh.   Schrad.   Neues  Journ. 
Bot.  i:  Part  2,  26.      1806. 

Rootstock  short,  copiously  rooting.  Stipes  4/-6/ 
long,  light  colored;  leaves  elongated,  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  i°-2^°  long,  2-3-pinnatifid  or 
pinnate  ;  pinnules  crowded,  toothed  or  pinnatifid  ; 
rachis  wingless,  commonly  bearing  underneath  in 
the  axils  of  the  pinnae  and  segments,  large  fleshy 
bulblets  which  fall  away  and  propagate  the  plant; 
indusia  short,  truncate  on  the  free  side,  early 
thrown  back  and  withering  so  that  the  sori  appear 
naked  at  maturity. 

On  wet  rocks  and  in  ravines,  especially  on  limestone, 
Quebec  to  Wisconsin,  south  to  Tennessee  and  Arkansas. 
Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Aug. 


FERN   FAMILY.  13 

2.  Cystopteris  fragilis  (I,.)  Bernh.     Brittle  Fern.     (Fig.  24.) 

folypodiu  m  fragile  L.  Sp.  PI.  1091.      1753. 

Cystopteris   fragilis    Bernh.     Schrad.     Neues 
Journ.  Bot.  i  :  Part  2,  27.      1806. 

Rootstock  short.  Stipes  4/-8/  long  ;  leaves 
thin,  oblong-lanceolate,  only  slightly  taper- 
ing below,  4/-io/  long,  2-3-pinnatifid  or  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  lanceolate-ovate,  irregularly 
pinnatifid,  with  a  broad  central  space  and 
bluntly  or  sharply  toothed  segments  decur- 
rent  along  the  margined  or  winged  rachis, 
without  bulblets ;  indusia  narrow  or  acute 
at  the  free  end,  early  withering  and  exposing 
the  sori  which  finally  appear  naked  ;  texture 
membranous. 

On  rocks  and  in  moist  grassy  woods,  New- 
foundland to  Alaska,  south  to  Georgia  and  Ari- 
zona. Also  in  South  and  Central  America, 
Europe,  Asia  and  New  Zealand  ;  almost  cosmo- 
politan in  distribution.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in 
New  Hampshire.  May-July. 


3.  Cystopteris  montana  (L,am.)  Bernh.     Mountain  Cystopteris.      (Fig.  25.) 

Polypodium   montanum   Lam.  Fl.  France.,   i  : 
23.      1778. 

Cystopteris    montana    Bernh.    Schrad.    Neues 
Journ.  Bot.  i  :  Part  2,  26.      1806. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping.  Stipes 
6/~9/  long,  slender ;  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  3-4- 
pinnate,  about  6/  long  and  broad,  the  lowest 
pinnae  deltoid-lanceolate  and  much  larger 
than  the  upper,  their  inferior  pinnules 
i/-iX/  long  ;  segments  deeply  divided  into 
oblong  lobes,  deeply  toothed ;  sori  numer- 
ous ;  indusia  acute,  soon  withering,  expos- 
ing the  sori  and  causing  them  to  appear 
naked  at  maturity. 

On  rocks,  Labrador  and  Quebec  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado. 
Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug. 


5.    DRYOPTERIS  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  20.       1763. 

[ASPIDIUM  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2  :  4.      1800.] 

Ferns  with  i-3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  round  sori  usually  borne  on  the  backs  of 
the  veins,  the  fertile  and  sterile  leaves  similar  in  outline.  Indusium  flat  or  flattish,  orbicular 
and  peltate  or  cordate-reuiform,  superior,  fixed  by  its  sinus  or  depressed  centre.  Stipe  con- 
tinuous, not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Sporanges  abundant,  pedicelled,  the  vertical  ring 
bursting  transversely.  Veins  free  in  the  northern  species,  uniting  occasionally  or  even  freely 
in  some  of  the  southern.  [Greek,  signifying  Oak-fern,  in  allusion  to  the  forest  habitat  of 
most  species.] 

About  350  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following  some  10  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America.  The  first  three  species  are  sometimes 
separated  as  a  distinct  genus.  (Polystichmti  Roth,  1797.) 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


1.  D.  Lonchitis. 

2.  D.  acrostichoid.es. 

3.  D.  Braunii. 

leaves  pinnatifid. 

4.  D.  Noveboracensis. 


5.  D.    Thelypteris. 

6.  D.  simulata. 


7.  D,  fragrans. 

8.  D.  cristata. 

9.  D.  Goldieana. 

10.  D.  marginalis. 

11.  D.  Filix-mas. 


Indusium  orbicular,  entire,  peltate,  fixed  by  the  depressed  centre. 
Leaves  once  pinnate. 

Stipes  short  ;  lower  pinnae  much  reduced. 
Stipes  longer  ;  lower  pinnae  usually  little  reduced. 
Leaves  bipinnate. 

Indusium  cordate  -reniform  or  orbicular,  fixed  by  the  sinus. 
Texture  thin-membranous  ;  veins  simple  or  once  forked  : 
Lower  pinnae  very  much  reduced. 
Lower  pinnae  little  smaller  than  the  middle  ones. 

Veins  i-2-forked  ;  sori  crowded,  10-  12  to  a  segment. 
Veins  simple  ;  sori  larger,  distinct,  4-10  to  a  segment. 
Texture  firmer,  sometimes  subcoriaceous  ;  veins  forking  freely. 
Leaves  2-pinnatifid  or  2-pinnate  ;  segments  not  spinulose. 
Leaves  small,  narrowly  lanceolate. 
Leaves  larger,  mostly  i  lA°-5°  high. 
Indusia  large,  thinnish  and  flat. 
Pinnae  widest  at  the  base. 
Pinnae  widest  at  the  middle. 
Indusia  convex,  without  marginal  glands. 
Sori  near  the  margin. 
Sori  near  the  midvein. 
Leaves  2-pinnate  or  3-pinnatifid  ;  segments  spinulose-toothed. 

Leaves  ovate  -lanceolate,  usually  not  narrowed  below  ;   scales  of  stipes  usually  with  a 

dark  centre.  12.  D.  spinulosa. 

Leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base  ;   scales  of  the  stipes  pale 
brown.  13.  D.  Boottii. 

i.    Dryopteris  Lonchitis  (L,.  )  Kuntze.     Holly-fern.      (Fig.  26.) 

Polypodium  Lonchitis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1088.      1753. 
As'pidium  LonchifisSw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2:  30.   1800. 
Dryopteris  Lonchitis  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  813.      1891. 

Rootstock  short,  stout,  densely  chaffy.  Stipes 
i/-5/  long,  bearing  large  dark  brown  scales  with 
some  smaller  ones  ;  leaves  rigid,  coriaceous,  ever- 
green, narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline,  once  pinnate; 
pinnae  broadly  lanceolate-falcate,  I'-a'  long,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  strongly  auricled  on  the 
upper  side  at  the  base  and  obliquely  truncate  on 
the  lower,  densely  spinulose-dentate,  the  lowest 
commonly  triangular  and  shorter  ;  sori  large,  at 
length  contiguous,  borne  nearer  the  margin  than 
the  midrib,  commonly  quite  close  to  the  margin  ; 
indusium  orbicular,  entire,  fixed  by  its  depressed 
centre. 

On  rocks,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Ontario  and 
British  Columbia,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
Utah.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug. 


2.  Dryopteris  acrostichoides  (Michx.)  Kuntze.    Christmas  Fern.    (Fig.  27.) 
\\  Aft 


Nephrodium  acrostichoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2  :  267. 

1803. 

Aspidium  acrostichoides  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  44.      1806. 
Dryopteris  acrostichoides  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  812.  1891. 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping.  Stipes  5/~7/  long, 
densely  chaffy;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  6/-2°long, 
3/~5/  wide,  rigid,  evergreen,  subcoriaceous,  once  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  falcate,  \'-$r 
long,  acutish  at  the  apex,  half  halberd-shaped  at  the 
base,  bristly  with  appressed  teeth,  the  lower  little 
smaller,  sometimes  deflexed  ;  fertile  fronds  contracted 
at  the  summit,  bearing  the  large  contiguous  sori  near 
the  middle,  which  soon  cover  the  whole  lower  sur- 
face ;  indusium  orbicular,  entire,  fixed  by  its  depressed 
centre,  persistent. 

In  woods  and  on  hillsides,  most  abundant  in  rocky 
places,  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  west 
to  Ontario,  Wisconsin  and  Mississippi.  Ascends  to  2700 
ft.  in  Maryland.  July-  Aug. 

Forms  with  cut-lobed  or  incised  pinnae  are  known  as 
var.  Schweinitzii  ;  occasional  forms  are  2-pinnatifid. 


FERN   FAMILY. 


1-5 


3.   Dryopteris  Braunii  (Spenner)  Underw.     Brauii's  Holly-fern.      (Fig.  28.) 

Aspidium  Braunii  Spenner,  Fl.  Frib.  i  :  9.      1825. 
Aspidium  aculealum  van  Braunii  Doell,  Rhein.  Fl. 

21.      1843. 
Drvopteris   acnleata  var.   Braunii    Underw.   Native 

Ferns,  Ed.  4,  112.      1893. 

Rootstock  stout.  Stipes  4/~5/  long,  chaffy  with 
both  broad  and  narrow  brown  scales ;  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, not  coriaceous,  2  pinnate,  the 
rachis  chaffy,  at  least  below  ;  pinnae  numerous, 
close  together,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
broadest  at  the  base,  cut  to  the  midvein  into  ovate 
or  oblong  pinnules ;  middle  pinnae  2X/~4/  long, 
the  lower  gradually  shorter  ;  pinnules  truncate  and 
nearly  rectangular  at  the  base,  acute  or  obtuse, 
sharply  toothed  and  beset  with  long  soft  hairs  and 
scales  ;  sori  small,  mostly  nearer  the  midvein  than 
the  margin  ;  indusium  ^orbicular,  peltate,  entire. 

In  rocky  woods,  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine, 
the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to  Michigan  and 
British  Columbia.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Vermont.  Aug. 

Dryopteris  Noveboracensis  (L,.)  A.  Gray.      New  York  Fern.      (Fig.  29.) 

Polypodium  Noveboracense  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1091.  1753. 
Aspidium  Noveboracense  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  55.  1806. 
Dryopteris  Noveboracensis  A.  Gray,  Man.  630.  184.8. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  tapering  both  ways  from  the  middle, 
i°-2°  long,  4/-6/  wide,  membranous,  long-acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  once  pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate, 
sessile,  long-acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  ciliate 
and  finely  pubescent  beneath,  i>^/-3/  long,  the 
two  or  more  lower  pairs  gradually  shorter  and  de- 
flexed,  commonly  distant  ;  segments  flat,  oblong, 
obtuse,  the  basal  ones  often  enlarged  ;  veins  simple 
or  those  of  the  basal  lobes  forked  ;  sori  not  con- 
fluent, borne  near  the  margin  ;  indusium  minute, 
reniform,  delicate,  gland-bearing,  fixed  by  its  sinus. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Arkansas.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Sometimes 
sweet-scented  in  drying.  July-Sept. 

5.    Dryopteris  Thelypteris  (Iy. )  A.  Gray.      Marsh  Shield-fern.      (Fig.  30.) 

Acrostichum  Thelypteris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1071.      1753. 
Aspidium  Thelypteris  Sw.Schrad.  Journ.Bot.2: 40.  1800. 
Dryopteris  Thelypleris  A.  Gray,  Man.  630.      1848. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely  narrower  at  the  base 
than  at  the  middle,  •i°-2^°  long,  4/-6/ wide,  short- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  membranous,  once  pin- 
nate ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  short-stalked  or 
sessile,  mostly  horizontal,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
nearly  truncate  at  the  base,  i>£/-3/  long,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  appearing  acute  from  the  strongly 
revolute  margins ;  veins  regularly  once  or  twice 
forked;  sori  crowded,  10-12  to  each  segment; 
indusia  reniform,  slightly  glandular  or  glabrous. 

In  marshes  and  wet  woods,  rarely  in  dry  soil,  New 
Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana 
and  Kansas.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia,  Summer. 


i6 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


6.    Dryopteris  simulata  Davenp.     Massachusetts  Shield-fern.     (Fig.  31.) 

Aspidinm  simulatum  Davenp.  Bot.  Gaz.ip  :  495.     1894- 
Dryopteris  simulata  Davenp.  Bot.  Gaz.  19  :  497.      1894. 
As  synonym. 

Rootstock  wide-creeping,  slender,  brownish ; 
stipes  6/-2o/  long,  straw-colored,  dark  brown  at 
base,  with  deciduous  scales;  leaves  8/-2o/  long, 
2/-7/  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  tapering  to  an  acu- 
minate apex  (abruptly  tapering  in  the  fertile  leaf), 
little  or  not  at  all  narrowed  at  the  base;  pinnae  12- 
20  pairs,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  segments  ob- 
liquely oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  slightly  revolute  in 
the  fertile  leaf;  surfaces  finely  pubescent,  especi- 
ally near  the  midribs  ;  texture  rather  thin;  veins 
simple,  nearly  straight ;  sori  rather  large,  somewhat 
distant,  4-10  to  each  segment ;  indusia  finely  glan- 
dular at  the  margins,  withering-persistent. 

In  woodland  swamps,  New  Hampshire  to  the  Indian 
Territory.  Close  to  the  preceding  species.  Summer. 

7.    Dryopteris   fragrans   (I,.)  Schott. 
Fragrant  Shield-fern.      (Fig.  32.) 

Polypodium  fragrans  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1089.      1753. 

Aspidium  fragrans  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2  :  35.      1800. 

Dryopteris  fragrans  Schott,  Gen.  Fil.      1834. 

Rootstock  stout,  chaffy  with  brown  shining  scales. 
Stipes  2/-4/  long,  chaffy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  firm,  glan- 
dular and  aromatic,  pinnate  or  nearly  2-pinnate, 
acuminate  at  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,  3/-i2/  long  ; 
pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid,  numerous,  lanceolate,  acute, 
_}^/-i^/  long;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  dentate  or 
nearly  entire,  nearly  covered  by  the  large  sori ;  in- 
dusium  thin,  nearly  orbicular,  persistent  long  after 
the  sporauges  have  matured,  its  margin  ragged  and 
sparingly  gland-bearing,  the  sinus  narrow. 

On  rocks,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  Vermont, 
the  Adirondack  Mountains  and  Wisconsin.  Ascends  to 
4000  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in  Greenland,  Europe  and  Asia. 

8.  Dryopteris  cristata  (L. )  A.  Gray. 
Crested  Shield-fern.      (Fig.  33.) 

/'olrpiidhon  cristatum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1090.      1753. 
Aspidium  cristatum  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2: 37.  1800. 
Dryopteris  cristata  A.  Gray,  Man.  631.      1848. 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  densely  chaffy.  Stipes 
of  the  sterile  leaves  2/-5/  long,  those  of  the  fertile 
6/-io/  long ;  leaves  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  gradually  and  slightly  nar- 
rowed to  the  base,  rather  firm,  i°-2}£0  long,  4/-6/ 
wide,  pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  or  the  lower 
pinnate,  the  segments  6-10  pairs,  serrate  or  incised; 
sori  about  midway  between  the  margin  and  midrib; 
indusium  thin,  orbicular- reniform,  glabrous. 

In  wet  woods  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Kentucky  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to  2700 
ft.  in  Maryland.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July- Aug. 

Dryopteris  cristata  Clintoniana  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Underw.  Native  Ferns,  Ed.  4,  115.      1893. 
Aspidium  cristatnm  var.  Clintonianum  D.  C.  Eaton  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  665.      1867. 

Leaves  2%°-^°  long,  with  oblong-lanceolate  pinnae,  which  are  broadest  at  the  base  and  4'-6' 
long  ;  segments  8-16  pairs,  linear-oblong,  obscurely  serrate  ;  veins  pinnately  forking,  bearing  the 
sori  near  the  midvein.  Maine  and  Ontario  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin. 


FERN   FAMILY. 


xj.    Dryopteris  Goldieana  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.     Goldie's  Fern.     (Fi 

Aspidiion  Goldieanum  Hook.  Edinb.  Philos.  Journ.  6: 

^33.      1822. 
Dryopteris  Goldiana  A.  Gray,  Man.  631.      1848. 

Rootstock  stout,  widely  creeping,  chaffy.  Stipes 
ic'-iS'  long,  chaffy  at  least  below ;  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  rather  firm,  2°-4°  long,  usually  i°  or  more 
wide,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  dark  green  above,  pin- 
nate or  nearly  2-pinnate ;  lower  pinnae  broadly 
lanceolate,  widest  at  about  the  middle,  G'-C)' 
long,  i '-2'  wide,  pinnately  parted  into  about  20 
pairs  of  oblong-linear  subfalcate  segments  which 
are  serrate  with  appressed  teeth  ;  sori  very  near 
the  midrib,  close  together  but  distinct,  large ;  in- 
dusium  orbicular,  fixed  by  its  narrow  sinus,  glab- 
rous, persistent. 

In  rich  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Ascends  to  5000  ft. 
in  Virginia  and  to  2500  ft.  in  Vermont.  July-Aug. 

10.   Dryopteris  marginalis  (L,.  )  A.  Gray.     Evergreen  Wood- fern.     (Fig.  35.) 

]\>l\'podiu>n  inarffinale'L,.  Sp.  PI.  1091.      1753. 
Aspidiinii  marifinalc  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  50.      1806. 

inalis  A.  Gray,  Man.  632.      1848. 


Rootstock  stout,  ascending,  densely  chaffy  with  dark 
brown  shining  scales.  Stipes  3/-8/  long,  chaffy  below; 
leaves  borne  in  a  crown,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  subcoriaceous,  6x-2^°  long,  pinnate  or 
2-pinnate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly  narrowed  at 
the  base  ;  pinnae  numerous,  lanceolate,  nearly  sessile, 
glabrous,  2/-5/  long,  the  lower  broader  and  shorter 
than  the  middle  ones,  the  upper  piunatifid,  the  lower 
pinnately  parted  into  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  fal- 
cate obtuse  entire  dentate  or  pinuately  lobed  pinnules ; 
sori  distinct,  close  to  the  margin,  covered  by  the  glab- 
rous indusium  which  is  fixed  by  its  sinus. 

In  rocky  woods  and  on  banks,  Prince  Edward  Island  to 
the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Alabama  and  Arkansas. 
Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  A  hybrid  with  D.  cristata 
is  described.  Leaves  evergreen.  July-Aug. 

ii.    Dryopteris  Filix -M as  (L,. )  Schott.     Male  Fern.     (Fig.  36. ) 

Filix-mas  L.  Sp.  PI.  1090.      1753. 

Aspidium  Filix-mas  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2:  38.      1800. 
Dryopteris  Filix-mas  Schott,  Gen.  Fil.      1834. 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending  or  erect,  chaffy.  Stipes 
4'-6'  long,  very  chaffy  below ;  leaves  broadly  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  slightly 
narrowed  to  the  base,  i°-3°  long,  rather  firm,  half 
evergreen,  pinnate  or  partly  2-pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceo- 
late, broadest  at  the  base,  gradually  acuminate  to  the 
apex,  3/-6/  long,  pinnatifid  almost  to  the  rachis  or 
pinnately  divided  into  oblong  glabrous  lobes  or  pin- 
nules ;  pinnules  slightly  dentate,  incised  or  nearly  en- 
tire; sori  large,  borne  near  the  midvein,  more  numerous 
on  the  lower  halves  of  the  segments  ;  indusium  firm, 
convex,  glabrous,  orbicular-reniform,  fixed  by  its  sinus. 

In  rocky  woods,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  northern 
Michigan  and  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Arizona.  Also  in  Greenland,  Europe  and  Asia, 
and  in  the  Andes  of  South  America.  Aug.  The  rootstock 
of  this  and  the  preceding  species  furnish  the  drug  Filix- 
mas,  used  as  a  vermifuge. 


18 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


12.   Dryopteris  spinulosa  (Retz)  Kuntze.     Spinulose  Shield-fern.     (Fig.  37.)' 

Polypodium  spinulosum  Retz,  Fl.  Scand.  Ed.  2,  250.  1795. 
Aspidium  spinulosum  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2:38.  1800. 
Dryopteris  spinulosa  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  813.  1891. 

Rootstock  stout,  chaffy.  Stipes  6/-i8/  long,  bearing 
a  few  pale  brown  deciduous  scales ;  leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 2-pinnate,  the  pinnae  oblique  to  the  rachis, 
elongated-triangular,  rather  thin,  the  lower  pairs 
broadly  triangular,  slightly  shorter  than  the  middle 
ones ;  pinnules  oblique  to  the  midrib,  connected  by  a 
very  narrow  wing,  oblong,  incised  or  pinnatifid  with 
spinulose-toothed  lobes ;  indusium  glabrous,  orbicular- 
reniform,  fixed  by  its  sinus. 


In  rich  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska  and  Washing- 
ton, south  to  Kentucky  and  Michigan.  Ascends  to  5000 
ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug. 

Dryopteris  spinulosa  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Underw. 
Native  Ferns,  Ed.  4.  116  (1893). 

Aspidium  intermedium  Muhl. ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  5:  262.    1810. 

Dryopteris  intermedia  A.  Gray,  Man.  630.     1848. 

Aspidium  spinulosum  var.  intermedium  D.  C.  Eaton  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  665.      1867. 

Scales  of  the  stipes  few,  brown  with  a  darker  centre  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  2-3-pinnate,  the 
pinnae  oblong-lanceolate,  spreading,  the  lowest  unequally  triangular-ovate  ;  pinnules  crowded,  pin- 
nately  divided  ;  indusium  delicate,  beset  with  stalked  glands.  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  North 
Carolina  and  Missouri.(?)  We  have  chosen  this  commonest  American  form  for  illustration. 

Dryopteris  spinulosa  dilatata  (Hoffm. )  Underw.  Native  Ferns,  Ed.  4,  116.      1893. 
Polypodium  dilatatum  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  2:  7.      1795. 
Aspidium  spinulosum  var.  dilatatum  Hook.  Brit.  Fl.  444.      1830. 
Dryopteris  dilatata  A.  Gray,  Man.  631.      1848. 

Scales  of  the  stipe  large,  brown  with  a  darker  centre;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  triangular-ovate, 
commonly  3-pinnate  ;  pinnules  lanceolate -oblong,  the  lowest  often  much  elongated  ;  indusium  glab- 
rous. Newfoundland  to  Washington  and  Alaska,  south  along  the  Alleghenies  to  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee  and  to  Ohio  and  Nebraska.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

13.  Dryopteris  Boottii  (Tuckerm.)  Underw.   Boott's  Shield-fern.    (Fig.  38.) 

Aspidium  Booltii Tuckerm.  Hovey's  Mag.  9: 145.    1843. 
Aspidium  spinulosum  var.  Boottii  D.  C.  Eaton  in  A. 

Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  665.      1867. 
Drvopteris  Boottii  Underw.  Native  Ferns,  Ed.  4,  117. 

1893- 

Rootstock  stout,  ascending.  Stipes  8/-i2/  long, 
covered,  at  least  below,  with  thin  pale-brown 
scales ;  leaves  elongated-oblong  or  elongated- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  thin,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
slightly  narrowed  at  the  base,  nearly  or  quite 
2-pinnate,  i°-2%°  long,  3/-5/  wide  ;  pinnae  lanceo- 
late, long-acuminate,  broadest  at  the  nearly  sessile 
base  ;  pinnules  broadly  oblong,  very  obtuse,  the 
lower  pinnatifid  ;  sori  distinct,  borne  about  half 
way  between  the  midvein  and  margin  ;  indusium 
orbicular-reniform,  minutely  glandular. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  south- 
ern New  York,  Delaware  and  Maryland.  Ascends  to 
2000  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.  July-Sept. 

6.  PHEGOPTERIS  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.  242.       1850-52. 

Medium  sized  or  small  ferns  with  2-3-pinnatifid  or  ternate  leaves  and  small  round  sori  borne 
on  the  backs  of  the  veins  below  the  apex.  Stipe  not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Indusium 
none.  Fertile  (spore-bearing)  and  sterile  leaves  similar.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with 
a  vertical  ring,  bursting  transversely.  [Greek,  signifying  Beech-fern.] 

About  100  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.     Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in 
western  North  America. 
Leaves  triangular,  2-pinnatifid  ;  pinnae  sessile,  adnate  to  the  winged  rachis. 

Leaves  longer  than  broad,  usually  dark  green.  i.  P.  Phegopteris. 

Leaves  as  broad  as  long,  or  broader,  usually  light  green.  2.  P.  hexagonoptera* 

Leaves  ternate,  with  the  three  divisions  petioled  ;  rachis  wingless.  3.  P.  Dryopteris. 


FERN  FAMILY. 


19 
I,ong  Beech-fern.     (Fig.   39.) 


i.    Phegopteris  Phegopteris  (I,.)  Underw. 

Polypodium  Phegopteris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1089.      1753. 
Phegopteris  polypodioides  F£e,  Gen.  Fil.  243.     1850-52. 
Phegopteris  Phegopteris  Underw.;  Small,  Bull.  Torr. 

Club,  20  :  462.      1893. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  somewhat  chaffy  at 
least  when  young.  Stipes  6/-g/  long  ;  leaves  trian- 
gular, thin,  mostly  longer  than  wide,  4/~9/  long,  3'- 
6'  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  pubescent,  especi- 
ally on  the  veins  beneath  ;  pinnae  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile, 
broadest  above  the  base,  pinnately  parted  very 
nearly  to  the  rachis  into  oblong  obtuse  entire  seg- 
ments, the  lower  pair  deflexed  and  standing  for- 
ward ;  basal  segments,  at  least  those  of  the  upper 
pinnae,  decurrent  and  adnate  to  the  winged  rachis ; 
sori  small,  borne  near  the  margin. 

In  moist  woods  and  on  hillsides,  Newfoundland  to 
Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia,  and  to 
Michigan  and  Washington.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in 
Vermont.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug. 

2.  Phegopteris  hexagonoptera  (Michx. ) 
Fee.    Broad  Beech-fern.    (Fig.  40.) 

Polypodium  hexagonopterum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 

2:  271.      1803. 
Phegopteris   hexagonoptera    Fee,    Gen.    Fil.   243. 

1850-52. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  chaffy,  some- 
what fleshy.  Stipes  S'-iS'  long,  straw-colored, 
naked  ;  leaves  triangular,  as  broad  as  or  broader 
than  long,  y/-i2/  wide,  slightly  pubescent  and 
often  slightly  glandular  beneath,  acuminate  at 
the  apex  ;  uppermost  pinnae  oblong,  obtuse, 
dentate  or  entire,  small,  the  middle  ones  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  the  very  large  lowest  pair 
broadest  near  the  middle,  pinnately  parted 
nearly  to  the  midvein  into  linear-oblong  obtuse 
segments  ;  sori  mostly  near  the  margin. 

In  dry  woods  and  on  hillsides,  Quebec  to  Minne- 
sota, south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to 
4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Leaves  fragrant.  Aug. 

3.  Phegopteris  Dryopteris  (L,. )  Fee. 
Oak-fern.     (Fig.  41.) 

Polypodium  Dryopteris  L.  Sp.  PI.  1093.      1753. 
Phegopteris  Dryopteris  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.  243.      1850-52. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Stipes  slender, 
4/-i2/  long,  chaffy  at  least  near  the  base ;  leaves 
thin,  broadly  triangular,  almost  glabrous,  4/-8/ 
wide,  ternate,  the  three  primary  divisions  stalked, 
pinnate  or  partly  2-pinnate,  the  terminal  one 
slightly  larger,  all  spreading  more  or  less  at  right 
angles  to  the  stipe  ;  pinnules  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  sessile ;  segments 
oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenate,  close  together. 

In  moist  woods,  thickets  and  swamps,  Newfound- 
land to  Alaska,  south  to  Virginia,  Minnesota,  Oregon, 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Ascends  to 
2400  ft.  in  the  Catskills.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug. 
Phegopteris  Dryopteris  Robertiana  (Hoffm.)  Davenp. 

Cat.  Davenp.  Herb.  Suppl.  47.      1883. 
Polypodi^^m  Robertianum  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.      1795. 
Phegopteris  calcarea  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.  243.     1850-52. 

Stipes  6'-io'  long,  straw-colored  when  dry ;  leaves  6' -8'  long,  mostly  erect,  5' -7'  wide,  deltoid- 
ovate,  2-pinnate,  the  lowest  pinnae  much  the  largest,  pinnatifid  or  again  pinnate  ;  upper  pinnae 
smaller,  pinnatifid,  lobed  or  entire;  sori  numerous.  Labrador  to  Iowa  and  Idaho.  Also  in  Europe. 


20 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


7.  WOODWARDIA  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem.  Acad.  Tor.  5:  411.       1793. 

Large  and  rather  coarse  ferns  of  swamps  or  wet  woods,  with  pinnate  or  nearly  2-pinnate 
leaves  and  oblong  or  linear  sori,  sunk  in  cavities  of  the  leaf  and  arranged  in  chain-like 
rows,  parallel  to  the  margins  of  the  pinnae.  Leaves  all  alike  or  the  pinnae  of  the  fertile 
ones  much  narrower  than  those  of  the  sterile.  Indusia  subcoriaceous,  fixed  by  their  outer 
margins  to  a  veinlet  and  covering  the  cavity  like  a  lid.  Veins  more  or  less  reticulated. 
Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring,  bursting  transversely.  [Name  in 
honor  of  Thomas  Jenkinson  Woodward,  1745-1820,  English  botanist.] 

Six  species,  mostly  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  on  the 
Pacific  coast  of  North  America. 

Leaves  uniform  ;  veins  free  between  the  sori  and  the  margin. 
Leaves  of  two  kinds  ;  veins  everywhere  anastomosing. 


1.  Jf.  I'irginica. 

2.  JT.  areolata. 


1.  Woodwardia  Virginica  (I/.)  J.  E.  Smith.  Virginia  Chain-fern.      (Fig.  42.) 

Blechnum  Virginicum  L-  Mant.  2  :  307.      1771. 
Woodwardia    Virginica    J.    E.    Smith,    Mem. 
Acad.  Tor.  5  :  412.      1793. 

Rootstock  long,  stout,  horizontal,  subterra- 
nean or  creeping,  chaffy.  Stipes  stout,  la'-iS' 
long,  nearly  or  quite  naked,  dark-colored  be- 
low ;  leaves  oblong- lanceolate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  i°-2°  long,  6/-o/ 
wide,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  usu- 
ally alternate  or  some  of  them  opposite,  coria- 
ceous, glabrous,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ses- 
sile, 3/-6/  long,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  ovate 
or  oblong  obtuse  segments,  their  margins 
minutely  serrulate ;  veins  forming  a  single 
series  of  areolae  on  either  side  of  the  mid- 
vein,  the  sori  borne  on  the  outer  curving 
veinlets  ;  sterile  and  fertile  leaves  similar  in 
outline. 

In  swamps,  often  in  deep  water,  Nova  Scotia 
to  Ontario  and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida, 
Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to  1300  ft.  in 
Pennsylvania.  Also  in  Bermuda.  June-July. 

2.  Woodwardia  areolata  (L,.)  Moore.     Net-veined  Chain-fern.       (Fig.  43.) 

Acrostichum  areolatum  L  Sp.  PI.  1069.      I753- 
Weodwardia  angustifolia  J.  E.  Smith,  Mem. 

Acad.  Tor.  5:  411.      1793. 
Woodwardia  areolata  Moore,  Index  Filicum, 

xlv.      1857. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping, 
chaffy.  Leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile 
taller  than  the  sterile  and  borne  on  longer 
stipes,  i°-2°  high,  their  pinnae  much  con- 
tracted, narrowly  linear,  3/~5/  long,  2//~3// 
wide,  distant,  their  bases  connected  by  a 
very  narrow  wing  to  the  rachis  or  quite  dis- 
tinct ;  sterile  leaves  deltoid-ovate,  membran- 
ous, broadest  at  the  base,  or  sometimes 
with  one  or  two  small  pinnae  below,  the 
apex  acuminate,  the  segments  lanceolate 
or  oblong- lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
minutely  serrulate,  sometimes  undulate, 
their  bases  connected  by  a  rather  broad 
rachis-wing ;  veins  forming  numerous 
areolae. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Maine  to  Florida, 
Tennessee,  Louisiana,  and  Arkansas;  also  in 
Michigan.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  North  Caro- 
lina. Aug.-Oct. 


FERN   FAMILY. 


21 


8.  SCOLOPENDRIUM  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  20.       1763. 

Large  ferns  with  oblong  or  strap-shaped  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  linear  elongated  sori 
which  are  almost  at  right  angles  to  the  midrib  and  contiguous  in  pairs,  one  on  the  upper 
side  of  a  veinlet,  the  other  on  the  lower  side  of  the  next  contiguous  veinlet,  thus  appearing 
to  have  a  double  indusium  opening  longitudinally  along  its  middle.  Sporanges  pedicelled, 
the  ring  vertical,  bursting  transversely.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  centipede,  Scolopendra.] 

Five  species,  mainly  of  temperate  regions.  Only  the  following  is  known  to  occur  in  North 
America. 

i.    Scolopendrium    Scolopendrium 

(L.)  Karst.    Harts-tongue.  (Fig.  44.) 

Asplenium  Scolopendrium  L.  Sp.  PI.  1079.    1753. 
Scolopendrium    I'lilifare    J.     E.    Smith,    Mem. 

Acad.  Tor.  5  :  421.      1793. 
Scolopendrium  Scolopendrium  Karst.  Deutsch. 

Fl.  278.      1880-83. 

Rootstock  short,  erect  or  ascending,  chaffy 
with  light  brown  scales.  Stipes  2/-6/  long, 
fibrillose-chaffy  below  or  sometimes  up  to 
the  base  of  the  leaf;  leaves  simple,  bright 
green,  firm,  j'-iS'  long,  i'-2l/2'  wide,  cor- 
date at  the  base,  the  margins  entire  or  un- 
dulate, the  lower  surface  of  the  midrib  some- 
times chaffy;  pairs  of  sori  distinct,  2//-y// 
long  ;  conspicuous  on  the  lower  surface,  the 
sporanges  dark  brown  at  maturity ;  veins 
free,  usually  once  forked  near  the  midrib. 

On  shaded  cliffs  of  the  corniferous  limestone, 
Chittenango  Falls  and  Jamesville,  N.  Y. ;  near 
South  Pittsburg,  Tenn. ;  Owen  Sound,  Ont., 
Xt-w  Brunswick  and  Mexico.  Widely  distrib- 
uted in  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.  Very  variable 
in  form  in  the  Old  World. 

9.  CAMPTOSORUS  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  2:    69.       1833. 

Slender  ferns  with  tapering  simple  entire  or  undulate  leaves,  bearing  linear  or  oblong 
sori  several  times  longer  than  broad,  irregularly  scattered  on  either  side  of  the  reticulate 
veins  or  sometimes  crossing  them,  partly  parallel  to  the  midrib  and  partly  oblique  to  it,  the 
outer  ones  more  or  less  approximate  in  pairs.  Indusium  membranous.  Sporanges  pedi- 
celled, provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  opens  transversely.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
bent  or  curved  sori.] 

Two  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  of  northern  Asia. 

i.     Camptosorus     rhizophyllus     (L. ) 
Link.     Walking-fern.      (Fig.  45.) 

Asplenium  rliizophyUa  Iy.  Sp.  PI.  1078.       1753. 
Camptosorus   rhizophyllus    J,iiik,    Hort.    Berol.  2 : 
69.      1833. 

Rootstock  short,  usually  creeping,  somewhat 
chaffy.  Stipes  light  green,  \'-b'  long,  tufted, 
spreading  ;  leaves  rather  thin,  lanceolate,  sim- 
ple, long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate,  has- 
tate or  rarely  narrowed  at  the  base,  4/-g/  long, 
sometimes  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  pair 
of  basal  auricles  ;  tip  of  the  leaf  and  sometimes 
the  tip  of  one  or  both  of  the  basal  auricles  root- 
ing and  forming  a  new  plant  by  the  ultimate 
withering  away  of  its  tissue,  but  commonly 
two  or  sometimes  as  many  as  four  plants  are 
found  connected ;  sori  usually  numerous,  very 
irregularly  scattered  on  the  lower  surface. 

On  dr3'  rocks,  preferring  limestone,  Quebec  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina 
and  Kansas.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia. 
Aug. -Oct. 


22 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


10.  ASPLENIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1078.       1753. 

Large  or  small  ferns  with  simple  lobed  pinnate  2-3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
linear  or  oblong  sori  oblique  to  the  midribs  or  rachises.  Leaves  uniform,  or  the  fer- 
tile sometimes  different  from  the  sterile.  Veins  free  in  our  species.  Indusia  straight  or 
curved,  opening  towards  the  midribs  when  single.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  an 
elastic  ring,  bursting  transversely.  [Ancient  Greek  name  ;  some  species  were  supposed  to 
be  remedies  for  diseases  of  the  spleen.] 

A  genus  of  some  350  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  five 
others  occur  in  Florida  and  three  in  the  western  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Sori  straight  or  rarely  slightly  curved,  attached  to  the  upper  side  of  a  vein ;  leaves  mostly  small 

(except  in  No.  7). 
Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  below,  tapering  to  a  point. 

Stipes  blackish  below ;  lobes  rounded  or  the  lowest  acuminate.  i.  A.  pinn.atifi.dum, 

Stipes  blackish  throughout ;  lobes  acute  or  acuminate.  2.  A.  ebenoides. 

Leaves  once  pinnate. 

Pinnae  3-12"  long,  mostly  blunt. 

Rachis  chestnut-brown  or  blackish. 

Pinnae  auricled  at  the  upper  side  of  the  base. 

Pinnae  opposite,  oblong  ;  rachis  dark  brown  or  black. 
Pinnae  partly  alternate,  lanceolate  ;  rachis  chestnut-brown. 

4.  A. 

Pinnae  not  auricled,  partly  alternate,  partly  opposite.  5.  A. 

Rachis  green  ;  pinnae  not  auricled.  6.  A . 

Pinnae  2' -5'  long,  acute  or  acuminate.  7.  A. 

Leaves  2-3-pinnatifid. 

Stipes  green  ;  leaves  ovate-deltoid  ;  pinnules  fan-shaped,  veins  flabellate. 

8.  A.  Ruta-muraria. 
Stipes  dark  at  the  base,  green  above. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  broadest  near  the  base.  9.  A.  montanum. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  broadest  above  the  middle.  10.  A.  fontanum. 

Stipes  chestnut-brown  throughout,  as  also  the  lower  part  of  the  rachis. 

ii.  A.  Bradleyi. 
Sori  usually  more  or  less  curved,  sometimes  horseshoe-shaped,  often  crossing  to  the  outer'or  lower 

side  of  the  veinlet ;  large  ferns.    (No.  7  may  be  looked  for  here.) 

Leaves  2-pinnatifid  ;  segments  blunt,  scarcely  crenate.  12.  A.  acrostichoides. 

Leaves  2-pinnate  ;  pinnules  acute,  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  13.  A.  Filix-foemina. 


3.  A.  parvulum. 


platyneuron. 

Trichomanes. 

viride. 

a  ngustifoliu  m . 


i.    Asplenium  pinnatifidum  Nutt.     Pinnatifid  Spleenwort.     (Fig.  46.) 


Asplenium   pinnatifidum    Nutt.    Gen.  2 :    251. 
1818. 


Rootstock  short,  creeping,  branched, 
chaffy.  Stipes  tufted,  polished,  blackish  be- 
low, green  above,  2/-5/  long,  somewhat 
chaffy  below,  at  least  when  young;  leaves 
broadly  lanceolate  in  outline,  3/-io/  long, 
firm,  tapering  upward  to  a  long  narrow 
point,  pinnatifid  or  the  lower  parts  pinnate  ; 
lowest  pinnae  or  occasionally  several  pairs 
sometimes  tapering  to  a  point  like  that  of 
the  apex  of  the  leaf;  lobes  or  pinnae  rounded 
or  the  lowest  acuminate;  sori  commonly 
numerous,  straight  or  slightly  curved. 


On  rocks,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to 
Illinois,  south  to  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Arkan- 
sas. Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  The 
end  of  the  long  tip  of  the  leaf  sometimes  takes 
root  as  in  the  Walking-fern.  July-Oct. 


FERN   FAMILY.  23 

2.    Asplenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott.     Scott's  Spleenwort.     (Fig.  47.) 

Asplenium  ebenoides  R.  R.  Scott,   Journ.  Roy.  Hort. 
Soc.  87.      1866. 

Rootstock  short,  chaffy.  Stipes  blackish  through- 
out, tufted,  ly^'-Af  long;  leaves  lanceolate  in  out- 
line, variable  in  size  and  length,  $'-<)'  long,  i/-2/ 
wide  at  the  base,  firm,  tapering  into  a  very  long 
narrow  acuminate  apex,  pinnatifid,  or  commonly 
pinnate  below,  the  segments  or  pinnae  lanceolate 
from  a  broad  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  irregular  in 
length,  the  lower  sometimes  shorter  than  those 
just  above ;  sori  several  on  each  segment,  straight 
or  slightly  curved  ;  indusium  narrow,  reflexed  when 
the  sporanges  are  mature. 

On  limestone,  Connecticut  to  Indiana,  south  to  Ala- 
"bama.  Rare  and  local  except  in  the  last  named  local- 
ity. Ascends  to  1400  ft.  in  Virginia.  The  plant  usually 
occurs  with  Cainptosorus  rhizophyllus  and  Asplenium 
platyneuron  and  is  suspected  of  being  a  hybrid  between 
them. 


3.   Asplenium  parvulum  Mart.  &  Gal.     Smal 
Spleenwort.     (Fig.  48.) 

Asplenium  parvuhim  Mart.  &  Gal.   Mem.   Acad.  Brux.   15: 
[reprint  60.]      1842. 

Rootstock  short,  creeping,  chaffy  with  black  stiff  scales. 
Stipes  tufted,  blackish  and  shining,  i/-a/  long ;  leaves 
rather  firm,  linear-oblong  or  linear-oblanceolate,  3/-io/ 
long,  5//-i2//  wide,  once  pinnate ;  pinnae  2//-6//  long, 
mostly  opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire  or  crenulate, 
auricled  on  the  upper  side  and  nearly  sessile,  the  middle 
ones  the  longest,  the  lower  gradually  shorter  and  re- 
flexed  ;  rachis  dark  brown  or  black ;  sori  oblong,  short, 
borne  about  midway  between  the  midrib  and  the  margin 
of  the  pinnae,  nearly  or  quite  straight. 

On  limestone,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Missouri,  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.  Ascends  to  2400  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in 
Mexico.  June-Oct. 


4.  Asplenium  platyneuron  (L,.)  Oakes.     Ebony  Spleenwort.     (Fig.  49.) 

Acrostichum  platyneuros  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.    1069.      1753- 
Asplenium  ebeneum  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  462.      1789. 
Asplenium  platvneuron  Oakes  ;  D.  C.  Eaton,  Ferns  N. 
A.  i:  24.      1879. 

Rootstock  short.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  pur- 
plish-brown and  shining,  i/-4/  long ;  leaves  lin- 
ear, S'-is'  long,  yt'-\yzf  wide,  firm,  once  pinnate, 
the  rachis  chestnut-brown ;  pinnae  20-40  pairs, 
lanceolate,  subfalcate,  alternate  or  partly  so,  ses- 
sile, crenate,  serrate  or  incised,  auricled  on  the  up- 
per side  at  the  base  and  occasionally  also  on  the 
lower  ;  lower  pinnae  gradually  smaller  and  oblong 
or  triangular ;  sori  8-12  on  each  side  of  the  midrib 
of  the  pinnae,  becoming  crowded  at  maturity. 


On    rocks    and    banks,   preferring    limestone    soil, 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  Florida,  west  to  Colorado,  the  In- 


dian Territory,  Louisiana  and  Texas, 
ft.  in  North  Carolina.    July-Sept. 


Ascends  to  4200 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


5.    Asplenium    Trichomanes    L.       Maiden- 
hair Spleen  wort.      (Fig.  50.) 

Asplenium  Trichomanes  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1080.      1753. 

Rootstock  short,  nearly  erect,  chaffy  with  blackish 
scales.  Stipes  densely  tufted,  commonly  numerous, 
I'-S'  long,  purplish-brown  and  shining;  leaves  linear 
in  outline,  3'  -8'  long,  6//-io//  wide,  rather  rigid,  once 
pinnate,  evergreen  ;  pinnae  oval  or  roundish-oblong, 
inequilateral,  partly  opposite,  partly  alternate,  or 
nearly  all  opposite,  cuneate  at  the  base,  the  point  of 
attachment  to  the  dark  brown  rachis  narrow,  their 
margins  slightly  crenate  ;  sori  3-6  on  each  side  of  the 
forking  and  evanescent  midrib,  short,  narrowed  at 
either  end  ;  sporanges  dark  brown  when  mature. 

On  rocks,  preferring  limestone,  throughout  nearly 
the  whole  of  North  America  except  the  extreme  north. 
Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia, 
South  Africa  and  the  Pacific  Islands.  July-Sept. 


6.  Asplenium  viride  Huds.     Green  Spleen- 
wort.      (Fig.  51.) 

Asplenium  viride  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  385.      1762. 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  chaify  with  brown  nerve- 
less scales.  Stipes  numerous,  densely  tufted,  brown- 
ish below,  green  above ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
2/-8/  long,  4//-io//  wide,  once  pinnate,  pale  green, 
soft,  herbaceous  or  almost  membranous;  rachis 
green  ;  pinnae  12-20  pairs,  ovate  or  rhomboid,  deeply 
crenate,  obtuse,  unequal  sided,  their  upper  edges  nar- 
rowed suddenly  at  the  base,  the  lower  obliquely  trun- 
cate; sori  oblong  and  numerous  or  scattered  and  fewer. 

On  rocks,  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont.  Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


7.  Asplenium  angustifolium  Michx.     Narrow-leaved  Spleen  wort.     (Fig.  52.) 

Asplenium  angustifolium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:265. 
1803. 

Rootstock  stout,  creeping,  rooting  along  its  whole 
length.  Stipes  growing  in  a  crown,  brownish  or 
green  above,  chaffless,  8/-i2/  long,  sometimes 
slightly  scaly  toward  the  base  ;  leaves  lanceolate  in 
outline,  i°-2°  long,  once  pinnate,  glabrous  ;  pinnae 
20-30  pairs,  linear-lanceolate,  or  those  of  the  sterile 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
or  truncate  at  the  base,  2'-$'  long,  flaccid,  the  mar- 
gins entire  or  slightly  creuulate;  fertile  leaves  com- 
monly taller  than  the  sterile,  narrower,  their  pinnae 
generally  much  narrower,  often  falcate  ;  sori  20-30 
on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  linear,  close  together, 
the  indusia  at  length  concealed  by  the  mature 
sporanges. 


In  moist  woods  and  shaded  ravines,  Quebec  to  Wis- 
consin, south  to  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  Ascends  to 
1 700  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks,to  2300  in  the  Catskills.  Aug. 


FERN   FAMILY 

8.  Asplenium  Ruta-muraria  L.     Wall  Rue 
Spleenwort.      (Fig.  53.) 

Asplenium  Ruta-muraria  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1081.      1753. 

Rootstock  short,  ascending.  Stipes  tufted,  naked, 
slender,  green,  2/-3/  long ;  leaves  ovate  or  deltoid- 
ovate  in  outline,  2 '-5'  long,  glabrous,  evergreen,  2-3- 
pinnate  or  pinnatifid  above ;  pinnae  and  pinnules 
stalked;  pinnules  rhombic  or  obovate,  mostly  obtuse, 
dentate  or  incised,  cuneate  at  the  base  ;  veins  flabel- 
late ;  sori  few,  linear-oblong,  confluent  when  mature 
and  covering  nearly  the  whole  pinnule,  the  indusium 
membranaceous  and  delicate. 


On  limestone,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  south  to  Alabama 
and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in 
Europe,  Asia  and  northern  Africa.  July-Sept. 


9.   Asplenium  montanum  Willd.     Mountain 
Spleenwort.     (Fig.  54.) 

Asplenium  montanum  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  5  :  342.      1810. 

Rootstock  short,  chaffy  at  the  summit.  Stipes 
tufted,  naked,  slender,  blackish  at  the  base,  green 
above,  2/~3/  long ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rather  firm,  i-2-pinnate ;  lower 
pinnae  longest,  pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  or  seg- 
ments ovate  or  oblong ;  upper  pinnae  less  divided, 
merely  toothed  or  incised  ;  veins  obscure  ;  sori  linear- 
oblong,  short,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  double,  usu- 
ally abundant,  often  confluent  at  maturity  and  con- 
cealing the  narrow  membranous  indusia. 

On  dry  and  moist  rocks,  Connecticut  and  New  York  to 
Georgia,  west  to  Ohio  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to  4500  ft. 
in  North  Carolina.  June-Aug.  . 


10.    Asplenium    fontanum  (L,.)  Bernh. 
Rock  Spleenwort.      (Fig.  55.) 

Poly  podium  fontanum  In.  Sp.  PI.  1089.      1753. 
Asplenium  fontanum   Bernh.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  i  : 
3i4-      1799- 

Rootstock  short,  ascending,  clothed  with  narrow 
dark  scales  at  the  apex.  Stipes  tufted,  i/-3/  long, 
somewhat  blackish  at  the  base  especially  on  the 
inner  side,  usually  glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
broadest  above  the  middle,  thin,  2-3-pinnate,  3/-6/ 
long,  6//-i^/  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  the  base ;  pinnae  10-15  pairs,  the  seg- 
ments deeply  dentate  with  spinulose  teeth  ;  sori 
only  i  to  4  on  each  segment,  covered  with  a  mem- 
branous subentire  indusium,  rarely  confluent. 

On  rocks,  Lycoming  Co.,  Pa.,  and  Springfield,  Ohio. 
The  rarest  North  American  fern  ;  common  in  Europe. 
Summer. 


26 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


ii.  Asplenium  Bradleyi  D.  C.  Eaton, 
ley's  Spleen  wort.     (Fig.  56.) 


Brad- 


2 


Asplenium  Bradleyi  D.  C.  Eaton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  4:  n. 
1873- 

Rootstock  short,  chaffy  with  brown  scales.  Stipes 
tufted,  slender,  2/-3/long,  chestnut-brown  throughout; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  pinnate  with  8-12 
pairs  of  short-stalked  or  sessile,  oblong-ovate  pinnae, 
the  lower  again  pinnatifid  or  pinnate  with  oblong 
obtuse  lobes  or  pinnules,  which  are  toothed  at  the 
apex,  the  upper  pinnatifid  with  dentate  or  nearly 
entire  lobes ;  rachis  brown  ;  sori  short,  borne  near  the 
midrib,  covered  with  the  narrow  indusium  until  ma- 
turity. 

On  rocks,  'preferring  limestone,  New  York  to  Georgia 
and  Alabama,  west  to  Arkansas.  Local.  July-Sept. 


12.  Asplenium  acrostichoides  Sw.     Silvery 
Spleenwort.      (Fig.  57.) 

Asplenium  acrostichoides  Sw.  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  2 :  54. 

1800. 
Asplenium  thelypteroides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2  :   265. 

1803. 

Rootstock  slender,  sinuous,  creeping.  Stipes  8/-i2/ 
long,  straw-colored,  somewhat  chaffy  below  at  least 
when  young ;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  i°-3°  long, 
6/-i2/  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  base,  pinnate-pinnatifid  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  numer- 
ous oblong  obtuse  or  subacute,  slightly  crenate  seg- 
ments ;  sori  crowded,  slightly  curved  or  straight,  the 
lower  ones  often  double ;  indusium  light-colored  and 
somewhat  shining  when  young. 

In  rich  moist  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Alabama  and  Kentucky.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia. 
Also  in  eastern  Asia.  Aug.-Oct. 

13.   Asplenium  Filix-foemina  (I,.)  Bernh.     Lady-fern.     (Fig.  58.) 

Poly  podium  Filix-foemina  L.  Sp.  PI.  1090.      1753. 
Asplenium    Filix-foemina    Bernh.     Schrad.     Neues 
Journ.  Bot.  i:  Part  2,  26.      1806. 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slender  for  the  size  of 
the  plant.  Stipes  tufted,  6/-io/  long,  straw-colored, 
brownish  or  reddish  ;  leaves  broadly  oblong-ovate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  i°-3° 
long,  2-pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
short-stalked  or  the  upper  ones  sessile,  4/-8/  long; 
pinnules  oblong-lanceolate,  incised  or  serrate,  their 
lobes  or  teeth  often  again  toothed,  those  toward 
the  ends  of  the  pinnae  confluent  by  a  very  narrow 
margin  to  the  secondary  rachis ;  sori  short,  the 
indusia  straight  or  variously  curved,  sometimes 
horseshoe-shaped. 

In  woods,  thickets,  and  by  walls  and  fences,  Nova 
vScotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Ari- 
zona, thus  throughout  nearly  all  of  North  America. 
Ascends  to  6000  ft.  inNorth  Carolina,  and  to  2000  ft.  in 
Vermont.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 


FERN   FAMILY. 


27 


ii.  ADIANTUM  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1094.       1753. 

Graceful  ferns  of  rocky  hillsides,  woods  and  ravines,  with  much  divided  leaves  and  short 
marginal  sori  borne  on  the  under  side  of  the  reflexed  and  altered  portion  of  the  pinnule 
which  serves  as  an  indusium.  Stipes  and  branches  of  the  leaves  very  slender  or  filiform, 
polished  and  shining.  Sporanges  borne  at  the  ends  of  free  forking  veins,  provided  with  a 
vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.  [Name  ancient.] 

A  genus  of  80  or  90  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs 
in  Florida,  one  in  Texas  and  one  in  California. 


Leaves  2-pinnate,  ovate -lanceolate  in  outline. 
Leaves  dichotomously  forked  with  pinnate  branches. 


1.  A.  Capillus-Veneris. 

2.  A.  pedatum. 


i.  Adiantum  Capillus-Veneris  I,.     Venus-hair  Fern.     (Fig.  59.) 

Adiantum   Capillus-Veneris  L-  Sp.   PI.    1096. 
1753- 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  slender,  chaffy 
with  light-brown  scales.  Stipes  very  slender, 
black,  or  nearly  so  and  shining,  $'-9'  long  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  2  pinnate 
below,  simply  pinnate  above,  membranous, 
commonly  drooping,  6'-2°  long,  4/-i2/  wide 
at  the  base ;  pinnules  and  upper  pinnae 
wedge-obovate  or  rhomboid,  rather  long- 
stalked,  glabrous,  the  upper  margin  rounded 
and  more  or  less  incised,  crenate  or  dentate- 
serrate,  except  where  it  is  recurved  to  form 
the  indusia ;  main  and  secondary  rachises 
and  stalks  of  the  pinnules  black  or  dark 
brown  like  the  stipe. 

In  ravines,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Mis- 
souri, Utah  and  California.  Ascends  to  1300  ft. 
in  Kentucky.  Also  in  tropical  America,  and 
widely  distributed  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
Old  World.  June-Aug. 


2.  Adiantum  pedatum  I,.     Maiden-hair  Fern.     (Fig.  60.) 


Adiantum  pedatum  L-  Sp.  PI.  1095.      1753- 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  chaffy,  root- 
ing along  its  whole  length.  Stipes  9/-i8/ 
long,  dark  chestnut-brown,  polished  and 
shining,  dichotomously  forked  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  leaves  obliquely  orbicular  in  outline, 
S'-iS'  broad,  membranous,  the  pinnae 
arising  from  the  upper  sides  of  the  two 
branches  of  the  stipe,  somewhat  radiately 
arranged,  the  larger  ones  6/-io/  long,  i/-2/ 
wide ;  pinnules  oblong,  triangular-oblong, 
or  the  terminal  one  fan-shaped,  short-stalked, 
the  lower  margin  entire  and  slightly  curved, 
the  upper  margin  cleft,  lobed  or  dentate, 
bearing  the  linear-oblong,  often  short  sori. 


In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Georgia  and  Arkansas,  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Utah  and  to  California.  Ascends 
to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  Alaska  and  west- 
ern Asia.  July-Sept. 


28 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


12.    PTERIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1073.        1753. 

Large,  mostly  coarse  ferns,  our  species  growing  in  sunny  places,  with  variously  divided 
or  in  some  tropical  species  simple  leaves,  and  marginal  linear  continuous  sori  which  occupy 
a  slender  or  filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  tips  of  free  veins.  Indusium  membranous, 
formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  bursts  transversely.  Stipes  continuous  with  the  rootstock.  [Greek  name  for 
ferns,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  their  leaves  to  the  wings  of  birds.] 

About  100  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution,  mostly  of  warm  and  tropical  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  three  others  occur  in  the  southeastern  United  States. 

i.    Pteris  aquilina  L.     Brake.     Bracken. 

(Fig.  61.) 
Pteris  aquilina  L.  Sp.  PI.  1075.      1753. 

Rootstock  stout,  woody,  horizontal,  subterranean. 
Stipes  i°-2°  long,  straw  colored  or  brownish ; 
leaves  2°-4°  long,  i°-3°  wide,  usually  glabrous,  ter- 
nate,  the  three  branches  each  2-pinnate ;  upper  pin- 
nules undivided,  the  lower  more  or  less  pinnatifid. 

In  dry  or  moist  sunny  places,  distributed  over  nearly 
the  whole  of  North  America,  except  the  extreme  north, 
and  over  nearly  the  whole  of  the  Old  World.  Ascends 
to  5000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Forms  with  pubescent 
lower  leaf  surfaces  occur  in  southern  New  York  and 
New  Jersey.  July-Sept. 

Pteris  aquilina  caudata  (L.)  Hook.  Sp.  Fil.  2:  196.    1858. 
Pteris  caudata  L-  Sp.  PI.  1075.      1753. 

Pinnules  sometimes  linear  and  entire,  or  with  the 
segments  less  crowded  and  the  terminal  lobe  attenuate, 
jiarrow  and  entire.  In  sandy  soil,  New  York  to  Florida 
and  Texas,  and  in  tropical  America. 

13.  CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Br.  App.  Franklin's  Joitrn.  767.       1823. 

Light  green,  alpine  and  arctic  ferns  with  leaves  of  two  kinds,  the  segments  of  the  sterile 
much  broader  than  those  of  the  fertile,  the  sporanges  in  oblong  or  roundish  sori,  which  are 
at  length  confluent  and  cover  the  backs  of  the  fertile  pinnules.  Indusium  formed  of  the 
somewhat  altered  margin  of  the  pinnule,  at  first  reflexed  to  the  midrib,  so  that  the  segments 
appear  pod-like,  at  length  opening  out  flat.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  bursts  transversely,  borne  at  or  near  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins,  copious, 
light  brown.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hidden  sporanges.] 

Two  species,  the  following  of  northern  North  America,  the  other  of  boreal  regions  of  Old  World, 

i.  Cryptogramma  acrostichoides  R.  Br.     American  Rock-brake.     (Fig.  62.) 

Cryptogramma     acrostichoides    R.     Br.    App. 
Franklin's  Journ.  767.      1823. 

Allosorus  acrostichoides  Spreng.     Syst.  4  :  66. 
1827. 

Rootstock  rather  stout,  short,  chaffy. 
Stipes  densely  tufted,  straw-colored,  2/-6/ 
long,  chaffy  below,  very  slender ;  leaves 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  thin, 
glabrous,  2-3-pinnate,  the  sterile  shorter 
than  the  fertile,  their  ultimate  segments  and 
pinnules  crowded,  ovate,  oblong  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  crenate  or  slightly  incised ;  fertile 
leaves  with  linear  or  linear-oblong  segments 
3//-6//  long,  i//  or  less  wide,  the  margins 
involute  to  the  midrib  at  first,  at  maturity 
expanded  and  exposing  the  light  brown 
sporanges. 

Forming  dense  patches  among  rocks,  Labra- 
dor and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  south  to  Lakes 
Huron  and  .Superior,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
Colorado  and  to  California.  Summer. 


FERN   FAMILY. 


29 


14.    PELLAEA  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol.  59.       1841. 

Rock-loving  small  or  medium-sized  ferns  with  pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  intra- 
-marginal  sori  borne  on  the  ends  of  unconnected  veins,  at  length  confluent  and  forming  a 
marginal  line.  Indusium  commonly  broad  and  membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  mar- 
gins of  fertile  segments  which  are  more  or  less  modified  and  membranous.  Fertile  and 
sterile  leaves  similar.  Stipes  usually  dark-colored.  Sporanges  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring  which  bursts  transversely,  pedicelled,  copious,  usually  dark  brown.  [Greek,  in  allusion 
to  the  dark-colored  stipes.  ] 

About  55  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  12  others  oc- 
•cur  in  the  western  and  southwestern  parts  of  North  America. 

Texture  of  the  leaves  thin;  veins  plainly  visible.  i.  P.  Stelleri. 
Texture  coriaceous  ;  leaves  evergreen;  veins  obscure. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  2-pinnate  with  large  pinnules.  2.  P.  atropurpurea. 

Leaves  small,  3-pinnate,  the  pinnules  narrow.  3.  P.  densa. 


i.  Pellaea  Stelleri  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  Watt.     Slender  Cliff-brake.     (Fig.  63.) 

Pteris  Stelleri  S.   G.    Gmel.  Nov.   Com.  Acad. 

Petrop.  12  :  519.  pi.  12.  f.  i.     1768. 
Pteris  gracilis    Michx.    Fl.    Bor.    Am.   2:  262. 

1803. 

Pellaea  gracilis  Hook.  Sp.  Fil.  2:  138.      1858. 
Pellaea  Stelleri  Watt,  Can.  Fil.  No.  2.      1869-70. 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping,  thread-like, 
somewhat  scaly.  Stipes  scattered,  2/-3/ 
long,  straw-colored  or  pale  brown,  slightly 
chaffy  below  ;  leaves  thin-membranous,  ovate 
in  outline,  2/-5/  long,  i/-2/  wide,  2-3-pinnate 
or  pinnatifid  above,  the  fertile  taller  than  the 
sterile  and  with  narrower  pinnules  and  seg- 
ments ;  pinnae  lanceolate-deltoid,  cut  to  the 
rachis  into  a  few  blunt  or  subacute  slightly 
lobed  or  entire  segments ;  indusium  broad, 
continuous  ;  veins  of  the  fertile  leaves-mostly 
only  one-forked,  everywhere  apparent  and 
conspicuous. 

On  rocks,  preferring  limestone,  Labrador  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Penn- 
sylvania, Iowa,  Wisconsin  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in 
Vermont.  Also  in  Asia.  Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Pellaea  atropurpurea  (L.)  Link. 

Purple -stemmed  Cliff-brake. 

(Fig.  64.) 

Pteris  atropurpurea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1076.      1753. 
Pellaea  atropurpurea  Link,    Fil.  Hort.    Berol. 
59-      1841. 

Rootstock  short,  densely  clothed  with 
rusty  slender  hair-like  scales.  Stipes  tufted, 
2/-6/  long,  dark  purple  or  nearly  black ; 
leaves  coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  4/-i2/  long,  2/-6/  wide, 
simply  pinnate  or  2-pinnate  below  ;  rachis 
dark-brown  or  purple,  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent; pinnules  and  upper  pinnae  I'-z'  long, 
glabrous,  3"  or  less  wide,  short-stalked  or 
sessile  ;  indusium  formed  of  the  slightly  al- 
tered incurved  margin  of  the  pinnules  ;  veins 
obscure,  commonly  twice  forked. 

On  rocks,  preferring  limestone,  Ontario  to 
the  Northwest  Territory  and  British  Columbia, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  Georgia,  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, Arizona  and  northern  Mexico.  Ascends  to 
2200  ft.  in  Virginia.  June-Sept. 


30  POLYPODIACEAE 

3.    Pellaea  densa  (Brack.)  Hook. 
Oregon  Cliff -brake.     (Fig.  65.) 

Onychium  densum   Brack.   Fil.   U.   S.  Expl. 
Exp.  120.      1854. 

Pellaea  densa  Hook.  Sp.  Fil.  2:  150.     1858. 

Rootstock  rather  slender,  chaffy  with 
blackish  scales.  Stipes  densely  tufted, 
wiry,  slender,  light  brown,  s'-g'  long; 
leaves  ovate  or  triangular-oblong  in  out- 
line, i '-3'  long,  densely  3-pin nate,  the  seg- 
ments 3//-6//  long,  linear,  nearly  sessile, 
acuminate  or  mucronate,  those  of  the  fer- 
tile leaves  tapering  at  each  end,  with 
narrowly  recurved  margins ;  apices  of  the 
rare  sterile  leaves  sharply  serrate,  these 
otherwise  similar  to  the  fertile  ones. 

Mt.  Albert,  Gasp6,  Quebec.  Also  from 
British  Columbia  to  Wyoming  and  California. 
Summer. 


15.  CHEILANTHES  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  126.       1806. 

Mostly  pubescent  or  tomentose  rock-loving  and  small  ferns  with  much  divided  leaves, 
the  sori  terminal  on  the  veins,  at  first  small,  ultimately  more  or  less  confluent.  Indusium 
formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf,  roundish  and  distinct  or  more  or  less  conflu- 
ent. Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  an  elastic  ring  which  bursts  transversely,  often 
much  concealed  in  the  scales  or  tomentum  which  covers  the  segments  in  many  species. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  lipped  indusia  of  some  species.] 

About  65  species,  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  the  following,  some  14  others 

occur  in  the  western  and  southwestern  parts  of  North  America  and  one  in  Florida. 
Leaves  nearly  glabrous,  2-pinnate.  i.  C.  Alabamensis. 

I/eaves  hirsute  and  glandular,  not  tomentose  ;  indusia  not  continuous.        2.  C.  lanosa. 
leaves  more  or  less  tomentose  ;  indusia  mostly  continuous. 

Leaves  2' -5'  long  ;  stipes  slender,  at  length  nearly  glabrous.  3.   C.  gracilis. 

Leaves  6'-is'  long  ;  stipes  stout,  densely  brown-tomentose.  4.  C.  tomentosa. 

i.  Cheilanthes  Alabamensis  (Buckl.)  Kunze.    Alabama L,ip-fern.    (Fig.  66.) 

Pteris  Alabamensis  Buckl.  Amer.  Journ.  Sci. 
45 :  177.      1843. 

Cheilanthes  Alabamensis  Kunze,  Linnaea,  20  : 
4.      1847. 

Rootstock  creeping,  rather  stout  and 
short,  clothed  with  slender  brown  scales. 
Stipes  black,  3X-7X  long,  slender,  wiry, 
villous  at  least  towards  the  base  with  rusty 
wool ;  leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  glab- 
rous, 2/-io/long,  2-pinnate  ;  pinnae  numer- 
ous, ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  very 
short-stalked,  the  lowest  usually  smaller 
than  those  above  ;  pinnules  oblong  or  tri- 
angular-oblong, mostly  acute,  often  auricu- 
late  on  the  upper  side  at  the  base,  more  or 
less  toothed  or  incised  ;  indusia  pale,  mem- 
branous, interrupted  by  the  incising  of  the 
pinnae. 

On  rocks,  Virginia  to  Alabama,  west  to  Illi- 
nois, Arkansas  and  Arizona.  Aug.-Oct. 


FERN   FAMILY. 
2.   Cheilanthes  lanosa  (Michx.)  Watt. 

Nephrodium   lanosnm   Michx.  Fl.   Bor.  Am.  2  :  270. 

1803. 

Cheilanthes  vestita  Sw.  Syn.  Fil.  128.      1806. 
Cheilanthes  lanosa  Watt,  Trimeii's  Journ.  Bot.  12 :  48. 

1874. 

Rootstock  short,  creeping,  covered  with  pale 
rusty-brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  chestnut- 
brown,  2/-4/  long,  hirsute ;  leaves  herbaceous, 
oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  4'-g'  long,  i/-2/  wide, 
gradually  attenuate  to  the  apex,  2-pinnate ;  pin- 
nules somewhat  distant,  lanceolate-deltoid,  acute, 
deeply  pinnatifid  or  incised,  more  or  less  covered 
with  almost  bristly  hairs  and  usually  somewhat 
glandular,  obtuse  or  subacute  ;  sori  numerous,  cov- 
ered by  the  infolded  ends  of  the  rounded  or  oblong 
lobes. 

On  rocks,  southern  New  York  to  Georgia,  west  to 
Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  1900  ft.  in 
North  Carolina.  July-Sept. 


Hairy  Lip-fern.     (Fig 


3.  Cheilanthes  gracilis  (Fee)  Mett.     Slender  Lip-fern.     (Fig.  68.) 


Myriopteris  gracilis  Fee,  Gen.  Fil.  150.      1850-52. 
Cheilanthes  lanuginosa  Nutt. ;  Hook.  Sp.  Fil.  2:  99. 

1858. 
Cheilanthes  gracilis  Mett.  Abh.  Senck.  Nat.  Gesell. 

3:  [reprint  36].      1859. 

Rootstock  short,  covered  with  narrow  brown 
scales  lined  with  black.  Stipes  densely  tufted, 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  at  first  cov- 
ered with  woolly  hairs,  at  length  nearly  glab- 
rous ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  2/-4/ 
long,  i/-2/ wide,  3-pinnate  or  2-pinnate  with  the 
pinnules  pinnatifid,  the  upper  surface  slightly 
tomentose,  the  lower  densely  matted  with  whit- 
ish-brown woolly  hairs ;  upper  pinnae  oblong- 
ovate,  the  lower  deltoid,  the  lowest  distant ;  ul- 
timate segments  or  lobes  minute,  the  terminal 
ones  slightly  larger  than  the  others,  all  roundish 
or  obovate  and  much  crowded ;  indusium  nar- 
row, formed  of  the  inrolled  unchanged  margin 
of  the  segments. 

On  rocks,  Illinois  and  Minnesota  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Texas  and  Arizona.  July-Oct. 


4.  Cheilanthes  tomentosa  Link.    Woolly 
Lip-fern.     (Fig.  69.) 

Cheilanthes  tomentosa  I^ink,  Hort.  Berol.  2:  42.      1833. 

Rootstock  stout,  short,  densely  chaffy  with  slen- 
der light  brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  4/-8/  long, 
rather  stout,  densely  brown-tomentose  even  when 
mature ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  3-pin- 
nate, 6/-x8/  long,  densely  tomentose,  especially  be- 
neath, with  slender  brownish-white  obscurely  artic- 
ulated hairs  ;  pinnae  and  pinnules  ovate-oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  the  ultimate  pinnules  about  y?." 
long,  the  terminal  ones  sometimes  twice  as  large  as 
the  others ;  indusia  pale,  membranous,  continuous. 

On  rocks,  Virginia  to  Georgia,  west  to  Missouri, 
Texas,  Arizona  and  Mexico.  Ascends  to  1900  ft.  in 
North  Carolina.  July-Oct. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


16.    NOTHOLAENA  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  145.       1810. 

Mostly  small  rock-loving  ferns,  with  i-3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  marginal 
roundish  or  oblong  sori,  which  are  at  first  distinct  but  soon  confluent  into  a  narrow  band. 
Indusium  none,  but  the  sporanges  are  sometimes  at  first  covered  by  the  inflexed  margin  of 
the  leaf.  Veins  free.  Sporanges  pedicelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  transversely  bursting 
ring.  Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  often  covered  with  a  white  or  yellow  waxy  powder,  or  in 
some  species  with  a  dense  tomentum.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  woolly  lower  surfaces.] 

About  40  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  numerous  in  America.  Besides  the  following, 
some  13  others  are  found  in  the  mountainous  portions  of  the  southwestern  United  States. 

i.    Notholaena    nivea    dealbata 

(Pursh)    Davenp.      Powdery 

Notholaena.     (Fig.  70.) 

Cheilanthes  dealbata   Pursh,    Fl.   Am.    Sept. 

671.      1814. 
Notholaena  dealbata  Kunze,  Amer.  Journ.  Sci. 

(II.)  6:  82.      1848. 
Notholaena  nivea  var.  dealbata  Davenp.  Cat. 

Davenp.  Herb.  Suppl.  44.      1883. 

Rootstock  short,  chaffy  with  narrow 
brown  scales.  Stipes  tufted,  wiry,  very 
slender,  shining,  dark  brown,  I'-^'long; 
leaves  triangular-ovate  in  outline,  acute, 
broadest  at  the  base,  i/-4/  long,  3-4- pinnate, 
the  rachis  black  and  shining ;  pinnae 
ovate,  the  lower  slender-stalked  ;  ultimate 
pinnules  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  lobed, 
crenate  or  entire,  small,  scarcely  \"  long, 
white  and  powdery  on  the  lower  surface. 

On  calcareous  rocks,  Missouri  and  Kansas 
to  Arizona  and  Texas.  June-Sept.  The  typ- 
ical form  of  the  species  occurs  in  the  South- 
western States  and  in  Central  America. 

17.  POLYPODIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1082.       1753. 

Pinnate  or  simple  ferns  with  stipes  articulated  to  the  creeping  rootstocks.  Sori  circular, 
dorsal,  in  one  or  more  rows  on  either  side  of  the  midribs.  Indusium  none.  Sporauges  pedi- 
celled, provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.  Veins  variously  arranged. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  branched  rootstocks  of  some  species.] 

About  350  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution,  mostly  of  tropical  regions.     Besides 
the  following,  5  occur  in  Florida,  i  in  Arizona  and  3  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  glabrous;  plant  green.  i.  P.  vulgare. 

Lower  surface  of  the  leaf  densely  scaly;  plant  grayish.  2.  P.  polypodioides. 

i.    Polypodium  vulgare    L.       Com- 
mon Polypody.      (Fig.  71.) 

Polypodium  vulgare  L-  Sp.  PI.  1085.      1753. 

Rootstock  slender,  widely  creeping,  dense- 
ly covered  with  cinnamon- colored  scales. 
Stipes  light  colored,  glabrous,  2'-6'  long; 
leaves  ovate-oblong  or  narrowly  oblong  in 
outline,  subcoriaceous,  evergreen,  glabrous 
on  both  surfaces,  3'-io'  long,  i/~3/  wide,  cut 
nearly  to  the  rachis  into  entire  or  slightly 
toothed,  obtuse  or  subacute,  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  segments ;  sori  large,  borne  about 
midway  between  the  midrib  and  margins  of 
the  segments  ;  veins  free. 

On  rocks  or  rocky  banks,  almost  throughout 
North  America,  Asia  and  Europe.  Ascends  to 
5600  ft.  in  Virginia.  The  leaf  varies  much  in 
serration.  Forms  with  the  ends  of  the  segments 
enlarged,  somewhat  palmately  lobed,  and  the 
upper  crested  are  known  as  var.  cristatum. 
Forms  with  the  segments  broad  and  deeply  pin- 
natifid are  called  var.  Cambricum.  Summer. 


FERN  FAMILY. 


33 


2.   Polypodium  polypodioides  (I,.) 

A.  S.  Hitchcock. 
Gray  Polypody.       (Fig.  72.) 

Acrostichumpolypodioides'L,.  Sp.  PI.  1068.    1753. 
Polypodium  incanum  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  3:  1645. 

1806. 
Polypodium   polypodioides   A.   S.    Hitchcock, 

Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Card.  4:  156.      1893. 

Rootstock  widely  creeping,  woody,  cov- 
ered with  small  brown  scales.  Stipes  dense- 
ly scaly,  i '-3'  long;  leaves  oblong-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  acute,  coriaceous,  evergreen, 
i '-6'  long,  i/-i>^/  wide,  cut  very  nearly  or 
quite  to  the  rachis  into  entire  oblong  or  lin- 
ear-oblong obtuse  segments,  glabrous  or 
rrearly  so  on  the  upper  surface,  the  lower 
densely  covered  with  gray  peltate  scales 
with  darker  centres,  as  are  also  the  rachises; 
veins  indistinct,  unconnected  and  usually 
once  forked. 

On  trees  or  rarely  on  rocks.  Virginia  to  Flor- 
ida, west  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Texas.  As- 
ceiids  to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  America.  July-Sept. 

Family  6.     MARSILEACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  1 :  166.       1810. 

Perennial  herbaceous  plants  rooting  in  mud,  with  slender  creeping  root- 
stocks  and  4-foliolate  or  filiform  leaves.  Asexual  propagation  consisting  of 
sporocarps  borne  on  peduncles  which  rise  from  the  rootstock  near  the  leaf-stalk 
or  are  consolidated  with  it,  containing  both  macrospores  and  microspores.  The 
macrospores  germinate  into  prothallia  which  bear  mostly  archegonia,  while  the 
microspores  grow  into  prothallia  bearing  the  antheridia. 

Two  genera  and  some  45  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

i.  MARSILEA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1099.       1753. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  commonly  floating  on  the  surface  of  shallow  water, 
slender-petioled,  4-foliolate,  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles,  arising  from  their  bases 
or  more  or  less  adnate  to  them.  Sporocarps  ovoid  or  bean-shaped,  composed  of  two  vertical 
valves  with  several  transverse  compartments  (sori)  in  each  valve.  [Name  in  honor  of  Gio- 
vanni Marsigli,  an  Italian  botanist,  who  died  about  1804.] 

About  40  species,  widely  distributed.     Besides  the  following  2  or  3  others  occur  in  Texas. 


Sporocarps  glabrous  and  purple  when  mature. 
Sporocarps  densely  covered  with  hair-like  scales. 

i.  Marsilea  quadrifolia  L,. 
European  Marsilea.       (Fig.  73.) 
Marsilea  quadrifolia  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  1099.      1753. 

Rootstock  slender,  buried  in  the  muddy  bot- 
toms of  shallow  lakes  or  streams.  Petioles  us- 
ually slender,  2/-5/  high,  or  when  submerged 
sometimes  elongated  to  i°  or  2°.  Leaflets  mostly 
triangular-obovate,  variable  in  outline,  3//-8// 
long,  2//-6//  wide,  glabrous  or  rarely  with  scat- 
tered hairs  when  young,  the  margins  entire ; 
sporocarps  2  or  rarely  3  on  a  branching  peduncle 
which  is  attached  to  the  petiole  at  its  base, 
covered  with  short  yellowish-brown  hairs  when 
young,  becoming  glabrous  and  dark  purple 
when  mature ;  sori  8  or  9  in  each  valve. 

Along  the  shores  of  Bantam  Lake,  Litchfield  Co., 
Conn.,  whence  it  has  been  introduced  into  various 
parts  of  the  country,  notably  into  eastern  Massachu- 
setts. Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


1.  ^^.  quadrifolia. 

2.  M.  vestita. 


MARSILEACEAE. 


Family  7. 


2.  Marsilea  vestita  Hook.  &  Grev. 
Hairy  Marsilea.      (Fig.  74.) 

Marsilea  vestita  Hook.  &  Grev.  Ic.  Fil.  pi.  759. 

1831. 
Marsilea  mucronata  A.  Br.  Amer.  Journ.  Sci. 

(II.)  3:  55-      1847- 

Rootstock  slender,  creeping.  Petioles 
slender,  2'-$'  high  ;  leaflets  similar  to  those 
of  the  preceding  species,  entire  or  toothed  ; 
sporocarps  2//-4//  long,  2//-3//  wide,  with  a 
short  raphe,  a  short  and  blunt  lower  tooth 
and  an  acute  and  sometimes  curved  upper 
one,  densely  covered  with  soft  spreading 
narrow  hair-like  scales  or  (in  the  forms 
known  as  M.  mucronata)  these  short  and 
appressed  or  almost  wanting;  sori  6-u  in 
each  valve. 

In  wet  sand  or  in  shallow  ditches,  Florida 
to  Kansas,  Arizona  and  Mexico,  north  to  British 
Columbia. 


1828. 


SALVINIACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  30. 
SALVINIA  FAMILY. 

Small  floating  plants  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  and  sometimes  branching 
axis  bearing  apparently  2-ranked  leaves.  Sporocarps  soft,  thin-walled,  borne 
2  or  more  on  a  common  stalk,  i -celled,  with  a  central  often  branched  receptacle, 
which  bears  macrosporanges  containing  a  single  macrospore  or  microsporanges 
containing  numerous  microspores.  The  macrospores  germinate  into  prothallia 
which  bear  archegones,  the  microspores  into  prothallia  which  bear  antherids. 

The  family  consists  of  two  genera. 

Leaves  6" -9"  long,  2-ranked,  on  mostly  simple  stems.  i.  Salvinia. 

Leaves  minute,  closely  imbricated  on  pinnately  branching  stems.  2.  Azolla. 

i.    SALVINIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  15.       1763. 

Floating  annual  plants  with  slender  stems  bearing  rather  broad  2-ranked  leaves. 
Sporocarps  globose,  depressed,  9-i4-sulcate,  membranous,  arranged  in  clusters,  i  or  2  of 
each  cluster  containing  10  or  more  sessile  macrosporanges,  each  containing  few  macrospores, 
the  others  containing  numerous  smaller  globose  pedicelled  microsporanges  with  very 
numerous  microspores.  Leaves  rather  dark  green,  finely  papillose  on  the  upper  surface. 
[Name  in  honor  of  Antonio  Maria  Salvini,  1633-1729,  Italian  scientist.] 

About  13  species  of  wide  distribution.     Only  the  following  occurs  in  North  America. 

i.    Salvinia  natans  (L. )  Hoffm.     Salvinia. 
(Fig.  75-) 


Marsilea  natans  L.  Sp.  PL  1099.      1753. 
Salvinia  natans  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  2:  i. 


I795- 


Leaves  oblong,  rather  thick,  obtuse  or  emargin- 
ate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
entire,  spreading,  6/-i2/  long,  pinnately  veined, 
bright  green  and  papillose  above,  the  lower  surface 
densely  matted  with  brown  pellucid  hairs  ;  sporo- 
carps 4-8  in  a  cluster,  the  upper  ones  containing 
about  10  macrosporanges,  each  containing  a  few 
macrospores,  the  remainder  containing  numerous 
microsporanges  each  with  numerous  microspores ; 
macrospores  marked  with  3  obtuse  lobes  which 
meet  at  the  apex. 

Bois  Brul6  Bottoms,  Perry  Co.,  Missouri  and  near 
Minneapolis,  Minn.  Introduced  into  ponds  on  Staten 
Island,  N.  Y.  Reported  by  Pursh  in  1814  from  central 
New  York,  but  his  exact  station  is  unknown.  Widely 
distributed  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


SALVINIA  FAMILY. 


35 


2.    AZOLLA  Lam.  Encycl.  i:  343.       1783. 

Minute  moss-like  reddish  or  green  floating  plants,  with  pinnately  branched  stems  covered 
with  minute  imbricated  2-lobed  leaves,  and  emitting  rootlets  beneath.  Sporocarps  of  two 
kinds  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  the  smaller  ovoid  or  acorn-shaped,  containing  a  single 
macrospore  at  the  base  and  a  few  corpuscles  above  it  whose  character  is  not  fully  known, 
the  larger  globose,  producing  many  pedicelled  sporanges,  each  containing  several  masses  of 
microspores  which  are  often  beset  with  a  series  of  anchor-like  processes  of  unknown  func- 
tion. [Greek,  signifying  killed  by  drought.] 

About  5  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.    />$QF8$^          \  ,'"^    (~)/ 

i.  Azolla  Caroliniana  Willd.     Carolina 
Azolla.       (Fig.  76.) 

Azolla  Caroliniana  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  5 :  541.      1810. 

Plants  greenish  or  reddish,  deltoid  or  triangu- 
lar-ovate in  outline,  pinnately  branching,  some- 
times covering  large  surfaces  of  water.  Macro- 
spores  minutely  granulate,  with  three  accessory 
corpuscles;  masses  of  microspores  armed  with 
rigid  septate  processes ;  leaves  with  ovate  lobes, 
their  color  varying  somewhat  with  the  amount 
of  direct  sunlight,  the  lower  usually  reddish,  the 
upper  green  with  a  reddish  border. 

Floating  on  still  water,  Ontario  and  western  New 
York  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Arizona 
and  Mexico.  Also  in  South  America.  Naturalized 
in  lakes  on  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 

Family  8.     EQUISETACEAE  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2 :  281.       1803. 

HORSETAIL  FAMILY. 

Rush-like  perennial  plants,  with  mostly  hollow  jointed  simple  or  often  much- 
branched  grooved  stems,  provided  with  a  double  series  of  cavities  and  usually 
with  a  large  central  one,  the  branches  verticillate,  the  nodes  provided  with  dia- 
phragms. Rootstocks  subterranean.  Leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  at  the  joints, 
the  sheaths  toothed.  Sporanges  i -celled,  clustered  underneath  the  scales  of  ter- 
minal cone-like  spikes.  Spores  all  of  the  same  size  and  shape,  furnished  with  2 
narrow  strap-like  appendages  attached  at  the  middle,  coiling  around  the  spore 
when  moist  and  spreading,  when  dry  and  mature,  in  the  form  of  a  cross  (elaters). 
Epidermis  impregnated  witft  silica,  rough.  Prothallium  on  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  green,  usually  dioecious. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  : 

i.  EQUISETUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  1061.       1753. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Name  ancient,  signify  ing  horse-tail,  in  allusion  to  the  copious 
branching  of  several  species.] 

About  25  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Stems  annual ;  stomata  scattered. 

Stems  of  two  kinds,  the  fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile. 

Fertile  stems  simple,  soon  withering;  sheaths  of  branches  of  sterile  stems  4-toothed. 

i.  E.  arvense. 
Fertile  stems  branched  when  old,  only  the  apex  withering. 

Branches  of  the  stem  simple,  their  sheaths  3-toothed.  2.  E.  pratense. 

Branches  compound.  3.  E.  sylvaticum, 

Stems  all  alike;  spores  mature  in  summer;  branches  simple  or  none. 

Sheaths  rather  loose  ;  branches  usually  long  ;  stems  bushy  below,  attenuate  upwards. 
Central  cavity  very  small ;  spike  long.  4.  E.  palustre. 

Central  cavity  about  one-half  the  diameter  of  stem;  spike  short.        5.  E.  littorale. 
Sheaths  appressed  ;  branches  usually  short.  6.  E.  fluviatile. 

Stems  perennial,  evergreen  ;  spikes  tipped  with  a  rigid  point ;  stomata  in  regular  rows. 
Stems  tall,  usually  many-grooved. 

Stems  rough  and  tuberculate,  prominently  ridged. 

Ridges  with  i  line  of  tubercles;  ridges  of  sheath  tricarinate;  stem  stout. 

7.  E.  robustum. 
Ridges  of  the  stem  with  2  indistinct  lines  of  tubercles;   ridges  of  sheath  obscurely 

4-carinate;  stem  slender.  8.  E.  hyemale. 

Stems  not  tuberculate ;  sheaths  enlarged  upward.  9.  E.  laevigatum. 

Stems  low,  slender,  tufted,  usually  5-io-grooved. 

Central  cavity  small ;  sheaths  5-io-toothed.  10.  E,  variegatum. 

Central  cavity  none  ;  sheaths  3-toothed.  n.  E.  scirpoides. 


EQUISETACEAE. 
Equisetum  arvense  L,.     Field  Horsetail.      (Fig.  77.) 

Equisetum  arvense  L.  Sp.  PI.  1061.      1753. 

Stems  annual,  provided  with  scattered  stomata,  the 
fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile. 
Fertile  stems  4/-io/  high,  not  branched,  soon  wither- 
ing, light  brown,  their  loose  scarious  sheaths  mostly 
distant,  whitish,  ending  in  about  12  brown  acuminate 
teeth  ;  sterile  stems  green,  rather  slender,  2/-2°  high, 
6-ig-furrowed,  with  numerous  long  mostly  simple 
verticillate  4-angled  or  rarely  3-angled  solid  branches, 
the  sh eaths  of  the  branches  4-toothed,  the  stomata  in  2 
rows  in  the  furrows ;  central  cavity  one-fifth  to  one- 
fourth  the  diameter  of  the  stem. 

In  sandy  soil,  especially  along  roadsides  and  railways, 
Newfoundland  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Virginia 
and  California.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Ascends  to  at 
least  2500  ft  in  Virginia.  An  occasional  form  in  which  the 
sterile  stem  bears  a  terminal  spike  is  known  as  var.  sero- 
Hnum.  Sterile  stems  sometimes  very  short  and  with  long 
prostrate  or  ascending  branches.  May.  .^ 


2.    Equisetum  pratense  Ehrh.     Thicket  Horse- 
tail.    (Fig.  78.) 

Equisetum  pratense  Ehrh.  Hanov.  Mag.  138.      1784. 

Stems  annual,  8/-i6/  high,  with  scattered  stomata,  the 
fertile  appearing  in  spring  before  the  sterile,  branched 
when  old,  only  its  apex  withering,  the  two  becoming 
similar  in  age;  stems  rough,  8-20  ridged  with  narrow 
furrows  and  cylindric  or  cup-shaped  sheaths ;  branches 
straight,  rather  short,  simple,  densely  whorled,  3-angled 
or  rarely  4~5-angled,  solid ;  sheaths  of  the  stem  with 
about  ii  short  ovate-lanceolate  teeth,  those  of  the  branches 
3-toothed  ;  rootstocks  solid,  acutely  angled. 


In'sandy  places,  Nova  Scotia  and  Rupert  River  to  Minne- 
sota, and  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  Colorado.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 


3.   Equisetum   sylvaticum   L,.     Wood   Horse- 
tail.    (Fig.  79.) 

Equisetum  sylvalicum  1,.  Sp.  PI.  1061.     1753. 

Stems  annual,  provided  with  scattered  stomata,  the 
fertile  appearing  in  early  spring  before  the  sterile,  at  first 
simple,  at  length  much  branched  and  resembling  the 
sterile,  only  its  naked  apex  withering.  Stems  usually 
12-furrowed,  producing  verticillate  compound  branches, 
the  branchlets  curved  downward  ;  sheaths  loose,  cylin- 
dric or  campanulate,  those  of  the  stem  with  8-14  blunt- 
ish  teeth,  those  of  the  branches  with  4  or  5  teeth,  those  of 
the  branchlets  with  3  divergent  teeth ;  central  cavity 
nearly  one  half  the  diameter  of  the  stem  ;  branches  and 
branchlets  solid. 

In  moist  sandy  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  and 
Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Virginia  and  Michigan.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  May. 


37 


4.  Equisetum  palustre  L,.     Marsh  Horsetail. 

(Fig.  80.) 

Equisetum  paluslreli,.  Sp.  PI.  1061.      1753. 

Stems  annual,  slender,  all  alike,  io/7i8/long,  very 
deeply  s-g-grooved,  the  grooves  separated  by  narrow 
roughish  wing-like  ridges,  the  central  canal  very 
small ;  sheaths  rather  loose,  bearing  about  8  subu- 
late-lanceolate whitish-margined  teeth  ;  branches  sim- 
ple, few  in  the  whorls,  4-7-angled,  always  hollow, 
barely  sulcate,  more  abundant  below  than  above,  their 
sheaths  mostly  5-toothed  ;  spike  rather  long;  stomata 
abundant  in  the  furrows. 

In  wet  places,  Xova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine, 
western  New  York,  Minnesota  and  Arizona.  Also  in 
Europe.  July- Aug. 


5.    Equisetum  littorale  Kuehl.      Shore  Horsetail.       (Fig.  Si.) 


Equisetnm   littorale   Kuehl.    Beitr.    Pflanz.    Russ. 
Reichs,  4  :  91.      1845. 

Stems  annual,  very  slender,  all  alike,  S'-iS' 
high,  slightly  roughened,  6-i9-grooved,  the 
ridges  rounded,  the  central  canal  one-half  to  two- 
thirds  the  diameter  ;  sheaths  sensibly  dilated 
above,  the  uppermost  inversely  campanulate, 
their  teeth  herbaceous,  membranous  at  the  mar- 
gins, narrow,  lanceolate  ;  branches  of  two  kinds, 
simple,  some  4-angled  and  hollow,  some3-angled 
and  solid,  the  first  joint  shorter  or  a  trifle  longer 
than  the  sheath  of  the  stem  ;  spike  short  with 
abortive  spores,  these  commonly  with  no  elaters. 

On  sandy  river  and  lake  shores,  Maine  and  On- 
tario to  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  west  to  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  Also  in  Europe.  .Supposed  to  be  a 
hybrid.  Aug.  -Sept. 


6.   Equisetum  fluviatile 

Equisetum  fluviatile  L.  Sp.  PI.  1062.      1753. 
Equisetum  Ihnosinu  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1062.      1753. 


Swamp  Horsetail 

I 


(Fig.  82. 


Stems  annual,  all  alike,  2°-4°  high,  slightly 
io-30-furrowed,  very  smooth,  usually  producing 
upright  branches  after  the  spores  are  formed,  the 
stomata  scattered.  Sheaths  appressed  with  about 
18  dark  brown  short  acute  rigid  teeth,  air  cavities 
wanting  under  the  grooves,  small  under  the 
ridges  ;  central  cavity  very  large  ;  branches  hol- 
low, slender,  smaller  but  otherwise  much  like  the 
stems,  short  or  elongated  ;  rootstocks  hollow. 


In  swamps  and  along  the  borders  of  ponds,  Nova 
Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  Virginia,  Nebraska  and 
Washington.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-June. 


38  EQUISETACEAE. 

7.  Equisetum  robustum  A.  Br.     Stout  Scouring-rush. 


Equisetum  robustum  A.  Br. ;  IJngelm.  Amer.  Journ. 
Sci.  46:  88.      1844. 


Stems  perennial,  stout,  tall,  evergreen,  3°-n° 
high,  sometimes  nearly  ix  in  diameter,  2O~48-fur- 
rowed,  simple  or  little  branched.  Ridges  of  the 
stem  roughened  with  a  single  series  of  transversely 
oblong  siliceous  tubercles ;  sheaths  short,  cylin- 
dric,  appressed,  marked  with  black  girdles  at  the 
base,  and  at  the  bases  of  the  dark  caducous 
teeth ;  ridges  of  the  sheath  3-carinate ;  branches 
when  present  occasionally  fertile;  spikes  tipped  with 
a  rigid  point. 

In  wet  places,  Ohio  to  Louisiana  and  Mexico,  west 
to  British  Columbia  and  California.  Also  in  Asia. 
May-June. 


(Fig.  83.) 


8.    Equisetum  hyemale  L,.      Common 
Scouring-rush.     (Fig.  84.) 

Equisetum  hyemale  I/.  Sp.  PI.  1062.      1753. 

Stems  slender,  rather  stiff,  evergreen,  2°-4°  high, 
with  the  stomata  arranged  in  regular  rows,  rough, 
8-34- furrowed,  the  ridges  with  two  indistinct  lines 
of  tubercles,  the  central  cavity  large,  from  one-half 
to  two-thirds  the  diameter ;  sheaths  rather  long, 
cylindric,  marked  with  one  or  two  black  girdles, 
their  ridges  obscurely  4-carinate ;  teeth  brown, 
membranous,  soon  deciduous ;  spikes  pointed ; 
stem  rarely  producing  branches  which  are  usually 
short  and  occasionally  fertile  ;  forms  are  sometimes 
found  with  longer  sterile  branches. 

In  wet  places  and  on  banks,  especially  along  rivers 
and  lakes,  throughout  nearly  the  whole  of  North 
America,  Europe  and  Asia.  The  rough  stems  of  this 
and  related  species  are  used  for  scouring  floors.  May- 
June. 


9.  Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Br.   Smooth 
Scouring-rush.      (Fig.  85.) 

Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Br. ;  Engelm.  Amer.  Journ. 
Sci.  46:  87.      1844. 

Stems  i°-5°  high,  simple  or  little  branched,  pale 
green,  persistent,  'i4-3O-furrowed,  the  ridges  al- 
most smooth.  Sheaths  elongated  and  enlarged 
upward,  marked  with  a  black  girdle  at  the  base  of 
the  mostly  deciduous,  white-margined  teeth  and 
rarely  also  at  their  bases  ;  ridges  of  the  sheath  with 
a  faint  central  carina  and  sometimes  with  faint 
short  lateral  ones ;  stomata  arranged  in  single 
series ;  central  cavity  very  large,  the  wall  of  the 
stem  very  thin  ;  spikes  pointed. 

Along  streams  and  rivers,  especially  in  clay  soil, 
valley  of  the  Delaware  River  in  New  Jersey  and  eastern 
Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina  and  Louisiana,  west  to 
British  Columbia  and  the  Mexican  border.  May-June. 


HORSETAIL  FAMILY. 


10.      Equisetum     variegatum     Schleich. 
Variegated  Equisetum.     (Fig.  86.) 

Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.  Cat.  PI.  Helvet.  27. 

1807. 

Stems  slender,  perennial,  evergreen,  6/-i8/  long, 
rough,  usually  simple  from  a  branched  base,  com- 
monly tufted,  5-io-furrowed,  the  stomata  borne  in 
regular  rows.  Sheaths  campanulate,  distinctly 
4-carinate,  green,  variegated  with  black  above,  the 
median  furrow  deep  and  excurreut  to  the  teeth  and 
downward  to  the  ridges  of  the  stem,  the  teeth  5-10, 
each  tipped  with  a  deciduous  bristle  ;  central  cav- 
ity small,  rarely  wanting. 

Labrador  and  Greenland  to  the  Northwest  Territory, 
south  to  New  Hampshire,  western  New  York,  Nebraska 
and  Nevada.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-June. 


39 


ii.    Equisetum  scirpoides  Michx.     Sedge- 
like  Equisetum.      (Fig.  87.) 

Equisetum  scirpoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2  :  281.      1803. 

Stems  perennial,  evergreen,  very  slender  or  filiform, 
3/-6/  long,  somewhat  rough,  flexuous  and  curving, 
growing  in  slender  tufts,  mostly  6-furrowed  with  acute 
ridges,  simple  or  branching  from  near  the  base. 
Sheaths  3-toothed,  distinctly  4-carinate,  the  central 
furrow  broad,  the  lateral  narrow,  the  bristly  teeth 
rather  persistent ;  central  cavity  entirely  wanting. 

On  moist  or  wet  wooded  banks,  Labrador  to  Alaska, 
south  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  British  Columbia. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  May-June. 


Family  9.  LYCOPODIACEAE  Michx.. Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2  :  281.       1803. 

C^UB-MOSS  FAMILY. 

Somewhat  moss-like,  erect  or  trailing  terrestrial  herbs  with  numerous  small 
lanceolate  or  subulate  simple  leaves,  sometimes  oblong  or  roundish,  arranged  in 
2-many  ranks,  the  stems  often  elongated,  usually  freely  branching.  Sporanges 
i-3-celled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  on  their  upper  surfaces.  Spores 
uniform,  minute.  Prothallia  (as  far  as  known)  mostly  subterranean,  with  or 
without  chlorophyll,  monoecious. 

Four  genera  and  about  no  species.  Besides  the  following-,  Psilotum  occurs  in  Florida,  the  two 
•other  genera  only  in  Australia. 


i.  LYCOPODIUM  L,.  Sp.  PI.  noo.       1753. 

Perennial  plants  with  evergreen  i-nerved  leaves  arranged  in  4-16  ranks.  Sporanges 
coriaceous,  flattened,  reniform,  i -celled,  situated  in  the  axils  of  ordinary  leaves  or  in  those 
-of  the  upper  modified,  bract-like  ones,  which  are  imbricated  in  sessile  or  peduncled 
spikes,  opening  transversely  into  2  valves,  usually  by  a  line  around  the  margin.  Spores  all 
of  one  kind,  copious,  sulphur-yellow,  readily  inflammable  from  the  abundant  oil  they  contain. 
[Greek,  meaning  wolf's-foot,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  branching  roots  of  some  species.] 

About  loo  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  the  largest  occurring  in  the  Andes  of  South 
America  and  in  the  Himalayas. 


40  LYCOPODIACEAE. 

Sporanges  borne  in  the  axils  of  leaves  which  are  similar  to  those  of  the  stem. 
Sporanges  mostly  wanting  in  the  axils  of  the  upper,  mostly  8-ranked  leaves. 

Stems  erect,  rigid;  leaves  uniform,  ascending.  i.  L.  Selago. 

Stems  somewhat  lax,  spreading;  leaves  spreading  or  deflexed,   alternately  longer  and 

shorter.  2.  L.  lucidulum. 

Sporanges  only  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  forming  terminal  spikes;  leaves  many-ranked. 
Plant  small;  leaves  acute,  soft,  mostly  entire.  3.  L.  inundatum. 

Plant  stout;  leaves  narrow,  spinulose-pointed,  bristle-toothed  below  the  middle. 

4.   L.  alopecuroides. 
Sporanges  borne  in  the  axils  of  yellowish  ovate  or  cordate  scale-like  leaves,  which  are  very  unlike 

those  of  the  sterile  stems. 

Stems  leafy  up  to  the  base  of  the  spike  or  nearly  so. 
Spikes  erect,  closely  sessile. 

Stems  erect,  tree-like.  5'.  L.  obscurum. 

Stems  creeping  with  ascending  branches. 

Leaves  uniform,  spreading,  5-ranked.  6.  L.  annotinum. 

Leaves  of  2  forms,  erect-imbricate,  4-ranked.  7.  L.  alpimim. 

Spikes  erect,  short-peduncled;  leaves  small,  appressed,  4-ranked.        8.  L.  sabinaefolium. 
Fertile  branches  with  minute  leaves  so  that  the  spikes  appear  long-peduncled. 

Leaves  uniform,  many-ranked;  stems  terete.  9.  L.  clavatum. 

Leaves  of  2  forms,  few-ranked;  stems  flattened. 

Sterile  stems  entirely  creeping;  spikes  solitary.  10.  L.  Carolinianum^ 

Sterile  stems  with  fan-like  ascending  branches;  spikes  clustered. 

ii.  L.  complanatum. 


i.    Lycopodium  Selago  L.     Fir  Club-moss.     (Fig.  88.) 


Lycopodium  Selago  L-  Sp.  PI.  1102.      1753. 

Stems'3/-6/  high,  thick,  rigid,  erect,  2-5  times 
forked,  the  branches  fastigiate,  forming  a  level- 
topped  cluster.  Leaves  crowded,  uniform,  ascend- 
ing, elongated-lanceolate,  mucronulate,  entire  or 
spinulose-denticulate,  nerved  below,  convex  above, 
the  upper  mostly  8-ranked,  sterile,  those  below 
bearing  the  small  Sporanges  in  their  axils,  those  of 
the  lower  half  of  the  stem  again  sterile ;  plant 
propagated  also  by  bud-like  organs  which  have 
a  lower  pointed  bract  and  2  or  3  upper  fleshy  and 
obovate  ones. 


On  rocks,  Labrador  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south 
to  the  mountains  of  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont 
and  northern  New  York,  on  the  summits  of  the  higher 
Alleghenies  to  North  Carolina,  and  to  Michigan  and 
Washington.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Autumn. 


2.    Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.     Shining 
Club-moss.      (Fig.  89.) 

Lycopodium  lucidulum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  284.      1803. 

Stems  somewhat  lax,  ascending  or  spreading,  thick, 
2-3  times  forked,  the  branches  6'-i i'  high.  Leaves 
widely  spreading  or  reflexed,  dark  green,  shining,  i- 
uerved,  acute,  minutely  toothed,  a  series  of  longer  ones 
alternating  with  a  series  of  shorter,  the  latter  more  fre- 
quently bearing  the  sporanges  at  a  short  distance  below 
the  summit  of  the  stem  ;  sporanges  of  preceding  years 
often  persistent ;  plant  also  propagated  like  the  preced- 
ing species  by  gemmae,  which  fall  to  the  ground  and 
become  new  plants. 


In  cold,  damp  woods,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Iowa.  Ascends  to  nearly  5700  ft. 
in  Virginia.  Aug.-Oct. 


CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY.  41 

3.  Lycopodium  inundatum  L.    Bog  Club-moss. 
(Fig.  90.) 

Lycopodium  inundatum  L-  Sp.  PI.  1102.     1753. 

Plants  small,  I'-s'  long,  with  creeping  flaccid  forking 
brittle  sterile  stems  closely  appressed  to  the  earth.  Fer- 
tile stems  erect,  solitary,  i/-6/  high,  terminated  by  a  short 
thick  spike  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  lanceolate-subulate  with 
hyaline  margins,  those  of  the  spike  similar  to  those  below, 
acute,  soft,  spreading,  mostly  entire,  those  of  the  sterile 
stems  curved  upward;  spikes  rarely  two  together,  9"-i&" 
long,  yellowish ;  sporanges  tranversely  oval,  splitting 
nearly  to  the  base ;  spores  large,  reticulated. 

In  sandy  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario  and  Mich- 
igan, south  to  Florida.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  eastern  Pennsyl- 
vania. Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Larger  forms  with  fertile 
stems  5' -7'  high  and  more  pointed  serrate  leaves  have  been 
separated  as  var.  Bigelovii.  Aug.-Oct. 


4.  Lycopodium  alopecuroides  L,.     Fox-tail 
Club-moss.       (Fig.  91.) 

Lycopodium  alopecuroides  L-  Sp.  PI.  1102.      1753. 

Plant  stout,  densely  leafy,  the  sterile  branches 
flaccid,  recurved  and  creeping,  sometimes  10'  long. 
Fertile  stems  stout,  rigid,  erect,  6/-2o/  high,  termin- 
ated by  a  spike  9"-!  >£'  long,  and,  including  its  leaves 
\f'-$"  thick  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear-subulate,  those  of 
the  spike  similar  to  those  below,  spinulose-pointed, 
spreading,  conspicuously  bristle-toothed  below  the 
middle,  those  of  the  spike  with  long  setaceous  tips ; 
sporanges  transversely  oval,  splitting  to  near  the  base. 


In  pine-barren  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  near  the 
coast,  west  to  Mississippi.     Aug.-Oct. 


5.    Lycopodium  obscurum  L.     Ground  Pine.     (Fig.  92.) 

Lycopodium  obscurum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1102.      1753. 

Lycopodium  dendroideum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  282. 
1803. 

Stems  erect,  6/-i2/  high,  bushy-branched,  the 
branches  fan-like,  the  rootstocks  subterranean, 
nearly  horizontal.  Leaves  lanceolate-linear,  acute, 
entire,  8-ranked  on  the  main  stem,  those  of  the 
branches  6-ranked,  with  the  two  upper  and  the  two 
lower  ranks  shorter  and  appressed,  or  all  alike  and 
equally  incurved-spreading,  densely  clothing  the 
stems  up  to  the  bases  of  the  spikes  ;  spikes  i-io  on 
each  plant,  >^/~IK/  l°n&  composed  of  many- 
ranked  ovate  scarious-margined  bracts  (scale-like 
leaves),  each  with  a  transversely  oval  sporange  in 
its  axil. 

In  moist  woods,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to 
Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina  and 
to  Indiana.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in 
Asia.  July-Sept. 


LYCOPODIACEAE. 


6.   Lycopodium  annotinum  L.     Stiff 
Club-moss.     (Fig.  93.) 

Lycopodium  annofinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1103.     1753. 

Stems  much  branched,  slender,  prostrate  and 
creeping,  rather  stiff,  i°-4°  long,  the  branches  sim- 
ilar, ascending,  5' -8'  high,  sparingly  forked. 
Leaves  uniform,  spreading,  5-ranked,  rigid,  linear- 
lanceolate,  minutely  serrulate,  nerved  below;  spikes 
solitary  or  several  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  i/-2)4/  long,  composed  of  ovate  or 
ovate- cordate,  short-acuminate  and  denticulate 
bracts,  each  with  a  sporange  in  its  axil ;  spores 
smooth  or  spinulose-reticulated  on  the  basal  surface. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  commonly  in  dry  soil,  Lab- 
rador to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  West  Virginia, 
Michigan,  Colorado  and  Washington.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  Mountain  forms  with  more  rigid  pointed 
leaves  have  been  separated  as  var.  pungens.  Autumn. 


7.   Lycopodium  alpinum  L.     Alpine  Club- 
moss.     (Fig.  94.) 

Lycopodium  alpinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1104.      1753. 

Stems  elongated,  creeping,  with  ascending  densely 
clustered  crowded  dichotomous  branches.  Leaves 
4-ranked,  erect-imbricate,  adnate-decurrent,  of  two 
forms  ;  those  of  the  lateral  rows  lanceolate,  falcate, 
acute,  carinate,  concave  within,  those  of  the  interme- 
diate rows  scarcely  one-third  as  large,  lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, the  upper  and  lower  rows  alike  ;  spikes  solitary 
at  the  apices  of  slightly  elongated  branches,  erect, 
closely  sessile,  the  stems  leafy  to  their  bases  ;  bracts 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate  ;  spores  reticulated. 

In  woods,  Labrador  to  Lake  Superior,  Washington  and 
Alaska.  Sometimes  united  with  L.  complanatum.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia. 


8.    Lycopodium  sabinaefolium  Willd. 

Cedar-like  Club-moss.      (Fig.  95.) 

Lycopodium  sabinaefolium  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  5  :  20.     1810. 

Stems  elongated,  creeping,  or  more  usually  sub- 
terranean with  short  erect  dichotomous  clustered 
ascending  branches,  i'-^'  long.  Leaves  4-ranked, 
small,  appressed  or  slightly  curved  outward,  lan- 
ceolate, mucronate,  entire,  apparently  terete ; 
spikes  short-peduncled,  solitary,  cylindric,  with 
cordate  acuminate  erose-deuticulate  or  entire 
bracts;  sporauges  transversely  oval  or  somewhat 
reniform,  deeply  splitting. 


In  cold  woods,  Labrador  to  New  Jersey  and  British 
Columbia. 


CLUB-MOSS   FAMILY.  43 

9.    Lycopodium  clavatum  L.     Running  Pine.     Club-moss.      (Fig.  96. ) 

Lycopodium  clavatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1101.      1753- 

Stems  extensively  creeping,  i°-4°  long  with  simi- 
lar short  irregular  ascending  or  decumbent  densely 
leafy  branches.  Leaves  much  crowded,  many-ranked, 
incurved,  linear-subulate,  bristle-tipped,  the  lower 
denticulate,  the  upper  nearly  entire  and  slightly  de- 
current  on  either  side ;  spikes  1-4  on  long  8-striate 
peduncles ;  bracts  membranous,  roundish,  erose- 
denticulate  below,  bearing  in  the  axil  a  transversely 
oval  sporange  which  splits  nearly  to  the  base  ;  spores 
narrowly  reticulate. 

In  woods,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  North  Carolina, 
Michigan  and  Washington.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia  and 
Central  America.  The  spores  of  this  species,  and  those 
of  L.  complanatitm,  furnish  the  inflammable  powder 
known  as  Lycopodium  powder  or  vegetable  sulphur,  used 
in  stage  effects.  Aug. -Oct. 


10.    Lycopodium    Carolinianum    L.      Caro- 
lina Club-moss.     (Fig.  97. ) 

Lycopodium  Carolinianum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1104.      1753. 

Sterile  stems  and  their  few  short  branches  entirely 
creeping,  closely  appressed  to  the  earth,  I'-T,'  long, 
emitting  numerous  roots  on  the  lower  side.  Leaves 
of  fertile  stems  of  two  forms,  the  lateral  ones  broadly 
lanceolate,  acute  and  somewhat  oblique,  i-nerved, 
widely  spreading,  in  2  ranks  with  a  shorter,  interme- 
diate row  appressed  on  the  upper  side ;  peduncles 
simple,  slender,  2/-6/  high,  clothed  with  small  bract- 
like  leaves  and  bearing  a  single  cyliudric  spike  ;  bracts 
cordate,  short-acuminate,  mostly  entire  with  trans- 
versely oval  sporanges  in  the  upper  axils. 

In  moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisi- 
ana near  the  coast. 


ii.  Lycopodium  complanatum  L.     Trail- 
ing Christmas-green.      (Fig.  98.) 

Lycopodium  coin planal urn  L.  Sp.  PI.  1104.      1753. 

Stems  extensively  creeping,  with  erect  or  ascend- 
ing reniform  or  fan-shaped  branches  several  times 
forked  above,  with  crowded  flattened  branchlets. 
Leaves  minute,  imbricate-appressed,  4-ranked,  the 
lateral  rows  with  somewhat  spreading  tips,  the  in- 
termediate smaller,  narrower  and  wholly  appressed, 
forming  a  flat  surface  ;  peduncle  slender,  2/-6/  high, 
dichotomous,  bearing  2-4  linear-cylindric  spikes ; 
bracts  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  the  margins  pale  and 
erose ;  sporanges  transversely  oval,  deeply  splitting. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south 
to  North  Carolina,  Michigan  and  British  Columbia.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  Forms  with  less  distinctly  dimor- 
phous leaves  and  narrower,  more  erect  and  bushy  branches 
have  been  separated  as  var.  Chamaecyparissus. 


44 


SELAGINELLACEAE. 


Family  10.     SELAGINELLACEAE  Underw.  Native  Ferns  103.     1881. 

Terrestrial,  annual  or  perennial,  moss-like  plants  with  branching  stems  and 
scale-like  leaves,  which  are  many-ranked  and  uniform,  or  4-ranked  and  of  two- 
types  spreading  in  two  planes.  Sporanges  i -celled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as  to  form  more  or  less  quadrangular  spikes,  some 
containing  4  macrospores  (macrosporanges),  others  containing  numerous  mi- 
crospores  (microsporanges),  which  develop  into  small  prothallia,  those  from 
the  macrospores  bearing  archegones,  those  from  the  microspores  antherids. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  : 

i.  SELAGINELLA  Beauv.  Prodr.  Aetheog.  101.       1805. 

Characters  of  family.   [Name  diminutive  of  Selago,  an  ancient  name  of  some  Lycopodium.  ] 

About  335  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  and  largest  in  tropical 
regions.     In  addition  to  the  following  some  5  others  occur  in  western  North  America. 
Stem-leaves  all  alike,  many-ranked. 

Stems  compact  with  rigid  leaves ;  spikes  quadrangular.  i .  5".  rupestris. 

Stems  slender;  leaves  lax,  spreading;  spikes  enlarged,  scarcely  quadrangular.  2.  5.  selaginoides. 
Stem-leaves  of  2  kinds,  4-ranked,  spreading  in  2  planes.  3.  5.  apus. 

i.  Selaginella  rupestris  (L.)  Spring. 
Rock  Selaginella.       (Fig.  99.) 

Lycopodium  rupestre  L,.  Sp.  PI.  noi.      1753. 
Selaginella  rupestris  Spring  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras, 
i:  Part  2,  118.      1840. 

Stems  densely  tufted,  with  occasional 
sterile  runners  and  sub-pinnate  branches^ 
i/-3/  high,  commonly  curved  when  dry. 
Leaves  rigid,  appressed-imbricated,  \"  or 
less  long,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  convex 
on  the  back, more  or  less  ciliate.many-ranked, 
tipped  with  a  distinct  transparent  awn  ; 
spikes  sessile  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or 
branches,  strongly  quadrangular,  6//-i2// 
long,  about  \"  thick ;  bracts  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute  or  acuminate,  broader  than  the 
leaves  of  the  stem  ;  macrosporanges  and  mic- 
rosporanges borne  in  the  same  spikes,  the 
former  more  abundant. 


On  dry  rocks,  throughout  the  northern  hem- 
isphere, and  in  Africa.  Ascends  to  at  least 
2000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Aug. -Oct. 


2.     Selaginella     selaginoides     (I,.) 
Link.   Low  Selaginella.    (Fig.  100. ) 

Lycopodium  selaginoides  I,.  Sp.  PI.  noi.     1753. 
Selaginella  spinosa  Beauv.  Prodr.  Aetheog.  112. 
1805. 

Selaginella  selaginoides  Link,  Fil.  Hort.  Berol. 
158.      1841. 

Sterile  branches  prostrate-creeping,  slen- 
der, YZ'-I'  long,  the  fertile  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, thicker,  \'-$'  high,  simple ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  lax  and  spreading,  sparsely 
spinulose-ciliate,  i//-2// long  ;  spikes  solitary 
at  the  ends  of  the  fertile  branches,  enlarged, 
oblong-linear,  subacute,  \'  or  less  long, 
2//-2^2//  thick  ;  bracts  of  the  spike  lax,  as- 
cending, lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
strongly  ciliate. 

On  wet  rocks,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to 
New  Hampshire,  Michigan  and  Colorado.  Also 
in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


SELAGINELLA  FAMILY. 


45 


3.    Selaginella  apus  (L,.)  Spring.     Creeping  Selaginella.      (Fig.  101.) 

Lycopodium  apodum  L-  Sp.  PI.  1105.      1753. 

Selaginella  apus  Spring  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras,  i : 
Part.  2,  119.      1840. 

Annual,  light  green,  stems  prostrate- 
creeping,  i/~4/  long,  much  branched,  flac- 
cid, angled  on  the  face.  I/eaves  minute, 
membranous,  of  2  kinds,  4  ranked,  spread- 
ing in  2  planes  ;  upper  leaves  of  the  lower 
plane  spreading,  the  lower  reflexed,  ovate, 
acute,  serrulate,  not  distinctly  ciliate ; 
leaves  of  the  upper  plane  ovate,  short-cus- 
pidate ;  spikes  3//-8//  long,  obscurely  quad- 
rangular ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  sometimes 
serrulate,  acutely  keeled  in  the  upper  half ; 
macrosporanges  more  abundant  toward 
the  base  of  the  spike. 

In  moist  shaded  places,  often  among  grass, 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas. 
Ascends  to  2200  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Sept. 


Family  ii.     ISOETACEAE.     Underw.  Native  Ferns,  104.       1881. 

QUILLWORT  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants  rooting  in  the  mud,  with  a  short  buried  2-lobed  or 
3-lobed  trunk  (stem)  sending  out  abundant  roots  and  sending  up  a  compact  tuft 
of  rush-like  leaves.  Sporanges  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  some  containing 
macrospores  (macrosporanges),  others  microspores  (microsporanges);  the  for- 
mer germinate  into  prothallia  bearing  only  archegones,  the  latter  into  prothallia 
bearing  usually  only  a  single  antherid. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  only. 


i.  ISOETES  L.  Sp.  PI.  1 1 oo.       1753. 

Submerged,  amphibious  or  uliginous  plants  with  a  cluster  of  elongated  awl-shaped  leaves 
irising  from  a  more  or  less  2-3-lobed  fleshy  short  stem,  the  leaves  with  or  without  peripheral 
bast-bundles,  with  or  without  stomata,  bearing  a  small  membranous  organ  (ligule)  above 
the  base.  Sporanges  sessile  in  the  excavated  bases  of  the  leaves,  orbicular  or  ovoid,  the 
sides  more  or  less  covered  with  a  fold  of  the  inner  side  of  the  leaf-base  (velum).  The 
sporanges  of  the  outer  leaves  usually  contain  spherical,  mostly  sculptured  macrospores, 
those  of  the  inner  ones  contain  minute  powdery  usually  oblong  microspores.  [Name 
Greek,  taken  from  Pliny,  apparently  referring  to  the  persistent  green  leaves.] 

About  50  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following  2  are  known  from  the  southern 
United  States,  7  from  the  Pacific  Coast  and  2  from  Mexico.  Owing  to  their  aquatic  habitat  and  ap- 
parently local  distribution,  these  plants  are  popularly  little  known.  The  spores  mature  in  summer 
and  autumn. 

Submerged  or  rarely  emersed  in  very  dry  seasons  ;  leaves  quadrangular,  without  peripheral  bast- 
bundles. 
Stomata  wanting  ;  macrospores  crested. 

Leaves  stout,  rigid,  scarcely  tapering.  i.  /.  lacustris. 

Leaves  slender,  tapering.  2.  /.  Tuckermani. 

Stomata  present ;  macrospores  echinate.  3.  /.  echinospora. 

Amphibious  or  submerged  only  in  earlier  stages  ;  stomata  always  present  on  the  quadrangular 

leaves. 
Peripheral  bast-bundles  wanting  ;  velum  partial. 

Leaves  2' -3'  long  ;  macrospores  with  minute  warts.  4.  /.  saccharata. 

Leaves  4' -if  long  ;  macrospores  with  jagged  crests.  5.  /.  riparia. 

Peripheral  bast-bundles  present ;  macrospores  honey combed-reticulate.  6.  /.  Engelmanni. 
Terrestrial ;  stomata  abundant  on  the  triangular  leaves. 

Leaves  15-60,  usually  black  at  the  base.  7.  /.  melanofioda. 

Leaves  8-12,  bright  green,  paler  at  the  base.  8.  /.  Butleri. 


46  ISOETACEAE. 

i.    Isoetes  lacustris  1^.     L,ake  Quillwort.      (Fig.  102.) 
Isoetes  lacustris  I,.  Sp.  PI.  uoo.      1753. 

Isoetes  macrospora  Durieu,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  ii: 
101.      1864. 

Submerged  or  rarely  above  water  in  dry  seasons  ; 
leaves  10-25,  rigid,  rather  thick,  scarcely  tapering, 
dark  or  olive  green,  obtusely  quadrangular,  2/-6/ 
long  ;  stomata  none  ;  peripheral  bast-bundles  want- 
ing ;  sporauge  orbicular  or  broadly  elliptic,  un- 
spotted ;  velum  rather  narrow  ;  ligule  triangular, 
short  or  somewhat  elongated  ;  macrospores  500- 
800  \i  in  diameter,  marked  all  over  with  distinct  or 
somewhat  confluent  crests,  and  bearing  three  con- 
verging ridges  ;  microspores  35-46  n  long,  smooth. 

In  i°-5°  of  water,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, south  to  eastern  Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

2.    Isoetes  Tuckermani  A.  Br.     Tuckerman's  Quillwort.      (Fig.  103.) 

Isoetes   Tuckermani  A.  Br.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5, 
676.      1867. 

Submerged  or  rarely  partly  or  wholly  emersed 
during  very  dry  seasons ;  leaves  10-30,  very  slen- 
der, tapering,  olive-green,  quadrangular,  2/-3/ 
long,  without  peripheral  bast-bundles,  the  outer 
recurved  ;  sporange  oblong,  mostly  white,  its  upper 
one-third  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  440- 
560  fj.  in  diameter,  with  wavy  somewhat  parallel 
and  branching  ridges  on  the  upper  half,  separated 
by  the  three  converging  ridges,  the  lower  covered 
with  an  irregular  network  ;  microspores  26-32  u 
long,  nearly  smooth. 

In  ponds,  Newfoundland  to  Middlesex  county,  Mass- 
achusetts, clustered  in  shallow  water. 

3.    Isoetes  echinospora  Braunii  (Durieu)  Engelm.     Braun  s  Quillwort. 

(Fig.  104.) 

Isoetes  Braunii  Durieu,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  ii:  101. 
1864. 

Isoetes  echinospora  var.  Braunii  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray, 
Man.  Ed.  5,  676.      1867. 

Submerged  or  in  dry  seasons  emersed,  leaves  12- 
25,  tapering,  soft,  reddish-green,  ^'-6'  long,  with- 
out peripheral  bast-bundles,  bearing  stomata  only 
toward  the  tip  ;  sporange  orbicular  or  broadly 
elliptic,  spotted,  one-half  to  three-fourths  covered 
with  the  velum;  macrospores  400-500  fj.  in  diameter, 
covered  with  broad  spinules  which  are  often 
slightly  confluent  and  incised  at  the  tips ;  micro- 
spores  26-30  n  long,  smooth. 

I^abrador  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Utah. 


QUILLWORT   FAMILY. 
Isoetes  echinospora  robusta  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  4:  380. 


47 


1882. 


Much  larger  than  the  preceding-,  leaves  25-70  or  even  more,  5'-i2'  long,  with  abundant  stomata 
throughout.  With  the  preceding. 

Isoetes  echinospora  Boottii  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  676.      1867. 

Leaves  12-20,  soft,  erect,  bright  green,  4' -5'  long,  with  a  few  stomata  near  their  tips;  sporange 
nearly  orbicular,  with  pale  spots,  two-thirds  or  more  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  390-500," 
in  diameter,  with  longer  and  more  slender  simple  spinules  ;  microspores  26-30"  long.  In  ponds, 
Middlesex  county,  Massachusetts,  usually  submerged. 

Isoetes  echinospora  muricata  ^Durieu)  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  676.      1867. 
Isoetes  muricata  Durieu,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  n:  100.      1864. 

Leaves  15-20,  flaccid,  bright  green,  6' -12'  long,  bearing  few  stomata  ;  sporange  broadly  oval,  with 
pale-spots,  about  one-half  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  400-580"  in  diameter,  with  shorter 
and  more  confluent,  almost  crest-like  spinules  ;  microspores  28-32",  slightly  rough  on  the  edges. 
Submerged  in  running  water  in  tributaries  of  Mystic  Pond,  Middlesex  county,  Mass. 


4.  Isoetes    saccharata    Engelm.     Sugary 
Quilhvort.       (Fig.  105.) 

Isoetes  saccharata  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man  Ed.  5,  676. 
1867. 

Amphibious  or  uliginous  with  a  flat  depressed 
trunk.  Leaves  10-20,  olive-green,  pale  at  the  base, 
spreading,  2/~3/  long,  quadrangular,  bearing  nu- 
merous stomata;  sporauge  oblong,  unspotted,  with  a 
narrow  velum  covering  only  one-fourth  or  one- 
third  of  its  surface  ;  peripheral  bast  bundles  want- 
ing ;  ligule  triangular,  rather  short;  macrospores 
400-470  \J.  in  diameter,  with  very  minute  distinct 
or  rarely  confluent  warts  as  if  sprinkled  with  grains 
of  sugar  ;  microspores  papillose,  24-28^  long. 

In  mud  overflowed  by  the  tides,  Wicomico  and  Nan- 
ticoke  Rivers,  eastern  Maryland. 


5.  Isoetes    riparia    Engelm.     River- 
bank  Quilhvort.      (Fig.  106. ) 


Isoetes    riparia    Engelm.;  A.   Br.    Flora,    29:    178. 
1846. 


Amphibious  or  uliginous,  usually  emersed 
when  mature  ;  leaves  15-30,  deep  green,  rather 
rigid,  4/-8/  long,  quadrangular,  bearing  numer- 
ous stomata  ;  peripheral  bast-bundles  wanting  ; 
ligule  rather  short,  triangular  ;  sporange  mostly 
oblong,  distinctly  spotted  with  groups  of  brown 
cells,  one-fourth  or  rarely  one-half  covered  with 
the  velum  ;  macrospores  450-650  fi  in  diameter, 
marked  with  distinct  or  anastomosing  jagged 
crests  or  somewyhat  reticulate  on  the  lower  side; 
microspores  28-32  fj.  long,  more  or  less  tubercu- 
late. 

Borders  of  the  lower  Delaware  River  to  Maine. 


ISOETACEAE. 


G 

0 


6.  Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br.     Kngelmann's  Quill  wort.     (Fig.  107.) 

Isoetes  Engelmanni  A.  Br.  Flora,  29:  178.      1846. 

Amphibious,  usually  partly  emersed  when  ma- 
ture. Leaves  25-100,  light  green,  quadrangular, 
tapering,  9'-2o'  long,  bearing  abundant  stomata  ; 
peripheral  bast-bundles  present ;  sporange  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  unspotted  ;  velum  narrow  ;  ma- 
crospores  400-520  fj.  in  diameter,  covered  with 
honeycomb-like  reticulations ;  microspores  24-28  // 
long,  mostly  smooth. 

In  ponds  and  ditches,  rooting  in  mud,  Maine  to  Del- 
aware and  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  Missouri. 

Isoetes  Engelmanni  valida  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  5,  677.      1867. 

Leaves  50-200,  keeled  on  the  upper  side,  i8'-25'  long  ; 
sporange  linear-oblong,  4" -9"  long,  one-third  to  two- 
thirds  covered  by  the  velum  ;  macrospores  320-480^  in 
diameter;  microspores  24-27,"  long,  spinulose.  War- 
riorsmark,  Cornwall  and  Smithville,  Pa.,  and  Wilming- 
ton, Del. 

Isoetes  Engelmanni  gracilis  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  677.      1867. 

Leaves  8-12,  slender,  9' -12'  long  ;  bast-bundles  often  quite  small  or  only  two  present ;  spores  as 
in  the  typical  form.     Southern  New  England  to  New  Jersey. 

/      fo    I    i 

7.  Isoetes  melanopoda  J.  Gay.    Black-based 
Quill  wort.       (Fig.  108.) 

Isoetes  melanopoda  J.  Gay,  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France,  n:  102. 
1864. 

Terrestrial  with  a  subglobose  deeply  2-lobed  trunk. 
Leaves  15-60,  slender,  erect,  bright  green,  with  a 
blackish  shining  base,  s'-iS'  long,  triangular,  bear- 
ing stomata  throughout,  well  developed  peripheral 
bast-bundles,  thick  dissepiments  and  small  air  cavities 
within;  ligule  triangular,  awl-shaped;  sporange  mostly 
oblong,  spotted,  with  a  narrow  velum  ;  polygamous  ; 
macrospores  250-400  /j.  in  diameter,  with  low  more  or 
less  confluent  tubercles,  often  united  into  worm- 
like  wrinkles,  or  almost  smooth  ;  microspores  23-28^ 
long,  spinulose. 

In  moist  prairies  and  overflowed  fields,  Illinois  to  Iowa, 
Missouri  and  Texas. 


8.  Isoetes  Butleri  Engelm.     Butler's  Quill- 
wort.     (Fig.  109.) 

Isoetes  Butleri  Engelm.  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  3:1.      1878. 

Terrestrial  from  a  subglobose  trunk.  Leaves  8-15, 
bright  green,  paler  at  the  base,  triangular,  3X~7X  long, 
bearing  numerous  stomata,  and  with  well  developed 
peripheral  bast-bundles,  thick  dissepiments  and  small 
air  cavities  within;  sporange  usually  oblong,  spotted; 
velum  very  narrow  or  none  ;  ligule  small,  triangular  ; 
dioecious;  macrospores  500-630^  in  diameter,  with 
distinct  or  confluent  tubercles;  " microspores  28-34 p 
long,  dark  brown,  papillose." 


On  rocky  hillsides,  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and  on  saline 
flats,  Indian  Territory. 


"2" 


PINE  FAMILY.     CONIFERS.  49 


Subkingdom  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

SEED-BEARING   PLANTS. 


Plants  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo  formed  of  one  or  more 
rudimentary  leaves  (cotyledons),  a  stem  (hypocotyl,  radicle),  and  a  terminal 
bud  (plumule),  or  these  parts  sometimes  undifferentiated  before  germination. 
Microspores  (pollen-grains)  are  borne  in  microsporanges  (anther-sacs)  on  the 
apex  or  side  of  a  modified  leaf  (filament).  The  macrosporanges  (ovules)  are 
borne  on  the  face  of  a  flat  or  inrolled  much  modified  leaf  (carpel)  and  contain 
one  macrospore  (embryo-sac);  this  develops  the  minute  female  prothallium, 
an  archegone  of  which  is  fertilized  by  means  of  a  tube  (pollen-tube),  a  portion 
of  the  male  prothallium  sprouting  from  the  pollen-grain. 

The  Seed-bearing  plants  form  the  most  numerous  group  in  existence,  not  less  than  120,- 
•ooo  species  being  known.  The  subkingdom  was  formerly  known  as  Phanerogamia,  or  Phae- 
nogamia  and  more  recently  as  Anthophyta,  this  term  signifying  the  presence  of  flowers, 
which  characterizes  most  of  the  group.  But  the  consideration  that  the  spore-bearing  organs 
of  the  Pine  Family  cannot  well  be  regarded  as  flowers,  and  the  fact  that  the  production  of 
•seeds  is  the  most  characteristic  difference  between  these  plants  and  the  Pteridophyta,  are 
reasons  which  have  led  to  the  acceptance  of  the  term  here  adopted. 

There  are  two  classes  in  the  subkingdom,  which  differ  from  each  other  as  follows: 
Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale;  stigmas  none.  Class  i.  GYMXOSPERMAE. 

'Ovules  and  seeds  contained  in  a  closed  cavity  (ovary).  Class  2.  AXGIOSPERMAK. 

Class  i.     GYMNOSP^RMA^. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  naked,  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  this  represented 
by  a  scale  or  apparently  wanting.  Pollen-grains  (microspores)  dividing  at 
maturity  into  two  or  more  cells,  one  of  which  gives  rise  to  the  pollen-tube  (male 
prothallium ) ,  which  directly  fertilizes  an  archegone  of  the  nutritive  endosperm 
(female  prothallium)  in  the  ovule. 

The  Gymnosperms  are  an  ancient  group,  first  known  in  Silurian  time.  They  became  most 
numerous  in  the  Triassic  age.  They  are  now  represented  by  not  more  than  450  species  of  trees 
and  shrubs. 

There  are  three  orders,  Coniferales,  Cycadales  and  Gnetales,  the  first  of  which  is  represented  in 
•our  area  by  the  Pine  and  Yew  Families. 

Family  i.     PINACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  313.       1836. 

PINE  FAMILY.    CONIFERS. 

Resinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire  or  scale-like 
leaves,  the  wood  uniform  in  texture,  \vithout  tracheae,  the  tracheids  marked  by 
large  depressed  disks,  the  pollen-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  spikes 
(aments).  Perianth  none.  Stamens  several  together,  subtended  by  a  scale;  fila- 
ments more  or  less  united  ;  pollen-sacs  (anthers)  2-several-celled,  variously  de- 
hiscent ;  pollen-grains  often  provided  with  two  lateral  inflated  sacs.  Ovules 
with  two  integuments,  orthotropous  or  amphitropous,  borne  solitary  or  several 
together  on  the  surface  of  a  scale,  which  is  subtended  by  a  bract  in  most  gen- 
era. Fruit  a  cone  with  numerous,  several  or  few,  woody,  papery  or  fleshy 
scales;  sometimes  berry-like.  Seeds  wingless  or  winged.  Endosperm  fleshy  or 
starchy,  copious.  Embryo  straight,  slender.  Cotyledons  2  or  several. 

About  25  genera  and  240  species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions. 
:Scales  of  the  cone  numerous  (except  in  Lari.v);  leaf-buds  scaly. 

Cone-scales  woody;  leaves  needle-shaped,  2-5  in  a  sheath.  i.  Pinus. 

Cone-scales  thin;  leaves  linear-filiform,  scattered  or  fascicled,  not  in  sheaths. 
Leaves  fascicled  on  very  short  branchlets,  deciduous.  2.  Lan'.v. 

Leaves  scattered,  persistent. 

Cones  pendulous;  leaves  jointed  to  short  persistent  sterigmata. 

Leaves  tetragonal,  sessile.  3.  Picea. 

Leaves  flat,  short-petioled.  4.    Tsuga. 

Cones  erect;  sterigmata  inconspicuous  or  none.  5.  Abies. 

;Scales  of  the  cone  few  (3-12);  leaf -buds  naked. 

Cone-scales  spiral,  thick;  leaves  deciduous.  6.   Taxodium. 

Cone-scales  opposite;  leaves  persistent. 

Cone  oblong,  its  scales  not  peltate.  7.   Thuja. 

Cone  globose,  its  scales  peltate.  8.  Cliamaecyparis. 

Fruit  fleshy,  berry-like,  a  modified  cone.  9.  Jnniperiis. 


50  PINACEAE. 

i.  PINUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1000.       1753. 

Evergreen  trees  with  two  kinds  of  leaves,  the  primary  ones  linear  or  scale-like,  decidu- 
ous, the  secondary  ones  forming  the  ordinary  foliage,  narrowly  linear,  arising  from  the  axils 
of  the  former  in  fascicles  of  2-5  (rarely  solitary  in  some  western  species),  subtended  by  the 
bud-scales,  some  of  which  are  united  to  form  a  sheath.  Staminate  aments  borne  at  the 
bases  of  shoots  of  the  season,  the  clusters  of  stamens  spirally  arranged,  each  in  the  axil  of 
a  minute  scale ;  filaments  very  short ;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovule-bearing  aments  solitary  or  clustered,  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  com- 
posed of  numerous  imbricated  minute  bracts,  each  with  an  ovule-bearing  scale  in  its  axil, 
ripening  into  a  large  cone,  which  matures  the  following  autumn,  its  scales  elongating  and 
becoming  woody.  Seeds  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  winged  above,  the  testa  crustaceous. 
[Name  Celtic.] 

Leaves  5  in  a  sheath;  cone-scales  little  thickened  at  the  tip.  i.  P.  Strobus. 

Leaves  2-3  in  a  sheath ;  cone-scales  much  thickened  at  the  tip. 
Cones  terminal  or  subterminal. 

Leaves  2  in  a  sheath;  cones  i }4'-2^' long,  their  scales  pointless.  2.  P.  resinosa. 

Leaves  3  in  a  sheath;  cones  4'-io'  long,  their  scales  prickle-tipped. 

Cones  light,  6'-io'  long;  leaves  10  -16'  long.  3.  P.  palustris. 

Cones  very  heavy  and  woody,  4'-6'  long;  leaves  s'-io'  long.  4.  P.  ponderosa. 

Cones  lateral. 

Cone-scales  with  neither  spine  nor  prickle;  leaves  in  2's.  5.  P.  divaricala. 

Cone-scales  tipped  with  a  spine  or  prickle. 
Leaves  some  or  all  of  them  in  2's. 

Cones  i  Vz  -2%'  long,  their  scales  tipped  with  prickles. 

Leaves  stout,  i  M '-2 M' long.  6.  P.   Virginiana. 

Leaves  slender,  3' -5'  long.  7.  P.  echinata. 

Cones  3^'-s'  long,  their  scales  tipped  with  very  stout  short  spines. 

8.  P.  pungens. 
Leaves  in  3's  (very  rarely  some  in  2's  or  4's). 

Leaves  6' -10' long;  old  sheaths  6"-io"  long;  cones  oblong-conic.    9.  P.   Taeda. 
Leaves  3' -5'  long;  old  sheaths  3" -6"  long;  cones  ovoid.  10.  P.  rigida. 


i.  Pinus  Strobus  ~L,.     White  Pine.     Weymouth  Pine.     (Fig.  no.) 

Pinus  Strobus  L.  Sp.  PI.  1001.      1753. 

A  large  fprest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum 
height  of  175°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  ioj^°, 
the  bark  nearly  smooth  except  when  old,  the 
branches  horizontal,  verticillate.  Leaves  5 
in  a  sheath,  very  slender,  pale  green  and  glau- 
cous, s'-s'  long,  with  a  single  fibre-vascular 
bundle,  the  dorsal  side  devoid  of  stomata  ;  sheath 
loose,  deciduous ;  ovule-bearing  aments  ter- 
minal, peduncled ;  cones  subterminal,  droop- 
ing, cylindric,  often  slightly  curved,  4/-6/  long, 
about  \'  thick  when  the  scales  are  closed,  re- 
sinous ;  scales  but  slightly  thickened  at  the 
apex,  obtuse  and  rounded  or  nearly  truncate, 
without  a  terminal  spine  or  prickle. 

In  woods,  often  forming  dense  forests,  Newfound- 
land to  Manitoba,  south  along  the  Alleghenies  to 
Georgia  and  to  Illinois  and  Iowa.  Ascends  to  4300 
ft.  in  North  Carolina  and  to  2500  ft.  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks.  Wood  light  brown  or  nearly  white,  soft, 
compact,  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  timbers; 
weight  per  cubic  foot,  24  Ibs.  June. 


PINE  FAMILY.     CONIFERS 


2.     Pinus  resinosa  Ait.     Canadian 
Pine.   Red  Pine.      (Fig.  in.) 

Pinus  resinosa  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  367.      1789. 

A  tall  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height 
of  about  150°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5°,  the 
the  bark  reddish,  rather  smooth,  flaky  when 
old.  Leaves  2  in  each  sheath,  slender,  dark 
green,  &,'-£>'  long,  with  2  fibro-vascular  bundles  ; 
sheaths  6//-i2//  long  when  young;  staminate 
aments  6//-g//  long ;  cones  subterminal,  spread- 
ing, oval-conic,  I  ^'-2^'  long,  usually  less  than 
ir  thick  while  the  scales  are  closed ;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  rounded  and 
devoid  of  spine  or  prickle. 

In  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania  and  Minnesota.  Wood 
compact,  not  strong,  light  red;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  30  Ibs.  May-June. 


3.  Pinus  palustris  Mill.     Long-leaved  Pine.     Georgia  Pine.      (Fig.  112.) 

Pinus  palustris  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  14.      1768. 
Pinus  australis  Michx.   f.    Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i:  64.   pi.  6. 

1810. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  attaining  a  height  of  100° 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5°,  the  bark  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  in  3's,  slender,  dark  green,  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  much  elongated  (io/-i6/  long), 
with  2  fibro-vascular  bundles;  sheaths  I'-ift'  long; 
buds  long ;  staminate  aments  rose-purple,  2/-3^/  long, 
very  conspicuous ;  cones  terminal,  spreading  or  erect, 
conic -cylindric,  6/-io/  long,  2/-3/  thick  before  the 
scales  open  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex,  which  is 
provided  with  a  transverse  ridge  bearing  a  short  cen- 
tral recurved  prickle. 

In  sandy,  mostly  dry  soil,  often  forming  extensive  for- 
ests, southern  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly  near 
the  coast.  Wood  hard,  strong,  compact,  light  red  or 
orange;  weight  per  cubic  foot  44  Ibs.  This  tree  is  the 
chief  source  of  our  turpentine,  tar,  rosin,  and  their  deriva- 
tives. Also  known  as  Southern  Pine,  Yellow  Pine,  Hard 
Pine  and  Virginia  Pine.  March-April. 

4.    Pinus  ponderosa  Dougl.      Western  Yel- 
low Pine.     (Fig.  113.) 

Pinus  ponderosa  Dougl.  Lawson's  Man.  354.      1836. 

One  of  the  largest  North  American  trees,  attaining 
a  maximum  height  of  nearly  300°  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  15°,  but  commonly  much  smaller.  Branches 
widely  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping  ;  bark  light 
red,  scaly  ;  leaves  in  3*3  (rarely  some  of  them  in  2's), 
rather  stout,  s'-io'  long,  slightly  scabrous ;  cones 
subterminal,  very  dense  and  heavy,  ovoid-conic, 
4/-6/  long,  i)4/-2)4/  thick;  scales  much  thickened  at 
the  apex,  the  transverse  ridge  prominent,  with  a 
triangular  subulate  short  stout  recurved  prickle. 

Montana  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  western  Ne- 
braska, Texas,  Mexico  and  California;  the  shorter-leaved 
eastern  form  which  reaches  our  area  has  been  distin- 
guished from  the  western  as  var.  scopulorum.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  light  red ;  weight  per  cubic  foot  29  Ibs.  One  of  the 
most  important  lumber-trees  of  the  west.  April-May. 


PINACEAE. 


5.    Pinus  divaricata    (Ait.)  Sudvv.     Labra- 
dor Pine.   Gray  Pine.      (Fig.  114.) 

Pinus  sylvestris  var.  divaricata  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  366. 

1789. 

Pinus  Banksiana  Lamb.  Pinus,  i:  7.  pi.  j.     1803. 
Pinus  divaricata  Sudw.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  44.       1893. 

A  slender  tree,  usually  40°  -60°  high,  but  sometimes 
reaching  100°,  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3^°,  the 
branches  spreading,  the  bark  becoming  flaky.  Leaves 
in  2's,  stout,  stiff,  more  or  less  curved,  spreading  or 
oblique,  light  green,  crowded  along  the  branches,  sel- 
dom over  ix  long  ;  fibro-vascular  bundles  2  ;  cones 
commonly  very  numerous,  lateral,  oblong-conic,  usu- 
ally upwardly  curved,  i/-2/  long,  9//-i5//  thick  when 
mature  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  end,  the  transverse 
ridge  a  mere  line  with  a  minute  central  point  in  place 
of  spine  or  prickle  at  maturity;  young  scales  spiny- 
tipped. 

In  sandy  soil,  sometimes  forming  extensive  forests,  New  Brunswick  to  Hudson  Bay  and  the 
Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Maine,  northern  New  York,  northern  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  Wood 
soft,  weak,  compact,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  27  Ibs.  Also  called  Hudson  Bay  Pine  and 
Northern  Scrub  Pine.  May-June. 

6.  Pinus  Virginiana   Mill.     Jersey   Pine. 
Scrub  Pine.     (Fig.  115.) 

Pinus  Virginiana  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  9.      1768. 
Pinus  inops  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  367.      1789. 

A  slender  tree,  usually  small,  but  sometimes  at- 
taining a  height  of  110°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°, 
the  old  bark  dark  colored,  flaky,  the  branches 
spreading  or  drooping.  Leaves  in  2's,  dark  green, 
rather  stout  and  stiff,  spreading  when  old,  iX/~2^/ 
long,  with  2  fibro-vascular  bundles  ;  young  sheaths 
rarely  more  than  2^/x  long  ;  cones  commonly  few, 
lateral,  recurved  when  young,  spreading  when  old, 
oblong-conic,  i%.'-2%'  long,  their  scales  somewhat 
thickened  at  the  apex,  the  low  transverse  ridge 
with  a  short  central  more  or  less  recurved  prickle. 

In  sandy  soil,  Long  Island,  New  York  to  South  Caro- 
lina, west  to  southern  Indiana  and  Kentucky,  some- 
times forming  forests.  Ascends  to  3300  ft.  in  Virginia. 
Wood  soft,  weak,  brittle,  light  orange;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  33  Ibs.  April-May. 

7.  Pinus  echinata  Mill.     Yellow  Pine.      Spruce  Pine.     (Fig.  116.  ) 

Pinus  echinata  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  12.      1768. 
Pinus  mitis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  204.      1803. 

A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4}4°,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, the  old  bark  rough  in  plates.  Leaves  some  in 
2's,  some  in  3's,  slender,  not  stiff,  dark  green,  3'-5' 
long,  spreading  when  mature  ;  fibro-vascular  bundles 
2  ;  young  sheaths  5//-8//  long  ;  cones  lateral,  oblong- 
conic,  about  2/  long,  usually  less  than  i'  thick  when 
the  scales  are  closed  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex, 
marked  with  a  prominent  transverse  ridge  and  armed 
with  a  slender  small  nearly  straight  early  deciduous 
prickle. 

In  sandy  soil,  southern  New  York  to  Florida,  west  to 
Illinois,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Wood  heavy,  strong,  orange; 
one  of  the  most  valuable  timbers;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
38  Ibs.  Also  called  Short-leaved  Pine  and  Bull  Pine. 
May-June. 


PINE  FAMILY.     CONIFERS. 


53 


8.  Firms  pungens  Michx.  f.    Table- Mountain  Pine.   Hickory  Pine.  (Fig.  117.) 

Finns  pungens  Michx.  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i:  61.    pi.  5. 
1810. 

A  tree  with  a  maximum  height  of  about  60°  and 
trunk  diameter  of  3}4°,  the  branches  spreading,  the 
old  rough  bark  in  flakes.  Leaves  mostly  in  2's, 
some  in  3*3,  stout  and  stiff,  light  green,  2^/-4/ 
long,  crowded  on  the  twigs  ;  fibro-vascular  bundles 
2  ;  young  sheaths  5//-8//  long  ;  cones  lateral,  usu- 
ally clustered,  long-persistent  on  the  branches, 
ovoid,  3^/~5/  l°nR>  2/-3/  thick  while  the  scales  are 
closed,  nearly  globular  when  these  are  expanded  ; 
scales  very  thick  and  woody,  their  ends  with  a  large 
elevated  transverse  ridge,  centrally  tipped  by  a  stout 
reflexed  or  spreading  spine  2//-2}4//  long. 

In  woods,  sometimes  forming  forests,  western  New 
Jersey  and  central  Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina. 
Wood  soft,  weak,  brittle,  light  brown  ;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  31  Ibs.  May. 

9.  Pinus  Taeda  L.     Loblolly  Pine.     Old-field  Pine.     (Fig.   118.) 

Pinus  Taeda  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1000.      1753. 

A  large  forest  tree,  reaching  under  favorable  con- 
ditions, a  height  of  150°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
5°,  the  branches  spreading,  the  bark  thick  and 
rugged,  flaky  in  age.  Leaves  in  3's  (rarely  some 
of  them  in  2's),  slender,  not  stiff,  light  green,  as- 
cending or  at  length  spreading,  6/-io/  long  ;  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  2  ;  sheaths  S//-i2//  long  when 
young  ;  cones  lateral,  spreading,  oblong-conic,  3/-5/ 
long,  I'-i^'  thick  before  the  scales  open  ;  scales 
thickened  at  the  apex,  the  transverse  ridge  promi- 
nent, acute,  tipped  with  a  central  short  triangular 
reflexed-spreading  spine. 

Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly  near  the  coast, 
north  through  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Arkansas. 
Wood  not  strong,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown; 
weight  per  cubic  foot  34  Ibs.  Springs  up  in  old 
fields  or  in  clearings.  Also  called  Frankincense  Pine. 
April-May. 


10.  Pinus  rigida  Mill.     Pitch  Pine. 

Pinus  rigida  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  10.      1768. 

A  forest  tree  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
80°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, the  old  bark  rough,  furrowed,  flaky  in  strips. 
Leaves  in  3*3  (very  rarely  some  in  4's),  stout  and  stiff, 
rather  dark  green,  $'-$'  long,  spreading  when  mature  ; 
fibro-vascular  bundles  2  ;  sheaths  4//-6//  long  when 
young;  cones  lateral,  ovoid,  i^/~3/  long,  becoming 
nearly  globular  when  the  scales  open,  commonly 
numerous  and  clustered  ;  scales  thickened  at  the  apex, 
the  transverse  ridge  acute,  provided  with  a  stout  cen- 
tral triangular  recurved-spreading  prickle. 

In  dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Georgia, 
west  to  southern  Ontario,  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 
Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  This  forms  most  of  the 
"pine  barrens"  of  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey.  Wood 
soft,  brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  reddish-brown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  32  Ibs.  Also  called  Sap  Pine  and  Candle- 
wood  Pine;  produces  numerous  shoots  from  cut  stumps. 
April-May. 


Torch  Pine.     (Fig.  119.) 


54 


PINACEAE. 


2.  LARIX  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  480.       1763. 

Tall  trees  with  horizontal  or  ascending  branches  and  small  narrowly  linear  deciduous 
leaves,  without  sheaths,  in  fascicles  on  short  lateral  scaly  bud-like  branchlets.  Aments 
short,  lateral,  monoecious,  the  staminate  from  leafless  buds ;  the  ovule-bearing  buds  com- 
monly leafy  at  the  base  and  the  aments  red.  Anther  sacs  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  or 
obliquely  dehiscent.  Pollen-grains  simple.  Cones  ovoid  or  cylindric,  small,  erect,  their 
scales  thin,  spirally  arranged,  obtuse,  persistent.  Ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  ripen- 
ing into  2  reflexed  somewhat  winged  seeds.  [Name  ancient,  probably  Celtic.] 

About  9  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  subarctic  zones.  Besides  the  following  2 
others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

i.  Larix  laricina  (Du  Roi)  Koch.     Ameri- 
can Larch.     Tamarack      (Fig.  120.) 

Pinus  laricina  Du  Roi,  Obs.  Bot.  49.      1771. 
Pimis  pendula  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  369.      1789. 
Larix  Americana  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  203.      1803. 
Larix  laricina  Koch,  Dendrol.  2:  Part  2,  263.      1873. 

A  slender  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  branches 
spreading,  the  bark  close  or  at  length  slightly  scaly. 
Leaves  pale  green,  numerous  in  the  fascicles,  $"- 
\i"  long,  about  ]^"  wide,  deciduous  in  late  autumn; 
fascicles  borne  on  short  lateral  branchlets  about  2X/ 
long  ;  cones  short-peduncled  at  the  ends  of  similar 
branchlets,  ovoid,  obtuse,  6//-8//  long,  composed  of 
about  12  suborbicular  thin  scales,  their  margins 
entire  or  slightly  lacerate. 

In  swampy  woods  and  about  margins  of  lakes,  New- 
foundland to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania,  Indiana  and  Minnesota.  Wood  hard, 
strong',  very  durable,  resinous,  light  brown;  weight  per 
cubic  ft.  39  Ibs.  Called  also  Hackmatack.  March- April. 

3.  PICEA  Link,  Abh.  Akad.  Wiss.  Berlin,  1827  :  179.       1827-1830. 

Evergreen  conical  trees,  with  linear  short  4-sided  leaves  spreading  in  all  directions, 
jointed  at  the  base  to  short  persistent  sterigmata,  on  which  they  are  sessile,  falling  away  in 
drying,  the  bare  twigs  appearing  covered  with  low  truncate  projections.  Leaf-buds  scaly. 
Staminate  aments  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent, 
the  connective  prolonged  into  an  appendage;  pollen-grains  compound;  ovule-bearing  aments, 
terminal,  ovoid  or  oblong;  ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  reflexed,  ripening  into  2  more  or 
less  winged  seeds.  Cones  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  pendulous,  their  scales  numerous,  spirally 
arranged,  thin,  obtuse,  persistent.  [Name  ancient.] 

About  14  species,  natives  of  the  north  temp8rate  and  subarctic  zones. 
3  others  occur  in  the  northwestern  parts  of  North  America. 
Twigs  and  sterigmata  glabrous,  glaucous;  cones  oblong-cylindric. 
Twigs  pubescent,  brown;  cones  ovoid  or  oval. 

Twigs  stout;  leaves  mucronate;  cones  persistent. 

Twigs  slender;  leaves  very  acute;  cones  deciduous. 

i.  Picea    Canadensis     Mill.)    B.S.P. 
White  Spruce.     (Fig.  121.) 

Abies  Canadensis  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  4.     1768. 

Finns  alba  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  371.      1789. 

Abies  alba  Michx.   Fl.   Bor.  Am.  2:  207.      1803.      Not 

Mill.  1768. 

Picea  alba  Link,  Linnaea,  15:  519.      1841. 
Picea  Canadensis  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  71.      1888. 

A  slender  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  150°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  but  usually 
much  smaller.  Twigs  and  sterigmata  glabrous, 
pale  and  glaucous;  leaves  light  green,  slender,  6"- 
§"  long,  very  acute  ;  cones  cylindric  or  oblong- 
cylindric,  pale,  i^4/-2/  long,  6//-S//  thick  before  the 
scales  open  ;  scales  almost  membranaceous,  their 
margins  usually  quite  entire;  bracts  incised. 

Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska,  south  to 
Maine,  northern  New  York,  Michigan,  the  Black  Hills, 
Montana  and  British  Columbia.  Wood  soft,  weak,  light 
yellow;  weight  per  cubic  foot  25  Ibs.  April-May. 


Besides  the  following, 

1.  P.  Canadensis. 

2.  P.  Mariana. 

3.  P.  rubra. 


PINE   FAMILY.     CONIFERS. 


55 


2.    Picea  Mariana  (Mill.)  B.S.P.     Black  Spruce.      (Fig.  122.) 


Abies  Mariana  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  5. 

1768. 

Pintis  nigra  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  370.  1789. 
Abies  nigra  Desf.  Hist.  Arb.  2:  580.  1809. 
Picea  nigra  Link,  Linnaea,  15:  520.  1841. 
Picea  Mariana  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  71. 

1888. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  90°  high,  the 
trunk  .  reaching  a  diameter  of  2°-3°,  the 
branches  spreading,  the  bark  only  slightly 
roughened.  Twigs  stout,  pubescent ;  ster- 
igmata  pubescent ;  leaves  thickly  covering 
the  twigs,  deep  green,  stout,  straight  or 
curved,  rarely  more  than  ]/?,'  long,  obtuse  or 
merely  mucronate  at  the  apex  ;  cones  oval  or 
ovoid,  i'-\l/2f  long,  persistent  on  the  twigs 
for  two  or  more  seasons,  their  scales  with  en- 
tire or  merely  erose  margins. 

Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  the 
Northwest  Territory,  south  to  New  Jersey, 
along  the  higher  Alleghenies  to  North  Caro- 
lina and  to  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  Wood 
soft,  weak,  pale  red  or  nearly  white  ;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  28  Ibs.  May-June. 


Picea  rubra  (Lamb.)  Link. 
Spruce.     (Fig.  123.) 


Red 


Pinus  rubra  Lamb.  Pinus,  i:  43.   pi.  28.     1803. 
Picea  rubra  Link,  Linnaea,  15:  521.       1841. 
Picea  nigra  var.   rubra  JJngelm.  Gard.  Chron. 

(n.)  11:334.    1879. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  reaching  a 
height  of  100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4°, 
the  branches  spreading,  the  bark  reddish, 
nearly  smooth.  Twigs  slender,  sparingly 
pubescent ;  sterigmata  glabrate  ;  leaves  light 
green,  slender,  straight  or  sometimes  in- 
curved, very  acute  at  the  apex,  5"-&"  long; 
cones  ovoid  or  oval,  seldom  more  than 
i'  long,  deciduous  at  the  end  of  the  first 
season  or  during  the  winter,  their  scales  un- 
dulate, lacerate,  or  a-lobed. 

Nova  Scotia  to  northern  New  York  and  along 
the  higher  Alleghenies  to  southern  Virginia. 
Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  Wood 
similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species.  May- 
June. 

4.  TSUGA  Carr.  Trait.  Conif.  185.       1855. 

Evergreen  trees  with  slender  horizontal  or  drooping  branches,  flat  narrowly  linear 
scattered  short-petioled  leaves,  spreading  and  appearing  2-ranked,  jointed  to  very  short 
•sterigmata  and  falling  away  in  drying.  Leaf-buds  scaly.  Staminate  aments  axillary,  short 
or  subglobose;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehiscent,  the  connective  slightly  pro- 
duced beyond  them ;  pollen-grains  simple.  Ovule-bearing  aments  terminal,  the  scales 
about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  each  bearing  2  reflexed  ovules  on  its  base.  Cones  small,  ovoid 
or  oblong,  pendulous,  their  scales  scarcely  woody,  obtuse,  persistent.  Seeds  somewhat 
winged.  [Name  Japanese.] 

About  7  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  2  in  northwestern  North  America,  2  or 
3  Asiatic. 

Cones  6"-io"  long,  their  scales  remaining  appressed.  i.    T.  Canadensis. 

Cones  i'-iK'  long,  their  scales  widely  spreading  at  maturity.  2.    T.   Caroliniana. 


PINACEAE. 


i.  Tsuga   Canadensis  (L. )   Carr. 
Hemlock.      (Fig.  124.) 

Pinus  Canadensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1421.     1763. 
Abies  Canadensis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  206. 

1803. 
Tsuga  Canadensis  Carr.  Trait.  Conif.  189.     1855. 

A  tall  forest  tree,  sometimes  110°  high, 
the  trunk  reaching  4°  in  diameter,  the  lower 
branches  somewhat  drooping,  the  old  bark 
flaky  in  scales.  Foliage  dense ;  leaves  ob- 
tuse, flat,  6//~9//  long,  less  than  \"  wide, 
dark  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  petiole 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  width  of 
the  blade  ;  cones  oblong,  obtuse,  as  long  as 
or  slightly  longer  than  the  leaves,  their 
scales  suborbicular, obtuse,  minutely  lacerate 
or  entire,  not  widely  spreading  at  maturity. 

Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Delaware, 
along  the  Alleghenies  to  Alabama  and  to  Michi- 
gan and  Wisconsin.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  the 
Adirondacks.  One  of  the  most  ornamental  of 
evergreens  when  young.  Wood  soft,  weak, 
brittle,  coarse-grained,  light  brown  or  nearly 
white ;  weight  per  cubic  foot  26  Ibs.  Bark  much 
used  in  tanning.  April-May. 


2.    Tsuga   Caroliniana   Engelm. 
Carolina  Hemlock.     (Fig.  125.) 

Tsuga  Caroliniana  Engelm.  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  6:: 
223.      1881. 

Abies  Caroliniana  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  Ed.  2, 
650.      1883. 

A  forest  tree  attaining  a  maximum  height 
of  about  80°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4°,  the 
lower  branches  drooping.  Leaves  narrowly 
linear,  obtuse,  rather  light  green  above, 
nearly  white  beneath,  7//-io//  long,  the  peti- 
ole nearly  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  blade  ; 
cones  \f-\]i'  long,  the  scales  firm  but 
scarcely  woody,  oblong,  obtuse,  widely 
spreading  at  maturity. 

Southwestern  Virginia  to  South  Carolina  in- 
the  Alleghenies.  Wood  soft,  weak,  brittle,  light 
brown  ;  weight  per  cubic  foot  about  27  Ibs.  A 
more  graceful  and  beautiful  tree  than  the  pre- 
ceding at  maturity.  Ascends  to  4200  ft.  in  North 
Carolina.  April. 

5.    ABIES  Juss.  Gen.  414.       1789. 

Evergreen  trees  with  linear  flat  scattered  sessile  leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear 
2-ranked,  but  in  reality  spirally  arranged,  not  jointed  to  sterigmata,  and  commonly  quite 
persistent  in  drying,  the  naked  twigs  marked  by  the  flat  scars  of  their  bases.  Stam- 
inate  aments  axillary;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehiscent,  the  connective  pro- 
longed into  a  short  knob  or  point ;  pollen-grains  compound.  Ovule-bearing  aments  lateral, 
erect ;  ovules  2  on  the  base  of  each  scale,  reflexed,  the  scale  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the 
thin  or  papery,  mucronate  or  aristate  bract.  Cones  erect,  subcylindric  or  ovoid,  their  scales 
deciduous  from  the  persistent  axis,  orbicular  or  broader,  obtuse.  [Ancient  name  of  the 
firs.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  chiefly  in  boreal  and  mountainous- 
regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America  and  i 
in  Mexico. 

Bracts  serrulate,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  scales.  i.  A.  balsamea. 

Bracts  aristate,  reflexed,  longer  than  the  scales.  2.  A.  Fraseri. 


PINE   FAMILY.     CONIFERS. 
i.  Abies  balsamea  (I,.)  Mill.     Balsam  Fir.     (Fig.  126.) 


57 


2.    Abies   Fraseri   (Pursh)   L/indl. 
Fraser's  Balsam  Fir.     (Fig.  127.) 

Pinus  Fraseri  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  639.      1814. 
Abies  Fraseri  Lindl.  Penny  Cycl.  i:  30.      1833. 

A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  size 
about  that  of  the  preceding  species,  the 
smooth  bark  bearing  similar  resin  "  blisters. " 
Leaves,  especially  the  younger,  conspicu- 
ously whitened  beneath,  5//-io// long,  nearly 
i//  wide,  emarginate  or  some  of  them  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex  ;  cones  oblong-cylindric  or 
ovoid-cylindric,  2/~3/  high,  about  \'  thick, 
their  scales  rhomboid,  much  broader  than 
high,  rounded  at  the  apex,  much  shorter 
than  the  papery  bracts,  which  are  reflexed, 
their  summits  emarginate,  serrulate  and 
aristate. 

On  the  high  Alleghenies  of  southwestern  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Wood 
similar  to  that  of  the  northern  species,  but 
slightly  lighter  in  weight.  May. 


Finns  balsamea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1002.      1753. 
Abies  balsamea  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  3, 
1768. 

A  slender  forest  tree  attaining  a  maximum 
height  of  about  90°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of 
3°,  usually  much  smaller  and  on  mountain 
tops  and  in  high  arctic  regions  reduced  to  a 
low  shrub.  Bark  smooth,  warty  with  resin 
"blisters."  Leaves  fragrant  in  drying,  less 
than  \"  wide,  6//-io//  long,  obtuse,  dark 
green  above,  paler  beneath  or  the  youngest 
conspicuously  whitened  on  the  lower  surface ; 
cones  cylindric,  2'-^'  long,  g//-i5//  thick, 
upright,  arranged  in  rows  on  the  upper  side 
of  the  branches,  violet  or  purplish  when 
young  ;  bracts  obovate,  serrulate,  mucronate, 
shorter  than  the  broad  rounded  scales. 

Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Massa- 
chusetts, Pennsylvania,  along  the  Alleghenies  to- 
Virginia  and  to  Michigan  and  Minnesota.  As- 
cends to  5000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  Wood 
soft  and  weak,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  24  Ibs.  Canada  balsam  is  derived  from  the 
resinous  exudations  of  the  trunk.  May-June. 


6.    TAXODIUM  L.  C.  Rich.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  16:  298.       1810. 

Tall  trees  with  horizontal  or  drooping  branches,  and  alternate  spirally  arranged  sessile 
linear  or  scale-like  leaves,  deciduous  in  our  species,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked, 
some  of  the  twigs  commonly  deciduous  in  autumn.  Leaf-buds  naked.  Staminate  ainents 
very  numerous,  globose,  in  long  terminal  drooping  panicled  spikes,  appearing  before  the 
leaves  ;  anthers  2-5-celled,  the  sacs  2-valved.  Ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid,  in  small  terminal 
clusters,  their  scales  few,  bractless,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules  on  its  base.  Cones  globose 
or  nearly  so,  the  scales  thick  and  woody,  rhomboid,  fitting  closely  together  by  their  mar- 
gins, each  marked  with  a  triangular  scar  at  its  base.  Seeds  large,  sharply  triangular- 
pyramidal.  [Name  Greek,  referring  to  the  yew-like  leaves.] 

Three  known  species,  the  following  of  southeastern  North  America,  one  Mexican,  one  Chinese. 


PINACEAE. 


i.    Taxodium  distichum  (I,.)  L.  C.  Rich.     Bald  Cypress.      (Fig.  128.) 

Cupressus  disticha  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1003.      1753. 
Taxodium  distichum  I,.  C.  Rich.  Ann.  Mus. Paris,  16: 
298.      1810. 

A  large  forest  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height 
of  about  150°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  14°,  the  old 
bark  flaky  in  thin  strips.  Leaves  narrowly  linear, 
flat,  thin,  5//-io//  long,  }/2"  or  less  wide,  rather 
light  green,  acute,  those  on  some  of  the  flowering 
branches  smaller,  scale-like ;  cones  globose  or 
slightly  longer  than  thick,  pendent  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  very  compact,  about  i/  in  diameter ; 
surfaces  of  the  scales  irregularly  rugose  above  the 
inversely  triangular  scar  ;  seeds  4//-5//  long. 

In  swamps  and  along  rivers,  Delaware  (possibly  in 
southern  New  Jersey)  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas,  north 
in  the  Mississippi  Valley  region  to  southern  Indiana, 
Missouri  and  Arkansas.  Wood  soft,  not  strong,  brown, 
very  durable;  weight  per  cubic  foot  27  Ibs.  The  roots 
develop  upright  conic  "  knees  "  sometimes  4°  high  and 
i°  thick.  March-April. 

7.    THUJA  L.  Sp.  PL   1002.       1753. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  frond-like  foliage,  the  leaves  small  or  minute,  scale-like, 
appressed,  imbricated,  opposite,  4-ranked,  those  of  the  ultimate  branchlets  mostly  obtuse, 
those  of  some  of  the  larger  twigs  acute  or  subulate.  Aments  monoecious,  both  kinds  ter- 
minal, the  staminate  globose ;  anthers  opposite,  2-4-celled,  the  sacs  globose,  2-valved. 
Ovule-bearing  aments  ovoid  or  oblong,  small,  their  scales  opposite,  each  bearing  2  (rarely 
2-5)  erect  ovules.  Cones  ovoid  or  oblong,  mostly  spreading  or  recurved,  their  scales 
6-10,  coriaceous,  opposite,  not  peltate,  dry,  spreading  when  mature.  Seeds  oblong,  broadly 
or  narrowly  winged  or  wingless.  [Name  ancient.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  eastern  Asia.  Besides  the  following-,  another 
occurs  from  Idaho  and  Oregon  to  Alaska. 

i.  Thuja  occidentalis  L.    White  Cedar. 

Arbor  Vitae.      (Fig.  129.) 
Thuja  occidentalis  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1002.      1753. 

A  conical  tree,  reaching  a  height  of  65°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  5°,  the  old  bark  deciduous  in 
ragged  strips.  Scale-like  leaves  of  the  ultimate 
brauchlets  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse,  i//-ij^// 
broad,  the  two  lateral  rows  keeled,  the  two  other 
rows  flat,  causing  the  twigs  to  appear  much 
flattened  ;  leaves  of  the  older  twigs  narrower  and 
longer,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  mature  cones  4//-6// 
long,  their  scales  obtuse  ;  seeds  broadly  winged. 

In  wet  soil  and  along  the  banks  of  streams,  form- 
ing almost  impenetrable  forests  northward,  New 
Brunswick  to  James'  Bay  and  Manitoba,  south  to 
New  Jersey,  along  the  Alleghenies  to  North  Caro- 
lina and  to  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  Ascends  to 
3500  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  Wood  soft,  brittle, 
weak,  coarse-grained,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  20  Ibs.  May-June. 

8.  CHAMAECYPARIS  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  ii:  329.      1842. 

Evergreen  trees,  similar  to  the  Thujas,  with  minute  opposite  appressed  4-ranked 
scale-like  leaves,  or  those  of  older  twigs  subulate,  and  small  monoecious  terminal  aments. 
Staminate  aments  as  in  Thuja,  but  the  filaments  broader  and  shield-shaped.  Ovule-bearing 
ameuts  globose,  their  scales  opposite,  psltate,  each  bearing  2-5  erect  ovules.  Cones  glo- 
bose, the  scales  thick,  peltate,  each  bearing  2-5  erect  seeds,  closed  until  mature,  each  with 
a  central  point  or  knob.  Seeds  winged.  [Greek,  meaning  a  low  cypress.  ] 

About  7  species,  the  following  of  the  eastern  United  States,  2  in  western  North  America.  3  or  4 
Japanese. 


PINE   FAMILY.      CONIFERS. 


59 


i.  Chamaecyparis  thyoides  (L/. )  B.S.P.     Southern  White  Cedar. 

(Fig.  130.) 

Cupressus  thyoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  1003.      1753. 
Chamaecyparis  sphaeroidea  Spach,  Hist.  Veg.  n:  331. 

1842. 
Chamaecyparis  thyoides   B.S.P.    Prel.   Cat.  N.  Y.  71. 

1888. 

A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of 
about  90°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4)4°.  Leaves  of 
the  ultimate  branchlets  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  l/i'f 
wide,  those  of  the  lateral  rows  keeled,  those  of  the 
vertical  rows  slightly  convex,  each  with  a  minute 
round  discoid  marking  on  the  centre  of  the  back, 
those  of  the  older  twigs  narrower  and  longer,  subu- 
late ;  cones  about  3//  in  diameter,  blue,  each  of 
their  closely  fitting  scales  with  a  small  central 
point ;  seeds  narrowly  winged. 

In  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  northern  New  Jersey, 
south  to  Florida  and  Mississippi,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
Wood  soft,  weak,  close-grained,  light  brown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  21  Ibs.  April-May. 


9.  JUNIPERUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1038.       1753. 

,  Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  subulate  or  scale-like,  sessile 
leaves,  commonly  of  2  kinds,  and  dioecious  or  sometimes  monoecious,  small  globose  axil- 
lary or  terminal  aments.  Leaf-buds  naked.  Staminate  aments  oblong  or  ovoid;  anthers 
2-6-celled,  each  sac  2-valved.  Ovule-bearing  aments  of  a  few  opposite  somewhat  fleshy 
•scales,  or  these  rarely  verticillate  in  3*3,  each  bearing  a  single  erect  ovule  or  rarely  2.  Cones 
globose,  berry-like  by  the  coalescence  of  the  fleshy  scales,  containing  1-6  wingless  bony 
-seeds.  [Name  Celtic.] 

About  30  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  some  of  them  extending  into  tropical  re- 
gions.    Besides  the  following,  4  or  5  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Leaves  all  subulate,  prickly  pointed,  verticillate;  aments  axillary. 

Small  erect  tree  or  shrub;  leaves  slender,  mostly  straight.  i.  /.  communis. 

Low  depressed  shrub;  leaves  stouter,  mostly  curved.  2.  J.  nana. 


Leaves  of  2  kinds,  scale-like  and  subulate,  mostly  opposite;  aments  terminal. 


Tree;  fruit  on  short  straight  branches. 

Depressed  shrub;  fruit  on  short  recurved  branches. 


3.  J.    Virginiana. 

4.  J.  Sabina. 


i.  Juniperus  communis  L,.     Juniper.     (Fig.  131.) 


Juniperus  communis  L-  Sp.  PI.  1040.      1753. 

A  low  tree  or  erect  shrub,  sometimes  attaining  a 
height  of  25°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  10',  usually 
•smaller,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  the 
bark  shreddy.  Leaves  all  subulate,  rigid,  spreading, 
or  some  of  the  lower  reflexed,  mostly  straight,  prickly 
pointed,  verticillate  in  3*3,  often  with  smaller  ones  fas- 
cicled in  their  axils,  5//-io//  long,  less  than  i"  wide, 
channeled  and  commonly  whitened  on  the  upper  sur- 
face; aments  axillary;  berry-like  cones  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  dark  blue,  3//-4//  diameter. 

On  dry  hills,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  western  Nebraska 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico.  Ascends 
to  900  ft.  in  Pennsylvania.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
The  fruit  is  used  for  flavoring  gin.  April-May.  Fruit 
ripe  Oct. 


60  PINACEAE. 

2.   Juniperus  nana  Willd.     L,ow  Juniper.      (Fig.  132.) 


Juniperus  Sibirica  Burgsd.  Anleit.  n.  272.      1787.? 
Juniperus  nana  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  854.      1806. 
Juniperus  communis  var.  alpina  Gaud.  Fl.  Helv.  6: 
301.      1830. 

A  depressed  rigid  shrub,  seldom  over  i8x  high, 
forming  circular  patches  often  10°  in  diameter. 
Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
but  stouter,  similarly  channeled  and  often  whitened 
above,  appressed-ascending,  rather  rigid,  spiny 
tipped,  4//-6//  long,  mostly  incurved,  densely 
clothing  the  twigs,  verticillate  in  3*3  ;  aments  axil- 
lary; berry -like  cones  blue,  4//-5//  in  diameter. 

In  dry,  open  places,  Labrador  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Michigan  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado  and  Utah.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  The  characteristic  growth  in  a  de- 
pressed circular  patch  gives  the  plant  a  very  different 
aspect  from  the  true  Juniper.  April-May. 


3.  Juniperus  Virginiana  L.     Red  Cedar.     Savin.     (Fig.  133.) 
Juniperus  Virginiana  L.  Sp.  PI.  1039.      J753- 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5°,  conic  when  young, 
but  the  branches  spreading  in  age  so  that  the  out- 
line becomes  nearly  cylindric.  Leaves  mostly 
opposite,  all  those  of  young  plants  and  commonly 
some  of  those  on  the  older  twigs  of  older  trees 
subulate,  spiny-tipped,  2//-4//  long,  those  of  the 
mature  foliage  scale-like,  acute  or  subacute,  closely 
appressed  and  imbricated,  4-ranked,  causing  the 
twigs  to  appear  quadrangular ;  aments  terminal  ; 
berry-like  cones  light  blue,  glaucous,  about  3X/  in 
diameter,  borne  on  straight  peduncle-like  branch- 
lets  of  less  than  their  own  length,  i-2-seeded. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Florida,  Texas,  northern  Mexico  and  Arizona. 
Also  in  the  West  Indies.  Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in  Vir- 
ginia. Wood  soft,  not  strong,  straight-grained,  com- 
pact, odorous,  red,  the  sap-wood  white;  weight  per 

cubic  foot  31  Ibs. ;  used  in  large  quantities  in  the  manufacture  of  lead  pencils. 
Fruit  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 


April-May, 


4.  Juniperus  Sabina  L,.     Shrubby  Red 
Cedar.      (Fig.  134.) 

Juniperus  Sabina  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1039.      1753. 
Juniperus  Sabina  var.  procumbens  Pursh,   Fl.   Am. 
Sept.  647.      1814. 

A  depressed,  usually  procumbent  shrub,  seldom, 
more  than  4°  high.  Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the 
preceding  species,  those  of  young  plants  and  the 
older  twigs  of  older  plants  subulate,  spiny-tipped,, 
those  of  the  mature  foliage  scale-like,  appressed,. 
4-ranked,  acute  or  acuminate  ;  aments  terminal  ;. 
berry-like  cones  light  blue,  somewhat  glaucous, 
4//-5//  in  diameter,  borne  on  recurved  peduncle- 
like  branchlets  of  less  than  their  own  length, 
i-4-seeded. 

On  banks,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Maine,  northern  New  York,  Minnesota  and  Montana, 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  April-May. 


YEW  FAMILY. 


6l 


Family  2.     TAXACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst  Ed.  2,  316.       1836. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  resin-bearing  except  Taxus.  Leaves  evergreen  or  decid- 
-tious,  linear,  or  in  several  exotic  genera  broad  or  sometimes  fan-shaped,  the 
pollen-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  clusters  or  solitary.  Perianth  wanting. 
-Stamens  much  as  in  the  Pinaceae.  Ovules  with  either  one  or  two  integuments; 
when  two,  the  outer  one  fleshy,  when  only  one,  its  outer  part  fleshy.  Fruit 
drupe-like  or  rarely  a  cone. 

About  8  genera  and  75  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  numerous  in  the  southern 
hemisphere.  The  Maiden-hair  Tree,  Ginkgo  biloba,  of  China  and  Japan, 


is  an  interesting  member  of  the  group,  now  much  planted  for  ornament. 


with  fan-shaped  leaves, 


i.    TAXUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1040.       1753. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs,  with  spirally  arranged  short-petioled  linear  flat  mucronate 
leaves,  spreading  so  as  to  appear  2-ranked,  and  axillary  and  solitary,  sessile  or  subsessile 
very  small  ameuts;  staminate  aments  consisting  of  a  few  scaly  bracts  and  5-8  stamens,  their 
filaments  united  to  the  middle  ;  anthers  4-6-celled.  Ovules  solitary,  axillary,  erect,  sub- 
tended by  a  fleshy,  annular  disk,  which  is  bracted  at  the  base.  Fruit  consisting  of  the  fleshy 
disk  which  becomes  cup-shaped,  red,  and  nearly  encloses  the  bony  seed.  [Name  ancient.] 


About  6  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
Florida,  one  in  Mexico  and  one  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 


Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in 


i.    Taxus  minor  (Michx.)  Britton.     American  Yew. 

(Fig.  I35-) 

Taxus  baccata  var.  minor  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 
2:  245.      1803. 

Taxus  Canadensis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  856.      1806. 
Taxus  minor  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  19. 
1893- 

A  low  straggling  shrub,  seldom  over  5° 
high.  Leaves  dark  green  on  both  sides,  nar- 
rowly linear,  mucronate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  6//-io//  long,  nearly  i// 
wide,  persistent  on  the  twigs  in  drying;  the 

•staminate  aments  globose,  i//long,  usually 
numerous;  ovules  usually  few;  fruit  red  and 
pulpy,  resinous,  oblong,  nearly  3/x  high,  the 

-top  of  the  seed  not  covered  by  the  fleshy 
integument. 

In  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south 

-to  New  Jersey,  in  the  Alleghenies  to  Virginia, 
and  to  Minnesota  and  Iowa.  Ascends  to  2500 
ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  April-May.  Very  dif- 
ferent from  the  European  Yew,  T.  baccata,  in 
habit,  the  latter  becoming  a  large  forest  tree,  as 

•  does  the  Oregon  Yew,  T.  brevifolia. 


Ground  Hemlock. 


Class  2.     ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  enclosed  in  a  cavity  (the  ovary)  formed  by  the 
Enfolding  and  uniting  of  the  margins  of  a  modified  rudimentary  leaf  (carpel), 
or  of  several  such  leaves  joined  together,  in  which  the  seeds  are  ripened.  The 
pollen-grains  (microspores)  on  alighting  upon  the  summit  of  the  carpel  (stigma) 
germinate,  sending  out  a  pollen-tube  which  penetrates  its  tissues  and  reaching 
;an  ovule  enters  the  orifice  of  the  latter  (micropyle),  and  its  tip  coming  in 


62 


TYPHACEAE. 


contact  with  a  germ-cell  in  the  embryo-sac,  fertilization  is  effected.      In  a  few 
cases  the  pollen-tube  enters  the  ovule  at  the  chalaza,  not  at  the  micropyle. 
There  are  two  sub-classes,  distinguished  as  follows: 

Cotyledon  one;  stem  endogenous.  Sub-class  i.  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Cotyledons  two;  stem  (with  rare  exceptions)  exogenous.       Sub-class  2.  DICOTYLEDONES. 

Sub-class  i.    MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  of  the  seed  with  but  a  single  cotyledon  and  the  first  leaves  of  the 
germinating  plantlet  alternate.  Stem  composed  of  a  ground-mass  of  soft  tissue 
(parenchyma)  in  which  bundles  of  wood-cells  are  irregularly  imbedded  ;  no 
distinction  into  wood,  pith  and  bark.  Leaves  usually  parallel-veined,  mostly 
alternate  and  entire,  commonly  sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base  and  often  with 
no  distinction  of  blade  and  petiole.  Flowers  mostly  3-merous  or  6-merous. 

Monocotyledonous  plants  are  first  definitely  known  in  Triassic  time.  They  constitute  between 
one-fourth  and  one-third  of  the  living  angiospermous  flora.  The  families  are  grouped  in  about  to- 
orders  (see  Introduction). 


Family  i.     TYPHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fain,  i:  60.       1805.* 

CAT-TAII,  FAMILY. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots  and  glabrous 
erect,  terete  stems.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  ensiform,  striate,  sheathing  at  the  base. 
Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  terminal  spikes,  which  are  subtended 
by  spathaceous,  usually  fugacious  bracts,  and  divided  at  intervals  by  smaller 
bracts,  which  are  caducous,  the  staminate  spikes  uppermost.  Perianth  of  bris- 
tles. Stamens  2-7,  the  filaments  connate.  Ovary  i,  stipitate,  1-2 -celled.  Ovules 
anatropous.  Styles  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Mingled  among  the 
stamens  and  pistils  are  bristly  hairs,  and  among  the  pistillate  flowers  many  sterile 
flowers  with  clavate  tips.  Fruit  nutlike.  Endosperm  copious. 

The  family  comprises  only  the  following  genus: 


i.  TYPHAL.  Sp.  PI.  971. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [  Name  ancient.] 


1753- 


About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  those  here  de- 
scribed, another  occurs  in  California. 

Spikes  dark  brown  or  black,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  usually  contiguous,  the  former  without 
bracelets;  stigmas  spatulate  or  rhomboid;  pollen  4-grained.  i.  T.  latifolia. 

Spikes  light  brown,  the  pistillate  and  staminate  usually  distant,  the  former  with  bractlets;  stigmas 
linear;  pollen  in  simple  grains.  2.  T.  angustifolia. 


i.  Typha  latifolia  I,.     Broad-leaved  Cat- 
tail.    (Fig.  136.) 

Typha  latifolia  I,.  Sp.  PI.  971.      1753. 

Stems  stout,  4°-8°  high.  Leaves  3//-i2//  broad; 
spikes  dark  brown  or  black,  the  staminate  and 
pistillate  portions  usually  contiguous,  each  3/-i2/ 
long  and  often  \f  or  more  in  diameter,  the  pistil- 
late without  bractlets  ;  stigmas  rhomboid  or  spatu- 
late ;  pollen-grains  in  4's  ;  fruit  furrowed,  bursting 
in  water  ;  seeds  with  a  separable  outer  coat. 


In  marshes,  throughout  North  America  except  the 
extreme  north.  Ascends  to  1600  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks 
and  to  2200  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
June-July.  Fruit,  Aug.-Sept. 


*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


CAT-TAIL  FAMILY.  63 

2.  Typha  angustifolia  L.      Narrow-leaved 

Cat-tail.      (Fig.  137.) 

Typha  angustifolia  L,.  Sp.  PI.  971.      1753. 

Stems  slender,  5°-io°  high.  Leaves  mostly  nar- 
rower than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  2//-6// 
wide;  spikes  light  brown,  the  staminate  and  pistil- 
late portions  usually  distant,  the  two  together 
sometimes  15'  long,  the  pistillate,  when  mature, 
2//-8//  in  diameter,  and  provided  with  bractlets  ; 
stigmas  linear  or  linear-oblong ;  pollen-grains  sim- 
ple; fruit  not  furrowed,  not  bursting  in  water;  outer 
coat  of  the  seed  not  separable. 

Abundant  in  marshes  along  the  Atlantic  Coast  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  Cuba,  but  also  occurring- 
rather  rarely  inland.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June- 
July.  Fruit,  Aug.-Sept. 

Family  2.     SPARGANIACEAE  Agardh,  Theor.  Syst.  PI.  13.       1858.* 

BUR-REED  FAMILY. 

Marsh  or  pond  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  fibrous  roots,  erect  or 
floating  simple  or  branched  stems,  and  linear  alternate  leaves,  sheathing  at  the 
base.  Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  globose  heads  at  the  upper  part 
of  the  stem  and  branches,  the  staminate  heads  uppermost,  sessile  or  peduncled. 
Spathes  linear,  immediately  beneath  or  at  a  distance  below  the  head.  Perianth 
of  a  few  irregular  chaffy  scales.  Stamens  commonly  5,  their  filaments  distinct; 
anthers  oblong  or  cuneate.  Ovary  sessile,  mostly  i -celled.  Ovules  anatropous. 
Fruit  mostly  i -celled,  nutlike.  Embryo  nearly  straight,  in  copious  endosperm. 

The  family  comprises  only  the  following-  genus. 

i.  SPARGANIUM  L>  Sp.  PI.  971.       1753. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [Greek,  referring  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.] 
About  10  species,  of  temperate  and  cold  regions.     Besides  the  following,  one  occurs  in  California. 
Fruit  sessile. 
Fruit  stalked. 

Inflorescence  branching. 
Inflorescence  simple. 

Staminate  heads  4-6,  pistillate  2-6,  s"-8"  in  diameter. 
Staminate  heads  1-2,  pistillate  1-3,  2" -5"  in  diameter. 

i.  Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.     Broad-fruited  Bur-reed. 

Sparganium  eurycarpum  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray, 
Man.  Ed.  2,  430.      1856. 

Stemsstout,  3°-8°  high,  branching.  Leaves 
linear,  flat,  slightly  keeled  beneathy-the  low- 
est 3°-5°  long,  the  upper  shorter  ;  staminate 
heads  numerous  ;  pistillate  heads  2-4  on  the 
stem  or  branch,  sessile  or  more  commonly 
peduncled,  hard,  compact  and  io//-i6//  in  di- 
ameter when  mature  ;  style  I  ;  stigmas  1-2  ; 
nutlets  sessile,  3//-5//  long,  obtusely  4-5- 
angled,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  top  rounded, 
flattened  or  depressed,  abruptly  tipped  with 
the  style  ;  scales  as  long  or  nearly  as  long  as 
the  fruit  and  as  many  as  its  angles,  often  with 
2  or  3  other  exterior  ones,  somewhafc^patu- 


1.  5".  eurycarpum. 

2.  S.  androcladum. 


3.  5".  simplex. 

4.  5.  minimum. 


(Fig-  138.) 


late,  the  apex  rounded,  denticulate  or  eroded. 

In  marshes  and  along  streams,  Newfoundland 
to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Virginia,  Mis- 
souri, Utah  and  California.  Ascends  to  2100  ft. 
in  Virginia.  May- Aug. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS 
MORONG. 


SPARGANIACEAE. 


2.    Sparganium    androcladum    (Engelm. ) 
Morong.     Branching  Bur-reed.    (Fig.  139.) 

Sparganium  simplex  var.  androcladum  Engelm.  in  A. 

Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  481.      1867. 
Sparganium  androcladum  Morong,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15  : 

78.      1888. 

Stem  slender,  more  or  less  branching,  io/-2°  high. 
Pistillate  heads  3-7,  sessile  or  the  lowest  peduncled, 
axillary  or  the  peduncles  and  branches  axillary;  style 
I  ;  stigma  i  (  rarely  2  )  ;  fruiting  heads  6x/-i2x/  in  di- 
ameter ;  nutlets  fusiform,  2//-3//  long,  ~il/2ff  thick, 
usually  even,  often  strongly  contracted  at  the  middle, 
tapering  into  the  style  ;  scales  oblong,  as  long  as  the 
nutlets  or  shorter,  the  exterior  ones  narrower  ;  stalk 
of  fruit  ix/  long  or  more. 

In  bogs  or  shallow  water,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  June-Aug. 

Sparganium  androcladum    fluctuans    Morong,    Bull.    Torr. 

Club,  15:  78.      1888. 

Sparganium  simplex  var.  fluitans  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray, 
Man.  Ed.  5, 481 .     1867.    Not  Sparganium  flu  itans  Fries. 
Floating  in  deep  water  with  long  slender  stems,  and  thin  leaves  i"~3K"  wide;  inflorescence 
usually  sparingly  branched;  fruiting  heads  4" -6"  in  diameter.     In  cold  ponds,  New  Brunswick  to 
Pennsylvania. 

3.  Sparganium  simplex  Huds.     Simple- 
stemmed  Bur-reed.      (Fig.  140.) 
Sparganium  simplex  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2,  401.      1788. 

Stem  slender,  i^/-24/  high,  simple.  Leaves  more 
or  less  triquetrous,  2//-4//  wide  ;  inflorescence  io//-8/ 
long  ;  staminate  heads  4-6;  pistillate  2-6,  sessile  or  the 
lowest  peduncled  ;  fruiting  heads  5//-8//  in  diameter ; 
nutlets  fusiform  or  narrowly  oblong,  obtusely  angled 
at  the  apex,  more  or  less  contracted  in  the  middle, 
smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species  and  more 
tapering  at  the  summit ;  scales  denticulate,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  nutlets  ;  stigma  linear,  as  long 
as  the  style  or  shorter,  rarely  2  ;  stalk  of  fruit  about 
l"  long. 

Borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  Newfoundland  to  British 
•Columbia,  south  to  Pennsylvania,  Montana  and  California. 
Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  the  Catskill  Mountains.  June-Aug. 

Sparganium  simplex  angustifolium  (Michx. )  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  481.      1867. 
Sparganium  angustifolium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  189.      1803. 

Floating  in  deep  water.     Leaves  very  long,  K"-i^"  wide,  their  sheaths  often  inflated  at  the 

base;  staminate  and  pistillate  heads  1-4;  fruiting  heads  3," -7"  in 
diameter.  In  mountain  lakes  and  slow  streams,  Newfoundland 
to  Oregon,  south  to  New  York  and  California. 

4.  Sparganium  minimum  Fries.     Small  Bur- 
reed.     (Fig.  141.) 

Sparganium  minimum  Fries,  Sum.  Veg.  2:  560.      1846. 

Floating,  stems  very  slender,  4/~3°  long.  Leaves  thin  and 
lax,  Y^'-iYi"  wide  ;  inflorescence  i'  or  more  long  ;  stami- 
nate heads  1-2 ;  pistillate,  1-3,  sessile,  axillary,  supra- 
axillary  or  the  lowest  on  an  axillary  peduncle;  ripe  fruit- 
ing heads  2//-5//  in  diameter  ;  nutlets  ovoid,  slightly  trian- 
gular, tapering  abruptly  into  the  style,  i//-2//  long,  twice 
as  long  as  the  denticulate  scales  ;  stigma  oval,  often  oblique, 
about  as  long  as  the  style  ;  stalk  of  the  nutlet  %"-%" 
long,  often  apparently  none. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba  and  Ore- 
gon, south  to  New  Jersey,  Michigan  and  Utah.  Also  in  north- 
ern Europe.  Dwarf  forms,  growing  out  of  water,  sometimes 
occur  with  stems  3'-6'  high.  June-Aug. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY.  65 

Family  3.     NAIADACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  366.       1836. 

Immersed  aquatic  plants  with  slender,  often  branching,  leafy  stems,  the 
leaves  flat  or  filiform,  and  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious  spicate  axillary 
or  spadiceous  flowers.  Perianth  of  4  segments,  or  a  hyaline  envelope,  or  want- 
ing. Stamens  1-4  or  occasionally  more,  distinct  and  hypogynous  in  the  per- 
fect flowers,  solitary  or  connate  in  the  sterile.  Anthers  extrorse,  i-2-celled. 
Ovaries  1-9,  mostly  distinct,  i -celled,  mostly  i-ovuled.  Carpels  rarely  dehis- 
cent. Seeds  straight  or  curved.  Endosperm  none. 

About  10  genera  and  too  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate 
regions.  The  months  noted  in  the  descriptions  indicate  the  fruiting  period. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Perianth  of  4  distinct  segments.  i.  Potamogeton. 

Perianth  none  ;  flowers  naked.  2.  Ruppia. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Leaves  entire. 

Leaves  i -nerved,  I'-tf  long,  %"  or  less  wide.  3.  Zannichellia. 

Leaves  many-nerved,  i°-5°  long,  i"~4"  wide.  4.  Zoslera. 

Leaves  spiny-toothed  on  the  margins.  5.  Naias. 

i.  POTAMOGETON  L,.  Sp.  PI.  126.       1753. 

Leaves  alternate  or  the  uppermost  opposite,  often  of  2  kinds,  submerged  and  floating, 
the  submerged  mostly  linear,  the  floating  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval.  Spathes 
stipular,  often  ligulate,  free  or  connate  with  the  base  of  the  leaf  or  petiole,  enclosing  the 
young  buds  and  usually  soon  perishing  after  expanding.  Peduncles  axillary,  usually 
emersed.  Flowers  small,  spicate,  green  or  red.  Perianth-segments  4,  short-clawed  (Fig.  154), 
concave,  valvate.  Stamens  4,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  perianth-segments.  Anthers 
sessile.  Ovaries  4,  sessile,  distinct,  i-celled,  i-ovuled,  attenuated  into  a  short  erect  or 
recurved  style,  or  with  a  sessile  stigma.  Fruit  of  4  ovoid  or  subglobose  drupelets,  the  peri- 
carp usually  thin  and  hard  or  spongy.  Seeds  crustaceous,  campylotropous,  with  an  unci- 
nate  embryo  thickened  at  the  radicular  end.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  aquatic  habitat.] 

About  65  well-defined  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  3  others 
•occur  in  the  southern  parts  of  North  America. 

:Stipules  axillary  and  free  from  the  leaf. 
With  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 
Submerged  leaves  bladeless. 

Nutlets  more  or  less  pitted.  i.  P.  natans. 

Nutlets  not  pitted.  2.  P.  Oakesianus. 

Submerged  leaves  with  a  proper  blade. 

Submerged  leaves  of  2  kinds,  lanceolate  and  oval  or  oblong. 

Uppermost  broadly  oval  or  elliptical,  lowest  lanceolate.          3.  P.  amplifolius. 
Uppermost  lanceolate  and  pellucid,  lowest  oblong  and  opaque. 

4.  P.  pulcher. 
Submerged  leaves  all  alike,  capillary  or  linear-setaceous. 

i -nerved  or  nerveless.  25.  P.    Vaseyi. 

3-nerved.  26.  P.  lateralis. 

Submerged  leaves  all  alike,  linear. 

Nearly  the  same  breadth  throughout,  obtusely  pointed,  coarsely  cellular-reticulated 

in  the  middle.  5.  P.  Nuttallii. 

Broader  at  base,  acute,  without  cellular-reticulation.  9.  P.  heterophyllus. 

Submerged  leaves  all  alike,  lanceolate. 

Uppermost  leaves  petioled,  lowest  sessile.  6.  P.  alpinus. 

All  the  leaves  petioled. 

Floating  leaves  large,  broadly  elliptic,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base. 

ii.  P.  Illinoensis. 

Floating  leaves  narrowly  elliptical,  tapering  at  base.        7.  P.  lonchites. 
Floating  leaves  mostly  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  tapering  at  base. 

8.  P.  Faxoni. 
All  the  leaves  sessile  or  subsessile. 

Fruit  only  i  line  long,  obscurely  3-keeled.  10.  P.  spathulaeformis. 

Fruit  \V2  lines  long,  distinctly  3-keeled.  12.  P.  Zizii. 

"With  submerged  leaves  only. 

Without  propagating  buds  and  without  glands. 

Leaves  with  broad  blades,  mostly  lanceolate  or  ovate,  many-nerved. 
Leaves  subsessile  or  short-petioled,  mostly  acute  or  cuspidate. 

13.  P.  lucens. 

Leaves  semi-amplexicaul,  obtuse  and  cucullate  at  the  apex.    14.  P.  praelongus. 
Leaves  meeting  around  the  stem,  very  obtuse  at  the  apex,  not  cucullate. 

15.  P.  perfoliatus. 
Leaves  with  narrow  blades,  linear  or  oblong-linear,  several-nerved. 

Leaves  oblong-linear,  5-y-nerved,  obtuse  at  the  apex.  16.  P.  Mysticus. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  3-nerved,  acute  at  the  apex.  21.  P.  foliosus. 

Leaves  with  narrow  blades,  capillary  or  setaceous,  i -nerved  or  nerveless. 

17.  P.  confervoides. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


66 


NAIADACEAE. 


With  propagating  buds  or  glands,  or  both. 
With  buds,  but  without  glands. 
Leaves  serrulate,  3-y-nerved. 

Leaves  entire,  with  3  principal  and  many  fine  nerves. 
Commonly  with  glands,  but  no  buds. 

Stems  long-branching  from  the  base;  leaves  lax,  flat,  3-nerved 
cuspidate.  20. 

Stems  simple;  leaves  strict,  revolute,  3-5-nerved,  acuminate.      24. 
With  both  buds  and  glands. 

Glands  large  and  translucent;  buds  rare. 
Glands  small,  often  dull;  buds  common. 
Leaves  linear,  5~7-nerved. 
Leaves  linear,  3-nerved. 
Leaves  capillary,  i-nerved  or  nerveless. 
Stipules  adriate  to  the  leaves  or  petioles. 

With  both  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 

Submerged  peduncles  as  long  as  the  spikes,  clavate,  often  recurved.  29. 
Submerged  peduncles  none,  or  at  most  hardly  a  line  long.  30. 

With  submerged  leaves  only. 

Stigma  broad  and  sessile.  31. 

Style  apparent;  stigma  capitate. 

Fruit  without  keels  or  obscurely  keeled.  32. 

Fruit  strongly  3-keeled. 

Leaves  entire,  3-5-nerved.  33. 

Leaves  minutely  serrulate,  finely  many-nerved.  34. 


1 8.  P.  crispus. 

19.  P.  zosteraefolius. 


,   abruptly  acute   or 
P.  Hillii. 
P.  rutilus. 


22.  P.  obtusifolius. 


2.v 
27- 

2S. 


P.  Friesii. 

P.  pusillus. 

P.  gemmiparus. 


P.  diver sifolius. 
P.  Spirillus. 

P.  filiformis. 
P.  pectinatus. 

P.  interruptus. 
P.  Robbinsii. 


i.  Potamogeton  natans  L,. 


Common  Floating  Pond  weed.     (Fig.  142.) 

Potamogeton  natans  L-  Sp.  PI.  126.     1753. 

Stems  2°-4°  long,  simple  or  sparingly  branched. 
Floating  leaves  thick,  the  blade  ovate,  oval  or  ellip- 
tic, 2/-4/  long,  \'-i'  wide,  usually  tipped  with  a 
short  abrupt  point,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  many-nerved;  submerged  leaves  reduced  to 
phyllodes  or  bladeless  petioles  which  commonly 
perish  early  and  are  seldom  seen  at  the  fruiting 
period;  stipules  sometimes  4' long,  acute,  2-keeled; 
peduncles  as  thick  as  the  stem,  i'-\'  long;  spikes 
cylindric,  very  dense,  about  2X  long;  fruit  turgid, 
2//-2^//  long,  about  iX'7  thick,  scarcely  keeled, 
narrowly  obovoid,  slightly  curved  on  the  face; 
style  broad  and  facial;  nutlet  hard,  more  or  less 
pitted  or  impressed  on  the  sides,  2-grooved  on  the 
back;  embryo  forming  an  incomplete  circle,  the 
apex  pointing  toward  the  base. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  throughout  North  America  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north,  extending  into  Mexico.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug. 

2.  Potamogeton  Oakesianus  Robbins.     Oakes'  Pondweed.      (Fig.  143.) 

Potamogeton  Oakesianus  Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man. 
Ed.  5,  485.      1867. 

Stems  very  slender,  often  much  branched  from 
below.  Floating  leaves  elliptic,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, rounded  or  slightly  subcordate  at  the 
base,  i/-2/  long,  5//-9//  wide,  i2-2o-nerved; 
petioles  2/-6/  long;  submerged  leaves  mere  cap- 
illary phyllodes,  often  persistent  through  the 
flowering  season ;  peduncles  i/-3/  long,  com- 
monly much  thicker  than  the  stem,  mostly  soli- 
tary; spikes  cylindric,  ^'-I'long;  stipules  acute, 
hardly  keeled;  fruit  obovoid,  about  i^'long,  i" 
thick,  nearly  straight  on  the  face,  3-keeled,  the 
middle  keel  sharp;  style  apical  or  subapical;  sides 
of  the  nutlet  not  pitted,  but  sometimes  slightly 
impressed;  embryo  circle  incomplete,  the  apex 
pointing  toward  the  base. 

In  still  water,  Anticosti  to  northern  Pennsylva- 
nia and  New  Jersey.  Summer. 


PONDWEED  FAMILY.  67 

3.  Potamogeton  amplifolius  Tuckerm.    L,arge-leaved  Pondweed.    (Fig.  144.) 

Potamogeton  amplifolius  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 

(II.)  6:  225.      1848. 

Stems  long,  simple  or  occasionally  branched. 
Floating  leaves  oval  or  ovate,  abruptly  pointed  at 
the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base,  2/-4/  long,  i%'-'2.' 
wide,  many-nerved  ;  petioles  3/~5/  long ;  sub- 
merged leaves  mostly  petioled,  large,  the  upper- 
most often  elliptic  or  oval,  3'-6x  long,  i'-2%' 
wide,  the  lowest  lanceolate,  often  8/  long,  with 
about  25  nerves,  often  with  the  sides  of  the  blade 
closed  and  assuming  a  falcate  shape ;  stipules 
tapering  to  a  long  sharp  point,  sometimes  4' 
long  ;  peduncles  thickened  upward,  2/-8/  long ; 
spikes cylindric,  i/-2/  long;  fruit  2//-2)4// long, 
1%"  thick,  turgid,  the  pericarp  hard,  obliquely 
obovoid,  3-keeled  ;  face  more  or  less  angled  ; 
style  subapical  ;  embryo  slightly  incurved. 

In  lakes,  Ontario  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Connecticut,  Kentucky  and  Nebraska.  July-Sept. 

4.  Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm.     Spotted  Pondweed.     (Fig.  145.) 

Potamogeton  pulcher  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 

45: 38.      1843. 

Stems  simple,  terete,  black-spotted,  i°-2° 
long.  Floating  leaves  usually  massed  at  the 
top  on  short  lateral  branches,  alternate,  ovate 
or  round-ovate,  subcordate,  2/-4^/  long,  9"- 
3X'  wide,  many-nerved  ;  peduncles  about  as 
thick  as  the  stem,  2/-4/  long,  spotted ;  sub- 
merged leaves  of  2  kinds,  the  uppermost  pellu- 
cid, lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  undulate,  3/-8/ 
long,  6//-i8//  wide,  tapering  at  the  base  into  a 
short  petiole,  io-2o-nerved ;  the  lowest  much 
thicker,  opaque,  spatulate,  oblong  or  ovate,  on 
petioles  X/-4X  l°ng  ;  stipules  obtuse  or  acumi- 
nate, 2-carinate;  fruit  2//-2X//  long,  i^"  thick, 
turgid,  tapering  into  a  stout  apical  style,  the 
back  sharply  3-keeled ;  face  angled  near  the 
middle,  with  a  sinus  below  ;  embryo  coiled. 

In  ponds  and  pools,  Maine  to  Georgia  and  Mis- 
souri. July. 

5.  Potamogeton  Nuttallii  Cham.  &  Sch. 

Potamogeton  Nuttallii  Cham.  &  Sch.  I^innaea,  2: 

226.  pi.  6.  f.  25.      1827. 
Potamogeton    Claytonii    Tuckerm.     Am.     Journ. 

Sci.  45:  38.      1843. 

Stems  slender,  compressed,  mostly  simple, 
i°-6°  long.  Floating  leaves  opposite,  elliptic, 
sometimes  obovate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  short- 
petioled,  i^/-3X/  l°ng>  4//-i2//  wide,  many- 
nerved ;  submerged  leaves  linear,  2-ranked,  2/-7/- 
long,  i//-3//  wide,  5-nerved,  the  2  outer  nerves 
nearly  marginal,  the  space  between  the  2  inner 
and  the  midrib  coarsely  reticulated ;  stipules 
obtuse,  hyaline,  not  keeled;  peduncles  I'-s' 
long;  spikes  l/z'-\'  long;  fruit  round-obovoid 
iX//-2//l°ng.  i//-i>^//  thick,  3-keeled,  the  sides 
flat  and  indistinctly  impressed ;  style  short, 
apical ;  embryo  coiled  one  and  one-third  times. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  Nova  Scotia  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  South  Carolina.  June-Aug. 


NuttalPs  Pondweed.     (Fig.  146.) 


68 


NAIADACEAE. 


6.  Potamogeton  alpinus  Balbis.     Northern  Pondweed.      (Fig.  147.) 

Potamogeton  alpinus  Balbis,  Misc.  Bot.  13.     1804. 
Potamogeton   rufescens  Schrad. ;   Cham.  Adn.   Fl. 
Ber.  4.     1815. 

Plant  of  a  ruddy  tinge,  stems  simple  or  branch- 
ed, somewhat  compressed.  Floating  leaves  spat- 
ulate  or  oblauceolate,obtuse,many-nerved,  taper- 
ing into  petioles  i/-5/  long ;  submerged  leaves 
semi-pellucid,  the  lowest  sessile,  the  uppermost 
petioled,  oblong-linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse or  rarely  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3'- 
i2/  long,  2//~9//  wide,  y-iy-nerved ;  stipules 
broad,  faintly  2-carinate,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute; 
peduncles  2/-8/  long  ;  spikes  i/-ij^/  long  ;  fruit 
obovoid,  lenticular,  reddish,  i^'long,  ix/  thick, 
3-keeled,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  face  arched, 
beaked  by  the  short  recurved  style ;  apex  of 
the  embryo  pointing  directly  to  the  basal  end. 

In  ponds,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  New 
Jersey  and  California.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 

7.  Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm.     L,ong-leaved  Pondweed.      (Fig.  148.) 

Potamogeton  fluitans  Roth,  Fl.  Germ,  i:  72.      1788? 
Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.) 

6:  226.      1848. 

Stem  terete,  much  branched,  3°-6°  long.  Float- 
ing leaves  rather  thin,  elliptic,  pointed  at  both 
ends,  2'-6'  long,  6//-i4//  wide,  many-nerved,  on 
petioles  2/-8/  in  length;  submerged  leaves  pellucid, 
4/-i3/  long,  2//-i2//  wide,  rounded  at  the  base  or 
tapering  into  a  petiole  i/-4/  long;  stipules  I'-tf 
long,  acuminate,  acute  or  obtuse,  strongly  or 
faintly  2-carinate ;  peduncles  thickening  upward, 
2/-3/  long;  spikes  cylindric,  i/-2/  long;  fruit  about 
2//  long,  \"-\y2ff  thick,  obliquely  obovoid, the  face 
nearly  straight,  the  back  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel 
rounded  or  often  with  a  projecting  wing  under  the 
style,  not  impressed  on  the  sides;  embryo  slightly 
incurved,  apex  pointing  slightly  inside  of  the  base. 

In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  New  Brunswick  to  Wash- 
ington, south  to  Florida  and  California.  July-Oct. 

Potamogeton  lonchites  Noveboracensis  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  20.      1893. 
Floating  leaves  thicker,  3' -5^'  long,  about  2'  wide,  2o-24-nerved,  abruptly  pointed  or  obtuse  at 
the'apex  ;  peduncles  sometimes  4'~5'  and  spikes  3'  long.     L,akes  of  central  New  York. 

8.  Potamogeton    Faxoni    Morong. 
Faxon's  Pondweed.     (Fig.  149.) 

Potamogeton  Faxoni  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3: 
Part  2,  22.      1893. 

Floating  leaves  numerous,  mostly  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  blunt-pointed  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  often  strikingly 
like  those  of  P.  spathulaeformis,  2/-3/^/  long, 
g//_I2//  wj(je)  i3-i7-nerved,  on  petioles  2'-6r 
long;  submerged  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  sometimes  obtuse,  3/~5/  long,  6//-i2//  wide, 
5-i3-nerved,  often  with  an  irregular  areolation 
on  each  side  of  the  midrib,  borne  on  petioles 
j4'-2'  in  length;  peduncles  slightly  thicker  than 
the  stem,  2'-$'  long;  spikes  dense,  i/-2/  long; 
fruit  not  collected. 

Little  Otter  Creek  and  Lake  Champlain,  Ferris- 
burg,  Vermont. 


PONDWEED    FAMILY. 


69 


g.  Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.     Various-leaved  Pondweed. 

(Fig.  150.) 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  Spicil.  Fl. 

Lips.  21.      1771. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  var.  maximus  Mo- 
rong, Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  25.     1893. 
Potamogeton  heterophyllus  var.  longipeduncu- 
latus  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  24. 
1893- 

Stems  slender,  compressed,  much  branch- 
ed, sometimes  12°  long.  Floating  leaves 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate 
at  the  base,  8//-4/  long,  4//-i4//  wide,  10-18- 
nerved,  on  petioles  i'-\'  long;  submerged 
leaves  pellucid,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate  or  cuspidate,  rather  stiff,  iMi^' 
long,  i//-8//  wide,  3-9-nerved,  the  uppermost 
often  petioled  ;  peduncles  often  thickened 
upsvard,  i'-j'  long,  sometimes  clustered, 
stipules  spreading,  obtuse,  8//-i2//  long; 
spikes  9//-iX/  l°ng;  fruit  roundish  or 
obliquely  obovoid,  T/'-iX"  long,  YZ"-*" 
thick,  indistinctly  3-keeled;  style  short,  ob- 
tuse, apical;  apex  of  the  embryo  nearly  touch- 
ing the  base,  pointing  slightly  inside  of  it. 

A  very  variable  species,  occurring  in  different  forms  throughout  almost  all  North  America  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Sept. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  gramimfolius  (Fries)  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  24.     1893. 
Potamogeton  gramineus  va.r.  gramimfolius  Fries,  Novit.  Ed.  2,  36.      1828. 

Submerged  leaves  delicate,  flaccid,  linear,  2' -5'  long,  i"~3"  wide.     With  the  type. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  myriophyllus  (Robbins)  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  24.     1893. 
Potamogeton  gramineus  var.  myriophyllus  Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  487.      1867. 

Stems  dichotomously  branching,  very  leafy;  submerged  leaves  delicate,  about  i'  long  and  2" 
wide,  3-5-nerved,  linear  or  the  upper  oblanceolate ;  floating  leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate-oblong; 
rootstock  tuberous.  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut. 

Potamogeton  heterophyllus  minimus  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  25.      1893. 
Stems  long  and  almost  capillary,  the  internodes  3' -4'  long;  submerged  leaves  densely  clustered 
on  short  lateral  branches,  %'-\'  long,  scarcely  %"  wide,  acuminate,  i-nerved;  floating  leaves  %'- 
i  %'  long,  3" -9"  wide,  lanceolate,  oval  or  ovate,  usually  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.     Massa- 
chusetts and  New  Hampshire. 


10.  Potamogeton  spathulaeformis  (Robbins)  Morong. 

Pondweed.     (Fig.  151.) 


Spatulate-leaved 


Potamogeton  gramineus  var.  (?)  spathulaeformis 
Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  487.  1867. 

Potamogeton  spathulaeformis  Morong,  Mem.  Torr. 
Club,  3:  Part  2,  26.  1893. 

Stems  many,  branched,  2°-3°  long.  Floating 
leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  abruptly  acute  at  the 
apex,  rather  thin,  13-23-nerved,  i/-2^/  long, 
6//-i3//  wide,  borne  on  slender  petioles ;  sub- 
merged leaves  pellucid,  spatulate-oblong  or 
linear-lanceolate,  2/-4/  long,  3//~9//  wide,  5-13- 
nerved,  cuspidate  or  spinescent,  sessile  or  sub- 
sessile,  often  reduced  to  phyllodes  with  a  very 
narrow  blade  and  a  long  acumination  at  the 
base  and  apex  ;  peduncles  often  thickening  up- 
ward, i/-2/  long  ;  stipules  obtuse,  faintly  keeled, 
the  apex  slightly  hooded  ;  spikes  large  ;  fruit 
about  \"  long,  roundish  or  obliquely  ovoid,  ob- 
scurely 3-keeled,  with  a  curved  or  slightly 
angled  face  ;  embryo  with  the  apex  pointing 
slightly  inside  of  the  base. 

In  Mystic  Pond,  Medford,  Mass.  Also  in  Europe. 
Summer. 


NAIADACEAE. 

ii.  Potamogeton  Illinoensis  Morong. 
Illinois  Pond  weed.      (Fig.  152.) 

Potamogeton  Illinoensis  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz. 
5: 50.      1880. 

Stem  Stout,  much  branched  above.  Floating 
leaves  opposite,  numerous,  thick,  4/-sX/  l°ng. 
2/-3^/  wide,  many-nerved,  oval  or  broadly  ellip- 
tic, short -pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded,  subcor- 
date  or  narrowed  at  the  base;  petioles  \'-\f  long; 
submerged  leaves  numerous,  4/-8/  long,  i/-2/ 
wide,  13-ig-nerved,  acuminate  or  the  uppermost 
acute,  mostly  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  short 
broad  flat  petiole,  rarely  reduced  to  phyllodes; 
stipules  2'-$'  long,  obtuse,  strongly  2-carinate; 
peduncles  2/-4/  long;  spikes  ix-2x  long;  fruit 
roundish  or  obovoid,  i^"-2ff  long,  i//-i^// 
thick,  dorsally  3-keeled  ;  style  short,  blunt. 

In  ponds,  Illinois  to  Iowa  and  Minnesota.     Aug. 

12.   Potamogeton  Zizii  Roth.      Ziz's  Pondweed.      (Fig.  153.) 

Potamogeton  angustifolius  Berch.  &  Presl,  Rost. 

19.      1821.      Not  DC.      1805. 
Potamogeton  Zizii  Roth,  Enum.  i:  531.      1827. 

Stems  slender,  branching.  Floating  leaves 
elliptic,  1^2'-^  long,  6//-i2//  wide,  many- 
nerved  ;  petioles  mostly  short ;  submerged 
leaves  mostly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  thin, 
acute  or  cuspidate,  2/-6/  long,  3//-i5//  wide, 
7-i7-nerved ;  stipules  6//-i8//  long,  obtuse, 
2-keeled ;  peduncles  thicker  than  the  stem, 
2^/-6/  long  ;  spikes  i/-2/  long  ;  fruit  obliquely 
obovoid,  i^//-2//  long,  about  ix/  thick,  the  face 
dorsally  3-keeled;  style  short,  blunt,  facial;  apex 
of  the  embryo  pointing  directly  to  the  base. 

In  lakes  and  streams,  Quebec  to  Montana,  south  to 
Florida  and  Wyoming.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 

Potamogeton  Zizii  Methyensis  (A.  Benn.)  Morong. 

Potamogeton  angustifolius  var.  Methyensis  A.  Ben- 
nett, Britten's  Journ.  Bot.  29:  151.      1891. 
Middle  leaves  narrow;  upper  leaves  oval ;  stipules 

long;  fruit  small.     Methy  Lake,  Canada. 

13.  Potamogeton    lucens   L,.     Shining 

Pondweed.      (Fig.  154.) 
Potamogeton  lucens  L-  Sp.  PI.  126.      1753. 

Stem  thick,  branching  below  and  often  with 
masses  of  short  leafy  branches  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  all  submerged,  elliptic,  lanceolate  or  the 
uppermost  oval,  shining,  acute  or  acuminate  and 
cuspidate,  or  rounded  at  both  ends  and  merely 
mucronulate,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  2j4'-&' 
long,  8//-20//  wide,  the  tips  often  serrulate ; 
stipules  i/-3/  long,  2-carinate,  sometimes  very 
broad ;  peduncles  3/-6/  long ;  spikes  2'-2j4' 
long,  cylindric,  very  thick;  fruit  about  \l/zfr 
long  and  \%"  thick,  roundish,  the  face  usually 
with  a  slight  inward  curve  at  the  base ;  apex 
of  the  embryo  pointing  transversely  inward. 

In  ponds,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida,  west  to  Califor- 
nia and  Mexico.    Local.    Also  in  Europe.   Sept.-Oct. 
Potamogeton  lucens  Connecticutensis  Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  488.      1867. 
Stems  flexuous;  leaves  acuminate;  fruit  larger  than  that  of  the  type  (about  2"  long),  distinctly 
3-carinate  and  with  a  facial  style.     Saltonstall's  Pond,  Conn.,  and  White  Plains,  N.  Y. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY. 


14-  Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulf.    White-stemmed  Pondweed.    (Fig.  155.) 

Potamogeton  praelongus  Wulf.  in  Roem.  Arch.  3 : 

331-      1805. 

Stems  white,  flexuous,  flattened,  much 
branched,  growing  in  deep  water,  sometimes  8° 
long.  Leaves  all  submerged,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  semi-amplexicaul,  bright  green,  2'- 
i2x  long,  J^'-iX'  wide,  with  3-5  main  nerves; 
stipules  white,  scarious,  obtuse  and  commonly 
closely  embracing  the  stem  ;  peduncles  3/-2O/ 
long,  erect,  straight,  about  as  thick  as  the  stem; 
spikes  i/-2/  long,  thick,  cylindric ;  fruit  dark 
green,  obliquely  obovoid,  2//-2^//  long,  iX//~ 
2"  thick,  the  back  much  rounded,  often  with  the 
upper  curve  nearly  as  high  as  the  style  ;  the 
middle  keel  sharp  ;  style  short,  obtuse,  facial. 

Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sey, Minnesota  and  California.  Also  in  Europe. 
Fruits  in  June  and  July,  and  usually  withdraws  its 
stems  beneath  the  water  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is  set. 

15.  Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L,.     Clasp- 
ing-leaved  Pondweed.     (Fig.  156.) 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  126.      1753. 

Stems  slender,  much  branched.  Leaves  all  sub- 
merged, orbicular  or  ovate,  sometimes  lanceolate, 
usually  obtuse  and  minutely  serrulate  at  the  apex, 
cordate-perfoliate  at  the  base,  s'-is'  long,  3//-i2// 
wide;  peduncles  i>C  long,  usually  erect  or  slightly 
spreading ;  spikes  8//-i2//  long,  often  flowering 
and  fruiting  under  water  ;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 

^//-i^//  long,  i"  thick,  obscurely  3-carinate  on 
the  back,  the  face  slightly  curved  outwardly  to- 
ward the  top,  the  sides  with  a  shallow  indentation 
which  runs  into  the  face;  style  nearly  facial;  em- 
bryo slightly  incurved  or  with  its  apex  pointing 
directly  toward  the  base. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  Newfoundland  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Florida  and  California.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus  Richardsonii  A.  Bennett,  Britten's  Journ.  Bot.  27:  25.      1889. 
Potamogeton  perfoliatus  var.  lanceplatus  Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  488.    1867.    Not  Blytt  1861 . 
Leaves   i'-4^'  long,  4" -8"  wide  at  the  broadened  amplexicaul  base,  often  curving  inward 
at  the  apex,  i3-23-nerved.     Fruit  somewhat  larger  than  that  of  the  type,  about  2"  long  and  i#" 
thick.     Lake  Champlain  to  Oregon,  south  to  Delaware,  Nebraska  and  California. 

16.  Potamogeton   Mysticus    Morong.     Mystic 
Pond  Pondweed.     (Fig.  157.) 

Potamogeton  Mysticus  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  5:  50.  1880. 
Whole  plant  very  slender  and  delicate,  stems  irregu- 
larly branching  above,  nearly  filiform,  terete,  i°-4°  long. 
Leaves  all  submerged,  scattered,  oblong-linear,  z'-i^' 
long,  i//-3//  wide,  5-y-nerved,  obtuse  and  rarely  with 
minute  serrulations  near  the  apex,  abruptly  narrowed  at 
the  base  and  sessile  or  partly  clasping;  stipules  obtuse, 
about  6//  long,  hyaline  and  with  many  fine  nerves,  mostly 
•deciduous,  but  sometimes  persistent  and  closely  sheathing 
the  stem ;  spikes  few,  capitate,  4-6-flowered,  borne  on 
•erect  peduncles  i/-2/  long;  immature  fruit  obovoid,  less 
than  i//  long,  about  YL"  wide,  obscurely  3-keeled  on  the 
back,  slightly  beaked  by  the  slender,  recurved  style. 

Mystic  Pond,    Medford,   and  Miacount  Pond,  Nantucket, 
Mass.     Aug-Sept. 


NAIADACEAE. 


17.  Potamogeton  confervoides  Reichb. 


Alga-like  Pondweed.     (Fig.  158.)- 

Potamogeton  confervoides  Reichb.  Ic.  Fl.  Germ.  &  Helv.  7: 

13.      1845. 

Potamogeton  trichoides  A.  Gray,  Man.  457.     1848.     Not  Cham. 
Potamogeton   Tuckermani    Robbins ;   A.   Gray,   Man.  Ed.  2,. 
434.      1856. 

Sterns  slender,  terete,  much  branched,  the  upper 
branches  repeatedly  forking,  6/-i8/  long.  Leaves  very 
delicate,  flat,  setaceous,  i/-2^/  long,  the  broadest  scarcely 
W  wide,  tapering  to  a  long  hair-like  point,  i-3-nerved 
and  often  with  a  few  cross-veins,  bright  green  or  yellow- 
ish ;  stipules  delicate,  obtuse,  2//~3//  long;  peduncles  2/-8/ 
long,  erect,  somewhat  thickened  upward  ;  spikes  capitate, 
3//-4// long ;  fruit  roundish-obovoid,  \"-\y2/f  long  and 
about  as  thick,  the  back  sometimes  a  little  angular  or  sin- 
uate, 3-keeled,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  face  notched 
near  the  base,  the  sides  impressed  with  a  shallow  indenta- 
tion which  runs  into  the  notch  of  the  face ;  apex  of  the 
embryo  nearly  touching  the  base  a  little  to  one  side. 

In  cold  or  mountain  ponds,  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  to- 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  Also  in  Europe.  Aug.-Sept.. 


Curled-leaved  Pondweed.     (Fig.  159.) 


18.  Potamogeton  crispus  L,. 

Potamogeton  crispus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  126.      1753. 

Stems  branching,  compressed.  Leaves  2-ranked, 
linear-oblong  or  linear-oblanceolate,  sessile  or  semi- 
amplexicaul,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  serrulate,  crisped, 
YZ'-A,'  long,  3x/-7/x  wide,  3-7-nerved,  the  midrib 
often  compound  and  the  outer  nerves  very  near  the 
margin  ;  stipules  small,  scarious,  obtuse,  early  per- 
ishing ;  peduncles  i/-2/  long,  frequently  recurved 
in  fruit,  sometimes  very  numerous ;  spikes  about 
YZ'  long,  appearing  very  bristly  with  the  long- 
beaked  drupelets  when  in  fruit ;  fruit  ovoid,  about 
lYz"  long,  i"  or  more  wide,  3-keeled  on  the  back, 
the  middle  keel  with  a  small  projecting  tooth  near 
the  base,  the  face  slightly  curved,  the  style  facial 
and  nearly  as  long  as  the  drupelet ;  embryo  small, 
its  apex  pointing  directly  toward  its  base.  The 
plant  is  mainly  propagated  by  peculiar  winter  buds. 

In  fresh,  brackish  or  even  salt  water,  Massachusetts 

to  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.     Also  in  Europe.     Aug. 

• 

19.  Potamogeton  zosteraefolius  Schum.     Eel-grass  Pondweed.     (Fig.  160. > 

Potamogeton  zosteraefolius  Schum.  Enum.  PI.  Saell.  50. 

1801. 
Potamogeton  compressus  Fries,  Novit.  Ed.   2,  44.     1828. 

Not  L.  1753. 

Stems  much  flattened,  sometimes  winged,  widely 
branching.  Leaves  linear,  obtuse  and  mucronate  or 
short-pointed  at  the  apex,  2/-i2/  long,i//-2//  wide, with 
3  principal  nerves  and  many  fine  ones  ;  stipules  scari- 
ous, obtuse,  finely  nerved,  soon  perishing  ;  peduncles 
t-W-Af  long;  spikes  cylindric,  about  YZ'  l°ng>  I2~15- 
flowered ;  fruit  obovoid  with  a  broad  base,  about  2r/ 
long,  iX//-i/^//  thick,  3-keeled  on  the  back,  the  lateral 
keels  rather  obscure;  face  arched,  beaked  with  a 
short  recurved  style  ;  embryo  slightly  incurved.  The 
plant  is  propagated  by  the  terminal  leaf-buds,  which 
sink  to  the  bottom,  and  rest  during  the  winter. 

In  still  or  running  water,  New  Brunswick  to  New  Jer- 
sey, west  to  Oregon.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY. 

20.  Potamogeton  Hillii  Morong.     Hill's 

Pondweed.      (Fig.  161.) 
Potamogeton  Hillii  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  6:  290.     1881. 

Stems  slightly  compressed,  slender,  widely  branch- 
ing, i°-2°  long.  Leaves  linear,  acute  or  cuspidate,  or 
often  almost  aristate,  i/-2^/  long,  X//~IX//  wide, 
3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  delicate  and  nearer  the 
margins  than  the  midrib;  stipules  whitish,  many- 
nerved,  obtuse,  2/'-s"  long;  peduncles  about  y£'  long, 
erect  or  slightly  recurved,  more  or  less  clavate;  spikes 
capitate,  3-6-fruited;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  obtuse 
at  the  base,  about  2"  long,  \"-\W  thick,  3-carinate 
on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  sharp  and  more  or  less 
undulate,  flat  on  the  sides,  face  slightly  arched  ;  style 
nearly  facial,  short;  embryo  coiled. 

In  ponds,  eastern  New  York  to  Michigan.  There  are 
two  forms  of  the  species,  the  one  2-glandular  at  the  base 
of  the  leaves,  the  other  glandless.  July-Sept. 

21.  Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.     Leafy  Pondweed.     (Fig.  162.) 

Potamogetori foliosus  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5: 

354-      1808. 
Potamogeton  pauciflorus'Pnrsh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 

121.      1814.     Not  Lam.  1789. 

Stems  flattened,  much  branched,  i°-3° 
long.  Leaves  i/-2/  long,  ^"-i"  wide, 
acute,  3-nerved,  not  glandular  at  the  base; 
stipules  white,  hyaline,  obtuse  or  some- 
times acute,  6//-io//  long;  peduncles  more 
or  less  clavate,  erect,  about  y>.'  long;  spikes 
about  4-flowered;  fruit  lenticular  or  nearly 
orbicular,  about  i//  in  diameter,  3-keeled 
on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  winged,  sin- 
uate-dentate, often  with  projecting  shoul- 
ders or  teeth  at  each  end,  the  face  strongly 
angled  or  arched,  sharp,  often  with  a  pro- 
jecting tooth  at  the  base;  style  apical. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  New  Brunswick  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  New 
Mexico  and  California.  July-Aug. 

Potamogeton  foliosus  Niagarensis  (Tuckerm. )  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  39.      1893. 
Potamogeton  Niagarensis  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  ?:  354.      1849. 

Larger.     Stems  2°-3°  long,  leaves  sometimes  over  3'  in  length  and  i"  wide,  3~5-nerved;  stipules 
larger  and  occasionally  acute;  spikes  8-i2-flowered.     Niagara  Falls  to  Michigan  and  California. 

22.    Potamogeton    obtusifolius    Mert.    & 
Koch.    Blunt-leaved  Pondweed.  (Fig.  163.) 

Potamogeton  compressus  Wahl.  Fl.  Suec.  i:  107.     1824. 

Not  L-  1753- 
Potamogeton  obtusifolius  Mert.  &  Koch,  Deutsch.  Fl. 

1:855.      1823. 

Stems  usually  slender,  compressed,  widely 
branching,  especially  above.  Leaves  linear,  2/~3/ 
long,  ^//-2//  wide,  obtuse,  often  mucronate,  usually 
3-nerved  with  a  broad  midrib,  sometimes  5-7-nerved, 
2-glandular  at  the  base,  the  glands  large  and  trans- 
lucent; stipules  white  or  scarious,  many-nerved,  ob- 
tuse, 6//-9//  long,  often  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the 
internodes;  peduncles  numerous,  x'-i^'long,  slen- 
der, erect;  spikes  3X/-4X/  long,  ovoid,  5-8-flowered; 
fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  about  i^//  long  and  \" 
thick,  3-keeled  ;  style  short,  blunt,  nearly  facial. 

In  still  water,  Quebec  to  Pennsylvania,  west  to  Min- 
nesota and  Wyoming.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 


74 


NAIADACEAE. 


23.  Potamogeton  Friesii  Ruprecht.     Fries'  Pondweed.      (Fig.  164.) 

Potamogeton  compressus  J.  E.  Smith,  Engl.    Bot.   3: 

pi.  418.      1794.     Not  L.      1753- 
Potamogeton  pusillus  var.  major  Fries,  Novit.  Ed.  2, 

48.      1828. 
Potamogeton  Friesii  Ruprecht,  Beitr.  Pfl.  Russ.  Reichs, 

4: 43.     1845. 
Potamogeton  major  Morong,  Mem.  Tprr.  Club,  3:  Part 

2,41.    1893.    Not  P.  pusillu s  var.  major  M.  &  K.    1823. 

Stems  compressed,  2°-4°  long,  branching.  Leaves 
i^/-2^/  long,  about  i/x  wide,  acute,  obtuse  or  cus- 
pidate at  the  apex,  mostly  5-nerved,  rarely  7-nerved, 
21glandular  at  the  base,  the  glands  small ;  stipules 
white,  hyaline,  finely  nerved,  obtuse  or  acute,  6X/- 
I2//  long;  peduncles  i/-i^/  long,  often  thicker 
than  the  stem  and  sometimes  thickening  upward; 
spikes,  when  developed,  interrupted;  fruit  quite  sim- 
ilar to  that  of  P.  pusillus,  but  with  a  recurved  style, 
usually  with  a  shallow  pit  on  the  sides,  and  with  the 
apex  of  the  embryo  pointing  toward  the  basal  end. 

In  still  water,  New  Brunswick  to  New  York,  west  to 
British  Columbia.  Also  in  Europe.  Propagating  buds 
occasional.  July-Aug. 

24.  Potamogeton  rutilus  Wolfg.     Slender  Pondweed.      (Fig.  165.) 
Potamogeton  rutilusWolfg. ;  R.  &  S.  Mant.  3: 362.     1827. 

Stems  very  slender,  8/-24/  long,  compressed,  sim- 
ple or  nearly  so.  Leaves  I'-i^'  long,  %"-l/i" 
wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  strict,  nearly  erect,  3-5- 
nerved,  revolute,  the  nerves  prominent  beneath, 
often  2-glandular  at  base  and  bright  green  ;  stipules 
acute,  6//-io//  long,  often  longer  than  the  intern  odes 
and  hiding  the  bases  of  the  leaves  above,  persistent, 
becoming  white  and  fibrous  with  age ;  peduncles 
6"-i8"  long;  spikes  3"-5"  long,  usually  dense,  but 
sometimes  interrupted ;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
about  i"  long  and  y2"  thick,  obscurely  keeled  or 
the  back  showing  only  2  small  grooves;  apex  of 
the  drupelet  tapering  into  a  short  facial  nearly 
straight  recurved  style ;  embryo  circle  not  com- 
plete, the  apex  pointing  a  little  inside  of  the  base. 

Anticosti  and  James  Bay  to  Michigan  and  Minnesota. 
Also  in  Europe.  Propagating  buds  usually  wanting. 

25.  Potamogeton  Vaseyi  Robbins.     Vasey's  Pondweed.      (Fig.  166.) 

Potamogeton  Vaseyi  Robbins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5, 

485-      1867. 
Potamogeton    Vaseyi   var.   latifolius  Morong,    Mem. 

Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  44.      1893. 

Stems  filiform,  widely  branching  below,  and  with 
many  short  lateral  branches  above,  i°-i}4°  long,  the 
emersed  fertile  forms  in  shallow  water,  and  the  more 
common  sterile  submerged  forms  in  water  from  6°- 
8°  in  depth.  Floating  leaves  on  the  fertile  stems 
only,  coriaceous,  in  1-4  opposite  pairs,  oval  oblong 
or  obovate,  4//-5//  long,  2//-3//  wide,  with  5-9 
nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath,  tapering  at  the 
base  into  petioles  3/x-4/x  long;  submerged  leaves 
capillary,  I'-i^'  long;  stipules  white,  delicate, 
many-nerved,  acute  or  obtuse,  2//-3//  long ;  pedun- 
cles 3/x-6/x  long,  thickening  in  fruit;  spikes  2//~3// 
long,  2-6-fruited  ;  fruit  rouudish-obovoid,  about  i" 
long  and  nearly  as  thick,  3-keeled,  the  middle  keel 
rounded,  tipped  with  a  straight  or  recurved  style. 

Eastern  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario  and  Ohio. 
The  plant  is  furnished  with  propagative  buds.  July-Aug. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY. 


75 


26.  Potamogeton  lateralis  Morong.    Oppbsite-leaved  Pond  weed.    (Fig.  167.) 

Potamogeton  lateralis  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  5: 

51.  1880. 

Stems  filiform,  much  branched.  Floating 
leaves  on  sterile  shoots  only,  coriaceous,  ellip- 
tic, obtuse,  4//-5//  long,  \"-iff  wide,  5-7- 
nerved,  the  nerves  deeply  impressed  beneath, 
usually  in  1-3  opposite  pairs  which  stand  at 
right  angles  to  the  stem,  on  petioles  3//-io// 
long;  submerged  leaves  linear,  acute,  1'-$'  long, 
^//-/4//  wide,  i-3-nerved,  2-glandular  at  the 
base,  but  the  glands  small  and  often  obsolete; 
stipules  small,  hyaline,  many-nerved,  obtuse, 
deciduous  ;  peduncles  and  floating  leaves  lateral, 
with  a  peculiar  appearance,  widely  spreading 
at  maturity,  sometimes  recurved,  thickening  in 
fruit,  4//-i5//  long;  spikes  capitate  or  often  in- 
terrupted, 3-4-flowered;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid, 
about  \"  long,  lenticular,  the  back  much  curved 
and  2-grooved,  the  face  arched  and  surmounted 
by  the  nearly  sessile  stigma;  curve  of  the  em- 
bryo oval,  its  apex  nearly  touching  its  base. 

In  lakes  and  slow  streams,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  Michigan.  Proliferous  shoots  at  the  sum- 
mit of  the  stem  and  on  the  upper  branches  appear  late  in  the  season,  as  the  plants  are  beginning  to 
•decay.  July-Aug. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  I,.      Small  Pondweed.     (Fig.  168.) 

Potamogeton  pusillus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  127.      1753. 

Stems  filiform,  branching,  6/-2°  long. 
Leaves  all  submerged,  linear,  obtuse  and  mu- 
cronate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  2-glandular  at  the 
base,  i/~3/  long,  about  l/z"  wide,  i-3-nerved, 
the  lateral  nerves  often  obscure;  stipules  short, 
hyaline,  obtuse;  peduncles  usually  3//-9//,  or 
rarely  3'  long;  spikes  3-io-flowered;  fruit  ob- 
liquely ellipsoid,  about  ix/  long  and  )4//  thick 
curved  and  2-grooved  on  the  back  or  sometimes 
with  3  distinct  keels,  the  face  slightly  arched, 
beaked  by  a  straight  or  recurved  style;  apex  of 
the  embryo  slightly  incurved  and  pointing  ob- 
liquely downward.  Propagative  buds  occur  in 
greater  or  less  abundance. 

In  ponds  and  slow  streams,  New  Brunswick  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Virginia,  Texas  and 
California.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  Panormitanus  (Biv. )  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  46.      1893. 
Potamogeton  Panormitanus  Biv.  Sic.  PI.      1806-7. 

Uppermost  leaves  subcoriaceous,  spatulate,  opposite,  divaricate,  3-5-nerved,  4" -5"  long,  taper- 
ing into  a  broad  petiole  as  long  as  the  blade.  Ottawa,  Ontario.  Also  in  Europe. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  polyphyllus  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  5:  51.      1880. 

Stem  3' -5'  long,  divaricately  branching  from  the  base  and  very  leafy  throughout;  leaves 
very  obtuse,  j-nerved..  Plant  not  known  to  flower,  but  abundantly  provided  with  propagating  buds 
which  are  thickened,  hardened ^md  closely  invested  by  imbricated  leaves.  Eastern  Massachusetts. 

Potamogeton  pusillus  Sturrockii  A.  Bennett  in  Hook.  Stud.  Fl.  Ed.  3,  435.      1884. 

A  rare  form  with  delicate  bright  green  pellucid  leaves,  i'~3'  long,  obtuse  or  often  apiculate  at 
the  apex,  less  than  i"  wide,  sometimes  5-nerved;  fruit  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  type,  short- 
beaked.  Eastern  Massachusetts.  Also  in  Europe. 


76 


NAIADACEAE. 


28.  Potamogeton   gemmiparus   (Robbins)    Morong. 

(Fig.  169.) 

Potamogeton  pusillusvar.  (?)  gemmiparus  Rob- 
bins  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  489.     1867. 

Potamogeton  gemmiparus  Morong,  Coult.  Bot. 
Gaz.  5:  51.     1880. 

Stems  filiform,  terete,  branching,  5/-4° 
long.  Leaves  capillary,  sometimes  not  as 
wide  as  the  stem,  often  with  no  perceptible 
midrib,  tapering  to  the  finest  point,  1'-$' 
long,  2-glandular  at  the  base  ;  stipules  J^'-i' 
long,  acute  or  obtuse,  mostly  deciduous ; 
spikes  interrupted,  3-6-flowered  ;  peduncles 
filiform  or  sometimes  slightly  thickened, 
Yz'-'i'  long  ;  fruit  seldom  formed,  similar  to 
that  of  P.  pusillus,  except  that  it  is  natter 
and  somewhat  impressed  on  the  sides. 

In  ponds,  eastern  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island.  It  is  commonly  propagated  by  its  abun- 
dant buds,  the  leaves  and  stems  are  often  alike 
in  thickness  so  that  the  plant  seems  to  consist 
of  threads.  Aug.-Sept. 


Capillary   PondweecL 


29.    Potamogeton  diversifolius  Raf.     Rafinesque's  Pond  weed.     (Fig.  170.) 

Potamogeton  hybridus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 
101.  1803.  Not  Thuill.  1790. 

Potamogeton  diversifolius  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.) 
5  :  354.  1808. 

Stems  flattened  or  sometimes  terete,  much 
branched.  Floating  leaves  coriaceous,  the 
largest  i'  long  by  Y2f  wide,  oval  or  elliptic 
and  obtuse,  or  lanceolate-oblong  and  acute  ; 
petioles  generally  shorter,  but  sometimes 
longer  than  the  blades,  filiform  or  dilated ; 
submerged  leaves  setaceous,  seldom  over 
]^fr  wide,  i/-3/  long  ;  stipules  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate, 3//~5//  long,  those  of  the  floating  leaves 
free,  those  of  the  submerged  leaves  some- 
times adnate ;  emersed  peduncles  3//-y// 
long ;  submerged  peduncles  2"-$"  long, 
clavate,  as  long  as  the  spikes ;  emersed  spikes- 
3//-5//  long,  occasionally  interrupted ;  fruit 
cochleate,  rarely  over  y2"  long,  3-keeled, 
the  middle  keel  narrowly  winged  and  usu- 
ally with  7  or  8  knob-like  teeth  on  the  mar- 
gin, the  lateral  keels  sharp  or  rounded ; 
embryo  coiled  i^  times. 
In  still  water,  Maine  to  Florida,  west  to  Nebraska  and  Texas.  June-Sept. 


Potamogeton  diversifolius  multidenticulatus  Morong,  M2m.  Torr.  Club,  3:  Part  2,  48.      1893. 

Differs  from  the  type  in  the  numerous  teeth  of  the  fruit,  as  many  as  12  being  sometimes  found 
on  the  middle  keel,  and  each  lateral  keel  with  6-8  more,  the  teeth  often  bristle-like  and  sometimes- 
2-pronged.  Connecticut  to  eastern  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 

Potamogeton  diversifolius  trichophyllus  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  3:  part  2,  49.      1893. 

Plant  about  6'  long,  without  floating  leaves,  the  submerged  leaves  as  fine  as  floss  silk  and 
entirely  nerveless.  Lake  Marcia,  New  Jersey. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY. 


77 


30.    Potamogeton  Spirillus  Tuckerm.     Spiral  Pondweed.     (Fig.  171.) 

Potamogeton    Spirillus    Tuckerm.    Am.    Journ.   Sci. 

(11)6:228.      1848. 

Steins  compressed,  branched,  6/-2o/  long,  the 
branches  often  short  and  recurved.  Floating  leaves 
•oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  the  largest  about  i'  long 
and  l/z'  wide,  with  5-13  nerves  deeply  impressed 
beneath,  their  petioles  often  i'  long ;  submerged 
leaves  linear,  i  yzff-iff  long,  about  y?."  wide,  mostly 
5-nerved ;  stipules  of  the  upper  floating  leaves  free ; 
those  of  the  submerged  leaves  adnate  to  the  blade 
or  petiole  ;  spikes  above  water  3//~5//  long,  contin- 
uous, the  lower  mostly  sessile,  capitate  and  i-io- 
fruited ;  fruit  cochleate,  roundish,  less  than  i" 
long,  flat  and  deeply  impressed  on  the  sides,  3- 
keeled  on  the  back,  the  middle  keel  winged  and 
sometimes  4-5 -toothed  ;  style  deciduous  ;  embryo 
spiral,  about  \y2  turns. 

In  ponds  and  ditches,  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  to 
Minnesota,  south  to  Virginia,  Missouri  and  Nebraska. 
June-Aug-. 

31.    Potamogeton   filiformis    Pers.     Fili- 
form Pondweed.     (Fig.  172.) 

Potamogeton  filiformis  Pers.  Syn.  i:  152.      1805. 

Stems  from  a  running  rootstock,  slender,  3°-2o° 
long,  filiform  above,  stout  and  thick  towards  the 
base.  Leaves  numerous,  2/-i2/  long,  X//~/^// 
wide,  i-nerved  with  a  few  cross  veins ;  sheaths 
about  \"  long  and  the  free  part  of  the  stipule  %' 
long,  scarious  on  the  edges  ;  flowers  on  long,  often 
recurved  peduncles,  2-12  in  each  whorl,  the  whorls 
X'-1'  apart ;  fruit  \ff-\yz"  long,  slightly  less  than 
i/x  wide,  the  sides  even,  the  back  not  keeled,  the 
face  nearly  straight  or  obtusely  angled  near  the 
top ;  stigma  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  remaining  on 
the  fruit  as  a  broad  truncate  projection. 

In  ponds  and  lakes,  Anticosti  to  western  New  York 
and  Michigan.  August. 

Potamogeton  filiformis  Macounii  Morong;  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  4:  88.      1888. 
^  Leaves  I'-J  long,  the  largest  IA"  or  more  wide,  obtuse,  stiff,  with  a  strong  midrib  and  raised 
or~*slightly  revolute  margins;  fruit  rarely  more  than  i"  long;  peduncles  only8"-io"  long;  plant 
commonly  with  a  compact  bushy  habit.     In  brackish  or  salt  water  lakes,  prairie  region  of  Canada. 

32.    Potamogeton  pectinatus  1,.     Fennel- 
leaved  Pondweed.     (Fig.  173.) 

Potamogeton  pectinatus  L-  Sp.  PI.  127.      1753. 

Stems  slender,  much  branched,  i°-3°  long,  the 
branches  repeatedly  forking.  Leaves  setaceous, 
attenuate  to  the  apex,  i-nerved,  i/-6/  long,  often 
capillary  and  nerveless  ;  stipules  half  free,  >^/-i/ 
long,  their  sheaths  scarious  on  the  margins ;  pe- 
duncles filiform,  2/-i2/  long,  the  flowers  in  verti- 
cils;  fruit  obliquely  obovoid,  with  a  hard  thick 
shell,  i  ^"-2"  long,  \"-\%"  wide,  without  a  mid- 
dle keel,  but  with  obscure  lateral  ridges  on  the 
back,  plump  on  the  sides  and  curved  or  occasion- 
ally a  little  angled  on  the  face ;  style  straight  or 
recurved,  facial ;  embryo  apex  pointing  almost 
directly  toward  the  basal  end. 

In  fresh,  brackish  or  salt  water,  Cape  Breton  to  Brit- 
ish Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Texas  and  California. 
Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 


NAIADACEAE 


33.  Potamogeton  interruptus  Kitaibel.     Interrupted  Pondweed.     (Fig.  174.) 

Potamogeton  interruptus  Kitaibel  in  Schultes,  OEst.  Fl. 

Ed.  2,  328.      1814. 
Potamogeton  flabellatus  Bab.  Man.  Bot.  Ed.  3,  324.      1851. 

Stems  arising  from  a  running  rootstock  which  often 
springs  from  a  small  tuber,  2°-4°  long,  branched,  the 
branches  spreading  like  a  fan.  Leaves  linear,  obtuse 
or  acute,  3/-5/  long,  i^-iX"  wide,  3~5-nerved  with 
many  transverse  veins  ;  narrow,  i-nerved  leaves  occur 
on  some  plants  and  these  are  acuminate,  much  like 
those  of  P.  pectinatus  ;  stipules  partially  adnate  to  the 
leaf-blade,  the  adnate  part  %'-i'  long,  sometimes  with 
narrowly  scarious  margins,  the  free  part  shorter  and 
scarious,  obtuse  ;  peduncles  i/-2/  long ;  spikes  slightly 
interrupted  ;  fruit  broadly  and  obliquely  obovoid,  ob- 
tuse at  the  base,  the  largest  2X/  long  and  nearly  as 
broad,  prominently  keeled  and  with  rounded  lateral 
ridges  on  the  back,  the  face  nearly  or  quite  straight ; 
style  facial,  erect. 

In  ponds  and  streams,  Prince  Edward  Island  to  northern 
Indiana  and  Michigan.  Also  in  Europe.  August. 

Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes. 


34- 


Robbins'  Pondweed.      (Fig.  175.) 

Potamogeton  Robbinsii  Oakes,  Hovey's  Mag. 
7:  180.     1841. 

Stems  stout,  widely  branching,  2°-4° 
long,  from  running  rootstocks  sometimes 
i°  long.  Leaves  linear,  3/~5/  long,  2//~3// 
wide,  acute,  finely  many-nerved,  crowded 
in  2  ranks,  minutely  serrulate,  auriculate 
at  the  point  of  attachment  with  the  stipule  ; 
stipules  with  the  adnate  portion  and  sheath- 
ing base  of  the  leaf  about  yz'  long,  the  free 
part  YZ'-I.'  long,  acute,  persistent,  white, 
membranous,  mostly  lacerate ;  peduncles 
I'-T/  long,  the  inflorescence  frequently 
much  branched  and  bearing  from  5-20 
peduncles;  spikes  interrupted,  %'-if  long, 
flowering  under  water;  fruit  obovoid,  about 
2"  broad  and  \l/i"  wide,  3-keeled  on  the 
back,  the  middle  keel  sharp,  the  lateral 
ones  rounded,  the  face  arched,  the  sides 
with  a  shallow  depression  which  runs  into 
the  face  below  the  arch  ;  style  subapical, 
thick,  slightly  recurved  ;  apex  of  the  em- 
bryo pointing  a  little  inside  the  basal  end. 

In  ponds  and  lakes,  New  Brunswick  to  Oregon,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and 
Michigan.  The  plant  is  freely  propagated  by  fragments  of  the  stems  which  throw  out  rootlets 
from  each  joint,  but  this  is  the  rarest  of  our  species  to  form  fruit.  Aug. -Sept. 

2.    RUPP1A  L.  Sp.  PI.  127.       1753. 

Slender,  widely  branched  aquatics  with  capillary  stems,  slender  alternate  i-nerved 
leaves  tapering  to  an  acuminate  apex,  and  with  membranous  sheaths.  Flowers  on  a  capil- 
lary, spadix-like  peduncle,  naked,  consisting  of  2  sessile  anthers,  each  with  2  large  sepa- 
rate sacs  attached  by  their  backs  to  the  peduncle,  having  between  them  several  pistillate 
flowers  in  2  sets  on  opposite  sides  of  the  rachis,  the  whole  cluster  at  first  enclosed  in  the 
sheathing  base  of  the  leaf.  Stigmas  sessile,  peltate.  Fruit  a  small,  obliquely  pointed  drupe, 
several  in  each  cluster  and  pedicelled  ;  embryo  oval,  the  cotyledonary  end  inflexed,  and 
both  that  and  the  hypocotyl  immersed.  [Name  in  honor  of  Heinrich  Bernhard  Rupp,  a  Ger- 
man botanist.] 

In  the  development  of  the  plants  the  staminate  flowers  drop  off  and  the  peduncle  elongates, 
bearing  the  pistillate  flowers  in  2  clusters  at  the  end,  but  after  fertilization  it  coils  up  and  the  fruit 
is  drawn  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY.  79 

Three  or  four  species,  occurring  in  salt  and  brackish  waters  all  over  the  world.     The  following 
are  the  only  ones  known  to  occur  in  North  America: 

Sheaths  3" -4"  long;  drupes  about  i"  long.  i.  R.  maritima. 

Sheaths  %'-ilA'  long;  drupes  i%"-2"  long.  2.  R.  occidentalis. 

i.    Ruppia   maritima   L,.       Mari- 
time Ruppia.     (Fig.  176.) 

Ruppia  maritima  I,.  Sp.  PI.  127.     1753. 

Stems  often  whitish,  2°-3°  long,  the 
internodes  irregular,  naked,  i/-3/  long. 
Leaves  1'-$'  long,  Xx/  or  less  wide ; 
sheaths  3//-4//  long,  with  a  short  free 
tip ;  peduncles  in  fruit  sometimes  i° 
long;  pedicels  4-6  in  a  cluster,  ^'-i%' 
long ;  drupes  with  a  dark  hard  shell, 
ovoid,  about  ix/  long,  often  oblique  or 
gibbous  at  the  base,  pointed  with  the 
long  style,  but  varying  much  in  shape  ; 
forms  with  very  short  peduncles  and  ped- 
icels, and  with  broad,  strongly  marked 
sheaths  occur. 

Common  in  brackish  or  salt  water  along 
the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Coasts  of  North 
America  and  in  saline  districts  in  the  in- 
terior. Widely  distributed  in  the  Old  World 
and  in  South  America.  July-Aug. 

2.    Ruppia    occidentalis   S.   Wats. 
Western  Ruppia.      (Fig.  177.) 

Ruppia  occidentalis  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
25:  138.     Sept.  1890. 

Ruppia  lacustris  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  5:  372. 
Nov.  1890. 

Stems  stouter,  i°-2°  long,  the  branching 
fan-like.  Leaves  s'-S'  long,  their  large 
sheaths  %f-i%'  long;  branches  and  leaves 
often  thickly  clustered  at  the  nodes,  the 
sheaths  overlapping  each  other ;  drupes 
larger,  ij^//-2//  long,  ovoid  or  pyriform, 
borne  on  pedicels  about  ix  long,  the  pe- 
duncles bright  red  when  fresh  and  some- 
times nearly  2°  in  length. 

In  saline  ponds,  Nebraska  to  British  Co- 
lumbia. Summer. 


3.    ZANNICHELLIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  969.       1753. 

Stems,  flowers  and  leaf-buds  all  at  first  enclosed  in  a  hyaline  envelope,  corresponding  to 
the  stipule  in  Potamogcton.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  axil ;  the  stami- 
nate  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single  2-celled  anther,  borne  on  a  short  pedicel-like  filament  ; 
the  pistillate  2-5.  O  /ary  flask-shaped,  tapering  into  a  short  style  ;  stigma  broad,  hyaline, 
somewhat  cup-shaped,  its  margins  angled  or  dentate.  Fruit  a  flattish  falcate  nutlet,  ribbed 
or  sometimes  toothed  on  the  back.  Embryo  bent  and  coiled  at  the  cotyledonary  end.  [In 
honor  of  J.  H.  Zannichelli,  1662-1729,  Italian  physician  and  botanist.] 

Two  or  three  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution  in  fresh-water  ponds  and  streams. 


Bo 


NAIADACEAE. 


i.    Zannichellia  palustris  L,.     Zan- 

nichellia.      (Fig.  178.) 

Zannichellia  palustris  I,.  Sp.  PI.  969.     1753. 

Stems  capillary,  sparsely  branched,  the 
rhizome  creeping,  the  roots  fibrous.  Leaves 
i/-3/  long,  %lf  or  less  wide,  acute,  thin,  i- 
nerved  with  a  few  delicate  cross- veins ; 
spathe-like  envelope  separate  from  the  leaves 
and  fruits  at  maturity  ;  fruits  2-6  in  a  cluster, 
T//_2//  long,  sometimes  sessile,  sometimes 
pedicelled,  sometimes  the  whole  cluster 
peduncled ;  style  persistent,  straight  or 
curved,  X//-i//  long ;  plant  flowering  and 
ripening  its  fruit  under  water. 

In  fresh  or  brackish  ponds,  pools  or  ditches, 
nearly  throughout  North  America,  except  the 
extreme  north,  and  widely  distributed  in  the 
Old  World.  July-Sept. 


4.    NAIAS  L.  Sp.  PL  1015.       1753. 

Slender,  branching  aquatics,  wholly  submerged,  with  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  opposite, 
alternate  or  verticillate,  sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary, 
solitary,  sessile  or  pedicelled.  Sterile  flower  with  a  double  perianth,  the  exterior  one  entire 
or  4-horned  at  the  apex,  the  interior  one  hyaline,  adhering  to  the  anther ;  stamen  sessile  or 
stalked,  i-4-celled,  apiculate  or  2-lobed  at  the  summit.  Fertile  flowers  of  a  single  ovary 
which  tapers  into  a  short  style  ;  stigmas  2-4,  subulate.  Mature  carpel  solitary,  sessile,  ellip- 
siod,  its  pericarp  crustaceous.  Seed  conformed  to  the  pericarp  and  embryo  to  the  seed,  the 
raphe  distinctly  marked.  [Greek,  a  water-nymph.] 

About  10  species,  occurring  in  fresh  water  all  over  the  world.  The  following  are  the  only  ones 
known  in  North  America: 

Sheaths  broadly  rounded,  their  margins  entire  or  with  a  few  large  teeth.         i.  N.  marina. 
Sheaths  narrowly  and  obliquely  rounded,  each  margin  with  5-10  minute  teeth;  leaves  linear. 

Seeds  shining,  with  30-50  rows  of  faint  reticulations.  2.  N.flexilis. 

Seeds  dull,  with  16-20  rows  of  strongly  marked  reticulations.  3.  N.  Gnadalupensis. 

Sheaths  auriculate ;  leaves  delicately  filiform.  4.  N.  gracillima. 

i.  Naias  marina  L/.     Large  Naias. 
(Fig.  179.) 

JVaias  marina  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1015.      1753. 
JVaias  major  All.  Fl.  Ped.  2  :  221.      1785. 

Dioecious,  stem  stout,  compressed,  commonly  armed 
with  teeth  twice  as  long  as  their  breadth.  Leaves  op- 
posite or  verticillate,  6//-i2//  long,  about  ix/  wide,  with 
6-10  spine-pointed  teeth  on  each  margin  and  fre- 
quently several  along  the  back  ;  sheaths  with  rounded 
lateral  edges  ;  fruit  large,  2//-2X//  long,  the  pericarp 
as  well  as  the  seed  rugosely  reticulated,  tipped  with  a 
long  persistent  style  and  3  thread-like  stigmas  ;  seed 
not  shining. 

In  lakes,  Central  New  York  to  Florida,  west  to  Califor- 
nia. Summer.  Also  in  Europe. 

Naias  marina  gracilis  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  10: 255.  1885. 
Internodes  i'~3'  long,  with  a  few  teeth  on  the  upper  part; 
leaves  scarcely  %"  wide,  with  15-24 large  teeth  on  the  mar- 
gins and  a  few  on  the  back  ;  sheaths  with  2  or  3  teeth  on 
each  margin;  seed  sculptured  with  about  25  rows  of  nearly 
square  or  irregularly  oblong  reticulations.  Central  New  York  and  Florida. 

Naias  marina  recurvata  Dudley,  Cayuga  Fl.  104.      1886. 

Branches  and  leaves  recurved  ;  leaves  3" -6"  long,  narrow,  with  2-4  large  teeth  on  each  margin 
and  none  on  the  back;  internodes  short,  naked,  or  with  i  or  2  teeth;  sheaths  i -toothed  on  each 
side.  Cayuga  Marshes,  N.  Y. 


PONDWEED   FAMILY. 


8l 


2.  Naias  flexilis  (Willd.)  Rost.  &  Schmidt.     Slender  Naias.     (Fig.  180.) 

Caulinia  flexilis  Willd.  Abh.  Akad.  Berlin,  95. 

1803. 
Naias  flexilis  Rost.  &Schmidt,Fl.Sed.384.  1824. 

Stem  slender,  forking.  Leaves  linear,  pel- 
lucid, acuminate  or  abruptly  acute,  J^'-i' 
long,  l/t"-\"  wide,  numerous  and  crowded 
on  the  upper  parts  of  the  branches,  with  25-30 
minute  teeth  on  each  edge;  sheaths  obliquely 
rounded  with  5-10  teeth  on  each  margin  ; 
fruit  ellipsoid  with  very  thin  pericarp,  i//-2// 
long,  %f/-%"  ifl  diameter  ;  style  long,  per- 
sistent ;  stigmas  short;  seed  smooth,  shin- 
ing, straw-colored,  sculptured,  though  some- 
times quite  faintly,  with  30-40  rows  of  nearly 
square  or  hexagonal  reticulations  which  are 
scarcely  seen  through  the  dark  pericarp. 

In  ponds  and  streams  throughout  nearly  all 
North  America.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

Naias  flexilis  robiista  Morong,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  10  :  255.      1885. 

Stem  stout,  few-leaved,  3°-^>°  long ;  internodes 
long.  Massachusetts  to  Michigan  and  Texas. 

3.    Naias    Guadalupensis    (Spreng. ) 

Morong.     Guadaloupe  Naias. 

(Fig.  181.) 

Caulinia    Guadalupensis    Spreng.    Syst.    i :    20. 

1825. 
Naias  Guadalupensis  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

3  :  Part  2,  60.      1893. 

Stem  nearly  capillary,  i°-2°  long,  widely 
branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  numerous, 
6//-9//  long,  X//~X//  wide,  acute,  opposite  or 
in  fascicles  of  2-5,  frequently  recurved,  with 
sheaths  and  teeth  like  those  of  N.  flexilis  but 
generally  with  40-50  teeth  on  each  margin  of 
the  leaf;  fruit  about  \"  long  ;  pericarp  dark  and 
strongly  marked  by  16-20  rows  of  hexagonal  or 
rectangular  reticulations  which  are  transversely 
oblong  ;  seed  straw-colored,  not  shining. 

In  ponds  and  lakes,  Nebraska  to  Oregon  and 
Texas,  east  to  Florida.  Also  in  tropical  America. 
July-Sept. 

4.    Naias  gracillima  (A.  Br.)  Morong.     Thread-like  Naias.     (Fig.  182.) 

Naias  Indica  var.  gracillima  A.  Br. ;  Bngelm.  in 

A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  681.      1867. 
Naias  gracillima  .Morong,  Mem.  Torr.   Club,  3- 

Part  2,  61.      1893. 

Dioecious,  stem  capillary,  6/-i5/  long,  much 
branched,  the  branches  alternate.  Leaves  nu- 
merous, opposite  or  often  fascicled  in  3's~5's  or 
more,  setaceous,  X'  2/  l°ng>  usually  with  about 
20  minute  teeth  on  each  margin  ;  sheaths  auri- 
cled,  with  6  or  7  teeth  on  each  auricle,  the  teeth 
standing  upon  setaceous  divisions  of  the  sheath  ; 
stigmas  very  short ;  fruit  oblong-cylindric,  X" 
l°ng>  X/x  iQ  diameter,  slightly  curved  inwardly 
or  straight,  the  pericarp  straw-colored  or  pur- 
plish, marked  by  about  25  rows  of  irregularly 
oblong  reticulations ;  seed  not  shining. 

In  pools  and  ponds,  eastern  Massachusetts  to 
Delaware,  Pennsylvania  and  Missouri.  July-Sept. 


82 


NAIADACEAE. 


5.    ZOSTERA  L.  Sp.  PI.  968.       1753. 

Marine  plants  with  slender  rootstocks  and  branching  compressed  stems.  Leaves  2- 
ranked,  sheathing  at  the  base,  the  sheaths  with  inflexed  margins.  Spadix  linear,  contained 
in  a  spathe.  Flowers  monoecious,  arranged  alternately  in  2  rows  on  the  spadix.  Starninate 
flower  merely  an  anther  attached  to  the  spadix  near  its  apex,  i-celled,  opening  irregularly 
on  the  ventral  side  ;  pollen  thread-like.  Pistillate  flower  fixed  on  its  back  near  the  middle  ; 
ovary  i  ;  style  elongated ;  stigmas  2,  capillary ;  mature  carpels  flask-shaped,  membra- 
nous, rupturing  irregularly,  beaked  by  the  persistent  style  ;  seeds  ribbed  ;  embryo  ellipsoid. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.] 

About  6  species  of  marine  distribution.  Besides  the  following  one  occurs  in  Florida  and  one 
on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

i.  Zostera  marina  L>.     Eel-grass.     Grass-wrack.     (Fig.  183.) 

Zostera  marina  L-  Sp.  PI.  968.     1753. 

Leaves  ribbon-like,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  i°- 
6°  long,  i//-4//  wide,  with  3-7  principal 
nerves.  Spadix  i/-2^/  long  ;  flowers  about 
3//  long,  crowded,  usually  from  10-20  of  each 
kind  on  the  spadix  ;  ovary  somewhat  vermi- 
form ;  at  anthesis  the  stigmas  are  thrust 
through  the  opening  of  the  spathe  and  drop 
off  before  the  anthers  of  the  same  spadix 
open ;  the  anthers  at  anthesis  work  themselves 
out  of  the  spathe  and  discharge  the  glutinous 
stringy  pollen  into  the  water;  seeds  cylindric, 
strongly  about  2o-ribbed,  about  i^//  long 
and  I/L"  in  diameter,  truncate  at  both  ends, 
the  ribs  showing  very  clearly  on  the  pericarp. 

In  bays,  streams  and  ditches  along  the  At- 
lantic Coast  from  Greenland  to  Florida  and  on 
the  Pacific  from  Alaska  to  California.  Also  on 
the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

Family  4.     SCHEUCHZERIACEAE  Agardh,  Theor.  Syst.  PI.  44.     1858.* 

ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY. 

Marsh  herbs  with  rush-like  leaves  and  small  spicate  or  racemose  perfect 
flowers.  Perianth  4-6-parted,  its  segments  in  two  series,  persistent  or  decidu- 
ous. Stamens  3-6.  Filaments  very  short  or  elongated.  Anthers  mostly 
2-celled  and  extrorse.  Carpels  3-6,  i-2-ovuled,  more  or  less  united  until  ma- 
turity, dehiscent  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  anatropous.  Embryo  straight. 

Four  genera  and  about  10  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Leaves  all  basal;  flowers  numerous  on  naked  scapes,  spicate  or  racemed.          i.    Triglochin. 
Stem  leafy;  flowers  few  in  a  loose  raceme.  2.  Scheuchzeria, 

i.    TRIGLOCHIN  L.  Sp.  PI.  338.       1753. 

Marsh  herbs  with  basal  half-rounded  ligulate  leaves  with  membranous  sheaths.  Flowers 
in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes  on  long  naked  scapes.  Perianth-segments  3-6,  concave,  the  3 
inner  ones  inserted  higher  up  than  the  outer.  Stamens  3-6 ;  anthers  2-celled,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments  and  attached  by  their  backs. 
Ovaries  3-6,  i-celled,  sometimes  abortive ;  ovules  solitary,  basal,  erect,  anatropous.  Style 
short  or  none.  Stigmas  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  plumose.  Fruit  of  3-6  cylindraceous  ob- 
long or  obovoid  carpels,  which  are  distinct  or  connate,  coriaceous,  costate,  when  ripe  sepa- 
rating from  the  base  upward  from  a  persistent  central  axis,  their  tips  straight  or  recurved, 
dehiscing  by  a  ventral  suture.  Seeds  erect,  cylindraceous  or  ovoid-oblong,  compressed  or 
angular.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  three-pointed  fruit  of  some  species.] 

About  9  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  subarctic  zones  of  both  hemispheres.     Only  the 
following  are  known  to  occur  in  North  America: 
Carpels  3. 

Fruit  linear  or  clavate,  tapering  to  a  subulate  base.  i.   T.  palustris. 

Fruit  nearly  globose.  2.    T.  striata. 

Carpels  6  ;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base.  3.    T.  maritima. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  REV.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


ARROW-GRASS   FAMILY. 

i.    Triglochin  palustris  I,.      Marsh  Arrow- 
grass.     (Fig.  184.) 

Triglochin  palustris  L-  Sp.  PI.  338.      1753. 

Rootstock  short,  oblique,  with  slender  fugacious 
stolons.  I/eaves  linear,  shorter  than  the  scapes,  5'- 
I2/  long,  tapering  to  a  sharp  point ;  ligule  very  short ; 
scapes  i  or  2,  slender,  striate,  8/-2o/  high  ;  racemes 
5/-i2/  long  ;  pedicels  capillary,  in  fruit  erect-appressed 
and  2^//-T>^2//  long  ;  perianth-segments  6,  greenish- 
yellow  ;  anthers  6,  sessile  ;  pistil  of  3  united  carpels, 
3-celled,  3-ovuled ;  stigmas  sessile;  fruit  2//~3^// 
long,  linear  or  clavate  ;  ripe  carpels  separating  from 
the  axis  and  hanging  suspended  from  its  apex,  the 
axis  3-winged. 

In  bogs,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  York, 
Indiana  and  Montana.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 


2.    Triglochin  striata   R.   &  P.       Three- 
ribbed  Arrow-grass.     (Fig.  185.) 

Triglochin  striata  R.  &  P.  Fl.  Per.  3:  72.      1802. 
Triglochin  triandra  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  208.      1803. 

Rootstocks  upright  or  oblique.  Scapes  i  or  2, 
more  or  less  angular,  usually  not  over  10'  high; 
leaves  slender,  slightly  fleshy,  nearly  or  quite  as 
long  as  the  scapes,  #//-i//  wide;  flowers  very 
small,  light  yellow  or  greenish,  in  spicate  racemes; 
pedicels  X//~I//  l°ng.  n°t  elongating  in  fruit ;  per- 
ianth-segments 3,  stamens  3;  anthers  oval,  large; 
pistil  of  3  united  carpels;  fruit  sub-globose  or  some- 
what obovoid,  about  i//f  in  diameter,  appearing  3- 
winged  when  dry  by  the  contracting  of  the  car- 
pels; carpels  coriaceous,  rounded  and  3-ribbed  on 
the  back;  axis  broadly  3-winged. 

In  saline  marshes,  Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisi- 
ana. Also  in  tropical  America.  June-Sept. 


3.     Triglochin    maritima   I,.     Seaside 
Arrow-grass.     (Fig.  186.) 

Triglochin  maritima  L.  Sp.  PI.  339.      1753. 
Triglochin  elata  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  237.      1818. 
Triglochin  maritima  var.  elata  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 
2>  437-      1852.     In  part. 

Rootstock  without  stolons,  often  subligneous, 
the  caudex  thick,  mostly  covered  with  the 
sheaths  of  old  leaves.  Scape  stout,  nearly 
terete,  6'-2°  high;  leaves  half-cylindric,  usually 
about  \"  wide;  raceme  elongated,  often  16'  or 
more  long;  pedicels  decurrent,  i//-i>^// long, 
slightly  longer  in  fruit ;  perianth  segments  6, 
each  subtending  a  large  sessile  anther  ;  pistil  of 
6  united  carpels  ;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  2^//~3// 
long,  i^//-2//  thick,  obtuse  at  the  base,  with  6 
recurved  points  at  the  summit;  carpels  3- 
angled,  flat  or  slightly  grooved  on  the  back,  or 
the  dorsal  edges  curving  upward  and  winged, 
separating  at  maturity  from  the  hexagonal  axis. 

In  salt  marshes,  along-  the  Atlantic  seaboard  from  Labrador  to  New  Jersey,  and  in  fresh  or  saline 
marshes  across  the  continent  to  Alaska  and  California.    Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.    July-Sept. 


84 


SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 


2.    SCHEUCHZERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  338.       1753. 

Rush-like  bog  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks,  and  erect  leafy  stems,  the  leaves 
elongated,  half-rounded  below  and  flat  above,  striate,  furnished  with  a  pore  at  the  apex  and 
a  membranous  ligulate  sheath  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  racemose.  Perianth  6-parted, 
regularly  2-serial,  persistent.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  perianth-segments ; 
filaments  elongated;  anthers  linear,  basifixed,  extrorse.  Ovaries  3  or  rarely  4-6,  distinct  or 
connate  at  the  base,  i-celled,  each  cell  with  i  or  2  collateral  ovules.  Stigmas  sessile,  papil- 
lose or  slightly  fimbriate.  Carpels  divergent,  inflated,  coriaceous,  i-2-seeded,  follicle-like, 
laterally  dehiscent.  Seeds  straight  or  slightly  curved,  without  endosperm.  [Name  in  honor 
of  Johann  Jacob  Scheuchzer,  1672-1733,  Swiss  scientist.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.    Scheuchzeria  palustris  L. 

Scheuchzeria.      (Fig.  187.) 

Scheuchzeria  palustris  L,.  Sp.  PI.  338.     1753. 

Leaves  4/-i6/  long,  the  uppermost  reduced  to 
bracts ;  stems  solitary  or  several,  usually  clothed 
at  the  base  with  the  remains  of  old  leaves,  4/-io/ 
tall ;  sheaths  of  tb  e  basal  leaves  often  4'  long  with 
a  ligule  y2'  long;  pedicels  3//-io//  long,  spreading 
in  fruit ;  flowers  white,  few,  in  a  lax  raceme ;  per- 
ianth-segments membranous,  i-nerved,  i^//  long, 
the  inner  ones  the  narrower;  follicles  2//-4//  long, 
slightly  if  at  all  united  at  the  base ;  seeds  oval, 
brown,  2^//-3//  long  with  a  very  hard  coat. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay  and  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin 
and  California.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

Family  5.     ALISMACEAE  DC.  Fl.  Franc.  3 :  181.       1805. 

WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  mostly  glabrous,  with  fibrous  roots,  scapose  stems 
and  basal  long-petioled  sheathing  leaves.  Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate. 
Flowers  regular,  perfect,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  pedicelled,  the  pedicels  ver- 
ticillate  and  subtended  by  bracts.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex.  Sepals  3,  per- 
sistent. Petals  3,  larger,  deciduous,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6  or 
more  ;  anthers  2 -celled,  extrorse  or  dehiscing  by  lateral  slits.  Ovaries  numerous 
or  rarely  few,  i -celled,  usually  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cell.  Carpels  be- 
coming achenes  in  fruit  in  our  species.  Seeds  uncinate-curved.  Embryo  horse- 
shoe shaped.  Endosperm  none.  Latex-tubes  are  found  in  all  the  species, 
according  to  Micheli. 

About  13  genera  and  65  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  fresh  water  swamps  and  streams. 

Carpels  in  a  ring  upon  a  small,  flat  receptacle.  i.  Alisma. 
Carpels  crowded  in  many  series  upon  a  large  convex  receptacle. 
Flowers  perfect,  staminate  or  polygamous. 

Pedicels  not  recurved  ;  calyx  spreading.  2.  Echinodorus. 

Pedicels  recurved  in  fruit ;  calyx  appressed  to  the  carpels.  3.  Lophotocarpus. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  4.  Sagittaria. 

i.   ALISMA  L.  Sp.  PI.  342.      1753. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs  with  erect  or  floating  leaves,  the  blades  several-ribbed, 
the  ribs  connected  by  transverse  veinlets,  or  seemingly  pinnately  veined.  Scapes  short  or 
elongated.  Inflorescence  paniculate  or  umbellate-paniculate.  Flowers  small,  numerous  on 
unequal  3-bracteolate  pedicels,  the  petals  white  or  rose-tinted.  Stamens  6  or  9,  subperigy- 
nous.  Ovaries  few  or  many,  borne  in  one  or  several  whorls  on  a  small  flat  receptacle,  ripen- 
ing into  flattened  achenes  which  are  2-3-ribbed  on  the  curved  back  and  i-2-ribbed  on  the  sides. 
[Greek,  said  to  be  in  reference  to  the  occurrence  of  the  typical  species  in  saline  situations.] 

About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Only  the  following  are 
known  to  occur  in  North  America. 

Stamens  6,  strongly  compressed;  flowers  panicled.  i.  A.  Plantago-aquatica. 

Stamens  9,  turgid;  flowers  umbelled.  2.  A.  tenellum. 


WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY 

i.     Alisma    Plantago-aquatica    I,. 

Water  Plantain.      (Fig.  1 88.) 

Alisma  Plantago-aquatica  L,.  Sp.  PI.  342.      1753. 

Leaves  ovate,  acute  at  the  apex,  cordate, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  blades 
3-io-ribbed,  or  when  floating  sometimes 
lanceolate  or  even  linear ;  petioles  i/-io/ 
long ;  scapes  occasionally  2  from  the  same 
root,  usually  solitary,  ^°-3°  high  ;  inflores- 
cence a  large  loose  panicle,  6/-i5/  long; 
pedicels  verticillate  in  3's-io's,  subtended  by 
3  striate  acuminate  bracts ;  petals  }4//-i// 
long  ;  styles  deciduous,  the  base  remaining  as 
a  small  point  or  short  beak  on  the  inner 
curve  of  the  achene  ;  stigma  small,  terminal; 
achenes  obliquely  gbovate,  nearly  i//  long, 
arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  an  obtusely 
triangular  truncate  head. 

In  shallow  water  or  mud  throughout  North 
America.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Sept. 

2.    Alisma  tenellum  Mart.     Dwarf  Water  Plantain.     (Fig.  189.) 

Alisma  tenellum  Mart.;  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7: 

1600.      1830.  „•  •— *  \ 

Echinodorns  parvulus   Engelm.   in   A. 

Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  438.      1856. 
Echinodorus    tenellus   Buchenau,    Abh. 

Nat.  Gesell.  Bremen,  2:  18.      1869. 

Plant  delicate,  stoloniferous,  i/-5/ 
high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  the  blades  acute  at  both 
ends,  4//-i5//  long,  1"-$"  wide ; 
petioles  longer  or  shorter  than  the 
blades,  narrowly  dilated  at  the  base; 
scapes  solitary,  often  surpassing  the 
leaves,  commonly  reclined;  umbel 
2-8-flowered  ;  pedicels  very  unequal, 
often  recurved  in  fruit ;  bracts  lanceo- 
late, more  or  less  connate  at  the  base; 
flowers  white  ;  stamens  9  ;  style  much 
shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  ovaries  nu- 
merous ;  achenes  in  several  whorls, 
coriaceous,  turgid,  obovate,  not  l/^ff 
long,  enclosed  by  the  erect  persistent 
sepals,  the  beak  short,  sharp. 

In  mud,  Massachusetts  to  western  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida, 
Missouri  and  Texas.  April-Aug. 

2.    ECHINODORUS  Rich.;  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  460.      1848. 

Perennial  or  annual  herbs  with  long-petioled,  elliptic,  ovate  or  lanceolate  often  cordate 
or  sagittate  leaves,  3-g-ribbed  and  mostly  punctate  with  dots  or  lines.  Scapes  often  longer 
than  the  leaves  ;  inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate,  the  flowers  verticillate,  each  verticil 
with  3  outer  bracts  and  numerous  inner  bracteoles  ;  flowers  perfect ;  sepals  3,  distinct,  per- 
sistent ;  petals  white,  deciduous  ;  receptacle  large,  convex  or  globose  ;  stamens  12-30  ;  ovaries 
numerous  ;  style  obliquely  apical,  persistent ;  stigma  simple  ;  fruit  achenes,  more  or  less 
compressed,  coriaceous,  ribbed  and  beaked,  forming  spinose  heads.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
the  spiuose  heads  of  fruit.] 

About  14  species,  mostly  natives  of  America.    Only  the  following  are  known  in  North  America. 
Scapes  reclining  or  prostrate;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary;  beak  of  achene  short,    i.  E.  radicans. 
Scapes  erect ;  style  longer  than  the  ovary;  beak  of  achene  long.  2.  E.  cordifolius. 


€SE 
i 
VERSITT, 
J 


86 


ALISMACEAE. 


1.  Echinodorus  radicans  (Nutt.)  Engelm.    Creeping  Bur-head.    (Fig.  190. ) 

Sagitiaria  radicans  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 

(II. )  5  :  159.      1833-37. 
Echinodorus    radtcans   Engelm.   in  A.    Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  2,  438.      1856. 

I/eaves  coarse,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  2'- 
8'  long,  J.)4/~7/4/  wide,  marked  with  short 
pellucid  lines,  the  nerves  5-9,  connected  by 
netted  cross-veins.  Petioles  sometimes  20' 
long ;  scapes  creeping,  2°-4°  long,  slightly 
scabrous,  often  rooting  at  the  nodes  ;  verti- 
cils distant ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acum- 
inate, dilated  at  the  base  ;  pedicels  3-12,  un- 
equal, i/-2^/long,  slender  or  filiform;  sepals 
persistent,  much  shorter  than  the  heads ; 
petals  larger,  obovate,  about  3"  long ;  sta- 
mens about  20 ;  style  shorter  than  the  ovary  ; 
achenes  numerous,  about  2X/  long,  6-10- 
ribbed,  with  2-several  oval  glands  on  each 
side  and  beaks  about  one-fourth  their  length  ; 
fruiting  heads  4/x  in  diameter. 

In  swamps,  Illinois  to  North  Carolina  and 
Florida,  west  to  Missouri  and  Texas.  June-July. 

2.  Echinodorus  cordifolius  (I,.)  Griseb.     Upright  Bur-head.     (Fig.  191.) 

Alisma  cordifolia  I,.  Sp.  PI.  343.      1753. 
Echinodorus    rostratus  Engelm.    in   A.    Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  2,  538.      1856. 
Echinodorus   cordifolius    Griseb.   Abh.    Kon. 

Gesell.  Wiss.  Gott.  7:  257.      1857. 

I/eaves  variable  in  form,  often  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  cordate  at  the  base,  6/-8/  long 
and  wide,  but  in  smaller  plants  sometimes 
nearly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  and  but 
i/-2/long;  petioles  angular,  striate,  I'-io' 
high  ;  scapes  i  or  more,  erect,  5/-i6/  tall ; 
flowers  3-6  in  the  verticils  ;  pedicels  X'-J^' 
long,  erect  after  flowering ;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  dilated  at  the  base ; 
sepals  shorter  than  the  heads ;  petals  2x/-3/r 
long;  stamens  often  12;  styles  longer  than 
the  ovary  ;  fruiting  heads  very  bur-like,  2//- 
3X/ in  diameter;  achenes  about  i/J^//  long, 
narrowly  obovate  or  falcate,  6-8-ribbed;  beak 
apical,  oblique,  about  one-half  the  length  of 
the  achene. 

In  swamps  and  ditches,  Illinois  to  Florida, 
west  to  Missouri  and  Texas.  Also  in  tropical 
America.  June-July. 

3.    LOPHOTOCARPUS  T.  Durand,  Ind.  Gen.  Phan.  627.      1888. 
[LOPHIOCARPUS  Miquel,  Fl.  Arch.  Ind.  i:  Part  2,  50.     1870.     Not  Turcz.     1843.] 

Perennial,  bog  or  aquatic  herbs  with  basal  long-petioled  sagittate  or  cordate  leaves, 
simple  erect  scapes  bearing  flowers  in  several  verticils  of  2-3  at  the  summit,  the  lower  per- 
fect, the  upper  staminate.  Sepals  3,  distinct,  persistent,  erect  after  flowering  and  enclosing 
or  enwrapping  the  fruit.  Petals  white,  deciduous.  Receptacle  strongly  convex.  Stamens 
9-15,  hypogynous,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle.  Filaments  flattened.  Pistils 
numerous  ;  ovule  solitary,  erect,  anatropous ;  style  elongated,  oblique,  persistent.  Achenes 
winged  or  crested.  Embryo  horseshoe-shaped.  [Greek,  signifying  crested  fruit.] 

About  3  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  others  of  tropical  America. 


87 
L,ophotocarpus. 


WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY. 

i.    Lophotocarpus    calycinus    (Engelm.)    J.    G.    Smith. 

(Fig.  192.) 

Sagittaria  calycina  Engelm.;  Torr.    Bot.    Mex.    Bound. 

Surv.  212.      1859. 
Lopliiocarpus  calycinus  Micheli   in   DC.  Monog.  Phan. 

3:61.      1881. 
Lophotocarpus  calycinus  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

25.      1894. 

Annual,  leaves  floating  or  ascending,  entire,  has- 
tate or  sagittate,  the  basal  lobes  spreading,  ovate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  the  apex  acute  or  obtuse,  the 
blade  varying  from  I'-S'  long,  sometimes  12'  wide  at 
the  base.  Scape  simple,  weak  and  at  length  decum- 
bent, mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves;  verticils  of 
flowers  1-5  ;  bracts  membranous,  orbicular  or  ovate 
and  obtuse,  or  those  of  stamiuate  flowers  lanceolate 
and  acute ;  fertile  pedicels  very  thick,  recurved  in 
fruit,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  slender  sterile 
ones ;  petals  3//-4//  long  ;  stamens  hypogynous  ;  fila- 
ments flattened,  papiltose,  about  as  long  as  the  an- 
thers ;  achene  obovate,  \f/  long,  narrowly  winged  on 
the  margins,  tipped  with  a  short  horizontal  triangular 
beak. 

In  swamps,  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia  and  Louisiana, 
across  the  continent  to  California,  thus  occurring  nearly 
throughout  the  United  States.  Foliage  wonderfully  vari- 
able in  form.  July-Sept. 

4.    SAGITTARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  993.       1753. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  herbs,  mostly  with  tuber-bearing  or  nodose  rootstocks,  fibrous 
roots,  basal  long  petioled  nerved  leaves,  the  nerves  connected  by  numerous  veinlets, 
and  erect,  decumbent  or  floating  scapes,  or  the  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless  phyllodia 
{figs.  197,  203).  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  near  the  summits  of  the  scapes 
in  verticils  of  3*8,  pedicelled,  the  staminate  usually  uppermost.  Verticils  3-bracted. 
Calyx  of  3  persistent  sepals,  those  of  the  pistillate  flowers  reflexed  or  spreading  in  our 
species.  Petals  3,  white,  deciduous.  Stamens  usually  numerous,  inserted  on  the  convex 
receptacle  ;  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits ;  staminate  flowers  sometimes  with 
imperfect  ovaries.  Pistillate  flowers  with  numerous  distinct  ovaries,  sometimes  with  imper- 
fect stamens  ;  ovule  solitary  ;  stigmas  small,  persistent.  Achenes  numerous,  densely  aggre- 
gated in  globose  or  subglobose  heads,  compressed.  Seed  erect,  curved  ;  embryo  horseshoe- 
shaped.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  arrow-shaped  leaves  of  some  species.] 

About  25  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  10 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Fertile  pedicels  slender,  ascending,  not  reflexed  in  fruit. 
Leaf -blades  sagittate. 

Basal  lobes  one-fourth  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  blade. 
Beak  of  the  achene  more  than  one-fourth  its  length. 
Beak  of  the  achene  erect. 

Fruiting  pedicels  shorter  than  the  bracts  ;  leaves  broad. 
Fruiting  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  leaves  narrow. 
Beak  of  the  achene  horizontal  or  oblique. 
Beak  of  the  achene  less  than  one-fourth  its  length. 

Petioles  rather  short,  curving  ;  bracts  long  ;  bog  species. 
Petioles  elongated  ;  bracts  short  ;  aquatic  species. 
Basal  lobes  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  blade. 
Leaves  entire,  or  rarely  hastate  or  cordate. 

Filaments  slender,  tapering  upward  ;  leaves  seemingly  pinnately  veined. 

Filaments  glabrous  ;  bracts  connate.  7.  5.  ambigua. 

Filaments  cobwebby-pubescent ;  bracts  mostly  distinct.  8.  5.  lancifolia. 

Filaments  abruptly  dilated,  pubescent ;  veins  distinct  to  the  base  of  the  blade. 
Fruiting  heads  sessile  or  very  nearly  so.  9.  5".  rigida. 

Both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  pedicelled. 

Leaves  reduced  to  terete  nodose  phyllodia,  rarely  blade-bearing. 

10.  5".  feres. 

Leaves  rigid,  blades  elliptic-linear.  n.  S.  cristala. 

Leaves  not  rigid  ;  blades  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong.  12.  5.  graminea. 

Fertile  pedicels  stout,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  filaments  dilated. 

Filaments  pubescent ;  leaf-blades  ovate  or  ovate-elliptic.  13.  5".  platyphylla 

Filaments  glabrous  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  reduced  to  phyllodia.        14.  5.  subulata. 


1.  5".  longirostra. 

2.  S1.  Engelmannia. 

3.  5".  latifolia. 

4.  5".  arifolia. 

5.  5".  cuneata. 

6.  S.  longiloba. 


88 


ALISMACEAE. 


i.    Sagittaria  longirostra  (Micheli)  J.  G.  Smith. 


Ivong-beaked  Arrow-head. 
(Fig.  193.) 

Sagittaria  sagittaefolia  var.  longirostra  Mi- 
cheli in  DC.  Monog.  Phan.  3  :  69.  1881. 

Sagittaria  longirostra  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr. 
Club,  5  :  26.  1894. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scapes  erect,  rather 
stout,  iX°-3°  tall.  Leaves  broad,  sagittate, 
4/-i2/  long,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  the 
basal  lobes  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  blade  ;. 
scape  usually  longer  than  the  leaves,  6- 
angled  below ;  bracts  triangular-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  7//-i5//  long,  longer  than  the 
fertile  pedicels ;  petals  8//-i4//  long ;  fila- 
ments glabrous ;  styles  curved,  twice  as  long 
as  the  ovaries ;  achene  obovate,  about  2//r 
long,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  ventral 
margin  entire  or  undulate,  the  dorsal  eroded, 
its  sides  with  a  short  crest,  its  beak  stout,, 
erect  or  somewhat  recurved. 

In  swamps  and  along  ponds.  New  Jersey  and. 
Pennsylvania  to  Alabama.  July-Sept. 

2.    Sagittaria    Engelmanniana  J.    G.    Smith. 

Engelmann's  Arrow-head.      (Fig.  194.) 
Sagittaria  variabilis  var.  (?)  gracilis  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  6,  555.      1889.     Not  Engelm. 
Sagittaria  Engelmanmana  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

25-      1894- 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  erect  or  ascending,  slen- 
der, 8/-2o/  high.  Leaves  narrow,  i^4/-8/  long,  i//-4// 
wide,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  the  basal  lobes  nar- 
rowly linear,  acuminate,  one-third  to  one-half  the  length 
of  the  blade  ;  scape  striate,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  slender  fertile 
pedicels,  4//-6//  long;  flowers  7//-i2//  broad;  filaments 
glabrous ;  style  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovaries ;  achene 
obovate,  2"  long,  winged  on  both  margins  and  with  1-3 
lateral  wing-like  crests  on  each  face,  the  beak  short, 
stout,  erect,  about  y?."  long. 

In  shallow  water,  Massachusetts  to  Delaware,  near  the 
coast,  probably  extending  further  south.  Aug. -Sept. 

Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.     Broad-leaved  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  195.) 

Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4  :  409.      1806. 
Sagittaria  variabilis  Engelm.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  461.      1848. 

Monoecious  or  sometimes  dioecious,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  scape  stout  or  slender,  4^4°  tall,  simple  or  branched. 
Leaves  exceeding  variable  in  form  and  size,  sometimes 
linear-lanceolate  and  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sometimes- 
wider  than  long  and  obtuse ;  basal  lobes  from  %  to  %  as- 
long  as  the  blade  ;  bracts  acute,  acuminate  or  obtuse,  the 
upper  ones  sometimes  united;  flowers  I'-i^'  wide; 
filaments  slender,  glabrous;  achene  i//-2//  long,  broadly 
winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  even  or  i-ribbed,  the 
beak  about  one-third  its  length,  horizontal  or  nearly  so. 

In  shallow  water,  throughout  North  America,  except  the 
extreme  north,  extending  to  Mexico.  Variable.  July-Sept. 

Sagittaria  latifolia  pubescens  (Muhl.)  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr. 

Club,  5  :  26.      1894. 
Sagittaria  pubescens  Muhl.  Cat.  86.      1813. 

Whole  plant  pubescent,  varying  from  merely  puberulent  U> 
densely  hirsute.  Ontario  to  New  Jersey,  Florida  and  Alabama^ 


WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY. 


89 


4.    Sagittaria  arifolia  Nutt.     Arum-leaved  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  196.) 

Sagittaria  sagittaefolia  var.  minor  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 

395.       1814? 
Sagittaria  arifoha  Nutt.;  J.  G.  Smith,  Ann.  Rep.  Mo. 

Bot.  Card.  6  :  32.    pi.  i.      1894. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  terrestrial  or  partially  sub- 
merged, scape  weak,  ascending,  8/-2o/  long.  Leaves 
sagittate,  broad,  acute  at  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the 
scape,  their  margins  slightly  curved,  their  basal  lobes 
acute  or  acuminate,  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length 
of  the  blade ;  petioles  usually  curving  outwardly ; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  usually  equalling  or  Ipnger 
than  the  fertile  pedicels,  often  reflexed ;  filaments 
glabrous;  petals  3//~5//  long;  achene  cuneate-obovate, 
about  i//  long,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  sides 
smooth,  the  beak  short,  erect. 

Quebec  to  Minnesota  and  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Michigan,  western  Kansas,  New  Mexico  and  California. 
Resembling'  in  foliage  the  European  S.  sagittaefolia  L,., 
but  distinguished  from  that  species  by  its  achenes. 


5.    Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon.     Floating  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  197.) 

Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20 :  283. 
pi.  159.     1893. 

Aquatic,  submerged,  rooting  in  sand,  scape  very 
slender,  simple,  terete,  i°-2°  long,  bearing  the 
flowers  at  the  surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  the  blade  floating,  sagittate,  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  2/-4/  long,  the  basal  lobes  acumin- 
ate, about  one-fourth  its  length  ;  phyllodia  of  two 
kinds,  one  petiole-like  and  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
the  other  lanceolate,  and  clustered  at  the  base  of 
the  plant;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  2//-3// 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  fertile  pedi- 
cels ;  flowers  6//-8//  broad  ;  achene  only  }&"  long, 
obovate-cuneate,  its  beak  very  short,  erect. 

In  shallow  water,  Minnesota  to  Washington  and 
British  Columbia.  Aug.-Sept. 


6.    Sagittaria  longiloba  Engelm.      L,ong- 
lobed  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  198.) 

Sagittaria    longiloba    Engelm.    in    Torr.    Bot.   Mex. 
Bound.  Surv.  212.      1859. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  slender,  simple  or 
rarely  branched,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
the  apex  acute,  the  basal  lobes  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the 
blade ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  3//-4//  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  very  slender  fertile  pedicels 
which  are  longer  than  the  sterile  ones  ;  stamens 
numerous,  the  filaments  longer  than  the  anthers ; 
achene  about  \"  long,  quadrate-obovate,  somewhat 
broader  above  than  below,  winged  on  both  mar- 
gins, its  beak  exceedingly  short. 

In  shallow  water,  Nebraska  to  Colorado,  south  to 
Texas  and  Mexico. 


AUSMACEAE. 


7.    Sagittaria    ambigua    J.    G.    Smith. 
Kansas  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  199.) 

Sagittaria  ambigua  J.  G.  Smith,  Ann.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot. 
Gard.  6  :  48.  pi.  17.      1894. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  seape  erect  or  ascending, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  i°-2°  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  entire,  long-petioled,  acute  or  acumin- 
ate at  both  ends,  seemingly  pinnately  veined,  really 
5-y-nerved,  s'-S'  long,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  scape  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  5//-8// 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  fruiting  pedi- 
cels, connate  at  the  base,  papillose  ;  stamens  20- 
25  ;  filaments  glabrous,  longer  than  the  anthers  ; 
acheue  about  \"  long,  oblong,  curved,  narrowly 
winged  on  both  margins,  its  sides  smooth  and  even, 
its  beak  short,  oblique. 

In  ponds,  Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory. 


8.    Sagittaria  lancifolia  L,.     I^ance-leaved  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  200.) 

Sagittaria  lancifolia  ~L,.  Atnoen.  Acad.  5  :  409.      1760. 
Sagittaria  falcata   Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.    397.      1814. 
Sagittaria  lancifolia  falcata  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr. 
Club,  5  :  25.      1894. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  rigid,  erect,  stout 
or  rather  slender,  striate,  branched  or  simple, 
longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
firm,  entire,  the  blades  5-g-nerved,  S'-iJ^0  long, 
gradually  narrowed  into  the  long  petioles,  appar- 
ently pinnately  veined;  flowers  numerous,  5//-i2// 
broad;  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  not 
united  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  equalling 
or  shorter  than  the  fruiting  pedicels ;  stamens 
numerous  ;  filaments  cobwebby-pubescent,  equal- 
ling or  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  achene  narrowly 
obovate-cuneate,  i//-i^//  long,  winged  on  both 
margins,  its  sides  smooth,  its  beak  tapering,  oblique. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  Delaware,  to  Florida 
and  Texas,  near  the  coast.  Widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical America. 

9.    Sagittaria  rigida  Pursh.     Sessile-fruiting  Arrow-head.     (Fig.  201.) 

Sagittaria  rigida  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  397.      1814. 
Sagittaria  heterophylla  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  396.    1814.    Not 
Schreb.  1811. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  simple,  weak,  curving, 
ascending  or  decumbent,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
very  variable,  linear,  lanceolate,  elliptic  or  broadly  ovate, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  with  I  or  2  short  or 
slender  basal  lobes ;  bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  2//-4//  long, 
united  at  the  base  or  sometimes  distinct ;  heads  of  fruit 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so ;  pedicels  of  the  sterile  flowers 
YZ'-^'  long;  filaments  dilated,  mostly  longer  than  the 
anthers,  pubescent;  achene  narrowly  obovate,  \l/i"-'2rf 
long,  winged  on  both  margins,  crested  above,  tipped  with 
a  stout  nearly  erect  beak  of  about  one-fourth  its  length. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  Quebec  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
New  Jersey,  Tennessee,  Missouri  and  Nebraska.  Petioles 
rigid  when  growing  in  running  water.  July-Sept. 


WATER-PLANTAIN   FAMILY.  91 

10.    Sagittaria  teres  S.  Wats.     Slender  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  202.) 

Sagittaria  teres  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  555.       1890. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  slender,  erect,  simple, 
6'-iS/  long,  bearing  only  1-3  verticils  of  flowers.  Leaves 
usually  reduced  to  elongated  terete  nodose  phyllodia  or 
some  of  them  short  and  bract-like,  one  or  two  of  the 
longer  ones  occasionally  bearing  a  linear  blade  ;  bracts 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  i^"  long,  much  shorter  than  the 
filiform  fruiting  pedicels  which  are  longer  than  the  ster- 
ile ones;  flowers  6//-8//  broad;  stamens  about  12,  their 
dilated  filaments  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  anthers  ; 
achene  broadly  obovate,  \"  long,  the  ventral  margin 
winged,  the  dorsal  y-n-crested,  the  sides  bearing  several 
crenate  crests,  the  beak  short,  erect. 

In  ponds,  Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina.     Aug. -Sept. 


ii.    Sagittaria  cristata  Erigelm.     Crested  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  203.) 

Saffi/taria  cristata,   Engelm. ;  Arthur,  Proc.  Davenport 
Acad.  4  :  29.      1882. 

Monoecious,  scape  slender,  erect,  i°-2%°  high,  sim- 
ple, bearing  4  or  5  verticils  of  flowers  at  or  above  the 
surface  of  the  water.  Leaves  long-petioled,  spongy 
and  rigid,  reduced  to  slender  phyllodia  or  bearing 
linear-lanceolate  or  elliptic  blades  2/~4/  long  and 
3//-i2//  wide  ;  bracts  acute,  2//-4//  long,  much  shorter 
than  the  slender  fertile  pedicels ;  flowers  8//-io// 
broad;  stamens  about  24;  filaments  dilated,  pubescent, 
at  least  at  the  middle,  longer  than  the  anthers;  achene 
obliquely  obovate,  the  dorsal  margin  with  a  broad 
crenate  wing,  the  ventral  straight-winged,  each  side 
bearing  2  crenate  crests,  the  beak  short,  oblique. 

In  shallow  water,  Iowa  and  Minnesota.  Phyllodia  are 
commonly  developed  from  the  nodes  of  the  rootstock. 
July-Aug. 

12.    Sagittaria  graminea  Michx.     Grass-leaved  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  204.) 


Sagittaria  graminea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2  :  190.      1803. 

Monoecious  or  dioecious,  glabrous,  scape  simple,  erect, 
4/-2°  tall.  Leaves  long-petioled,  the  blades  linear,  lanceo- 
late or  elliptic,  acute  at  both  ends,  2/-6/  long,  %"-$"  wide, 
3-5-nerved,  the  nerves  distinct  to  the  base,  some  of  them 
occasionally  reduced  to  flattened  phyllodia;  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  i^//-3//  long,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  or  fili- 
form fruiting  pedicels,  connate  to  the  middle  or  beyond  ; 
flowers  4//-6//  broad;  stamens  about  18  ;  filaments  dilated, 
pubescent,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  anthers ;  achene 
obovate,  ^//-i//  long,  slightly  wing-crested  on  the  margins 
and  ribbed  on  the  sides,  the  beak  very  short. 

In  mud  or  shallow  water,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and  South 
Dakota,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Early  leaves  often  purplish. 
July-Sept. 


92  ALISMACEAE. 

13.  Sagittaria  platyphylla  (Engelm.)  J.  G.  Smith. 

(Fig.  205.) 


Ovate-leaved  Sagittaria, 


Sagittaria  graminea  var.  platyphylla  Engelm.  in  A- 
Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  494.  1867. 

Sagittaria  platyphylla  J.  G.  Smith,  Ann.  Rep.  Mo. 
Bot.  Gard.  6  :  55.  pi.  26.  1894. 

Monoecious,  glabrous,  scape  erect,  simple,  rather 
weak,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
rigid,  the  blades  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
elliptic,  short-acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded,  gradually  narrowed  or  rarely  cordate  or 
hastate  at  the  base,  seemingly  pinnately  veined, 
2/-6/  long  ;  bracts  broadly  ovate,  acute,  connate  at 
the  base,  2//-4//  long  ;  flowers  8//-i4//  broad  ;  fer- 
tile pedicels  stout,  divergent  in  flower,  reflexed  in 
fruit,  Yz'-^/i'  long ;  filaments  dilated,  pubescent, 
rather  longer  than  the  anthers ;  achene  obliquely 
obovate,  winged  on  both  margins,  the  dorsal  mar- 
gin somewhat  crested,  the  sides  with  a  sharp  wing- 
like  ridge. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  southern  Missouri  to- 
Mississippi  and  Texas.  Phyllodia,  when  present,, 
oblong  or  oblanceolate.  July-Sept. 

14.    Sagittaria  subulata  (I,.)  Buchenau.     Subulate  Sagittaria.     (Fig.  206.) 

Alisma  subulata  I/.  Sp.  PI.  343.      1753. 
Sagittaria  pusilla  Nutt.  Gen.  2  :  213.      1818. 
Sagittaria  subulata  Buchenau,  Abh.  Nat.  Ver.  Bremen, 
2 : 490.      1871. 

Monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious,  scape  very  slen- 
der, 2/-6/  high,  few-flowered,  about  equalling  the 
leaves.  Leaves  all  reduced  to  rigid  phyllodia  or 
sometimes  bearing  linear  or  linear-lanceolate 
blades,  i/-i^/  long;  bracts  united  to  the  apex  or 
becoming  partly  separated  ;  flowers  5//-8//  broad  ; 
fertile  pedicels  reflexed  and  much  longer  than  the 
bracts  in  fruit ;  stamens  about  8  ;  filaments  about 
equalling  the  anthers,  dilated,  glabrous ;  achenes 
rather  less  than  \"  long,  obovate,  narrowly  winged, 
with  2  or  3  crests  on  each  side,  the  wings  and  crests 
sometimes  crenate ;  beak  short. 

In  tide -water  mud,  southern  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania to  Florida  and  Alabama.  July-Sept. 

Sagittaria  subulata  gracillima  (S.  Wats.)  J.  G.  Smith,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5  :  26.      1894. 
Sagittaria  natans  var.  (?)  gracillima  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  556.      1890. 

Submerged  ;  leaves  2°-4°  long,  bladeless  or  bearing  small  3-nerved  lanceolate  blades,  i'-a' 
long,  3"-4"  wide  ;  scape  simple,  terete  or  compressed,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  flowers  few,  8"- 
10"  broad.  Eastern  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species.  Fruit  not  seen. 

Family  6.     VALLISNERIACEAE  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam.  54.     1829. 

TAPE-GRASS  FAMILY. 

Submerged  or  floating  aquatic  herbs,  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  regular,, 
mostly  dioecious,  appearing  from  an  involucre  or  spathe  of  1-3  bracts  or  leaves. 
Perianth  3-6-parted,  the  segments  either  all  petaloid  or  the  3  outer  ones  small 
and  herbaceous,  the  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  its  base  in  the  pistillate 
flowers.  Stamens  3-12,  distinct  or  monadelphous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary 
i -celled  with  3  parietal  placentae  or  6-9-celled.  Styles  3-9,  with  entire  or 
2 -cleft  stigmas.  Ovules  anatropous  or  orthotropous.  Fruit  ripening  under 
water,  indehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  without  endosperm. 

About  14  genera  and  40  species  of  wide  distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions.     Besides- 
the  following,  another  genus,  Halophila,  occurs  on  the  coast  of  Florida. 
Stem  branched  ;  leaves  whorled  or  opposite.  i.  Philotria. 

Acaulescent ;  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  grass-like,  elongated.  2.    Vallisneria. 

Stem  stoloniferous  ;  leaves  broad,  rounded,  cordate,  petioled.  3.  Limnobium. 


TAPE-GRASS   FAMILY. 


93 


I. 


i.    PHILOTRIA  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  175.       1818. 
[ELODEA  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  20.     1803.     Not  Elodes  Adans.  1763.] 

[UDORA  Nutt.  Gen.  2  :  242.     1818.] 

Stems  submerged,  elnogated,  branching,  leafy.  I/eaves  opposite  or  whorled,  crowded, 
i-nerved,  pellucid,  minutely  serrulate  or  entire.  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous,  arising 
from  an  ovoid  or  tubular  2-cleft  spathe.  Perianth  6-parted,  at  least  the  3  inner  segments  peta- 
loid.  Staminate  flowers  with  9  stamens,  the  anthers  oblong,  erect.  Ovary  i-celled  with  3 
parietal  placentae.  Stigmas  3,  nearly  sessile,  a-lobed.  Fruit  oblong,  coriaceous,  few-seeded, 
f  Name  from  the  Greek,  referring  to  the  leaves,  which  are  often  whorled  in  threes.] 

About  8  species,  inhabitants  of  fresh  water  ponds  and  streams  in  temperate  and  tropical  America. 

Philotria  Canadensis  (Michx.)  Britton.     Water-weed.     Ditch-moss. 

Water  Thyme.     (Fig.  207.) 

Elodea  Canadensis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i :  20.      1803. 
Anacharis  Canadensis  Planch.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (III.     9: 

75.      1849. 
Philotria  Canadensis  Britton,  Science  (,11. )  2  :  5.      1895. 

Stems  4/-3°  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  water. 
Leaves  linear  or  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrulate  or 
entire,  verticillate  in  3*3  or  4's  or  the  lower  opposite, 
2//_7//  long,  %"-?•"  wide  ;  flowers  axillary,  white,  the 
staminate  minute,  sessile,  breaking  off  at  the  time  of 
flowering  and  rising  to  the  surface  where  they  shed 
their  pollen  around  the  pistillate  ones ;  pistillate 
flowers  expanding  on  the  surface  of  the  water  which 
they  reach  by  means  of  the  slender  calyx-tube  which 
varies  in  length  from  2'-i °,  their  spathes  5//-7//  long; 
stigmas  spreading,  papillose  or  pubescent. 

Nearly  throughout  North  America,  except  the  extreme 
north.  Naturalized  in  Europe.  It  has  been  maintained 
that  there  are  four  North  American  species.  May- Aug. 

2.   VALLISNERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1015.       1753. 

Aquatic  dioecious  submerged  perennials,  with  long  grass-like  floating  leaves.  Stam- 
inate flowers  with  a  2-3-parted  spathe  on  a  short  scape,  numerous,  nearly  sessile  on  a  conic 
receptacle  ;  perianth  3-parted  ;  stamens  generally  2  (1-3).  Pistillate  flowers  on  a  very  long 
flexuous  or  spiral  scape,  with  a  tubular,  2-cleft,  i-flowered  spathe  ;  perianth-tube  adnate  to 
the  ovary,  3-lobed  and  with  3  small  petals ;  ovary  i-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae  ;  stigmas 
3,  nearly  sessile,  short,  broad,  2-toothed  with  a  minute  process  just  below  each  sinus  ;  ovules 
unmerous,  borne  all  over  the  ovary-wall,  orthotropous.  Fruit  elongated,  cylindric,  crowned 
•with  the  perianth.  [Named  for  Antonio  Vallisneri,  1661-1730,  Italian  naturalist.] 

A  tnonotypic  genus  of  wide  distribution  both 
in  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 

i.    Vallisneria    spiralis   L.      Tape- 
grass.     Eel-grass.     (Fig.  208.) 

Vallisneria  spiralis  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  1015.      1753. 

Plant  rooting  in  the  mud  or  sand,  stolou- 
iferous.  Leaves  thin,  narrowly  linear,  5- 
nerved,  obtuse,  sometimes  serrate  near  the 
apex,  X°~6°  long,  2//-9// wide,  the  2  marginal 
nerves  faint;  the  staminate  bud  separates  from 
the  scape  at  the  time  of  flowering  and  ex- 
pands upon  the  surface  of  the  water  ;  pistil- 
late flowers  upon  a  long  thread-like  scape, 
the  spathe  ^/-i/  long,  enclosing  a  single 
white  flower ;  ovary  as  long  as  the  spathe  ; 
after  receiving  the  pollen  from  the  staminate 
flowers  the  scape  of  the  pistillate  contracts 
spirally  ;  ripe  fruit  2/-y/  long. 

In  quiet  waters,  New  Brunswick  to  Florida, 
west  to  Minnesota,  Iowa  and  Texas.  The  "wild 
celery"  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  a  favorite  food 
of  the  canvas-back  duck.  Aug.-Sept. 


94 


VALUSNERIACEAE. 


3.    LIMNOBIUM  L.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Inst.  Paris,  32:  66.      pi.  8.       1811. 

Aquatic,  stoloniferous  herbs,  the  leaves  fascicled  at  the  nodes,  petioled,  broad,  cordate. 
Flowers  monoecious,  white,  arising  from  sessile  or  stipitate,  2-leaved,  membranous  spathes. 
Perianth  6  parted,  the  segments  petaloid,  the  3  outer  oblong-oval,  the  3  inner  oblong-linear. 
Staminate  flowers  2-4  in  a  spathe,  long-peduncled,  the  stamens  united  in  a  column  bearing 
6-12  anthers  at  different  heights,_sometimes  producing  only  9-12  staminodia,  the  filaments 
tipped  with  abortive  anthers.  Pistillate  flowers  sessile  or  short-peduncled  with  3-6  vesti- 
gial stamens ;  ovary  6-9-celled  with  as  many  central  placentae ;  stigmas  as  many  as  the 
cells,  each  2-parted.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  [  Greek  referring  to  the  aquatic  habitat.] 

Three  or  four  species,  natives  of  America. 

i.  Limnobium  Spongia  (Bosc. )  I,.  C.  Rich- 
ard.    Frog's-bit.     (Fig.  209.) 

Hydrocharis  Spongia  Bosc,  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  9  :  396.  pi. 

jo.      1807. 
Limnobium  Spongia  I,.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Inst.  Paris, 

32:66.  pi.  8.      1811. 

Hydrocharis  cordifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  2  :  241.      1818. 
Limnocharis  Spongia  I,.  C.  Richard ;  Steud.  Nomencl. 

Ed.  2,  Part.  2,  45.      1841. 

Blades  of  the  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  cor- 
date or  reniform,  faintly  s-y-nerved  and  cross-veined, 
purplish  and  spongy  beneath,  io//-2/  broad,  on  peti- 
oles I'-io'  in  length.  Stolons  rooting  and  sending 
up  flowers  and  leaves  at  the  nodes  ;  peduncles  of  the 
staminate  flowers  $'-4?  long,  those  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  stouter,  i/-2/  long,  nodding  in  fruit. 

In  shallow,  stagnant  water,  L,ake  Ontario,  to  Floridar 
west  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Louisiana.  July-Aug. 

Family  7.     GRAMINEAE  Jtiss.  Gen.  28.      1789.* 
GRASS  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  of  various  habit,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Culms 
(stems)  generally  hollow,  but  occasionally  solid,  the  nodes  closed.  Leaves 
sheathing,  the  sheaths  usually  split  to  the  base  on  the  side  opposite  the  blade;  a 
scarious  or  cartilaginous  ring,  naked  or  hairy,  rarely  wanting,  called  the  ligule, 
is  borne  at  the  orifice  of  the  sheath.  Inflorescence  spicate,  racemose  or  panicu- 
late, consisting  of  spikelets  composed  of  two  to  many  a-ranked  imbricated 
bracts,  called  scales  (glumes),  the  two  lowest  in  the  complete  spikelet  always 
empty,  one  or  both  of  these  sometimes  wanting.  One  or  more  of  the  upper  scales, 
except  sometimes  the  terminal  ones,  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which  is  usually 
enclosed  by  a  bract-like  awnless  organ  called  the  palet,  placed  opposite  the  scale 
and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (rachilla)  of  the  spikelet,  generally  2-keeled; 
sometimes  the  palet  is  present  without  the  flower,  and  vice  versa.  Flowers  per- 
fect or  staminate,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious,  subtended  by  1-3  minute 
hyaline  scales  called  the  lodicules.  Stamens  1-6,  usually  3.  Anthers  2-celled, 
versatile.  Ovary  i -celled,  i-ovuled.  Styles  1-3,  commonly  2  and  lateral.  Stigmas 
hairy  or  plumose.  Fruit  a  seedlike  grain  (caryopsis).  Endosperm  starchy. 

About  3500  species,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world,  growing  in  water  and  on  all  kinds 
of  soil.  Those  yielding  food-grains  are  called  cereals.  The  species  are  more  numerous  in  tropical 
countries,  while  the  number  of  individuals  is  much  greater  in  temperate  regions,  often  forming  ex- 
tended areas  of  turf.  The  time  of  year  noted  is  that  of  ripening  seed. 

KEY  TO  THE  TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 

A.  Spikelets  i  or  2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the  upper  fertile,  lower  staminate;  rachilla  arti- 
culated below  the  scales  or  the  subtending  involucre,  and  not  extending  beyond  the  flow0'0 
Spikelets  not  flattened  laterally. 

Flowering  scale  and  palet  hyaline;  none  of  the  scales  spiny. 

Spikelets  monoecious;  staminate  and  pistillate  in  the  same  panicle.     I.  MAYDEAE. 
Spikelets  perfect,  or  one  staminate  or  rudimentary,  mostly  silky.       II.  ANDROPOGONEAE. 
Flowering  scale  and  palet  membranous;  second  scale  spiny  (in  ours).     III.  ZOYSIEAE. 
Flowering  scale  and  palet  coriaceous  or  chartaceous;  spikelets  mostly  glabrous,  involucrate  in. 

Nos.  13  and  14;  scales  3  or  4.  IV.  PANICEAE. 

Spikelets  flattened  laterally,"  i -flowered;  scales  2.  V.  ORYZEAE. 

*  This  family  has  been  elaborated  with  the  assistance  of  MR.  GEO.  V.  NASH. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


95 


B.  Spikelets  i-iuany-flowered;  rachilla  generally  articulated  above  the  two  lower  scales  (below 
them  in  Nos.  32,  40,  48  and  54)  and  frequently  extending  beyond  the  flower  in  i-flowered  spikelets. 

Culms  herbaceous. 

Spikelets  upon  pedicels  in  panicles,  spike-like  panicles  or  racemes,  not  in  rows. 

Spikelets  with  but  i  perfect  flower,  which  is  terminal  except  in  37  and  part  of  36. 
Empty  scales  4  (except  in  No.  20);  palet  i-nerved.  VI.  PHALARIDEAE. 

Empty  scales  2;  palet  2-nerved.  VII.  AGROSTIDKAE. 

Spikelets  with  2  or  more  perfect  flowers  (except  that  one  is  staminate  in  Nos.  40  and 

45);  upper  flower  often  imperfect. 
Flowering  scales  generally  shorter  than  the  empty  lower  ones,  usually  with  a  bent 

awn  on  the  back.  VIII.  AVENKAK. 

Flowering  scales  generally  longer  than  the  empty  lower  ones,  unawned  or  with'a 

straight  awn  from  the  apex.  X.  FESTTJCEAE. 

Spikelets  in  two  rows,  forming  a  one-sided  spike  or  raceme.  IX.  CHLORIDKAE. 

Spikelets  in  two  opposite  rows,  forming  an  equilateral  spike  (unilateral  in  Nardifs). 

XI.    HORDEAE. 

Culms  woody,  at  least  at  the  base;  tall  reeds.  XII.  BAMBUSEAE. 

Tribe  I.  MAYDEAE. 

Fertile  spikelets  imbedded  in  the  joints  of  the  thick  rachis.  i.    Tripsacum. 

Tribe  II.  ANDROPOGONEAE. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  not  much  thickened  nor  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  spikelets. 
Spikelets  alike,  perfect,  one  sessile,  one  pedicelled.  2.  Erianthus. 

Spikelets  not  alike,  the  sessile  perfect,  the  pedicelled  staminate,  empty  or  wanting. 

Inflorescence  composed  of  spike-like  silky  racemes.  4.  Andropogon. 

Inflorescence  paniculate;  spikelets  silky. 

Pedicelled  spikelet  wanting  (in  our  species).  5.  Chrysopogon. 

Pedicelled  spikelet  present  and  usually  staminate.  6.  Sorghum. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  greatly  thickened  and  excavated  for  the  reception  of  the  spikelets. 

3.  Manisuris, 

Tribe  III.  ZOYSIEAE. 


Spikelets  in  a  terminal  spike;  second  scale  spiny. 


7.  Nazia. 


Tribe  IV.  PANICEAE. 


Spikelets  without  a  subtending  involucre  of  bristles  or  valves. 
Scales  3. 

Spikelets  all  alike  in  close  i -sided  spikes. 

Spikelets  with  a  swollen  ring-like  callus  at  the  base.  10.  Eriochloa. 

Spikelets  without  a  callus.  8.  Paspaluin. 

Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  one  borne  in  loose  linear  panicles,  the  other  solitary  on  subterranean 

peduncles  and  maturing  seed.  9.  Amphicarpon. 

Scales  4,  rarely  3  by  suppression  of  the  lowest  one. 

Spikelets  in  2's  or  3's  on  one  side  of  a  long  and  slender  flat  or  3-angled  rachis  ;  spikes  digi- 
tate or  approximate  in  whorls.  n.  Syntherisma. 
Spikelets  single,  pedicelled,  in  panicles  or  raceme-like  sessile  and  panicled  spikes;  first 

scale  short,  third  empty  or  staminate,  fourth  fertile.  12.  Panicum. 

Spikelets  subtended  by  an  involucre  consisting  of: 

i-many  persistent  bristles;  spikelets  in  dense  spikes,  deciduous.  13.  Ixo'phorus. 

2  spine-bearing  valves  forming  a  bur  enclosing  the  spikelets  and  deciduous  with  them. 

14.   Cenchrns. 

Tribe  V.  ORYZEAE. 

Spikelets  monoecious;  tall  aquatic  grasses. 

Pistillate  spikelets  ovate,  borne  at  the  base  of  each  branch  of  the  panicle. 


Pistillate  spikelets  linear,  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  panicle. 
Spikelets  not  monoecious;  grasses  of  swamps  or  wet  grounds. 


15.  Zizaniopsis. 

1 6.  Zi~ania. 

17.  Homalocenchrus. 


Tribe  VI.  PHALARIDEAE. 

Third  and  fourth  scales 

small  and  empty  or  rudimentary,  not  awned;  stamens  3.  18.  Phalaris. 

empty,  awned  upon  the  back:  stamens  2.  19.  Anthoxanthuni. 

subtending  staminate  flowers  with  3  stamens;  fertile  flowers  with  2  stamens. 

20.  Savastana. 

Tribe  VII.     AGROSTIDEAE. 

Flowering  scale  indurated  at  maturity,  of  firmer  texture  than  the  empty  scales,  and  closely  enve- 
loping the  grain. 
Rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  palet. 

Flowering  scale  with  a  three-branched  awn;  stamens  mostly  3.  21.  Aristida. 

Flowering  scale  with  a  simple  awn. 

Flowering  scale  narrow;  awn  persistent. 

Awn  tortuous  or  twisted,  stout;  callus  evident.  22.  Stipa. 

Awn  straight,  very  slender;  callus  minute.  25.  Muhlenbergia. 

Flowering  scale  broad;  awn  slender,  straight,  deciduous;  callus  obtuse. 

23.  Oryzopsis. 

Flowering  scale  awnless.  24.  Milium. 

Rachilla  with  a  pedicel-like  extension  beyond  the  palet;  stamens  2.  26.  Brachyelytrum. 


96  GRAMINEAE. 

Flowering  scale  hyaline  or  membranous  at  maturity;  empty  scales  coarser;  grain  loose. 

Spikelets  in  a  dense  spike-like  panicle.     (Some  species  of  No.  31  may  be  looked  for  here. ) 
Spikelets  3"  or  less  long. 

Spikelets  readily  deciduous  at  maturity. 

Empty  scales  not  awned.  v    29.  Alopecurus.  » 

Empty  scales  awned.  .      32.  Polypogon.    •. 

Spikelets  not  deciduous;  empty  scales  persistent. 

Flowering  scales  slightly  exceeding  the  empty  ones.  27.  Heleochloa. 

Flowering  scales  much  shorter  than  the  empty  ones.  28.  Phleum. 

Spikelets  5" -6"  long;  tall  seashore  grasses.  37.  Ammophila.  / 

Spikelets  variously  panicled;  panicle  not  spike-like,  except  in  a  few  species  of  No.  31. 
Seed  loosely  enclosed  in  the  pericarp,  which  opens  readily  at  maturity. 

Empty 'scales  minute;  low  arctic  grass.  30.  Phippsia. 

Empty  scales  not  minute;  no  callus,  awns  or  hairs.  31.  Sporobolus. 

Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 

Palet  i -nerved;  stamen  i;  flower  plainly  stalked:  scales  not  hairy.       34.  Cinna. 
Palet  2-neryed;  stamens  3;  flower  not  plainly  stalked. 

Flowering  scale  bifid,  with  a  delicate  awn  on  its  back;  rachilla  prolonged  into  a 

short  bristle.  39.  Apera. 

Flowering  scale  entire;  rachilla  not  prolonged  into  a  bristle. 

Callus  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  base  (except  in  species  of  genus  36). 

Rachilla  extended  beyond  the  palet.  36.   Calamagrostis.     - 

Rachilla  not  extended  beyond  the  palet.  38.  Calamovilfa. 

Callus  naked,  or  with  very  short  hairs. 

Empty  scales  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones;  arctic  grass. 

33.  Arctagrostis. 
Empty  scales  longer  than  the  flowering  ones;  panicle  open;  Spikelets  small. 

35.  Agrostis.         / 

Tribe  VIII.  AVENEAE. 

Spikelets  deciduous;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  staminate,  awned;  plant  velvety.  40.  Holcus. 
Spikelets  not  deciduous;  empty  scales  persistent,  flowering  ones  deciduous. 

Spikelets  of  2  perfect  flowers;  rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  one.    41.  Aira. 
Spikelets  2-many-flowered;  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  upper  flower. 
Awn  of  flowering  scale  upon  the  back,  inserted  below  the  teeth. 
Flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  upper  ones  staminate  or  wanting. 
Spikelets  less  than  6"  long;  grain  free,  unfurrowed. 

Flowering  scale  finely  erose-dentate  or  2-lobed.  42.  Deschampsia. 

Flowering  scale  cleft  or  2-toothed,  with  the  teeth  sometimes  produced  into 

awns.  43.    Triselum. 

Spikelets  over  6"  long;  grain  furrowed,  usually  adherent  to  the  scales. 

44.  A  vena. 

Upper  flower  perfect,  lower  staminate,  its  scale  strongly  awned.     45.  Arrhenatherum. 
Awn  from  between  the  lobes  or  teeth  of  the  flowering  scale,  generally  twisted. 

46.  Danthonia. 

Tribe  IX.  CHLORIDEAE. 

Flowers  perfect  or  some  of  them  rudimentary. 

i  perfect  flower  in  each  spikelet;  sometimes  2  in  Nos.  53  and  54. 
No  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 
Spikelets  deciduous. 

Rachis  produced  beyond  the  upper  spikelet;  Spikelets  narrow.        48.  Spartina. 
Rachis  not  so  produced;  Spikelets  globose,  sometimes  2-flowered.  54.  Beckmannia. 
Spikelets  not  deciduous;  empty  scales  persistent;  low  slender  grasses. 

Spikes  2-6,  slender,  digitate,  i'-a'  long.  47.  Capriola. 

Spikes  many  along  a  common  axis,  2' -4'  long.  52.  Schedonnardus. 

One-several  empty  scales  above  the  flower. 

IvOwer  empty  scales  4;  spike  solitary,  dense.  49.   Campulosus. 

Lower  empty  scales  2. 

Spikes  in  false  whorls  or  closely  approximate ;  scales  long-awned.    50.   Chloris. 
Spikes  remote,  or  the  lowest  only  approximate. 

Spikelets  scattered  or  remote  on  filiform  spikes.  51.  Gymnopogon.  • 

Spikelets  crowded,  sometimes  2-flowered.  53.  Bouteloua. 

2-3  perfect  flowers  in  each  spikelet. 

Spikelets  densely  crowded;  spikes  usually  digitate. 

Spikes  with  terminal  spikelets.  55.  Eleusine. 

Spikes  without  terminal  spikelets,  the  rachis  extending  beyond  them  into  a  point. 

56.  Dactyloctenium. 

Spikelets  distinctly  alternating;  spikes  remote.  57.  Leptochloa. 

Spikelets  dioecious,  very  unlike;  spikes  short;  low  prairie  grass.  58.  Bulbilis. 

Tribe  X.  FESTUCEAE. 

Rachilla  with  long  hairs  enveloping  the  flowering  scale;  tall  aquatic  grass.  60.  Phragmites. 

Rachilla  and  flowering  scales  naked  or  hairy,  hairs  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Stigmas  barbellate;  spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6  in  the  axils  of  stiff  spinescent  leaves. 

59.  Munroa. 
Stigmas  plumose;  spikelets  not  in  the  axils  of  leaves;  inflorescence  various. 

Spikelets  of  two  forms,  the  fertile  i-3-flowered,  surrounded  by  the  sterile,  consisting  of 

many  empty  pectinate  scales.  76.   Cynosurus. 

Spikelets  all  alike. 

Flowering  scale  2-.vtoothed  or  pointed,  usually  3-nerved;  lateral  nerves  and  callus 

(an  enlargement  of  the  rachilla  just  below  the  flowering  scale)  generally  hairy. 
Spikelets  with  3-many  fertile  flowers.  61.  Sieglingia. 

Spikelets  i-3-flowered  ;  flowering  scales  keeled  ;  branches  of  the  diffuse  panicle 
long  and  capillary.  62.  Redfieldia. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  97 

Flowering  scale  of  some  other  structure. 

Flowering  scales  i-3-nerved,  all  with  perfect  flowers,  or  the  uppermost  with  a 

staminate  flower  only  or  empty. 
Panicle  branches  spirally  arranged. 

Panicle  branches  simple,  in  spike-like  racemes.  63.  Diplachne. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  mostly  again  divided. 

Spikelets  loosely  2-4-flowered;  conical  rachilla  articulated. 

64.  Molinia. 
Spikelets  densely  a-yo-flowered;    rachilla  not  articulated;    ligule   or 

throat  of  sheath  bearded.  65.  Eragrostis. 

Primary  branches  of  the  panicle  distichous,  usually  branched  again  at  the  base. 
Panicle  spike-like  or  much  contracted. 

Second  scale  broader  than  the  2  flowering  ones.  66.  Eatonia. 

Second  scale  not  broader  than  the  3-7  flowering  ones.  67.  Koeleria. 
Panicle  diffuse,  with  long  slender  branches.  68.  Catabrosa. 

Flowering  scales  3-many-nerved,  with    2  or  more   of  the  upper  scales  empty, 

appressed,  convolute  around  each  other. 

Stamens  3;  upper  sterile  scales  usually  club-shaped.  69.  Melica. 

Stamens  1-2;  sterile  scales  not  club-shaped.  70.  Korycarpus. 

Flowering  scales  5-many-nerved,  each  with  a  perfect  flower,  or  the  upper  sometimes 

abortive. 

Keel  of  the  palet  winged  or  with  a  linear  appendage.  71.  Pleuropogon. 

Keel  of  the  palet  not  appendaged. 

Scales  more  or  less  strongly  compressed  and  keeled. 

Empty  basal  scales  3-6;  Spikelets  flat,  2-edged.  72.    Uniola. 

Empty  basal  scales  2;  Spikelets  flattened. 

Panicle  contracted;  Spikelets  dioecious.  73.  Distichlis. 

Panicle  open;  Spikelets  perfect. 

Flowering  scales  herbaceous,  awn-pointed;  Spikelets  collected 

in  one-sided  clusters.  75.  Dactylis. 

Flowering  scales  scarious-margined;  rachis  glabrous  or  with 

webby  hairs. 

Spikelets  large,  cordate.  74.  Briza. 

Spikelets  mostly  smaller,  not  cordate. 

Empty  scales  projecting  beyond  the  uppermost  flower- 
ing ones;  arctic  grass.  78.  Dupontia. 
Uppermost  scales  exceeding  the  empty  ones;  flowering 

scales  2-10,  mostly  webby  at  base.      77.  Poa. 
Flowering  scales  membranous;  rachis  hirsute  with  stiff  hairs, 
extended  into  a  hairy  appendage.  80.  Graphephorum. 

Scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 

Stigmas  placed  at  or  near  the  apex  of  the  ovary. 

Flowering  scales  with  a  basal  rjng  of  hairs,  prominently  7-nerved, 

toothed  at  apex;  water  grass.  79.  Scolochloa. 

Flowering  scales  naked  at  the  base: 

Obtuse  or  subacute  and  scarious  at  the  apex,  usually  toothed. 
Plainly  5-7-nerved  ;  styles  present.  81.  Panicularia. 

Obscurely  5-nerved ;  no  style  or  awns.        82.  Puccinellia. 
Acute,  pointed  or  awned  at  apex;  not  webby.   83.  Festuca. 
Stigmas  plainly  arising  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary;  Spikelets  large, 
usually  drooping;  scales  mostly  awned.  84.  Bromus. 

Tribe  XI.  HORDEAE. 

Stigma  i;  spike  unilateral;  spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow.  85.  Nardus. 

Stigmas  2;  spike  symmetrical. 

Spikelets  solitary  at  the  notches  of  the  rachis. 

Flowering  scales  with  their  backs  turned  to  the  rachis.  86.  Lolium. 

Flowering  scales  with  their  sides  turned  to  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  i-2-flowered  in  slender  articulate  spikes.  87.  Lepturus. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered  in  stout  inarticulate  spikes.  88.  Agropyron. 

Spikelets  2-6  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis;  scales  mostly  long-awned. 

Spikelets  i-flowered  or  with  the  rudiment  of  a  second  flower.  89.  Hordeum. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Empty  scales  a  little  smaller  than  the  flowering  ones.  90.  Elymus. 

Empty  scales  very  small  or  none.  ,  91.  Hystrix. 

Tribe  XII.  BAMBUSEAE. 

Tall  canes  with  large  flat  spikelets  in  panicles  or  racemes.  92.  Arundinaria. 

i.  TRIPSACUM  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  2:  1261.       1759. 

[DIGITARIA  Heist.;  Adans.  Fam.  Pi.  2:  38.      1763.] 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  thick  rootstocks,  rather  broad  flat  leaves  and  monoecious 
flowers.  Spikelets  i-2-flowered,  in  terminal  or  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  elongated 
spikes.  Staminate  spikelets  in  2's  at  each  node  of  the  axis,  2-flowered,  consisting  of  four 
scales,  the  two  outer  coriaceous,  the  two  in  jer  thinner,  the  palet  hyaline;  stamens  3.  Pis- 
tillate spikelets  in  excavations  at  the  lower  joints  of  the  spike,  i-flowered;  stigmas  exserted; 
style  slender.  Grain  partly  enclosed  in  the  excavations  of  the  spikes,  covered  in  front  by  the 
horny  exterior  lower  scale.  [Name  from  the  Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  polished  outer  scales.  J 

About  3  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  America.  Besides  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  the  southern  United  States. 


98 


GRAMINEAE. 


i.    Tripsacum    dactyloides     I,.      Gama 
Grass.      (Fig.  210.) 

Coix  dactyloides  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  972.      1753. 
Tripsacum  dactyloides  L,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1378.     1763. 
Tripsacum  dactyloides  var.  monostachyum  A.  Gray, 
Man.  616.      1848. 

Rootstock  l/t'-\'  thick,  culms  stout,  erect,  4°-8° 
tall.  Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,  i°  or  more 
long,  X'"1/^'  wide,  long-acuminate,  truncate  or 
subcordate  at  the  base ;  spikes  terminal  and  in  the 
upper  axils,  solitary  or  2-3  together,  4/-9/  long, 
the  lower  spikelets  pistillate,  the  upper  staminate 
and  very  numerous  ;  outer  scales  of  the  staminate 
spikelets  linear  and  obtuse,  4"  long,  about  i// 
wide,  faintly  many-nerved  ;  exterior  scale  of  the 
pistillate  spikelets  horny,  shining,  closely  appressed 
in  fruit. 

In  swamps  or  along  streams,  Connecticut  to  Florida, 
Texas  and  Mexico,  north  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and 
Kansas.  Also  in  South  America.  One  of  our  largest 
grasses,  sometimes  used  for  fodder.  June-Sept. 


2.    ERIANTHUS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  54.      1803. 

Tall  generally  robust  perennial  grasses,  with  thick  creeping  rootstocks,  long  flat  leaves, 
and  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  panicles.  Spikelets  generally  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the 
base,  2  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  with  a  pedicel,  generally 
i-flowered.  Scales  4,  the  two  outer  indurated,  the  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  bearing  a  terminal 
straight  or  contorted  awn  ;  palet  small,  hyaline  ;  stamens  3.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in 
the  scales.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  woolly  spikelets.] 

About  17  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides 
the  following,  two  others  occur  in  the  Southern  States. 

Awn  spiral.  i.  E.  alopecuroides. 
Awn  straight. 

Panicle  lax;  branches  long  and  spreading;  basal  hairs  longer  than  the  outer  scale  of  the 

spikelet.  2.  E.  saccharoides. 
Panicle  compact  or  strict;  branches  short  and  erect  or  appressed;  basal   hairs  equalling  or 

shorter  than  the  outer  scale  of  the  spikelet. 

Outer  scale  about  2^"  long.  3.  E.  compactus. 

Outer  scale  about  4"  long.  4.  E.  brevibarbis. 

i.  Erianthus  alopecuroides  (Iy.)  Ell.    Spiral-awned  Beard-grass.    (Fig.  211.) 

Andropogon  alopecurqides  L.  Sp.  PI.  1045.      1753. 
Erianthus  alopecuroides  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i  :  38. 
1816.      In  part. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  6°-io°  tall;  nodes  naked  or 
barbed,  the  summit  and  the  axis  of  the  panicle 
densely  pubescent  with  appressed  long  rigid  silky 
hairs  Sheaths  glabrous  ;  leaves  usually  glabrous, 
6/-2°  long,  ^/-i/  wide,  acuminate,  narrowed  and 
sometimes  hairy  on  the  upper  surface  near  the 
base ;  panicle  oblong,  7/-i2/  long,  2/-3/  wide, 
branches  spreading,  3/-5/  long,  slender,  loose,  in- 
ternodes  about  2"  long ;  outer  scales  of  the  spike- 
let  about  3/x  long,  exceeding  the  pedicel  and  about 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  inner  scales  shorter,  the  awn  6//-8// 
long,  scabrous,  the  portion  included  in  the  outer 
scales  tightly  spiral,  bent  at  point  of  exsertion,  and 
thence  loosely  spiral. 

In  damp  soil,  North  Carolina  to  Kentxicky  and  Missouri,  south  to  Georgia  and  Alabama.  Com- 
parison with  the  original  specimens  of  L,innaeus  proves  that  the  name  alopecuroides  belongs  to 
this  species.  Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


99 


2.    Erianthus  saccharoides  Michx. 

Eriantlnts  saccharoidps  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 

55-       1803. 

Culms  robust,  erect,  5°-io°  tall,  barbed  at 
the  nodes,  trie  summit  and  the  axis  of  the  pan- 
icle densely  pubescent  with  appressed  long 
rigid  silky  hairs.  Sheaths  glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly hairy  below,  densely  pubescent  at  the 
throat  with  long  more  or  less  spreading 
silky  hairs ;  leaves  scabrous  or  appressed- 
pubescent,  6'-2°  long,  X/-I/  wide,  long- 
acuminate,  somewhat  narrowed  towards  the 
base ;  panicle  lax,  broadly  oblong,  5/-i5/ 
long,  2/-4/  wide,  its  branches  spreading,  2'- 
4'  long,  slender,  internodes  about  2/x  long  ; 
outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  2X/  long, 
a  little  exceeding  the  pedicel  and  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  inner  scales  shorter,  the  awn 
io//-i2//  long,  straight,  scabrous. 


Plume  Grass.     ( Fig.  212.) 


In   moist  sandy   soil,    southeastern   Virginia   to 
Florida  and  Louisiana.     Also  in  Cuba.     Aug. -Sept. 

3.    Erianthus  compactus  Nash.      Con- 
tracted Plume-grass.      (Fig.  213.) 

Eriantlnis  compachis  Nash,   Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22: 
419.      1895. 

Culms  erect,  4°-8°  tall,  stout,  the  nodes 
barbed,  the  summit  and  axis  of  the  panicle 
densely  pubescent  with  appressed  long  rigid 
silky  hairs.  Sheaths  glabrous,  or  pubescent  at 
the  top  ;  leaves  scabrous  above,  sparingly  ap- 
pressed-pubescent  beneath,  6/-2°  long,  3//-6// 
wide,  long-acuminate,  narrowed  toward  the 
base ;  panicle  narrowly  oblong,  4/-6/  long,  about 
\]/2f  wide;  branches  erect,  i/-2/  long;  spikelets 
crowded;  internodes  about  \"  long;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  about  2^/r  long,  exceeding  the 
pedicels  and  about  equalling  the  basal  hairs, 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  inner  scales  shorter,  the 
awn  5//-io//  long,  straight,  scabrous. 

In  moist  soil,  New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Aug.-Sept. 


4.   Erianthus  brevibarbis  Michx.     Short- 
bearded  Plume-grass.      (Fig.  214.) 

Erianthus  brevtbarbis'M.ichy;.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  55.  1803. 
Erianthus  saccharoides  Michx.  sub-sp.  brevibarbis 

Hack,  in  DC.  Monog.  Phan.  6:  131.     1889. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  4°-5°  tall,  nodes  naked  or 
scantily  barbed,  the  summit  and  axis  of  the  panicle 
smooth  or  scabrous.  Sheaths  glabrous ;  leaves 
rough,  i2/-iS/  long,  3//~5//  wide,  acuminate  ;  pan- 
icle linear- oblong,  S'-io'  in  length,  I'-i^'  wide, 
branches  erect,  2 '-5'  long,  internodes  about  2^" 
long;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  4"  long, 
twice  the  length  of  the  pedicel  and  equalling  or 
twice  as  long  as  the  basal  hairs,  lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate;  inner  scales  shorter;  awn  9//-i2// long, 
straight,  scabrous. 

In  moist  soil,  Virginia  (according  to  Watson)  to 
North  Carolina  and  Louisiana.  Autumn. 


100  GRAMINEAE. 

3.    MANISURIS  L.   Mant.   2:   164.       1771. 
[ROTTBOEUJA  L.  f.  Dissert.  Nova  Gram.  Gen.  23.       1779.] 

Mostly  tall  perennials,  with  running  rootstocks,  narrow  flat  leaves  and  cylindrical  jointed 
spikes,  terminal  and  from  the  upper  axils.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  excavated 
rachis,  one  sessile  arid  perfect,  the  other  with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate  or  empty.  Scales 
of  the  perfect  spikelet  4,  the  outermost  thick  and  coriaceous,  covering,  together  with  the 
pedicel  of  the  sterile  spikelet,  the  excavation  in  the  rachis  ;  second  scale  chartaceous  ;  third 
and  fourth  hyaline,  the  latter  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  tail-like  spikes.] 

About  25  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  countries. 


i.  Manisuris  rugosa  (Nutt. )  Kuntze. 
Wrinkled  Manisuris.      (Fig.  215.) 

Rottboellia  rugosa  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  84.     1818. 
Manisuris  rugosa  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  780.     1891. 

Manisuris  rugosa  Chapmani  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr. 
Club,  5:  28.     1894. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  erect,  2°-4°  tall, 
compressed,  much  branched  above,  branches 
spreading.  Sheaths  compressed;  leaves  flat, 
acuminate,  6/-2°  long,  i//-3//  wide  ;  spikes  par- 
tially included  in  the  sheath  or  more  or  less  ex- 
serted,  i^4/-2^2/  long;  outermost  scale  of  the 
spikelets  oblong-ovate  to  ovate,  about  2"  long, 
strongly  transversely  rugose,  the  wrinkles  con- 
tinuous or  interrupted. 


In  wet  soil  along  the  coast,  Delaware  to  Florida, 
west  to  Louisiana  and  Texas.    June-Sept. 


4.    ANDROPOGON  L.  Sp.  PI.  1045.       1753. 

Perennial  grasses  with  usually  long  narrow  leaves,  and  terminal  and  axillary  spikes, 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  node  of  the  jointed  hairy  rachis,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other 
with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate,  empty  or  reduced  to  a  single  scale.  Perfect  spikelet 
consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outermost  coriaceous,  the  second  keeled  and  acute,  the  two  inner 
hyaline,  the  fourth  more  or  less  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens 
1-3.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  rachis.] 

About  150  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following-, 
some  12  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Internodes  of  the  rachis  clavate -thickened: 

Attenuate  at  base ;  spikes  solitary,  distant,  i.  A.  scoparitis. 

Broad  at  base;  spikes  in  pairs  or  digitate,  occasionally  panicled. 
Hairs  as  long  as  the  pedicel  or  longer. 

Spikes  in  pairs;  outer  scales  of  sessile  spikelet  about  2^"  long.     2.  A.  argyraeus. 
Spikes  2-5  together;  outer  scales  of  sessile  spikelet  about  4"  long. 

3.  A.  Hallii. 

Hairs  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  pedicel.  4.  A.  furcatus. 

Internodes  of  the  rachis  not  clavate-thickened,  slender,  more  or  less  flexuous. 

Spikes  protruding  from  the  side  of  the  inflated  spathe,  never  on  long-exserted  peduncles. 
Branches  of  the  culm  short,  distant,  forming  a  loose  elongated  inflorescence. 

5.  A.  Virginicus. 
Branches  of  the  culm  elongated,  forming  at  summit  a  compact  bushy  inflorescence. 

6.  A .  glomeratus. 
Spikes  terminal  on  finally  long-exserted  peduncles;  spathe  narrow;  upper  sheaths  elongated 

and  much  inflated,  imbricated;  upper  nodes  densely  bearded.  7.  A.  Elliot  tii. 

Internodes  of  the  rachis  much  thickened  on  the  margins,  the  intervening  portion  thin  and  translu- 
cent; nodes  of  the  culm  not  bearded.  8.  A.   Torreyanus. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


101 


i. 


Andropogon  scoparius  Michx.     Broom  Beard-grass.      (Fig.  216.) 


Andropogon  scoparium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  57. 
1803. 

Culms  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  smooth, 
simple  or  much  branched,  2°-4°  tall.  Sheaths 
smooth  or  scabrous,  sometimes  glaucous;  leaves 
6/-i2/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  acuminate,  scabrous; 
spikes  i/-2/  long,  loose,  solitary,  on  long-ex- 
serted  slender  peduncles  ;  rachis  slender,  flex- 
uous,  joints  and  pedicels  ciliate  with  long 
spreading  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spike- 
let  about  2>"  l°ng>  acuminate,  scabrous  ;  awn 
spiral,  more  or  less  bent  at  point  of  exsertion, 
5//-6//  long,  scabrous  ;  pedicelled  spikelet  re- 
duced to  a  single  awn-pointed  scale. 

In  dry  sandy  fields,  New  Brunswick  to  Alberta, 
south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Ascends 
to  3000  ft.  in  Georgia.  Specimens  determined  as 
A.  maritimus  Chapm.,  from  Cape  May,  N.  J.,  ap- 
pear to  be  referable  to  this  species.  Aug. -Oct. 

2.    Andropogon  argyraeus  Schultes.     Silvery  Beard-grass.      (Fig.  217.) 

Andropogon  argenteus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  148- 

1817.     Not  DC.  1813. 

Andropogon  argyraeus  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  450.      1824. 
Andropogon  Belvisii  Desv.  Opusc.  67.      1831. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  2°-4°  tall,  simple  at  base, 
generally  much  branched  above.  Sheaths  some- 
what compressed,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  basal 
leaves  6'-!°;  upper  2/-8/  by  \"  wide,  acuminate, 
smooth  to  scabrous  above,  glabrous  or  pubescent 
beneath;  spikes  in  pairs,  i/-2/  long,  on  more  or 
less  exserted  slender  peduncles ;  joints  of  the 
rachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  with  long  silky  white 
spreading  hairs  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spike- 
let  about  "2l/z"  long,  acuminate,  scabrous ;  awn 
loosely  spiral,  6x/-9/x  long,  scabrous ;  pedicelled 
spikelet  reduced  to  a  minute  lanceolate  acuminate 
scabrous  scale,  which  is  early  deciduous. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  Delaware  to  Missouri,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  Culm  leaves  shorter  and  broader 
than  the  basal  ones.  Sept. 


3.    Andropogon  Hallii  Hack.     Hall's  Beard-grass. 

Andropogon  Hallii  Hack.   Sitz.  Akad.   Wiss.  Wien,  89: 
127.      1884. 

Culms  robust  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  3°-6°  tall, 
simple  at  base,  branched  above,  smooth,  more  or  less 
glaucous.  Sheaths  somewhat  glaucous;  leaves  1°  or 
less  long,  3//-4//  wide,  smooth  ;  spikes  2-5  together, 
2/-4/  long,  the  lateral  ones  often  included  in  the 
spathes  ;  joints  of  rachis  and  pedicels  pubescent  with 
spreading  silky  white  or  yellow  hairs  of  about  their 
own  length  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about 
4"  long,  acuminate,  glabrous  at  base,  from  sparingly 
to  copiously  silky-pubescent  toward  the  apex  ;  awn 
2//-5//  long,  or  sometimes  wanting  ;  pedicelled  spike- 
let  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outermost  generally 
larger  than  the  corresponding  scale  of  the  sessile 
spikelet  and  subtending  a  palet  and  three  stamens. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Kansas  and  Montana  to  Mexico.  Aug.- 
Sept. 


(Fig.   218.) 


IO2 


GRAMINEAE. 


4.    Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.     Forked 
Beard-grass.      (Fig.  219.) 

Andropogon  furcatus   Muhl.;   Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  919. 

1806. 
Andropogon  provincialis  subvar.  furcatus  Hack,  in 

DC.  Mon.  Phan.  5:  442.      1889. 

Culms  erect,  stout,  smooth  and  glabrous,  3°-6° 
tall,  simple  at  base,  branched  above.  Sheaths 
smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  smooth  or  rough,  6X- 
i8x  long,  2//-7//  wide,  acuminate  ;  spikes  2-5,  in 
pairs  or  approximate  at  the  summit,  2'-5'  long  ; 
joints  of  rachis  and  pedicels  ciliate  with  short 
hairs  ;  outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  3//-4// 
long,  twice  the  length  of  the  rachis  joints,  scab- 
rous ;  awn  5//-7//  long,  loosely  spiral ;  pedicelled 
spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba, 
south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 

5.   Andropogon  Virginicus  L.     Virginia  Beard-grass.     (Fig.  220.) 

Andropogon  Virginicus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1046.      1753- 
Cinna  lateralis  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  59.      1788. 
Andropogon  dissitiflorus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 

57.     1803. 
Andropogon  vaginatus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i: 

148.     1817. 

Culms  erect,  smooth,  2°-4°  tall,  simple  at 
base,  branching  above.  Sheaths  smooth;  leaves 
6x-i0  long,  i//-3//  wide,  long-acuminate,  scab- 
rous on  the  margins;  branches  of  culm  short, 
forming  a  loose  and  elongated  inflorescence ; 
spikes  in  pairs,  occasionally  3  or  4,  about  i/  long, 
loose,  protruding  from  the  sides  of  the  spathes; 
rachis  flexuous,  slender,  the  joints  and  pedi- 
cels pubescent  with  long  spreading  silky  hairs; 
lowest  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about  \yz'f  long; 
awn  4//-o//  long,  straight,  scabrous;  pedicelled 
spikelet  generally  wanting,  occasionally  a  rudi- 
mentary scale  present. 

In  dry  or  moist  fields,  Massachusetts  to  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Illinois,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
Also  in  Cuba.  Aug.-Sept. 

6.  Andropogon  glomeratus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.    Bushy  Beard-grass.    (Fig.  221.) 

Cinna  glomerata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  59.      1788. 
Andropogon  macrourum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  56. 

1803. 
Andropogon  glomeratus  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  67. 

1888. 

Culms  erect,  iX°~3°  tall,  smooth,  simple  below, 
much  branched  above,  upper  nodes  of  branches 
barbed.  Sheaths  compressed,  smooth  to  strongly 
scabrous,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  leaves  i//-2// 
wide,  scabrous,long-acuminate, the  basal  two-thirds 
as  long  as  or  equalling  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm 
6/-i8/  long;  branches  elongated,  forming  a  com- 
pact terminal  inflorescence  ;  spikes  in  pairs,  about 
i7  long,  loose,  protruding  from  the  sides  of  the 
scabrous  spathes ;  rachis  flexuous,  the  joints  and 
pedicels  pubescent  with  long  spreading  silky  hairs  ; 
outermost  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  about  i^"  long  ; 
awn  6//-9//  long,  scabrous ;  pedicelled  spikelet 
reduced  to  a  single  scale  or  wanting. 

Damp  soil,  southern  New  York  to  central  Pennsylva- 
nia and  Florida,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Sept.-Oct. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


10' 


7.    Andropogon  Elliottii  Chapm.     Elliott's  Beard-grass.     (Fig.  222.) 


Andropogon  Elliottii  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  581. 
1860. 

Culms  erect,  i°-3°  tall,  smooth,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched  above,  branches  strongly 
bearded  at  the  upper  nodes.  Sheaths  glabrous 
or  loosely  villous,  the  lower  narrow,  the  upper 
elongated,  inflated,  imbricated;  basal  leaves 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  smooth, 
Y^'-iYz"  wide,  those  of  the  culm  filiform  or 
narrowly  linear,  2/-io/  long,  X//-1//  wide; 
in  pairs,  i/-2/  long,  loose,  finally  long-exserted 
on  filiform  peduncles  ;  rachis  slender,  flexuous, 
its  joints  and  the  pedicels  pubescent  with  long 
spreading  silky  hairs;  outermost  scale  of  the 
sessile  spikelet  i^//-2//  long,  scabrous  on  the 
keel;  awn  6//-q//  long,  scabrous;  pedicelled 
spikelet  a  minute  scale  or  wanting. 

In  dry  or  moist  places,  Pennsylvania  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 


8.    Andropogon  Torreyanus  Steud.     Torrey's  Beard-grass.     (Fig.  223.) 

Andropogon  glaucus  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  153. 

1824.      Not'Muhl.  1817. 
Andropogon   Torreyanus  Steud.  Nomencl.  Ed.  2, 

93-      1841. 

A  ndropogon  Jamesii  Torr.  Marcy 's  Rep.  302.     1853. 
Andropogon  saccharoides  var.  Torreyanus  Hack. 

in  DC.  Monog.  Phan.  6:  495.      1889. 

Culms  erect,  iK°-3X°  tall,  simple  or 
branched,  glabrous,  the  nodes  naked.  Sheaths 
smooth  and  glabrous,  more  or  less  glaucous ; 
leaves  3'-7'  long,  2//-3//  wide,  long-acuminate, 
smooth  and  glabrous  towards  the  base,  scabrous 
on  margins  and  at  the  apex,  glaucous  ;  spikes 
I'-i^'long  in  a  terminal  long-exserted  panicle 
2/-4/  long;  joints  of  the  rachis  with  a  thin 
translucent  median  line  ;  outermost  scale  of  ses- 
sile spikelet  i%"-2"  long,  about  equalling  the 
terminal  hairs  of  the  rachis-joints,  lanceolate, 
acute,  pubescent  at  base  with  long  silky  hairs  ; 
awn  4//-8//  long,  spiral,  bent,  scabrous ;  pedi- 
celled spikelet  reduced  to  a  single  narrow  scale. 


In  dry  soil,    Kansas    to   Arizona    and    Mexico. 
Aug.-Sept. 


5.    CHRYSOPOGON  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  187.       1820. 

Generally  tall  grasses,  ours  perennials,  with  long  narrow  flat  leaves  and  terminal  pani- 
cles. Spikelets  in  pairs  or  3's,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  lateral  pedicelled,  staminate, 
empty,  or  reduced  to  the  pedicel  only.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  two 
outer  indurated  and  shining,  tl^e  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and 
perfect  flower,  or  the  palet  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct ;  stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  golden-yellow  hairs  on  the  spikelets.] 

About  20  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  countries. 


104 


GRAMINEAE. 


j.    Chrysopogon  avenaceus  (Michx.)  Benth.     Indian  Grass.     (Fig.  224.) 

Andropogon  avenaceiim  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  58, 
1803. 

Sorghum  nutans  A.  Gray,  Man.  617.      1848. 

Sorghum  avenaceum   Chapm.  PI.  S.   States,  583.. 
1860. 

Chrysopogon  avenaceus  Benth.  Journ.  I,inn.  Soc. 
19: 73.      1881. 

Culms  erect,  3°-8°  tall,  from  creeping  root- 
stocks,  smooth,  the  nodes  pubescent.  Sheaths 
smooth ;  lower  leaves  i°  or  more  in  length, 
2//-8//  wide,  long-acuminate,  scabrous  ;  panicle 
4/-i2/  long  ;  branches  2/-4/  long,  slender,  erect- 
spreading;  spikelets  in  pairs,  or  in  3's  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  ; 
first  scale  of  sessile  spikelet  3" -4"  long,  acute, 
pubescent  with  long  hairs  ;  second  scale  glab- 
rous ;  awn  5//-io//  long,  the  column  very  little 
if  at  all  bent ;  lateral  spikelets  reduced  to 
plumose  pedicels. 

In  dry  fields,  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Rhode  Island,  Florida  and  Arizona.  Panicle  brown- 
ish-yellow. Aug.-Sept. 

Chrysopogon  nutans  (L,. )  Benth.,  distinguished  from  this  species  by  its  longer  awn  (i2"-i5'A 
long),  supported  on  a  column  distinctly  bent  at  about  the  middle,  occurs  in  Tennessee  and  is 
said  to  have  been  recently  found  in  Kentucky. 

6.  SORGHUM  Pers.  Syn.  i:  101.      1805. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  long  broad  flat  leaves  and  terminal  ample  panicles. 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  the  nodes,  or  in  3*3  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  one  sessile  and  perfect, 
the  lateral  pedicelled,  staminate  or  empty.  Sessile  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the 
outer  indurated  and  shining,  obscurely  nerved,  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  awned  and  sub- 
tending a  small  palet  and  perfect  flower,  or  palet  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  3.  Styles 
distinct.  Grain  free.  [Name  Indian.] 

About  13  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  warm-temperate  regions. 

i.   'Sorghum  Halepense  (L,. )  Pers.     Johnson -grass.     (Fig.  225.) 

Holcus  Halepensis  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1047.      1753. 
Andropogon  Halepensis  Brot.  Fl.  Lusit.  i:  89.      1804. 
Sorghum  Halepense  Pers.  Syn.  i:  101.      1805. 

Culms  erect,  3°-5°  tall,  simple  or  sometimes 
much  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
smooth ;  leaves  i°  or  more  long,  X/-I/  wide, 
long-acuminate ;  panicle  open,  from  X°-i^° 
long,  the  generally  whorled  branches  spreading 
and  naked  towards  the  base  ;  outer  scales  of  ses- 
sile spikelet  a//-3//  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually 
purplish,  pubescent  with  long  appressed  hairs  ; 
awn  when  present  4//-8//  long,  more  or  less  bent; 
pedicelled  spikelets  of  4  scales,  the  outer  two 
about  3"  long,  membranous,  y-g-nerved,  their  in- 
rolled  margins  ciliate,  the  inner  two  shorter  and 
narrower,  hyaline,  sometimes  with  staminate 
flowers. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  southern  Pennsylvania 
to  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Widely  dis- 
tributed by  cultivation  in  tropical  America.  Native 
of  southern  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


105 


7.    NAZIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  31.       1763. 
[TRAGUS  Hall.  Hist.  Stirp.  Helv.  2  :  203.      1768.] 

[LAPPAGO  Schreb.  Gen.  55.      1789.] 

An  annual  grass,  diffusely  branched,  with  flat  leaves  and  i-flowered  deciduous  spikelets, 
either  solitary  or  in  clusters  of  3-5  in  a  terminal  spike.  Scales  of  spikelet  2  or  3,  the  outer- 
most small  or  wanting,  the  second  rigid  and  covered  with  hooked  prickles,  the  third  mem- 
branous, subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  [Name  unexplained.] 

A  monotypic  genus,  native  of  tropical  and 
temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World. 

i.     Nazia    racemosa   (L,. )   Kuntze. 

Prickle-grass.    (Fig.  226.) 

Cenchrus  racemosa  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1049.      1753. 
Lappago  racemosa  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  1:484.      1798. 
l\Ta~ia    racemosa    Kuntze,    Rev.    Gen.    PI.    780. 

1891. 

Culms  2/-i4/  tall,  erect,  simple  to  diffusely 
branched,  smooth  below,  pubescent  above. 
Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous  ;  leaves  \f-$' 
long,  i//-2//  wide,  acuminate,  rather  strongly 
ciliate  ;  spike  i/~4/  long,  sometimes  partially 
included  in  the  somewhat  inflated  upper 
sheath;  spikelets  i-flowercd:  first  scale  very 
small,  almost  Iryaline  ;  second  scale  coria- 
ceous, \y2"  long,  acute,  5-nerved,  each  nerve 
armed  with  a  row  of  hooked  prickles  ;  third 
scale  \"  long,  keeled,  sharp-pointed,  i- 
nerved,  membranous,  enclosing  a  palet  of 
like  texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 

Occasional  in  ballast  and  waste  places  about 
the  Atlantic  seaports.  Abundant  from  Texas  to 
Arizona  and  Mexico.  Native  of  Europe  and 
Asia.  July-Sept. 

8.    PASPALUM  I,.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  2:  855.       1759. 

Perennial  grasses  of  various  habit,  with  generally  flat  leaves  and  i-flowered  spikelets 
borne  in  2-4  rows  on  i-sided  spikes,  which  are  single,  in  pairs,  or  panicled.  Spikelets  oblong 
to  orbicular,  flat  on  the  inner  surface,  convex  on  the  outer.  Scales  3,  rarely  2  by  the  absence 
of  the  outermost,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner  one  indurated  and  subtending  a 
palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  separate  ;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or 
oblong,  free.  [An  ancient  Greek  name  for  some  grass,  used  by  Hippocrates.] 

About  160  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in 
America. 

Spikelets  secund,  with  the  back  of  the  flowering  scale  turned  toward  the  rachis. 

Rachis  membranous,  dilated,  its  wings  almost  enclosing  the  spikelets  at  maturity. 
Extending  beyond  the  spikelets,  long-acuminate;  spikelets  about  %"  long. 

1.  P.  Hiiicroiialinti. 
Not  extending  beyond  the  spikelets,  acute;  spikelets  about  i"  long. 

2.  P.  membra  nai  cum. 
Rachis  not  membranous  nor  enclosing  the  spikelets  at  maturity. 

Spikelets  oval  or  elliptic,  acute. 

Spikelets  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent;  spikes  in  pairs  or  occasionally  in  3's. 

3.  P.  dislichiitn. 
Spikelets  villous  on  margins;  spikes  4-12.                                    4.  P.  dila/a/itni. 

Spikelets  from  oval  to  orbicular,  very  obtuse. 

Spikes  i,  or  sometimes  2,  on  the  1-3  slender  peduncles  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath; 
spikelets  i"  or  less  long. 

Leaves  and  sheaths  pubescent,  the  former  generally  long,  narrow  and  erect;  spike- 
lets  about  y,."  long.  5.  P.  set  ace  it  ni. 
Leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent,  the  former  long  and  broad, 

lax,  ciliate;  spikelets  about  i"  long.  6.  P.  ciliatifoliuni . 

Leaves  and  sheaths  glabrous,  the  former  short  and  broad,  ciliate  on  the  margins; 
spikelets  about  K"  long.  7.  P.  longipeduuculatum. 

Spikes  2  or  more  on  the  single  stout  peduncle. 

Spikelets  iK"-i^"  long:  spikes  generally  spreading.      8.  P.  laeve. 
Spikelets  exceeding  1%"  in  length;  spikes  generally  erect. 

9.  P.  Florida n u in. 

Spikelets  not  strictly  secund,  the  back  of  the  flowering  scale  turned  away  from  the  rachis. 
Spikelets  less  than  i"  long,  oblong.  10.  P.  compression. 

Spikelets  about  2"  long,  broadly  lanceolate.  n.  P.  paspaloides. 


106  GRAMINEAE. 

i.    Paspalum  mucronatum  Muhl.     Water  Paspalum.      (Fig.  227.) 

Paspalum  mucronatum  Muhl.  Cat.  8.      1813. 
Ceresia  fluitans  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  109.      1817. 
Paspalum  fluitans  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram,  i:  24.      1829. 

Culms  ascending,  6/-3°  long,  from  a  floating  or 
creeping  base,  branched.  Sheaths  very  loose  or  in- 
flated, smooth  or  scabrous,  glabrous  or  pubescent ; 
leaves  3/-i2/  long,  X/-I/  wide,  acuminate,  scabrous; 
spikes  20-100,  X/~3/  l°ug.  alternate  or  whorled, 
slender ;  rachis  flat,  thin,  exceeding  the  spikelets, 
long-acuminate,  scabrous,  its  margins  nearly  en- 
closing the  spikelets ;  spikelets  in  two  rows, 
about  l/z"  long,  elliptic,  pubescent ;  outer  scales  very 
thin,  2-nerved,  the  first  one  usually  a  little  the  longer. 

In  water,  Virginia  to  southern  Illinois  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in  tropical  America. 
Sept. 


2.    Paspalum  membranaceum  Walt.     Walter's  Paspalum.      (Fig.  228.) 

Paspalum  membranaceum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  75.      1788. 
Not  Lam.     1791. 

PaspalumWalterianum  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  166.     1824. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  much  branched, 
smooth,  creeping  at  the  base.  Sheaths  a  little  in- 
flated, smooth;  leaves  i^'-^/t'  long,  2/^-3// 
wide,  flat,  smooth,  acute  ;  spikes  3-7,  alternate, 
about  ix  long,  the  lower  ones  usually  included  in 
the  upper  sheath  ;  rachis  not  exceeding  the  spike- 
lets,  flat,  thin,  i//-ij!^//  wide,  acute,  smooth, 
many-nerved,  its  incurved  margins  partly  enclos- 
ing the  spikelets;  spikelets  about  \"  long,  crowded 
in  2  rows,  oval,  obtuse,  smooth;  outer  scales  5- 
nerved;  third  scale  lenticular,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  outer  ones. 

Moist  or  wet  grounds,  New  Jersey  and  Delaware  to 
southern  Ohio,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Sept. 


3.    Paspalum  distichum  Iy.     Joint-grass. 
(Fig.   229.) 

Paspalum  distichum  Iy.  Amoen.  Acad.  5:  391.      1759. 

Culms  erect,  6/-2°  tall,  extensively  creeping  at 
base.  Sheaths  smooth,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the 
margins,  or  sparsely  pubescent;  leaves  flat,  ifc/- 
5'  long,  i//-2//  wide,  acuminate,  smooth  ;  spikes 
i/-2^/  long,  in  pairs,  or  occasionally  with  a  third, 
exserted;  rachis  flat,  y2"-\"  wide,  smooth;  spike- 
lets  \}i"-il/t"  long,  elliptic,  somewhat  pubescent 
or  glabrous,  acute,  nearly  sessile  in  2  rows;  outer 
scales  3-5-nerved,  slightly  exceeding  the  acute 
third  one  which  is  sparingly  bearded  at  the  apex. 

Virginia  to  Missouri  and  California,  south  to  Flor- 
ida, Texas  and  Mexico.  Also  in  the  West  Indies,  cen- 
tral and  South  America.  Aug. -Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  107 

4.    Paspalum  dilatatum  Poir.     Tall  Paspalum.     (Fig.  230.) 

Paspalum  dilatatum  Poir.  in  L,am.  Encycl.  5:  35.      1804. 
Paspalum  ovatum  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  43.      1829. 

Culms  erect,  3°-6°  tall,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  i° 
or  more  long,  2//-5//  wide,  long-acuminate,  rather 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  sometimes  with  a  tuft  of 
hairs  at  the  base;  spikes  4-12,  2/-5/  long,  spreading, 
alternate,  %'/-2/  distant  on  the  main  axis  ;  rachis  of 
the  spikes  narrow,  less  than  i"  wide,  somewhat  flexu- 
ous,  scabrous;  spikelets  about  \y2"  long,  in  3  or  4 
rows,  acute  ;  outer  scales  5-nerved,  the  first  villous  on 
the  margins,  the  second  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent, 
the  third  nearly  orbicular,  minutely  puuctate-striate. 

In  moist  soil,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas. 
Ascends  to  1000  ft.  in  Georgia.  Aug. -Sept. 

5.    Paspalum  setaceum  Michx.     Slender  Paspalum.     (Fig.  231.) 

Paspalum  setaceum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  43.      1803. 
Paspalum  pubescens  Muhl.  Gram.  92.      1817. 

Culms  mostly  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  slender,  smooth. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  generally  very  pubescent,  the 
latter  3/-8/long,  i//-3//  wide,  erect,  acuminate;  spikes 
iX/~3X/  lotlg>  more  or  less  curved,  generally  solitary, 
occasionally  2,  on  a  long-exserted  slender  peduncle, 
with  usually  i  or  2  additional  shorter  peduncles  from 
the  same  upper  sheath  ;  spikelets  about  ^"  long,  in  2 
narrow  rows,  broadly  obovate,  very  obtuse;  empty 
scales  3-nerved,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  third  scale  ob- 
ovate, shining. 

In  dry  fields,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Ascends  to  2200  ft.  in  Virginia.  Aug.-Sept. 


6.    Paspalum  ciliatifolium  Michx.     Ciliate-leaved  Paspalum.     (Fig.  232.) 

Paspalum  ciliatifolium   Michx.  Fl.   Bor.  Am.  i:  44. 
1803. 

Paspalum  dasyphyllum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  105. 
1817. 

Culms  erect,  il/2°-2%°  tall,  smooth.  Sheaths 
varying  from  glabrous  to  pubescent ;  leaves  4/-g/ 
long,  3//~7//  wide  acuminate,  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
ciliate,  the  upper  one  usually  broad  and  cordate  at 
base ;  spikes  i  or  2,  occasionally  3,  2/-4/  long  ; 
peduncles  1-3,  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath  ; 
rachis  very  narrow,  slightly  flexuous  and  triangu- 
lar, scabrous  ;  spikelets  i//-i^//  long,  in  2-4  rows, 
crowded,  oval,  the  first  or  convex  scale  sometimes 
sparingly  pubescent,  the  third  scale  with  a  distinct 
depression  on  the  back  near  the  base. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Kansas, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  June-Aug. 


io8 


GRAMINEAE. 


Paspalum    longipedunculatum    L,e  Conte. 

(Fig.  233.) 


IvOng-stalked  Paspalum. 


Paspalum  debile  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I:  44.      1803? 
Paspalum  longipedunculattim  I/eConte,  Journ.  Phys.  91: 

284.      1820. 
Paspalum.   arenarium   Schrad.;   Schultes,    Mant.  2:  172. 

1824? 

Culms  reclining  or  decumbent,  i°-ij^°  long,  smooth, 
leafy  at  base.  Sheaths  glabrous  or  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins, pilose  at  the  throat ;  leaves  i/-sX/  l°ng.  2//-3// 
wide,  glabrous  or  a  little  pilose,  acuminate,  ciliate  on 
the  margins  and  along  the  mid-nerve  ;  peduncles  1-2 
from  the  upper  sheath  ;  spikes  1-2,  \'~2%'  long,  more 
or  less  curved  ;  rachis  very  narrow,  more  or  less  flexu- 
ous  ;  spikelets  about  ^//  long,  nearly  globular;  outer 
scales  3-nerved,  the  first  one  glabrous  or  sometimes 
sparsely  pubescent;  third  scale  slightly  exceeding  the 
outer  ones. 

Sandy  soil,  North  Carolina  to  Florida,  Kentucky  and 
Tennessee.  Aug. -Sept. 


8.    Paspalum  laeve  Michx.     Field  Pas- 
palum.    (Fig.  234.) 

Paspalum  laeve  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  44.      1803. 

Bright  green,  culms  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, i°-3°  tall,  glabrous.  Sheaths  compressed, 
glabrous  or  pubescent;  leaves  3/-i2/  long,  2//-4// 
wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  scabrous 
on  the  margins;  spikes  2-6,  i/^/-3/  long,  more 
or  less  spreading,  alternate,  about  V  apart  on  the 
single  stout  peduncle,  pilose  in  the  axils ;  spikelets 
iX//~I/^//  long,  oval  to  orbicular,  close,  crowded 
in  2  rows,  glabrous. 

In  moist  fields,  Rhode  Island  to  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  1700  ft. 
in  North  Carolina.  Aug.-Sept. 


9.    Paspalum  Floridanum  Michx.     Florida  Paspalum.     (Fig.  235.) 

Paspalus  Floridanus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  44.      1803. 
Paspalum  macrospermum  Flugge,  Monog.  172.      1810. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  3°-6°  tall,  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  glabrous.  Sheaths  glabrous,  or  the  lower 
pubescent,  sometimes  glaucous;  leaves  8/-i5/  long, 
$"-7"  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  spikes 
2-5  on  the  single  stout  peduncle,  2/-5/  long,  erect  or 
ascending,  bearded  in  the  axils  ;  rachis  about  \"  wide, 
flat  on  the  back,  scabrous  on  the  margins  ;  spikelets 
i%"-2f/  long,  broadly  oval,  glabrous,  sometimes 
glaucous,  crowded  in  2  rows  ;  outer  scales  5-nerved  ; 
third  scale  striate. 

Moist  places,  Delaware  to  Kentucky,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  109 

10.  Paspalum  compressum  (Sw.)  Nees.     Flat  Paspalum.     (Fig.  236.) 

Paspalum  tristachyum  Lam.Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  176. 

1791? 
Milium  compressum  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i:  183. 

1797. 
Paspalum  plalycaulon  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  5: 

34-      1804. 
Paspalum  compressum  Nees,  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras. 

2: 23.      1829. 

Stolons  numerous,  leafy,  sometimes  2° 
long.  Culms  6'-2°  tall,  slender,  compressed, 
glabrous  ;  sheaths  loose ;  leaves  glabrous, 
ometimes  sparsely  ciliate,  obtuse,  those  of 
the  culm  2/-4/  long,  2//-3//  wide,  those  of 
the  stolons  about  i'  long,  i//-2//  wide ; 
spikes  2-5,  i/-2/  long,  approximate  at  the 
summit  of  the  long  and  slender  stalk  ;  spike- 
lets  not  crowded  nor  secund,  about  i//  long, 
acute,  the  back  of  the  flowering  scale  turned 
oblong,  away  from  the  rachis. 

Virginia  to  Florida  and  west  to  Louisiana. 
Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America.  Proba- 
bly not  native  in  the  United  States.  Aug. -Sept. 

11.  Paspalum  paspaloides  (Michx.)  Scribner.     Crab-grass  Paspalum. 

(Fig.  237.) 

i  Digilaria  paspaloides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 

46.      1803. 
Paspalum  Michauxianum  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram. 

1:25.      1835. 
Paspalum  Elliottii  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  6,  629.  1890. 
Paspalum  paspaloides  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

5:  29.      1894. 

Culms  i°-2^°  tall,  erect,  from  an  ex- 
tensively creeping  base,  slender,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous  or  pubescent,  the 
latter  2/-g/  long,  3//-6//  wide,  obtuse  ;  spikes 
i^/~3^/  long,  in  pairs,  or  sometimes  with 
an  additional  one,  near  the  summit  of  the 
1-2  slender  stalks,  which  are  long-exserted 
from  the  upper  sheath  ;  rachis  flat,  about  W 
wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  the  inter- 
nodes  about  equalling  the  spikelets  in  length ; 
spikelets  about  2/x  long,  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute,  not  crowded ;  outer  scales  5-nerved, 
glabrous,  the  back  of  the  third  scale  turned 
away  from  the  rachis. 

Moist  ground,  Maryland  to  Florida,  west  to 
Texas.  July-Aug. 


9.    AMPHICARPON  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  175.       1818. 

Erect  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spikelets  of  two  kinds  ;  one  kind  borne  in 
terminal  panicles,  deciduous  without  perfecting  fruit ;  the  other  solitary,  terminating  subter- 
ranean peduncles,  and  maturing  seed.  Scales  3,  membranous,  the  innermost  subtending  a 
palet  and  a  perfect  flower ;  the  scales  of  the  subterranean  spikelets  become  indurated  and 
enclose  the  grain.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  two  kinds 
of  spikelets.] 

Species  2,  inhabiting  the  southeastern  United  States,  one  of  them  restricted  to  Florida. 


no 


GRAMINEAE. 

i.     Amphicarpon    Amphicarpon    (Pursh) 
Nash.     Amphicarpon.     (Fig.  238.) 

Milium  amphicarpon  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  1:62.  pi.  2. 

1814. 

Milium  ciliatum  Muhl.  Gram.  77.      1817. 
Amphicarpum  Purshii  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram.  28.      1829-35. 
Amphicarpon    Amphicarpon    Nash,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

5: 352.      1894. 

Culms  erect,  ^'-iS'  tall,  slender,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  papillose-hirsute;  ligule  pilose  ;  leaves  i/-6/ 
long,  2//-6'/  wide,  erect,  acuminate,  hirsute  and 
ciliate  ;  panicle  linear,  4/-6/  long,  branches  3-4,  erect, 
bearing  few  spikelets  ;  spikelets  about  2/x  long,  ellip- 
tic ;  outer  scales  5-nerved,  membranous,  glabrous  ; 
subterranean  spikelets  ovoid  in  fruit,  about  3/x  long, 
acute,  the  scales  all  becoming  much  indurated. 

In  moist  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  near  the 
coast.  Aug.-Sept. 


10.    ERIOCHLOA  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  i:  94.       1815. 

[HELOPUS  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  103.      1820.] 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  and  short-pedicelled  spikelets  borne  in  secund  spikes, 
which  form  a  terminal  panicle.  Spikelets  with  an  annular  callus  at  the  base  and  articulated 
to  the  pedicel.  Scales  3,  the  two  outer  membranous,  acute,  the  inner  one  shorter,  indurated 
and  subtending  a  palet  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose, 
Grain  free.  [Greek,  signifying  wool-grass.] 
Species  about  5,  in  tropical  and  temperate  countries. 

i.    Eriochloa  punctata  (L.)  W.  Hamilt. 
Dotted  Millet.     (Fig.  239.) 

Milium  punctatum  L,.  Amoen.  Acad.  5:  392.      1759. 
Eriochloa  polystachya  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  i:  95.  pi.  jr. 

1815- 
Eriochloa  punctata  W.  Hamilt.  Prodr.  PI.  Ind.  Occ.  5. 

1825. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  i°-3°  tall,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent;  ligule  a 
fringe  of  short  white  hairs  ;  leaves  2/-io/  long,  2X/- 
3/x  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  spikes 
4-25,  i/-2/  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  rachis  pubes- 
cent ;  spikelets  about  2"  long,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  outer  scales  pubescent  with  appressed 
silky  hairs,  the  first  a  little  exceeding  the  second, 
the  third  about  \"  long,  rounded  at  the  apex  and 
bearing  a  pubescent  awn  about  }/z"  long. 

Kansas  to  Texas  and  Mexico.  Widely  distributed 
in  tropical  America. 

ii.    SYNTHERISMA  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  76.       1788. 
[DIGITARIA  Scop.  Fl.  Carn.  Ed.  2,  i:  52.     1772.     Not  Heist.  1763.] 

Annual  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  and  spikelets  borne  in  pairs  or  sometimes  in  3's,  in 
secund  spikes  which  are  digitate  or  approximate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spikes  often 
purplish.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  4,  sometimes  3  by  the  suppression  of  the  lowest  one  ;  the 
fourth  or  innermost  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect 
flower.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  [GreeU,  crop-making,  in  allusion  to  its  abundance.] 

About  20  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Rachis  flat,  broadly  winged;  spikes  narrowly  linear. 

Spikelets  i^"-iH"  long;  second  scale  about  one-half  as  long;  first  minute,  rarely  wanting. 

1.  S.  sail"!! inalis. 
Spikelets  about  i"  long;  second  scale  about  as  long;  first  scale  wanting,  rarely  present. 

2.  5.  linear  is. 
Rachis  3-angled,  not  winged;  spikes  filiform.                                                                3.  5.  filiformis. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  m 

i.    Syntherisma  sanguinalis  (L,.)  Nash.     Large  Crab-grass      Finger-grass. 

(Fig.  240.) 

Panicum  sanguinale  L.  Sp.  PI.  57-      :753- 

Digitaria  sanguinalis  Scop.   Fl.   Cam.   Ed.  2,   i:  52. 

1772. 

Svntherisma  praecox  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  76.  1788. 
Paspalum  sanguinale \JXSXL.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  176.     1791. 
Svntherisma  Sanguinalis  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22: 

420.     1895. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  often  rooting  at  the 
lower  nodes,  i°-3°  long,  smooth.  Sheaths  glab- 
rous or  pubescent ;  leaves  2/-6/  long,  2//-4//  wide, 
acuminate,  glabrous  or  more  or  less  pubescent ; 
spikes  3-10,  narrowly  linear,  2/-6/  long,  digitate 
or  in  approximate  whorls  at  the  summit  of  the 
culm;  rachis  flat,  winged;  spikelets  lX"-I#" 
long,  in  pairs,  one  sessile  or  nearly  so,  acute, 
lanceolate ;  first  scale  minute,  rarely  wanting, 
second  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  spikelet. 

In  cultivated  or  waste  places,  throughout  North 
America,  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated 
regions.  July-Aug. 

2.    Syntherisma  linearis  (Krock.)  Nash.     Small  Crab-grass.     (Fig.  241.) 

Panicum  lineare  Krock.  Fl.  Sil.  i:  95.      1787. 
Syntherisma  serotina  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  76.      1788. 
Digitaria  linmifusa  Pers.  Syn.  i:  85.      1805. 
Syntherisma  glabra  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ,  i:  163.      1806. 
Paspalum  ambiguum  DC.  Fl.  Gall.  123.      1806. 
Panicum  glabrum  Gaud.  Agrost.  i:  22.      1811. 
Syntherisma  linearis  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  420. 

1895- 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  i/2°-2°  long,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous,  the 
latter  i/-3/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  acuminate  ;  spikes 
2-4,  2/-4/  long,  narrowly  linear,  digitate  or  ap- 
proximate at  the  summit  of  the  culm  ;  rachis  flat, 
winged ;  spikelets  about  \"  long,  in  pairs,  some- 
times in  3's,  one  of  them  sessile  or  nearly  so,  el- 
liptic, acute ;  first  scale  rarely  present,  second  and 
third  as  long  as  the  fourth. 

In  cultivated  grounds  and  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia 
to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisi- 
ana. Naturalized  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

3.    Syntherisma  filiformis  (L,.)  Nash.     Slender  Finger-grass.     (Fig.  242.) 

Panicum  filiforme  L.  Sp.  PI.  57.      1753- 
Paspalum  filiforme  Sw.  Prodr.  22.     1788. 
Syntherisma  villosa  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  77.     1788. 
/)igilaria  filiformis  Muhl.  Gram.  131.     1817. 
Smtlifi-ixma  filiformis  Nash.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  420. 
"1895- 

Culms  erect,  i°-4°  tall,  slender,  smooth.  Sheaths 
hirsute;  leaves  i/-8/  long,  ^"-z"  wide,  erect,  smooth 
or  scabrous;  spikes  2-5,  filiform,  i/-5/  long,  approxi-  • 
mate  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  erect  or  nearly  so  ; 
rachis  3-angled,  very  slender,  not  winged  ;  spikelets 
2^"-i"  long,  elliptic,  pubescent,  in  pairs,  occasionally 
in  3's,  one  sessile  or  short-pedicelled;  first  scale  rarely 
present;  second  three-fourths  as  long  as  or  equalling 
the  third,  which  is  equal  in  length  to  the  fourth. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  south  to 
Florida,  Nebraska  and  Texas.    July-Sept. 


112  GRAMINEAE. 

12.    PANICUM  L,.  Sp.  PI.  55.       1753. 

Annuals  or  perennials  of  various  habit,  foliage  and  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-2-flow- 
ered,  when  2-flowered  the  lower  one  statninate  only.  Scales  4,  the  3  lower  membranous, 
empty,  or  the  third  with  a  stamiuate  flower,  varying  in  the  same  species;  the  inner  or  fourth 
scale  chartaceous,  shining,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Awns 
none,  except  in  Nos.  I  and  2.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  hardened  fruiting  scale  and  palet.  [Old  Latin  name  for  some  grass,  prob- 
ably the  cultivated  Sorghum,  referring  to  its  panicle,  taken  from  Pliny.] 

About  300  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  The  geographic  distribution  of  many  of 
our  species  is  not  well  ascertained.  The  old  English  name  Panic  or  Panic-grass,  is  often  applied 
to  any  of  the  species. 

Panicle  oblong  to  ovoid;  spike-like  branches  sessile,  more  or  less  spreading;  spikelets  in  2-4  rows, 
secund;  third  scale,  and  sometimes  the  second  and  first,  awn-pointed  or  awned. 

Sheaths  smooth;  culms  2°-4°  tall;  fourth  scale  ovate,  abruptly  pointed,    i.  P.  Crus-galli. 

Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  hirsute;   culms  4°-6°   tall;  fourth   scale   ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate.  2.  P.  Walteri. 


Panicle  ovoid  or  oblong;  primary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  secondary  generally  appressed, 

occasionally  divaricate,  bearing  numerous  pointed  spikelets  not  exceeding  i^"  in  length. 
Palet  in  the  axil  of  the  third  scale  conspicuous,  enlarged,  much  exceeding  the  fourth  scale; 

spikelets  open.  5.  p.  hians. 

Palet  in  the  axil  of  the  third  scale  inconspicuous;  spikelets  closed. 

Spikelets  i^"  long,  curved.  6.  P.  rostratum. 

Spikelets  less  than  i^"  long,  straight  or  but  slightly  curved. 

Culms  stout;  lateral  panicles  numerous;  ligule  short,  naked  or  sparsely  short-ciliate. 
Spikelets  about  K"  long,  acute;  secondary  branches  of  mature  panicle  generally 

appressed.  7.  p.  agrostidiforme. 

Spikelets  about  i%"  long,  acuminate;  secondary  branches  of  the  mature  panicle 

generally  spreading  or  divaricate.  8.  P.  elongaium. 

Culms  slender,  simple,  or  occasionally  with  a  single  lateral  panicle;  spikelets  about 

i"  long,  acuminate;  ligule  short,  pilose.  .  9.  P.  longifolium. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  single,  in  pairs  or  fascicled,  simple  or  subdivided,  naked  below;  spikelets 

on  slender  pedicels. 

Basal  leaves,  or  those  near  the  base,  much  shorter  and  broader  than  the  upper  culm  leaves; 
spikelets  turgid,  obtuse  or  acutish;  panicle  not  over  6'  in  length,  generally  much  smaller. 
Culm  leaves  broad,  cordate  and  clasping  at  base. 
Spikelets  less  than  i"  long. 

Leaves  erect  or  ascending,  2'-4'  long;  sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes.  10.  P.  sphaerocarpon. 
Leaves  widely  spreading,  5' -8'  long;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes. 

ii.  P.  microcarpon. 
Spikelets  i"  or  more  long. 

Sheaths  smooth,  glabrous  or  softly  pubescent. 

Nodes  strongly  barbed;  sheaths  and  leaves  generally  softly  pubescent;  spike- 
lets  elliptic,  2"-2^"  long.  12.  P.  Porterianum. 
Nodes,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  naked;  sheaths  glabrous. 

Spikelets  about  i     long,  elliptic.  13.  P.  commuiatum. 

Spikelets  iK"-2"  long,  oval  to  obovoid;  leaves  generally  ciliate. 

14.  P.  macr'ocarpon. 
Sheaths    papillose -hispid;    spikelets  about   i#"    long;    panicle    generally    much 

included,  sometimes  long-exserted.  15.  P.  clandestinum. 

Culm  leaves  lanceolate,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  sometimes  narrowed. 
Spikelets  i%"-2"  long. 

Panicle  linear,  loose;  branches  appressed.  16.  P.  xanthophysum. 

Panicle  ovoid  to  oblong,  compact;  branches  more  or  less  spreading. 

Leaves  spreading,  3"-6"  wide;  spikelets  obovoid.          17.  P.  Scribnerianum. 
Leaves  erect,  less  than  2"  wide,  long-acuminate;  spikelets  elliptic. 

1 8.  P.  Wilcoxiamim. 
Spikelets  less  than  iK"  long. 

Culm  leaves  1-4,  erect;  culms  mostly  simple,  never  profusely  branched  late  in  the 

season.  ' 

Sheaths  and  leaves  glabrous.  19.  P.  boreale. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  pubescent.  20.  P.  laxiflorum. 

Culm  leaves  generally  numerous,  usually  spreading;  culms  simple  early  in  the 

season,  later  profusely  branched. 

Spikelets  about  1A"  long.  21.  P.  nitidum. 

Spikelets  about  i"  long. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Nodes  naked,  or  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly  barbed ;  spikelets  about 

i"  long.  22.  P.  dichotomum. 

Nodes  barbed;  spikelets  about  K"  long.  23.  P.  barbulatum. 

Sheaths  pubescent. 

Primary  panicle  3' -6'  long;  spikelets  fully  i"  long,  primary  culm  leaves 

4' -7'  long.  24.  P.  viscidum. 

Primary  panicle  3'  or  less  long;  spikelets  hardly  i"  long;  primary  culm 

leaves  less  than  4'  long.  25.  P.  pubescens. 

Culm  leaves  long  and  very  narrow,  sometimes  involute. 

Leaves  elongated,  crowded  at  base,  half  as  long  as  or  equalling  the  culm;  secondary 

panicles  borne  on  short  basal  branches.  26.  P.  depauperatum. 

Leaves  long  and  narrow,  distributed  along  the  culms,  which  are  profusely  branched 

above  late  in  the  season.  27.  P.  angustifolium. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  113 

Tiasal  leaves  and  those  of  the  culm  the  same,  generally  elongated;  spikelets  acute  or  acumi- 
nate. 

Spikelets  2"  long  or  more. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Panicle  usually  i°  long  or  more;  branches  spreading;  leaves  i°  long  or  more,  flat. 

28.  P.  virgatum. 
Panicle  i°  long  or  less;  branches  erect  or  appressed;  leaves  6'-i°  long,  involute  on 

the  margins,  at  least  at  the  apex,  thick,  glaucous.  29.  P.  amarum. 

Sheaths  papillose-pubescent.  30.  P.  miliaceum. 

Spikelets  i%"  long  or  less. 

Culms  stout,  finally  decumbent  and  much  branched,  with  lateral  panicles  from  all  the 

upper  sheaths. 

Sheaths  glabrous.  31.  P.  proliferum. 

Sheaths  pubescent.  32.  P.  capillare. 

Culms  slender,  erect  or  decumbent,  branched  only  at  base. 

Spikelets  i"-i^"  long,  generally  single  on  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  panicle. 
Panicle  narrow;  branches  erect,  the  lower  ones  about  3'  long;  axils  naked. 

33.  P.  flexile. 
Panicle  at  length  diffuse;  branches  4-8  long;  axils  bearded. 

34.  P.  autumnale. 
Spikelets  less  than  i"  long,  in  pairs. 

Spikelets  smooth,  elliptic,  acute.  35.  P.  minus. 

Spikelets  warty,  obovoid,  acutish.  36.  P.  verrucosum, 

Panicle  linear;  branches  appressed;  second  scale  of  spikelet  obtuse,  gibbous  at  base. 

37.  P.  gihbum. 


i.    Panicum  Crus-galli  L,.     Barnyard  Grass.     Cockspur  Grass.     (Fig.  243.) 

Panicum  Crus-galli  L-  Sp.  PI.  56.     1753. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  often  branching  at  base. 
Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  6'-2°  long, 
X/-I/  wide,  glabrous,  smooth  or  scabrous  ;  panicle 
composed  of  5-15  sessile  erect  or  ascending 
branches,  or  the  lower  branches  spreading  or  re- 
flexed;  spikelets  ovate,  green  or  purple,  densely 
crowded  in  2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis; 
second  and  third  scales  about  \yz"  long,  scabrous 
or  hispid,  the  third  scale  more  or  less  awned, 
empty,  the  fourth  ovate,  abruptly  pointed. 

In  cultivated  and  waste  places,  throughout  North 
America  except  the  extreme  north.  Widely  distrib- 
uted as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated  regions.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Aug.-Oct. 

Panicum  colonum  I,.,  a  southern  species,  related  to 
this,  but  with  awnless  scales,  has  been  found  in  south- 
eastern Virginia,  too  late  for  illustration  here.  (See 
Appendix. ) 


2.    Panicum  Waited  Pursh.     Salt-marsh 
Cockspur  Grass.     (Fig.  244. ) 

Panicum  hirtellum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  72.      1788.     Not  All. 

1785- 

Pamcum  Walteri  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i:  66.      1814. 
Panicum  hispidum  Muhl.  Gram.  107.      1817. 
Panicum  Crus-galli  var.  hispidum  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2: 

424.      1843. 

Culms  3°-6°  tall,  robust,  smooth.  Sheaths,  at 
least  the  lower  ones,  papillose-hispid  ;  leaves  i°  or 
more  long,  J^'-i'  wide,  generally  smooth  beneath, 
strongly  scabrous  above  ;  panicle  6/-i8/  long,  con- 
sisting of  10-40  ascending  or  spreading  branches; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  densely  crowded  in  2-4 
rows  on  one  side  of  the  scabrous  and  hispid  rachis, 
brownish  purple;  second  and  third  scales  about 
\Y-t'f  long,  scabrous  and  hispid,  tipped  with  up- 
wardly barbed  awns,  sometimes  10-20  times  their 
length;  fourth  scale  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate. 

In  marshes  and  ditches,  principally  within  the  influ- 
ence of  salt  water,  Ontario  to  Rhode  Island,  Florida 
and  Louisiana.  Aug.-Oct. 


GRAMINEAE. 


3.   Panicum  digitarioides  Carpenter.     Narrow  Panicum.     (Fig.  245.) 

Panicum  carinatum  Torr.  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist,   i: 
J37-     !835.     Not  Presl,  1830. 

Panicum   digifarioides    Carpenter;    Steud.   Syn.    PI. 
Gram.  75.      1855. 

Panicum  Curtisii  Chapm.   Fl.    S.   States,  573.     1860. 
Not  Steud.  1855. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect  from  a  long  and  stout 
creeping  rootstock,  3°-5°  tall,  simple,  stout, 
smooth.  Sheaths  smooth  ;  leaves  4/-io/  long,  4//- 
8"  wide,  long-acuminate ;  panicle  linear,  6/-i2/r 
long,  its  branches  1'-$'  long,  erect ;  spikelets  about 
iX/x  long,  ovate,  acute;  first  scale  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  acute,  3-nerved;  second  about 
i/x  long,  5-nerved  and  a  little  exceeded  by  the 
3-nerved  third  one;  the  fourth  3-nerved,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  third. 

In  water,  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas.    July-Aug. 


4.  Panicum  obtusum  H.B.K.     Blunt  Panicum.     (Fig.  246.) 


Panicum  obtusum  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  i:  98.     1815. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  simple  or 
branching  at  base,  smooth.  Sheaths  smooth  ; 
leaves  2^/-9/  long,  \/f-^"  wide,  usually  erect, 
long-acuminate;  panicle  linear,  2/-6/ long;  branches 
%v-i^/  long,  appressed ;  spikelets  about  \Yzff 
long,  crowded,  oval  or  obovoid,  obtuse,  turgid  ; 
first  scale  shorter  than  the  rest,  obtuse,  5-nerved; 
second,  third  and  fourth  scales  about  equal,  the 
second  and  third  5-nerved,  the  fourth  chartaceous. 


Kansas  to  Arizona,   south    to  Texas  and  Mexico. 
July-Sept. 


5.    Panicum  hians  Ell.     Gaping  Panicum. 

(Fig.  247.) 

Panicum  divaricatum   Michx.   Fl.   Bor.   Am.   i:   50.      1803. 
Not  I,.     1758. 

Panicum  melicarium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  50.      1803? 
Panicum  hians  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  118.      1817. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect,  i°-2>£0  tall,  generally  simple, 
sometimes  creeping  at  base,  smooth.  Leaves  3/-5/  long, 
i "-3"  wide,  acuminate,  generally  erect;  panicle  3'-8' 
long;  branches  few,  generally  spreading,  the  longer  ones 
often  drooping,  the  lower  naked  below  the  middle  ;  spike- 
lets  about  \ff  long;  fourth  scale  exceeded  by  the  third 
and  its  usually  empty  palet  which  is  much  enlarged, 
generally  forcing  the  spikelet  wide  open. 

In  moist  ground,  North  Carolina  to  Missouri,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


6.    Panicum  rostratum  Muhl.     Beaked  Panicum.      (Fig.  248.) 

Panicum  anceps  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  48.      1803? 
Panicum  rostratum  Muhl.  Gram.  121.      1817. 

Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  scaly  branched  root- 
stock,  i)40~5°  tall,  much  branched,  compressed, 
stout,  smooth.  Sheaths  compressed,  glabrous,  or 
the  lower  ones  pubescent ;  leaves  i°  long  or  more, 
2//~5//  wide,  acuminate ;  ligule  very  short ;  panicles 
pyramidal,  6/-i2/  long;  axis  and  ascending  branches 
scabrous ;  spikelets  i^"  long,  crowded,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  curved,  longer  than  the  scabrous 
pedicels ;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  long  as 
the  spikelet ;  second  scale  about  \y2 /f  long,  curved 
at  the  apex,  scabrous  above  on  the  middle  nerve; 
third  scale  usually  subtending  a  small  empty  palet. 

Moist  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  July-Sept. 

7.    Panicum  agrostidiforme  Lam.     Agrostis-like  Panicum.     (Fig.  249.) 

Panicum  agrostidiforme  L,am.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  172. 

1791. 

Panicum  agrostoides    Trin.    Unifl.    212.      1826.     Not 

Muhl.  1817. 

Culms  erect,  i%°-2.°  tall,  much  branched,  com- 
pressed, smooth.  Sheaths  compressed,  glabrous, 
or  sometimes  hairy  at  the  throat ;  ligule  very  short, 
naked  ;  leaves  i°  long  or  more,  2//-4//  wide,  acum- 
inate ;  panicles  pyramidal,  4/-i2/  long,  terminating 
the  culm  and  branches  ;  primary  branches  of  the 
panicle  spreading,  secondary  generally  appressed  ; 
spikelets  }£"  long,  acute,  straight ;  first  scale 
3-nerved,  acute  ;  second  and  third  scales  5-nerved, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  first  and  longer  than  the 
oval  fourth  scale,  which  is  slightly  stalked;  small 
palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 

Wet  ground,  Maine  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  July-Sept. 

8.    Panicum  elongatum  Pursh.     Long  Panicum.     (Fig.  250.) 

Panicum  elongatum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  69.      1814. 
Panicum  agrostoides  Muhl.  Gram.  119.      1817. 

Culms  erect,  3°-5°  tall,  much  branched,  stout, 
compressed,  smooth.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glab- 
rous, compressed  ;  leaves  i°  long  or  more,  2//-4// 
wide,  acuminate,  scabrous ;  panicles  pyramidal, 
terminating  the  culm  and  branches,  4/-i2/  long  ; 
primary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  sec- 
ondary usually  divaricate  ;  spikelets  about  1%" 
long,  crowded,  acuminate ;  first  scale  acute  or 
acuminate,  one-third  the  length  of  the  equal  and 
acuminate  second  and  third;  fourth  scale  narrowly 
elliptic,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  third  and 
raised  on  a  delicate  stalk  about  %"  long. 

Moist  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee  and  North  Carolina.  July-Sept. 


Il6  GRAMINEAE. 

9.    Panicum    longifolium  Torr.     Long-leaved  Panicum.     (Fig.  251.) 
Panicum  longifolium  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  149.      1824. 

Culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  slender,  simple,  or  occa- 
sionally with  a  single  lateral  panicle,  flattened, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glab- 
rous ;  leaves  8/-i2/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  acuminate 
into  a  long,  slender  point,  rough,  glabrous  ; 
ligule  short,  pilose ;  panicles  5/-9/  long ;  primary 
branches  long  and  slender,  spreading,  secondary 
very  short,  appressed,  generally  bearing  1-3  spike- 
lets  ;  spikelets  i//  long,  acuminate;  first  scale  acute 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  acuminate  second 
one  ;  third  scale  equalling  the  second,  acuminate, 
one-third  longer  than  the  elliptic  obtuse  fourth  one. 

This  seems  to  be  a  well-marked  species.  Its  slender 
simple  very  much  flattened  culms,  the  long  and  nar- 
row leaves,  and  the  long  slender  branches  of  the  pan- 
icle bearing  the  sp_ikelets  almost  racemosely,  abund- 
antly distinguish  it  from  any  others  of  this  group. 
Moist  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  Aug. -Sept. 


IO. 


Panicum  sphaerocarpon  Ell.     Round-fruited  Panicum.     (Fig.  252.) 

Panicum  sphaerocarpon  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  125. 

1817. 

Culms  generally  erect,  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  at  base,  iox-20  tall,  smooth,  or  the  nodes 
sometimes  pubescent.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  glabrous,  the  margins  ciliate  ; 
leaves  2/-4/  long,  2//-7//  wide,  acuminate,  cordate- 
clasping  at  base,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath, 
the  margins  cartilaginous  and  minutely  serrulate, 
ciliate  towards  the  base;  panicle  ovoid,  2/-4/  long  ; 
spikelets  less  than  \"  long,  nearly  spherical  or 
somewhat  longer  than  thick,  obtuse,  purple ; 
first  scale  broadly  ovate,  obtuse;  third  and  fourth 
scales  three  to  four  times  as  long  as  the  first,  subor- 
bicular,  7-nerved;  fourth  scale  oval,  obtuse,  ^/x 
long;  palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 

Dry  soil,  southern  Ontario,  New  York  and  Mis- 
souri, to  Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico.  July-Sept. 

ii.    Panicum  microcarpon  Muhl.     Small-fruited  Panicum.      (Fig.  253.) 


Panicum  microcarpon  Muhl.  Gram.  in.      1817. 

Culms  generally  erect,  2°-3°  tall,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  smooth,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes  ;  ligule  none  ;  leaves  5/-8/  long,  l/if-\'  wide, 
long-acuminate,  smooth,  cordate-clasping  and  spar- 
ingly ciliate  at  the  base  ;  panicle  s'-S'  long,  ovoid 
to  oblong  in  outline  ;  branches  slender,  ascending  ; 
spikelets  "%"  long,  obovoid  to  nearly  spherical, 
numerous ;  first  scale  minute,  second  and  third 
about  equal,  7-nerved,  puberulent,  the  fourth 
white  and  shining;  palet  of  third  scale  usually 
empty. 

Woods  and  along  thickets,  southern  New  York  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida,  Louisi- 
ana, Nebraska  and  Texas.  July-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


117 


12.   Panicum  Porterianum  Nash.     Porter's  Panicum.     (Fig.  254.) 

Panicum  latifolium  Walt.    Fl.    Car.  73.      1788.     Not  L- 

1753- 
Panicum   Walteri  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  4:  282. 

1816.     Not  Pursh,  1814. 
Panicum  latifolium  var.  molle  Vasey,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb. 

3:  33.      1892.     Not  P.  molle  Sw.  1788. 
Panicum  Porterianum  Nash,   Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  420. 

1895- 

Culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  simple  or  somewhat  dicho- 
tomously  branched  above,  the  nodes  densely  barbed. 
Sheaths  generally  softly  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate  to 
broadly  lanceolate,  2/-4/  long,  Yzf-\]^f  wide,  cordate- 
clasping  at  base,  acute,  usually  softly  pubescent ;  pan- 
icle included  or  somewhat  exserted  ;  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  bearing  few  elliptic  short-pedicelled 
appressed  spikelets  2//-2}^//  long ;  first  scale  one-third 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  pubescent  and  equal  second 
and  third  ones  ;  fourth  scale  about  as  long  as  the  third. 

In  woods,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  June-Aug. 

13.    Panicum  commutatum  Schultes.     Variable  Panicum.     (Fig.  255.) 

Panicum   nervosum  Muhl.    Gram.    116.      1817?    Not 

Lam.      1797. 
Panicum  commutatum  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  242.      1824. 

Culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  rather  slender,  glabrous, 
or  pubescent  especially  at  the  nodes,  simple,  finally 
dichotomously  branched  above.  Sheaths  glabrous 
or  puberulent,  generally  ciliate ;  leaves  2/-4/  long, 
X'-1'  wide,  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  base,  acute, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  those  of  the  branches  gen- 
erally broader  and  more  crowded  than  those  of  the 
main  stem  ;  panicle  2/-5/  long,  lax,  the  branches 
spreading;  spikelets  i//-iX// long,  ellipsoid;  first 
scale  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  i- 
nerved ;  second  and  third  scales  equal,  7-nerved, 
pubescent ;  fourth  scale  oval,  obtuse,  apiculate, 
about  \"  long;  palet  of  third  scale  usually  empty. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  New  York  to  Kentucky, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  June-Aug. 

14.    Panicum    macrocarpon    I^e    Conte. 
Large-fruited  Panicum.     (Fig.  256.) 

Panicum  macrocarpon  Le  Conte;  Torr.  Cat.  91.  1819. 
Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  above,  smooth;  the  nodes,  at  least  the 
upper  ones,  naked.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
ciliate;  leaves  3/-7/  long,  9//-i-J^/  wide,  cordate- 
clasping  at  base,  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces,  ciliate  ;  panicle  3/-6/ 
l°ng»  generally  long-exserted,  rarely  included,  its 
branches  more  or  less  ascending  ;  spikelets  i  _J^//-2// 
long,  turgid,  oval  to  obovoid ;  second  and  third 
scales  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  g-nerved,  pubescent, 
the  fourth  oval,  rather  acute,  i^"  long. 

The  more  simple  culms,  glabrous  sheaths,  leaves  and 
nodes  and  the  turgid  spikelets  readily  distinguish  this 
species  from  either  P.  Porterianum  or  P.  clandesti- 
num.  Moist  places,  Vermont  to  New  York,  New 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  July-Aug. 


Ii8  GRAMINEAE. 

15.    Panicum  clandestinum  L,.     Hispid  Panicum.     (Fig.  257.) 

Panicum  clandestinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  58.      1753. 
Panicum  pedunculattim  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  141.      1824. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  i)4°~4°  tall,  rather 
stout,  simple  at  first,  much  branched  later  in  the 
season.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  much 
crowded  on  the  branches,  papillose- hispid,  especi- 
ally the  upper  ones;  leaves  2/-8/  long,  X/~IX/ 
wide,  cordate-clasping  at  base,  acuminate,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  the  margins  ciliate  at  base  ;  primary 
panicle  sometimes  long-exserted ;  panicles  of  the 
branches  below  included  in  the  sheaths,  rarely 
slightly  exserted;  spikelets  \"-\W  loog,  ellipsoid; 
first  scale  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spikelet; 
second  and  third  oval,  acutish,  g-nerved,  the  fourth 
oval,  obtuse,  apiculate,  whitish,  shining. 

In  thickets,  Quebec  to  Michigan,  south  to  Georgia, 
Missouri  and  Texas.  June-July. 


16.    Panicum  xanthophysum  A.  Gray. 

Slender  Panicum.     (Fig.  258.) 

Panicum  xanthophysum  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 
233-     1835. 

Culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  simple.  Sheaths  spar- 
ingly papillose-pubescent;  ligule  very  short;  leaves 
3/-6/  long,  }/T,r-}if  wide,  rounded  at  base,  long- 
acuminate,  erect,  smooth  and  glabrous;  panicle 
long-exserted,  linear,  i^7-^  long,  its  branches  ap- 
pressed  ;  spikelets  few,  about  i^"  long,  obovoid, 
pubescent  or  glabrate;  first  scale  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  nearly  equal  obtuse  second  and  third; 
fourth  scale  indurated  and  shining,  elliptic  or  oval. 

Dry  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.  Plant  light  green, 
becoming  yellowish  in  drying.  June-Aug. 


17.    Panicum  Scribnerianum  Nash.     Scribner's  Panicum.      (Fig.  259.) 

*  Panicum  scoparium  var.  minor  Scribn.  Bull.  Univ.  Tenn. 

7:  48.  1894.  Not  P.  capillare  var.  minus  Muhl.  1817. 
Panicum  scoparium  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  632. 

1890.     Not  Lam.     1797. 
Panicum    pauciflorum  A.    Gray,    Man.    613.     1848.     Not 

Ell.      1817. 
Panicum  Scribnerianum  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  421. 

1895- 

Culms  erect,  6'-2°  tall,  simple  or  late  in  the  season 
dichotomously  branched  above,  sparingly  pubescent. 
Sheaths  strongly  papillose-hispid,  sometimes  glabrate  ; 
leaves  2/~4/  long,  3//-6//  wide,  rounded  or  truncate  at 
base,  acuminate,  more  or  less  spreading,  smooth  above, 
scabrous  beneath  ;  panicles  small,  the  primary  one  ex- 
serted, ovoid,  iX/~3/  l°nR>  tne  secondary  ones  much 
smaller  and  more  or  less  included  ;  branches  of  the 
primary  panicle  spreading,  8x/-i  y2'  long,  often 
flexuous  ;  spikelets  turgid,  obovoid,  about  i%"  long. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Virginia,  Kansas  and  Arizona.  June-Aug. 


i8.  Panicum  Wilcoxianum  Vasey. 
cox's  Panicum.     (Fig.  260.) 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
Wil- 


119 


Panicum    Wilcoxianum    Vasey, 
Agric.  Bot.  Div.  8:  32.      1889. 


Bull.    U.    S.    Dept. 


Culms  erect,  6/-io/  tall,  sparingly  pubescent. 
Sheaths  papillose-pubescent ;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs  ; 
leaves  i^'-s'  long,  less  than  2/x  wide,  long-acum- 
inate, strongly  pubescent  with  long  hairs  ;  panicle 
about  i  l/zr  long,  oblong  to  ovoid,  compact ;  branches 
less  than  \'  long,  spreading  or  ascending,  flexuous  ; 
spikelets  about  iX//  long,  ellipsoid;  first  scale 
about  one-quarter  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second 
and  third  scales  about  equal,  pubescent ;  fourth 
scale  about  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse. 

In  dry  soil,  Nebraska.     July-Aug. 


19.    Panicum  boreale  Nash.     Northern  Panicum.     (Fig.  261.) 

Panicum  boreale  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  421.     1895. 

Culms  at  first  erect  and  simple,  i°-2°  tall,  later 
decumbent  and  somewhat  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
usually  smooth,  ciliate  ;  ligule  short,  ciliate  ;  leaves 
3/~5/  long,  X/~X/  wide,  erect,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  sparsely  ciliate  base,  acuminate  ;  panicle  2'- 
4X  long,  ovoid,  its  branches  i/-2/  long,  spreading  or 
ascending  ;  spikelets  \ff  long,  about  equalling  the 
pedicels,  ellipsoid,  somewhat  pubescent ;  first  scale 
ovate,  obtuse,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let  ;  second  and  third  scales  oblong-ovate,  7-nerved, 
pubescent,  equalling  the  fourth,  which  is  oval, 
acute,  and  slightly  more  than  %."  long;  palet  of 
third  scale  usually  empty. 

Moist  soil,  Newfoundland  and  Ontario  to  New  York, 
Vermont  and  Minnesota.  Summer. 

20.    Panicum  laxifldrum  Lam.     L,ax- flowered  Panicum.     (Fig.  262.) 

Panicum  laxiflorum  I<am.  Fncycl.  4;  748.      1797. 

Culms  erect,  S'-iS'  tall,  simple,  pubescent  or  glab- 
rate.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  hirsute; 
leaves  2>£/-5/  long,  2//-5//  wide,  erect,  generally  nar- 
rowed at  base,  long-acuminate,  pubescent  or  glabrate  ; 
panicle  2/-4/  long,  its  axis  and  erect  or  spreading 
branches  sometimes  hirsute  ;  spikelets  about  \"  long, 
ellipsoid  or  narrowly  obovoid,  strongly  pubescent ; 
first  scale  minute,  i-nerved ;  second  and  third  about 
equal,  g-nerved,  very  pubescent,  as  long  as  the  shining 
obtuse  minutely  apiculate  fourth  one ;  third  scale 
usually  with  an  empty  palet. 

Moist  soil,  Virginia  to  Kentucky,  south  to  Florida. 
Also  reported  from  much  further  north.  It  has  been  con- 
founded with  the  preceding  species.  June-Aug. 


I2O 


GRAMINEAE. 


21.    Panicum  nitidum  Lam.     Shining  Panicum.     (Fig.  263.) 

Panicum  nitidum  Lam.  Encycl.  4:  748.      1797. 

Culms  at  first  simple,  ^'-iS'  tall,  later  profusely 
dichotomously  branched,  2°-3°  long.  Sheaths  glab- 
rous to  pubescent ;  ligule  pilose  ;  leaves  glabrous  to 
sparingly  hirsute,  truncate  or  slightly  rounded  at  base, 
the  primary  ones  i'-$f  long,  \  ]&"-$"  wide,  erect, 
those  of  the  branches  ^/-i/  long,  ix/  wide  or  less ; 
primary  panicle  long-exserted,  \'-2f  long,  ovoid, 
those  of  the  branches  smaller  and  exceeded  by  the 
leaves  ;  spikelets  about  y^"  long,  obovoid,  pubescent, 
usually  purple;  first  scale  about  one-third  as  long  as 
thespikelet,  i-nerved;  second  and  third  scales  broadly 
oval  or  orbicular,  7-nerved,  shining ;  fourth  scale 
minutely  apiculate,  l/t'f  long. 

Common  in  dry  sandy  soil,  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle 
States,  and  probably  much  more  widely  distributed. 
June-Aug. 

22.    Panicum  dichotomum  L,.     Forked  Panicum.     (Fig.  264.) 


Panicum  dichotomum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  58.      1753. 
Panicum  ramulosum  Michx.  Fl.  Bbr.  Am.  i:  50. 


1803. 


Smooth  and  glabrous,  or  the  lower  nodes  barbed, 
culms  erect,  X°-2°  tall,  at  first  simple,  later  pro- 
fusely dichotomously  branched  at  about  the  middle. 
Leaves  light  green,  widely  spreading,  generally 
much  narrowed  toward  the  base,  the  primary 
ones  distant,  2/~3/  long,  2//-3//  wide,  those  of 
the  branches  i'  long  or  less,  X//-I//  wide,  some- 
times involute ;  primary  panicle  usually  long- 
exserted,  i/-2/  long;  branches  lax,  spreading, 
bearing  few  spikelets  ;  secondary  panicles  smaller, 
not  exceeding  the  leaves,  their  branches  with  very 
few  spikelets  ;  spikelets  about  ix/  long,  ellipsoid, 
glabrous. 

In  woodlands  and  thickets,  New  York  to  Kentucky, 
Missouri  and  southward.  June-July. 


Panicum  barbulatum  Michx.     Barbed  Panicum.     (Fig.  265.) 


Panicum    barbulatum    Michx.   Fl.    Bor.    Am.    i:  49. 
1803. 

Culms  at  first  simple,  erect,  2°-3°  tall,  later  pro- 
fusely branched  for  their  whole  length,  3°-4°  long, 
prostrate  or  leaning,  the  nodes  strongly  barbed. 
Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,  generally  truncate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  the  primary  ones  $'-§'  long, 
about  y2f  wide,  widely  spreading,  the  lower  ones 
usually  reflexed,  those  of  the  branches  -^/-2/  long, 
i//-2//  wide  ;  primary  panicle  3/-5/  long,  exserted, 
ovoid,  its  branches  ascending,  rigid ;  secondary 
panicles  smaller,  lax,  not  exceeding  the  leaves,  the 
branches  bearing  few  spikelets ;  spikelets  about 
"%fr  long,  ellipsoid,  purple,  glabrous;  first  scale 
about  one-third  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  acute. 

Moist  soil,  New  York  to  Tennessee,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  June-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


121 


24.  Panicum  viscidum  Ell.     Velvety  Panicum.     (Fig.  266.) 

Panicum  scoparium   Michx.    Fl.    Bor.  Am.  i:  49.     1803.     f 

Not  Lam.      1797. 
Panicum  viscidum  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  123.    pi.  7. 

/  J.      1817- 

Culms  erect,  2°-4°  tall,  simple  or  at  length  much 
branched  above,  villous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  villous;  leaves  generally  narrowed,  some- 
times rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  softly  pubescent, 
those  of  the  culm  4/-7/  long,  5//-8//  wide,  distant,  those 
of  the  branches  i/-2^/  long,  2//~5//  wide,  crowded  ; 
primary  panicle  3/-6/  long,  ovoid,  branches  ascending; 
secondary  panicles  much  smaller,  not  exceeding  the 
leaves  ;  spikelets  ovoid  to  oval,  about  i^"  l°ng>  Pu~ 
bescent ;  first  scale  broadly  ovate,  about  one-fourth  as 
long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  and  third  scales  nearly  « 
orbicular,  g-nerved,  pubescent,  the  fourth  oval,  apicu-  1 
late,  \"  long. 

Moist  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Indiana  and  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.     Not  viscid.    June-Aug. 

Panicum  pubescens  L,am.     Hairy  Panicum.     (Fig.  267.) 

Panicum  pubescens  I^am.  Encycl.  4:  748.     1797. 
Panicum  lanuginosum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  123. 


1817. 


Culms  at  first  erect  and  simple,  later  profusely 
branched  and  leaning  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pu- 
bescent. Sheaths  hirsute  to  villous,  often  papillose  ; 
leaves  rounded,  truncate  or  often  narrowed  at  the 
base,  pubescent  or  glabrate,  generally  more  or  less 
spreading,  those  of  the  culm  2/-3/  long,  those  of  the 
branches  much  shorter;  primary  panicles  less  than  3' 
long,  ovoid,  their  branches  ascending ;  lateral  pan- 
icles much  smaller,  not  exceeding  the  leaves  ;  spike- 
lets  hardly  \"  long,  pubescent. 

In  dry  soil,  common  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States, 
its  western  and  southern  range  undetermined.  June-Aug. 

Panicum  lanuginosum  Ell.,  here  regarded  as  referable  to 
this  species,  may  prove  to  be  distinct. 


26.    Panicum  depauperatum  Muhl.     Starved  Panicum.     (Fig.  268.) 


Panicum  strictum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  69. 
R.  Br.      1812. 


1814.     Not 


Panicum  depauperalum  Muhl.  Gram.  112.      1817. 
Panicum  involutum  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  124.      1824. 

Culms  erect,  i°  tall  or  less,  simple  or  branched  at 
base.  Sheaths  glabrous  to  hirsute  ;  leaves  erect, 
elongated,  ^//-2//  wide,  mostly  crowded  at  base  and 
equalling  or  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  the  upper 
culm  leaf  often  much  exceeding  the  panicle  ;  primary 
panicle  generally  much  exserted  from  the  upper 
sheath,  1'-$'  long,  usually  linear,  its  branches  mostly 
erect ;  secondary  panicles  on  very  short  basal  branches 
and  often  concealed  by  the  lower  leaves ;  spikelets 
about  \y2"  long. 

In  dry  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  June-Sept. 


122 


GRAMINEAE. 


27.    Panicum  angustifolium  Ell.     Narrow-leaved  Panicum.      (Fig.  269.) 

Panicum  angustifolium  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  129.     1817. 
Panicum  consanguineum  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 
6,  633,  in  part.     1890.     Not  Kunth,  1835. 

Culms  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  glabrous,  at  first  simple, 
later  profusely  branched  above.  Sheaths  glabrous  or 
the  basal  ones  pubescent,  those  on  the  culm  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  those  on  the  branches  crowded  ; 
leaves  elongated,  i//-3//  wide,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
firm,  glabrous,  those  of  the  culm  distant,  those  of  the 
branches  shorter  and  crowded  ;  primary  panicle  long- 
exserted,  i'-3x  long,  its  branches  ascending  or  erect ; 
lateral  panicles  smaller,  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
spikelets  few,  about  i%"  long,  elliptic  to  obovoid; 
first  scale  one-fourth  to  one-third  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let;  second  and  third  oval,  g-nerved,  pubescent;  fourth 
oval,  minutely  pubescent  at  the  apex. 

Dry  soil,  North  Carolina  to  Missouri,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  June-Aug. 


28.    Panicum  virgatum  L,.     Tall  Smooth  Panicum.      (Fig.  270. ) 


Panicum  virgatum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  59.      1753. 

Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock,  3°-5°  tall, 
glabrous.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous  ;  leaves  elon- 
gated, i°  or  more  long,  3//-6//  wide,  flat,  long-acumin- 
ate, narrowed  toward  the  base,  glabrous,  rough  on 
the  margins  ;  panicle  6/-2o/  long,  the  lower  branches 
4/-io/  long,  more  or  less  widely  spreading  or  sometimes 
nearly  erect ;  spikelets  ovate,  acuminate,  2//-2X// 
long  ;  first  scale  acuminate,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  spikelet,  3~5-nerved ;  second  scale  generally 
longer  than  the  others,  5~7-nerved,  the  third  similar 
and  usually  subtending  a  palet  and  staminate  flower; 
fourth  scale  shining,  shorter  than  the  others. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 


29.    Panicum  amarum  Ell.     Sea-beach  Panicum.      (Fig.  271.) 
Panicum  amarum  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  121.     1817. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  glaucous,  culms  arising  from 
long  branching  rootstocks,  i°-3°  tall,  decumbent. 
Sheaths  overlapping;  leaves  6x-i°  long,  3//-6//  wide, 
long-acuminate,  thick  and  leathery,  involute  on  the 
margins,  at  least  toward  the  apex,  the  uppermost  leaf 
generally  exceeding  the  panicle ;  panicle  linear,  less 
than  i°  long,  its  branches  erect ;  spikelets  2X//~3// 
long;  first,  second  and  third  scales  acuminate,  the  first 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  the  third 
somewhat  longer  than  the  second,  usually  with  a  palet 
and  staminate  flower,  the  fourth  elliptic,  about  \^"  long. 

On  sea-beaches,  Connecticut  to  Florida.     Sept. -Nov. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


123 


30.    Panicum  miliaceum  I,. 

(Fig.  272.) 


Millet. 


Panicum  miliaceum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  58.      1753. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  rather  stout,  i°  or  more 
tall,  glabrous  or  hirsute.  Sheaths  papillose-hirsute  ; 
leaves  s'-io'  long,  l/$'-if  wide,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent ;  panicle  rather  dense,  ^-lo'  long;  branches  erect 
or  ascending ;  spikelets  2/'~2l/2//  long,  acuminate ; 
first  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  thespikelet,  acum- 
inate, s-j-nerved  ;  second  scale  2//-2^//  long,  acum- 
inate, i.vnerved,  somewhat  exceeding  the  y-i3-nerved 
acuminate  third  one,  which  subtends  an  empty  palet; 
fourth  scale  shorter  than  the  third,  becoming  indu- 
rated, obtuse. 

In  waste  places,  Maine  to  New  York,  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania.  Adventive  from  the  Old  World.  July-Sept. 

*^ 

Panicum  proliferum  L,am.     Spreading  Panicum.     (Fig.  273.) 

Panicum  proliferum  I^am.  Uncycl.  4:  747a.      1797. 
Panicum  geniculatum  Muhl.  Gram.  123.  1817. 

Culms  at  first  erect,  i°-2°  tall,  simple,  later  de- 
cumbent and  geniculate,  4°-6°  long,  branched  at  all 
the  upper  nodes.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous,  some- 
what flattened;  ligule  ciliate ;  leaves  6'-2°  long, 
2//-io//  wide,  long-acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gins and  occasionally  on  the  nerves;  panicle  pyra- 
midal, 4/-i6/  long,  lower  branches  3/-6/  long,  at 
length  widely  spreading;  spikelets  i//-i^//  long, 
crowded,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  sometimes 
purplish;  first  scale  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  enclosing  its  base;  second  and  third  scales 
about  equal,  acute,  5-y-nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic, 
shining,  somewhat  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
third. 

In  wet  soil,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania  and  Nebraska, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  July-Sept. 

32.    Panicum  capillare  L,.     Witch  Grass. 
Tumble-weed.     (Fig.  274.) 

Panicum  capillare  L,.  Sp.  PI.  58.      1753. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  i°-2°  tall,  simple  or  some- 
times sparingly  branched.  Sheaths  papillose-hirsute; 
leaves  6'-:0  long,  3//-8//wide,  more  or  less  pubescent; 
terminal  panicle  generally  8'-i4'  long,  lower  branches 
at  first  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  finally  exserted 
and  widely  spreading,  6/-io/  long ;  lateral  panicles, 
when  present,  smaller;  spikelets  i//-i^//  long,  acu- 
minate ;  first  scale  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  spikelet ;  second  and  third  scales  nearly  equal, 
very  acute,  the  fourth  ^"  long. 

In  dry  soil,  common  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields,  Nova 
Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Nevada  and 
Texas.  July-Sept. 

Panicum  capillare  Gattingeri  Nash. 
Panicum  capillare  var.  campestre  Gattinger,  Tenn.  Fl.  94.     1887.     Not  P.  campestre  Nees,  1829. 

Culms  more  slender  than  in  the  type;  terminal  panicle  rarely  over  6'  long,  the  lateral  ones  very 
numerous.    Moist  places,  New  Jersey  to  Tennessee,  Missouri  and  southward. 


I24 


GRAMINEAE. 


33-  Panicum  flexile  (Gattinger)  Scribn.     Wiry  Panicum.     (Fig.  275.) 

Panicum  capillare  var.  flexile  Gattinger,  Tenn.  Fl.  94, 

1887. 

Panicum  flexile  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20: 476.    1893, 

Culms  erect,  6/-i8/  tall,  slender,  simple  or 
somewhat  branched  at  base,  bearded  at  the  nodes. 
Sheaths  papillose-hirsute;  leaves  4/-o/  long,  2"-$" 
wide,  erect,  long-acuminate,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent; panicle  4/~9/  long,  narrowly  ovoid  to  oblong 
in  outline,  its  branches  ascending,  the  lower  ones 
2/-3^/  long;  spikelets  \y2"  long,  much  shorter  than 
thepedicels,  acuminate;  first  scale  about  one-fourth 
as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  and  third  scales 
about  equal,  5-7  nerved;  fourth  scale  elliptic,  some- 
what shorter  than  the  third. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Tennessee  and 
Missouri.  Aug. -Oct. 

Panicum  autumnale  Bosc.     Diffuse  Panicum.     (Fig.  276.) 

Panicum  nudum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  73.      1788? 
Panicum  divergens  Muhl.    Gram.   120.  ,1,1817. "^  Not 

H.B.K.      1815.  m       ,«• 

Panicum  autumnale  Bosc;  Spreng.  Syst.  i:*32O.  ,  1825. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  i°-2°  tall,  generally 
much  branched  at  the  base,  slender.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  the  upper  glabrous, 
the  lower  sometimes  densely  pubescent ;  leaves 
i%'-Atr  long,  i/r-3/x  wide,  ascending,  acuminate, 
glabrous  ;  panicle  5/-i2/  long,  bearded  in  the  axils, 
the  lower  branches  4/-8/  long,  at  first  erect  with 
the  lower  portion  included  in  the  upper  sheath, 
finally  exserted  and  widely  spreading  at  maturity  ; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  about  \y2"  long,  acuminate, 
glabrous  or  pubescent,  on  capillary  pedicels  of 
many  times  their  length  ;  first  scale  minute  ;  sec- 
ond and  third  equal,  acute,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
villous,  the  fourth  lanceolate,  \%"  long. 

In  dry  soil,  Illinois  to  Georgia  and  Florida,  west 
to  Minnesota,  Kansas  and  Arizona.  July-Sept. 

35.  Panicum  minus  (Muhl.)  Nash.     Wood  Panicum.     (Fig.  277.) 

Panicum  capillare  var.  minor  Muhl.  Gram.  124.  1817, 

Panicum  capillare  var.  sylvaticum  Torr.  Fl.  149.  1824. 

Not  P.  sylvaticum  Lam.      1797. 

Panicum  diffusum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i:  68.  1814, 

Not  Sw.      1788. 

Panicum  minus  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  421.  1895. 

Culms  erect,  or  occasionally  decumbent,  8/-2° 
long,  slender,  somewhat  branched  at  base.  Sheaths 
hirsute  ;  leaves  2/-4/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  erect,  more 
or  less  pubescent ;  panicle  4X~9X  long,  its  lower 
branches  3/-4/  long,  spreading  or  ascending; 
spikelets  about  ^"  long,  elliptic,  acute,  smooth, 
borne  in  pairs  at  the  extremities  of  the  ultimate 
divisions  of  the  panicle;  first  scale  about  one-third 
as  long  as  the  equal  acute  second  and  third  ones, 
the  fourth  somewhat  shorter  than  the  third. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to 
Georgia,  west  to  Missouri.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  125 

36.  Panicum  verrucdsum  Muhl.     Warty  Panicum.     (Fig.  278.) 

Panicum  verrucosum  Muhl.  Gram.  113.      1817. 

Panicum  debile  F,ll.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  129.      1817.     Not 
Desf.      1800. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  slender,  generally  much 
branched  at  base.  Sheaths  glabrous,  much  shorter 
than  the  internodes ;  ligule  short,  ciliate  ;  leaves  2/-7/ 
long,  ix/-4x/  wide,  erect  or  ascending,  glabrous,  rough 
on  the  margins ;  panicle  3/-i2/  long,  its  lower 
branches  2/-6/  long,  naked  below,  strict  and  ascend- 
ing, or  lax  and  spreading;  spikelets  about  ^"  long, 
elliptic,  acutish,  borne  in  pairs  along  the  branches, 
the  first  scale  about  one-quarter  as  long  as  the  warty 
second  and  third,  the  fourth  scale  apiculate. 

Moist  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Florida,  west  to  Louisiana, 
mostly  near  the  coast.  July-Sept. 


Panicum  gibbum  Ell.     Gibbous  Panicum.     (Fig.  279.) 


Panicum  gibbum  1311.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  116.      1817. 

Culms  erect  from  a  creeping  base,  2°-6°  tall, 
dichotomously  branched  below.  Lower  sheaths 
densely  hirsute,  the  upper  generally  glabrous  ;  leaves 
$'-7'  long,  2//-io//  wide,  usually  spreading,  more  or 
less  pubescent ;  panicle  3/-o/  long,  dense  and  con- 
tracted;  branches  ^/-i/  long,  erect;  spikelets  \Yz'f- 
2X/  long,  elliptic,  somewhat  acute;  first  scale  about  one- 
quarter  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  second  scale  gibbous 
at  base,  i  i-nerved ;  third  scale  about  equalling  the 
second,  7-nerved,  empty,  the  fourth  one  shorter  than 
the  second. 

Swamps,  Virginia  to  Tennessee,  south  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana.  Also  in  Cuba.  July-Sept. 


13.  IXOPHORUS  Schlecht.  Linnaea,  31:  420.     1861-2. 

[SETARIA  Beauv.  Agrost.  113.     1812.     Not  Ach.     1798.] 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  erect  culms,  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence  in  spike-like  panicles. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  or  rarely  with  a  second  staminate  flower,  the  basal  bristles  single  or  in 
clusters  below  the  articulation  of  the  rachilla,  and  therefore  persistent.  Scales  of  the  spike- 
let  4,  the  three  outer  membranous,  the  third  often  subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate 
flower  ;  the  inner  or  fourth  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  viscid  spikelets  of  some  species.] 

Species  about  10,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Those  occurring  in  our  range  are  intro- 
duced from  the  Old  World. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed.  I    i.  /.  verticillatus. 

Bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Mature  fourth  scale  of  spikelet  oval  in  outline,  very  convex,  almost  hemispheric,  coarsely 

transversely  rugose.  2.  /.  glaucus. 

Mature  fourth  scale  generally  elliptic  in  outline,  only  moderately  convex,  finely  transversely 

rugose  or  pitted,  striate. 
Spikes  I'-jJs'  long,  K'  or  less  thick;  spikelets  about  i"  long,  always  much  exceeded  by 

the  green  bristles.  3.  /.  viridis. 

Spikes  4' -9'  long,   ^'-2'   thick;  spikelets  about   i%"  long,  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the 
usually  purplish  bristles.  4.  /.  Italicus. 


126 


GRAMINEAE. 


i.  Ixophorus  verticillatus  (L,.)  Nash.     Foxtail-grass.     (Fig.  280. ) 

Panicum  verticillatum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  82.      1762. 
Setaria  verticillata  Beauv.  Agrost.  51.      1812. 
Chamaeraphis  verticillata  Porter,   Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20: 

196.      1893. 
Ixophorus  verticillatus  Nash,  Bull.   Torr.  Club,  22:  422. 

1895- 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  i°-2°  tall,  more  or  less 
branched.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  2/-8/  long,  %'- 
Yzf  wide,  scabrous  above;  spikes  2/-3/  long;  spikelets 
about  \"  long,  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the  down- 
wardly barbed  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  i-nerved;  second  and  third  scales 
5-y-nerved,  equalling  the  oval  fourth  one;  palet  of 
third  scale  empty. 

About  dwellings  and  in  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  and 
Ontario  to  New  Jersey  and  Kentucky.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  July-Sept. 

2.  Ixophorus  glaucus  (L,. )  Nash.  Yellow  Foxtail.    Pigeon-grass.   (Fig.  281.) 

Panicum  glaucum  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  56.      1753. 
Setaria  glauca  Beauv.  Agrost.  51.      1812. 
Chamaeraphis glauca  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  767.     1891. 
Ixophorus  glaums  Nash,    Bull.   Torr.    Club,  22:  423. 

1895- 

Culms  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent,  i°-4°  tall, 
more  or  less  branched.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves 
2/-6/  long,  2//-4//  wide;  spikes  i/-4/  long;  spikelets 
~il/i"-\y^"  long,  oval,  much  shorter  than  the  up- 
wardly barbed  yellowish  brown  bristles;  first  scale 
i-3-nerved,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  5-nerved 
second  one;  third  scale  5-nerved,  equalling  the 
fourth  which  is  coarsely  transversely  rugose,  very 
convex,  V-shaped  in  cross-section,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  second;  palet  of  third  scale  usually 
empty. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  through- 
out North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Often  a 
troublesome  weed.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  July- 
Sept. 

3.  Ixophorus  viridis  (I,.)  Nash.     Green  Foxtail-grass.     (Fig.  282.) 

Panicum  viride  L,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  83.      1762. 
Setaria  viridis  Beauv.  Agrost.  51.      1812. 
Chamaeraphis  viridis  Porter,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  196. 

1893- 
Ixophorus  viridis  Nash,  Bull. Torr.  Club,  22:  423.    1895. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending,  i°-3°  tall,  simple 
or  branched.  Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  $'-10'  long, 
2//-6//  wide,  usually  scabrous  above;  spikes  i'-^' 
long;  spikelets  about  i//  long,  elliptic,  much  shorter 
than  the  green,  or  sometimes  yellowish,  upwardly 
barbed  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one-half  as  long 
as  the  spikelet,  i-3-nerved;  second  and  third  scales 
5-nerved;  fourth  scale  finely  and  faintly  transversely 
rugose,  or  pitted,  striate,  only  moderately  convex, 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  second;  palet  of 
third  scale  usually  empty. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  through- 
out North  America  except  the  extreme  north,  and  often 


a  troublesome  weed. 
Sept. 


Naturalized  from  Europe.    July- 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


127 


4.    Ixophorus    Italicus    (I,.)   Nash.      Italian 

(Fig.  283.) 

Panicnm  Ilalicum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  56.      1753. 
Selaria  Italica  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  493.      1817. 
Chamaeraphis  Italica  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  768.      1891. 
Ixophorus  Italicus  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  423.      1895. 

Culms  erect,  2°-5°  tall.  Sheaths  smooth  or  scab- 
rous; leaves  6x-i°  or  more  in  length,  X/~IK/  wide, 
generally  scabrous;  spikes  4/~9/  long,  ^'-2'  thick, 
usually  very  compound ;  spikelets  about  i%ff  long, 
elliptic  equalled,  or  exceeded  by  the  upwardly  barbed 
generally  purplish  bristles;  first  scale  less  than  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  i-3-nerved;  second  and 
third  5-y-nerved;  fourth  scale  equalling  or  somewhat 
exceeding  the  second,  finely  and  faintly  transverse- 
rugose,  or  pitted,  striate,  only  moderately  convex; 
palet  of  third  scale  minute  or  wanting. 

In  waste  places,  escaped  from  cultivation,  Quebec  to 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Native  of  the 
Old  World.  July-Sept. 


Millet.      Hungarian  Grass. 


14.  CENCHRUS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1049.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  usually  flat  leaves.  Inflorescence  in  spikes.  Spike- 
lets  subtended  by  a  spiny  involucre  which  is  deciduous  with  them  at  maturity.  Scales  4; 
the  first  hyaline;  the  second  and  third  membranous,  the  latter  sometimes  having  a  palet 
and  staminate  flower  in  its  axil;  the  fourth  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  struc- 
ture which  encloses  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  united  below.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Ancient  Greek  name  for  some  grass,  probably  Millet.] 

About  12  species,  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  4  others 
occur  in  the  southern  parts  of  North  America. 


i.   Cenchrus  tribuloides  L,.     Bur-grass. 
Hedgehog-grass.     (Fig.  284.) 

Cenchrus  tribuloides  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1050.      1753. 
Cenchrus  Carolinianus  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  79.      1788. 

Culms  erect  or  decumbent  from  an  annual  root, 
usually  robust,  8'-2}4°  long,  branching  freely. 
Sheaths  usually  very  loose,  compressed,  smooth; 
leaves  2^/-5/  long,  2//-4//  wide,  flat  or  somewhat 
complanate;  spikes  i/-2}4/  long,  sometimes  par- 
tially included  in  the  upper  sheath;  involucres 
crowded  on  the  scabrous  rachis,  2-flowered,  glo- 
bose, pubescent  except  at  the  base,  forming  spiny 
burs,  the  spines  stout;  spikelets  about  T>//  long. 

On  sandy  shores  and  in  waste  places,  Maine  and  On- 
tario to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Colorado  and 
Texas.  Sometimes  a  noxious  weed.  Apparently  per- 
ennial in  the  Southern  States.  Aug.-Sept. 


15.  ZIZANIOPSIS  Doell  &  Aschers.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  2:  Part  2,  12.      1871. 

Tall  aquatic  monoecious  grasses,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  staminate  borne  at  the  top  of  the  branches,  the  pistillate  at  the 
base.  Scales  2,  nearly  equal,  membranous,  the  outer  one  in  the  pistillate  spikelets  broad, 
acute  and  bearing  an  awn.  Stamens  6.  Styles  united.  Grain  nearly  globose,  the  pericarp 
f*eadily  separable.  [Name  in  allusion  to  the  resemblance  of  this  grass  to  Zizania.~\ 

A  monotypic  genus,  of  temperate  and  tropical  America. 


128  GRAMINEAE. 

i.    Zizaniopsis    miliacea  (Michx.)   Doell 
&  Aschers.     Zizaniopsis.      (Fig.  285.) 

Zizania  miliacea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  74.      1803. 

Zizaniopsis  miliacea  Doell  &  Aschers. ;  Baill.  Hist.  PI. 
12:  293.      1893. 

Culms  4°-i5°  tall  from  a  long  and  creeping  root- 
stock,  robust,  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous; 
ligule  4//-7//  long,  thin-membranous ;  leaves  i° 
longer  more,  >^/-i/  wide,  smooth,  glabrous;  panicle 
dense,  i°-i^°  long,  narrow;  branches  erect;  stam- 
inate  spikelets  3//-4//  long,  the  outer  scale  5-nerved, 
the  inner  3-nerved,  both  acute  ;  pistillate  spikelets 
about  T>//  long,  the  outer  scale  about  equalling  the 
inner,  bearing  an  awn  \f'-$"  long,  scabrous,  5- 
nerved;  inner  scale  3-nerved,  acute. 

Swamps,  Georgia  to  Ohio  (according-  to  Riddell), 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  June-July. 

16.  ZIZANIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  991.     (1753.) 

A  tall  aquatic  monoecious  grass  with  long  flat  leaves  and  an  ample  panicle.  Spikelets 
i-flowered,  the  pistillate  borne  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  panicle,  the  staminate  on  the 
lower.  Scales  2,  membranous,  the  outer  somewhat  longer,  acute  in  the  staminate,  long- 
awned  in  the  pistillate  spikelets.  Stamens  6.  Styles  nearly  distinct.  Grain  linear,  5//-8// 
long.  [From  an  ancient  Greek  name  for  Darnel.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  North  America  and  Asia.  /  /  /     /  ///// 

i.    Zizania    aquatica   I,.      Wild   Rice. 
Indian  Rice.     Water  Oats.     Reed. 

(Fig.  286.) 
Zizania  aquatica  I,.  Sp.  PI.  991.      1753. 

Culms  erect  from  an  annual  root,  3°-io°  tall, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  glabrous  ; 
ligule  about  %'  long,  thin-membranous;  leaves 
i°  or  more  long,  X/~IX/  wide,  more  or  less 
roughened,  especially  above,  glabrous  ;  panicle 
i°-2°  long,  the  upper  branches  erect,  the  lower 
widely  spreading ;  staminate  spikelets  3//-6// 
long,  scales  acute  or  awn-pointed,  outer  5- 
nerved,  the  inner  3-nerved  ;  scales  of  the  linear 
pistillate  spikelets  4//-i2//  long,  the  outer  one 
5-nerved,  with  an  awn  i/-2/  long,  the  inner 
narrower,  3-nerved,  awn-pointed. 

In  swamps,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south 
to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  June-Oct. 

17.   HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg.;  Hall.  Hist.  Stirp.  Helv.  2:  201.       1768. 
[IvEERSiA  Sw.  Nov.  Gen.  &.  Sp.  21.     1788.     Not  Hedw.     1782.] 

Marsh  grasses  with  flat  narrow  generally  rough  leaves,  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  perfect,  strongly  flattened  laterally,  and  usually  more  or  less  imbri- 
cated. Scales  2,  chartaceons,  the  outer  one  broad  and  strongly  conduplicate,  the  inner 
much  narrower.  Stamens  1-6.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid, 
free.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  supposed  resemblance  of  these  grasses  to  Millet.] 

About  5  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  countries.     Besides  the  following',  2  others 
occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 
Spikelets  oblong,  their  width  less  than  one-half  their  length,  somewhat  imbricated. 

Spikelets  i  K"~i  5^"  long;  panicle-branches  usually  rigid.  i.  H.  Virginicus. 

_  Spikelets  2"-2^"  long;  panicle-branches  generally  lax.  2.  H.  oryzoides. 

Spikelets  oval,  their  width  more  than  one-half  their  length,  much  imbricated.    3.  H.  lenticularis. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  129 

i.  Homalocenchrus  Virginicus  (Willd.)  Britton.    White  Grass.    (Fig.  287.) 

Leersia  Virginica  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  325.      1797. 
Asprella  Virginica  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  266.      1817. 
Homalocenchrus    Virginicus    Britton,   Trans.   N.   Y. 
Acad.  Sci.  9:  14.      1889. 

Culms  glabrous,  decumbent,  i°-3°  long,  much 
branched,  slender,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  short;  leaves 
2x-6'  long,  i//-8//  wide,  acute,  usually  narrowed 
toward  the  base,  scabrous;  terminal  panicle  finally 
long-exserted,  3' -8'  long,  its  branches  generally 
spreading,  usually  naked  below  the  middle;  lateral 
panicles  smaller  and  usually  included;  spikelets 
i^//-i>£//long,  about  Y^"  wide,  oblong,  appressed; 
outer  scale  hispid  on  the  keel  and  margins;  inner 
scale  hispid  on  the  keel;  stamens  i  or  2. 

Swamps  or  wet  woods,  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (L.)  Poll.     Rice  Cut-grass.     (Fig.  288.) 

Phalaris  oryzoides  I,.  Sp.  PI.  55.      1753. 
Homalocenchrus oryzoides Poll.  Hist.  PL  Palat.  i:  52.   1776. 
Leersia  oryzoides  Sw.  Fl.  Ind.  Occ.  i:  132.      1797. 

Culms  glabrous,  decumbent,  i°-4°  long,  much 
branched,  rather  stout,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  very  rough;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  3/-io/  long,  2//~5//  wide,  acute,  narrowed  to- 
ward the  base,  scabrous  ;  terminal  panicle  5/-9/  long, 
finally  long-exserted,  its  branches  lax,  naked  at  the 
base,  at  first  erect,  later  more  or  less  widely  spreading  ; 
lateral  panicles  generally  included;  spikelets  2//-2^// 
long,  about  %"  wide,  elliptic;  scales  pubescent,  the 
outer  one  hispid  on  the  keel  and  on  the  margins;  inner 
scale  much  narrower,  hispid  on  the  keel;  stamens  3; 
anthers  yellow. 

It  swamps  and  along  streams,  often  forming  dense 
tangled  masses,  Nova  Scotia  to  western  Ontario,  south  to 
Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Also  in  the  temperate  parts 
of  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug.-Sept. 

3.    Homalocenchrus  lenticularis  (Michx.) 
Scribn.     Catch-fly  Grass.     (Fig.  289.) 

Leersia  lenticularis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  39.      1803. 
Homalocenchrus  lenticularis  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 
33-      1894. 

Culms  glabrous,  erect,  2°-4°  tall,  usually  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  scab- 
rous; ligule  very  short;  leaves  4/-i2/  long,  4//-io// 
wide,  acute,  more  or  less  narrowed  at  the  base,  scab- 
rous; panicle  4^ '-9'  long,  finally  exserted,  its  branches 
lax,  naked  below,  at  first  erect,  later  spreading; 
spikelets  much  imbricated,  2//-2^//  long,  i//-ij^// 
wide,  broadly  oval;  scales  smooth  or  sparingly  hispid- 
scabrous,  the  outer  one  strongly  3-nerved,  hispid  on  the 
keel  and  margins,  the  inner  much  narrower,  strongly 
i-nerved,  hispid  on  the  keel ;  stamens  2. 

Wet  grounds,  Virginia  to  Illinois  and  Missouri,  south 
to  Florida  and  Texas.  July-Sept. 


GRAMINRAE. 


18.    PHALARIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  54.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence  spike-like,  capitate  or  a 
narrow  panicle.  Spikelets  crowded,  i-flowered.  Scales  5,  the  first  and  second  about  equal 
in  length,  strongly  compressed  laterally,  usually  wing-keeled  ;  third  and  fourth  scales  much 
smaller  or  reduced  to  mere  rudiments  ;  fifth  scale  subtending  a  palet  similar  to  itself  and  a 
perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free, 
smooth,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek,  alluding  to  the  shining  grain.] 


About  10  species,  mostly  natives  of  southern  Europe, 
the  United  States. 


Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in 


i.  P.  arundinacea. 


Outer  scales  not  winged;  inflorescence  a  narrow  panicle. 

Outer  scales  broadly  winged;  inflorescence  a  spike  or  spike-like  panicle. 

Spikelets  narrow;  third  and  fourth  scales  much  reduced,  rigid,  subulate,  hairy. 

2.  P.  Carolinian  a. 

Spikelets  broad;   third   and    fourth    scales  thin-membranous,  broadly  lanceolate,  glabrous  or 
sparingly  hairy.  3.  P.   Canariensis. 


i.    Phalaris  arundinacea  L.     Reed  Canary-grass.     (Fig.  290.) 

Phalaris  arundinacea  I,.  Sp.  PI.  55.     1753. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect,  2 "-5°  tall,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  i//-3// 
long,  obtuse,  membranous ;  leaves  3^/-io/  long,  3X/- 
8"  wide,  acuminate,  smooth  or  scabrous  ;  panicle  3'- 
8/  long,  dense,  its  branches  ^/-i}4/  long,  erect  or 
sometimes  slightly  spreading ;  spikelets  2^//-3// 
long;  outer  scales  scabrous,  3-nerved;  third  and  fourth 
scales  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fifth,  subulate, 
rigid,  hairy  ;  fifth  scale  about  three-fourths  as  long  as 
the  spikelet,  chartaceous,  pubescent  with  long  ap- 
pressed  silky  hairs,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar 
texture  and  a  perfect  flower. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Kansas  and  Nevada. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug.  The  Ribbon-grass 
or  Painted-grass  of  cultivation,  the  so-called  variety  picta, 
has  leaves  variegated  with  green  and  white  stripes,  is  a 
derivative  of  this  species,  and  sometimes  escapes  from 
gardens. 

2.    Phalaris  Caroliniana  Walt.     Carolina  Canary-grass.      (Fig.  291.) 

Phalaris  Caroliniana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74.      1788. 
Phalaris  intermedia    Bosc. ;    Poir.    in   I,am.    Encycl. 

Suppl.  i:  300.      1810. 
Phalaris  Americana  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  101.     1817. 

Culms  i°-3X°  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decum- 
bent at  base,  simple  or  somewhat  branched,  smooth 
or  roughish,  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes  ;  ligule  i//-3//  long,  rounded, 
thin-membranous  ;  leaves  2/-6/  long,  1"-$"  wide, 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous  ;  spike-like  panicle  i'- 
4/  long,  dense,  its  branches  about  ^'  long,  erect ; 
spikelets  2)£//  long,  the  outer  scales  more  or  less 
scabrous,  3-nerved,  wing-keeled  ;  third  and  fourth 
scales  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  fifth,  subu- 
late, hairy;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
spikelet,  acuminate,  pubescent  with  long  appressed 
silky  hairs. 

In  moist  soil,  South  Carolina  to  Missouri  and  Cali- 
fornia, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  June-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY 


3.    Phalaris  Canariensis  I,.     Canary- 
grass.     (Fig.  292.) 

Phalaris  Canariensis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  54.     1753. 

More  or  less  roughened,  culms  i°-3°  tall, 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  about  ix/ 
long,  rounded;  leaves  2/-i2/  long,  2//-6//  wide, 
strongly  scabrous;  spikes  y^'-i}/?.'  long,  ovoid  or 
oblong;  spikelets  3//-4//  long;  outer  scales  gla- 
brous or  sparingly  pubescent ;  third  and  fourth 
scales  about  half  the  length  of  the  fifth,  broadly 
lanceolate,  thin-membranous,  sparingly  hairy; 
fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  acute,  pubescent  with  appressed  silky  hairs. 

In  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  Vir- 
ginia and  Nebraska.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Outer  scales  usually  nearly  white  with  green  veins. 
The  grain  is  the  common  food  of  canary  birds. 
July-Aug. 

19.    ANTHOXANTHUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  28.       1753. 

Fragrant  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  i-flowered,  narrow,  somewhat  compressed.  Scales  5  ;  the  two  outer  acute  or  produced 
into  a  short  awn,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second  ;  third  and  fourth  scales  much  shorter, 
2-lobed,  awned  on  the  back ;  the  fifth  scale  shorter  than  the  others,  obtuse.  Stamens  2. 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  elongated,  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  yellow  hue  of  the  spikelets  in  some  species.] 

A  genus  of  4  or  5  species,  natives  of  Europe. 

i.    Anthoxanthum  odoratum  I,. 

Sweet  Vernal-grass.     (Fig.  293.) 

Anthoxanthum  odoratum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  28.      1753. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple  or  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes  ;  ligule  i//-2//  long,  acute,  membra- 
nous ;  leaves  %'-£>'  long,  i//-3//  wide,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so;  spike-like  panicles  i/-2^/ long, 
branches  short,  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  4X/ 
long,  crowded;  outer  scale*  acute,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  the  first  i-nerved,  half  as  long  as  the 
second  which  is  3-nerved  ;  the  third  and  fourth 
very  hairy,  the  former  with  an  awn  nearly  twice 
its  length  inserted  about  the  middle,  the  fourth 
scale  bearing  near  the  base  an  awn  more  than 
twice  its  length  ;  fifth  scale  about  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  fourth,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
and  bearing  a  fertile  flower. 

In  fields  and  meadows  throughout  nearly  the 
whole  of  North  America.  Very  fragrant  in  drying. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  June-July. 

20.    SAVASTANA  Schrank,  Baier.  Fl.  i:  100.       1789. 
[HIEROCHLOE  J.  G.  Gmel.  Fl.  Sib.  i:  101.     1747.] 

Aromatic  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
3-flowered,  the  terminal  flower  perfect,  the  others  staminate.  Scales  5;  the  first  and  second 
nearly  equal,  acute,  glabrous;  the  third  and  fourth  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse,  entire,  emar- 
ginate,  2-toothed  or  2-lobed,  with  or  without  an  awn,  enclosing  a  palet  and  stamens;  fifth 
scale  often  produced  into  a  short  awn,  enclosing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  in 
the  staminate  flowers  3,  in  the  perfect  2.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Name  unexplained.] 

About  8  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions. 


132 


GRAMINEAE. 


Third  and  fourth  scales  not  awned, 

Entire,  culms  i°-2°  tall.  i.  5.  odorata. 

Erose -truncate,  culms  6'  tall  or  less.  2.  5.  pauciflora. 

Third  and  fourth  scales  awned.  3.  5".  alpina. 

i.  Savastana  odorata  (L,. )  Scribn.     Holy 
Grass.     Seneca  Grass.     (Fig.  294.) 

Holcus  odoratus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1048.      1753. 
Hierochloa  borealis  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2  :  513.      1817. 
Savastana  odorata  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  34.      1894. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  smooth  ;  ligule  i//-2//  long ;  lower  leaves 
elongated,  4/-8/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  scabrous,  the  upper 
ones  ^2/-2/  long  ;  panicle  2/-4/  long,  its  branches  ix- 
2X  long,  usually  spreading,  naked  below ;  spikelets 
yellowish-brown  and  purple,  2//-3//  long;  first  and 
second  scales  about  equal,  glabrous;  third  and  fourth 
villous  and  strongly  ciliate,  entire,  awn-pointed,  the 
fifth  smaller  than  the  others,  villous  at  the  apex. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Wiscon- 
sin and  Colorado.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 
June-July.  This  and  other  sweet-scented  grasses  are 
strewn  before  the  churches  in  northern  Europe,  whence 
the  name  Holy  Grass.  Also  known  as  Vanilla  Grass. 

2.  Savastana  pauciflora  (R.  Br. )  Scribn. 

Arctic  Holy  Grass.     (Fig.  295.) 

Hierochloa  pauciflora  R.  Br.  App.  Parry's'Voy.  293.     1824. 
Savastana  pauciflora  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  5:  353. 
1894. 

Glabrous,  culms  6/  high  or  less,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  overlapping ; 
ligule  about  Y*"  l°ng!  leaves  smooth,  the  basal  ones 
i/-2/  long,  YI"  wide,  involute  at  least  when  dry;  culm 
leaves  Yzf  l°ng  or  less>  I/x  wide,  flat;  panicle  less  than  i' 
long,  contracted ;  spikelets  few,  i^//-2//  long;  first  and 
second  scales  i>^//-2//  long,  smooth  and  glabrous;  third 
and  fourth  shorter,  scabrous,  erose-truucate,  the  fifth 
shorter  than  the  others,  obtuse,  villous  at  the  apex. 

Arctic  America.    Summer. 

3.  Savastana  alpina  (Sw.)  Scribn.     Alpine  Holy  Grass.     (Fig.  296.) 

Holcus  alpinus  Sw. ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  937.      1806. 
Hierochloa  alpina  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:515.      1817. 
Savastana  alpina  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  34.     1894. 

Glabrous  and  smooth,  culms  6/-i8/  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes ; 
ligule  less  than  ix/  long ;  lower  leaves  elongated, 
3/-6/  long,  about  \"  wide,  the  upper  much  shorter, 
^/-2/  long,  i//-2//  wide;  panicle  $£f-i%f  long, 
contracted,  branches  short,  erect  or  ascending;  oc- 
casionally the  panicle  is  larger  with  longer  and 
spreading  branches ;  spikelets  2^//~3^//  long, 
crowded;  first  and  second  scales  glabrous,  2/^//- 
sYi"  l°ng  ;  third  and  fourth  shorter,  scabrous,  cili- 
ate on  the  margins,  the  former  bearing  an  awn 
about  i^long,  the  latter  with  a  more  or  less  bent  awn 
about  3//  long  ;  fifth  scale  shorter  than  the  others, 
acute,  usually  awn-pointed,  villous  at  the  apex. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  high  mountains  of 
New  England  and  New  York.  Also  in  northern  Europe 
and  Asia.  July-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


133 


9.  A 
10.  A 


stricta. 
dispersa. 


21.    ARISTIDA  L.  Sp.  PI.  82.       1753. 

Grasses  varying  greatly  in  habit  and  inflorescence.  Leaves  narrow,  often  involute-seta- 
ceous. Spikelets  narrow,  i-flowered.  Scales  3,  narrow,  the  two  outer  carinate  ;  the  third 
ridged  and  convolute,  bearing  three  awns  occasionally  united  at  the  base,  the  lateral  awns 
rarely  wanting  or  reduced  tq  rudiments.  Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Latin,  from  arista,  an  awn.] 
About  100  species,  in  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following,  some 
20  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  westerh  parts  of  North  America.  The  English  name  Three- 
au'iied  Grass  is  applied  to  all  the  species. 
Awns  not  articulated  to  the  scale  nor  united  at  the  base. 

Lateral  awns  usually  erect,  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  horizontal  or  reflexed,  central 

one,  generally  much  shorter  or  occasionally  wanting. 
Third  scale,  exclusive  of  awns,  3"  long  or  less. 

Central  awn  spiral  at  base,  terminal  straight  portion  2" -3"  long.      i.  A.  dichotoma. 
Central  awn  not  spiral  at  base,  terminal  straight  portion  3-7"  long.  2.  A .  gracilis. 
Third  scale,  exclusive  of  awns,  4"  long  or  more. 

Central  awn  spiral,  lateral  awns  one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long.      3.  A.  basiramea. 
Central  awn  not  spiral  or  rarely  so,  reflexed,  lateral  awns  less  than  one-sixth  as  long  or 
wanting.  4.  A.  ramosissima. 

Lateral  awns  usually  diverging,  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  horizontal  or  divergent  central 

one,  generally  about  equalling  it. 
First  scale  exceeding  the  second. 

Sheaths  glabrous.  5.  A.  purpurascens. 

Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  woolly.  6.  A.  lanata. 

First  scale  half  as  long  as  the  second  or  equalling  it. 

First  scale  5-nerved,  or  occasionally  7-nerved  at  base.  7.  A.  oligantha. 

First  scale  i -nerved,  sometimes  with  an  obscure  additional  nerve  on  each  side. 

Central  awn  1^-4'  long;  panicle  4' -6'  long,  lax,  few-flowered.  8.  A.  purpurea. 
Central  awn  i'  long  or  less. 

Culms  simple;  panicle  strict,  6' -2°  long. 
Culms  branched;  panicle  somewhat  lax,  not  i°  long. 
Awns  articulated  to  the  scale,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base. 
Column  of  the  awns  conspicuous,  3"  long  or  more.- 
Column  of  the  awns  inconspicuous,  less  than  i"  long. 

i.    Aristida  dichotoma  Michx.     Poverty 
Grass.     (Fig.  297.) 

Aristida  dichotoma  Michx.  Fl.  Bpr.  Am.  i:  41.     1803. 
Aristida  dichotoma  var.  Curtissii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6, 

640.      1890. 

Culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  dichotomously 
branched,  smooth  or  roughened.  Sheaths  much 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous; ligule  very  short,  ciliate;  leaves  I '-3' long,  less 
than  i"  wide,  involute,  acuminate,  usually  scabrous; 
spike-like  racemes  or  panicles  2/-5/  long,  slender; 
spikelets  about  3"  long  ;  outer  scales  nearly  equal  or 
the  lower  somewhat  shorter,  usually  awn-pointed  ; 
third  scale  shorter  than  the  second,  the  middle  awn 
horizontal,  coiled  at  base,  the  terminal  straight  por- 
tion 2//~3//  long,  the  lateral  awns  \"  longer  less,  erect. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario,  Missouri  and  the  In- 
dian Territory,  south  to  Georgia  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Aristida  gracilis  Ell.     Slender  Aristida. 
(Fig.  298.) 

Aristida  gracilis  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  142.     1817. 
Aristida  gracilis  var.  depauperata  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 
5,  618.      1867. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  6/-2° 
tall,  erect,  simple  or  branched.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes  ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves  \'- 
4/  long,  i"  wide  or  less,  flat,  or  involute  when  dry  ; 
panicle  spike-like,  s'-j'  long,  slender  ;  spikelets 
about  3//  long ;  outer  scales  equal,  or  the  lower 
somewhat  shorter,  awn-pointed  ;  third  scale  about 
equalling  the  second,  generally  mottled,  middle 
awn  horizontal,  the  terminal  straight  portion  3"- 
7"  in  length,  the  lateral  awns  i//-3//  long,  erect. 

Dry  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  Nebraska, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 


134  GRAMINEAE. 

3.  Aristida  basiramea  Engelm.     Forked  Aristida.      (Fig.  299.) 


Aristida  basiramea  Engelm.;  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  9: 
76.     1884. 

Glabrous  and  smooth,  culms  6/-i8/  tall,  erect, 
slender,  much  branched.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  loose;  ligule  very  short,  ciliate;  leaves  2/- 
6'  long,  about  I7/  wide,  involute-setaceous;  spike-like 
panicle  3' -5'  long;  first  scale  of  spikelet  half  to  three- 
quarters  as  long  as  the  second,  which  is  5//-7//  in 
length,  both  awn-pointed;  third  scale  shorter  than  the 
second;  middle  awn  6//-9//  long,  coiled  at  base,  hori- 
zontal, lateral  awns  one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long, 
erect  or  divergent,  somewhat  spiral  at  the  base. 


In  dry  fields,  Illinois  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Virginia  and 
Kansas.    July-Sept. 


4.    Aristida  ramosissima  Engelm.     Branched  Aristida.     (Fig.  300.) 

Aristida  ramosissima  Engelm.;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  618. 

1867. 
Aristida  ramosissima  var.  uniaristata  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

5,  618.     1867. 

Glabrous,  culms  6x-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  branched, 
smooth.  Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
loose  ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves  ij^'-s'  long,  i"  wide 
or  less,  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long  point,  smooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above  ;  spikelets  few,  borne  in  loose 
spikes  from  2x-4/  in  length  ;  first  scale  awn-pointed ; 
second  scale  8//-io//  in  length,  exceeding  the  first, 
terminated  with  an  awn  \"-$"  long ;  third  scale  as 
long  as  the  second;  middle  awn  about  i'  long,  hori- 
zontal or  reflexed  and  forming  a  hook,  the  lateral 
awns  erect,  i//-2//  long,  rarely  wanting. 

In  dry  soil,  Illinois  to  Kentucky  and  Missouri. 
July-Sept. 

5.   Aristida  purpurascens  Poir.     Purplish  Aristida.     (Fig.  301.) 

Aristida  purptirascens  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl. 
1:452.      1810. 

Glabrous  and  smooth,  culms  i°-2>^0  tall,  erect, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched  at  the  base.  Sheaths 
longer  than  the  iuternodes,  crowded  at  the  base  of 
the  culm  ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves  4/-8/  long, 
about  \"  wide,  flat,  or  becoming  involute  in  drying, 
attenuate  into  a  long  point;  spike-like  panicles 
S'-iS'  long,  strict,  or  sometimes  nodding,  its 
branches  appressed  ;  outer  scales  of  spikelet  awn- 
pointed,  the  first  longer  than  the  second  ;  the  third 
scale  from  two-thirds  to  three-quarters  as  long  as 
the  first,  middle  awn  9" -12"  long,  horizontal,  the 
lateral  awns  somewhat  shorter,  erect  or  divergent. 

In  dry  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  .Scales  purplish.  Sept. -Oct. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


135 


6.    Aristida  lanata  Poir.     Woolly  Aristida.     (Fig.  302.) 


Aristida  lanata  Poir.  in  Lam.  Bncycl.  Suppl.  1:453. 

1810. 
Aristida  lanosa  Muhl.  Gram.  174.      1817. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous. Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes, 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  woolly;  ligule 
very  short,  minutely  ciliate;  leaves  i°  long  or 
more,  about  2/x  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long 
slender  point,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above; 
panicle  i°-2°  long,  strict,  branches  erect  or  occa- 
sionally somewhat  spreading  ;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  awn-pointed,  the  first  5//-7//  long,  exceed- 
ing the  second;  third  scale  slightly  shorter  than 
the  second,  middle  awn  8//-i2//  long,  usually  hori- 
zontal, the  lateral  awns  about  two-thirds ,  as  long, 
erect  or  divergent. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Delaware  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas. 
Aug.-Sept. 

7.    Aristida  oligantha  Michx.     Few-flowered  Aristida.     (Fig.  303.) 

Aristida  oligantha  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  41.      1803. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  dichot- 
omously  branched,  smooth  or  roughish.  Sheaths 
exceeding  the  internodes,  loose  ;  ligule  very  short, 
minutely  ciliate  ;  leaves  i/-6/  long,  %ff-\ff  wide, 
smooth,  the  larger  ones  attenuate  into  a  long  slen- 
der point ;  spikelets  few,  borne  in  a  lax  spike-like 
raceme  or  panicle ;  first  scale  5-nerved,  occasion- 
ally 7-nerved  at  base,  acuminate  or  short-awned, 
equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  bears  an  awn  2//-4//  long;  third  scale  shorter 
than  the  first,  awns  divergent  or  spreading,  the 
middle  one  i-J^/-2^/  long,  the  lateral  somewhat 
shorter. 

Dry  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Maryland  to  Nebraska, 
south  to  Louisiana  and  Texas.  Aug. -Sept. 

8.    Aristida  purpurea  Nutt.     Purple  Aristida.     (Fig.  304.) 

Aristida  purpurea  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 
5:  145-      1833-37. 

Glabrous,  culms  S'-iS'  tall,  erect,  slender,  sim- 
ple, smooth  or  rough.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous; 
ligule  short,  ciliate;  leaves  il/^'-\f  long,  ^"  wide, 
involute,  at  least  when  dry,  generally  scabrous  ; 
spikelets  few  in  spike-like  racemes  or  panicles 
which  are  4/-8/  in  length;  first  scale  one-nerved  or 
sometimes  with  an  obscure  additional  nerve  on 
each  side;  second  scale  7//~9//  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  first;  third  scale  equalling  or  a  little 
exceeding  the  first,  awns  divergent,  the  middle  one 
I/~3/^/  long,  the  lateral  ones  a  little  shorter  or 
of  the  same  length. 

Dry  soil,  Minnesota  to  Idaho  and  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Kansas,  Texas  and  Arizona.  Plant  purple  or 
purplish.  July-Sept. 


I36 


GRAMINEAE. 


g.    Aristida  stricta  Michx.     Erect  Aristida.     (Fig.  305.) 

Aristida  stricta  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  41.     1803. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth, 
glabrous  or  pubescent  at  the  apex  ;  ligule  short  ; 
leaves  involute-filiform,  the  basal  i°  or  more  in 
length,  those  of  the  culm  8/-i2/long,  or  the  upper 
shorter  ;  panicle  spike-like,  strict,  or  the  top 
sometimes  nodding,  6/-2°  long,  its  branches  erect ; 
outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  awn-pointed,  the  first 
i-nerved  or  occasionally  with  an  obscure  additional 
nerve  on  each  side,  shorter  than  the  second ; 
third  scale  equalling  the  first  or  a  little  shorter;  mid- 
dle awn  5//-io//  long,  horizontal  when  old,  the 
lateral  ones  shorter,  erect  or  divergent. 

Dry  soil,  Virginia  (according-  to  S.  Watson),  south  to 
Florida.  July-Sept. 

10.  Aristida  dispersa  Trin.  &  Rupr.     Bushy  Aristida.     (Fig.  306.) 

Aristida  Americana  L,.  Amoen.  Acad.  5:  393.      1759? 
A  ristida  fasciculata  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i :  154.    1824  ? 

Aristida    dispersa    Trin.    &    Rupr.    Mem.   Acad.   St. 
Petersb.  (VI. )  5:  129.      1842. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  slender, 
branched,  smooth,  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes ,  ligule  short,  ciliate  ;  leaves  2/-6/  long, 
i//  wide  or  less,  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long  point, 
smooth  or  scabrous  ;  panicle  $'-7'  long,  at  first 
strict,  the  branches  finally  more  or  less  spreading ; 
first  scale  of  spikelet  i-nerved,  or  occasionally  with 
an  obscure  additional  nerve  on  each  side,  shorter 
than  the  second  scale;  third  scale  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  second  ;  awns  divergent,  the  middle  one 
4//_g"  long,  the  lateral  ones  shorter. 

Dry  soil,  Kansas  to  Texas,  Mexico,  New  Mexico 
and  California.  Aug. -Sept. 


ii.    Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt.     Sea-beach  Aristida.     (Fig.  307.) 


Aristida  tuberculosa  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  57.     1818. 

Glabrous,  culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  dichotomously 
branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  short,  ciliate;  leaves  5/-g/  long, 
about  \ff  wide,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  point, 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  5/-8/  long, 
branches  slender,  ascending;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  about  equal,  awned,  the  third  scale 
shorter;  awns  divergent  or  reflexed,  more  or  less 
coiled,  united  at  base  into  a  column  3//-6//  long 
which  is  articulated  to  the  scale. 


Sandy  soil,  especially  on  sea-beaches,  Massachusetts 
to  Minnesota,  south  to  Georgia.  Also  in  the  interior  in 
Illinois,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY 


12.  Aristida  desmantha  Trin.  &  Rupr. 
Western  Aristida.      (Fig.  308.) 

Aristida  desmantha  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St. 
Petersb.  (VI.)  5:  109.      1842. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth,  glabrous  or  the  lower  sometimes  pubes- 
cent ;  ligule  short ;  leaves  6/-i2/  long,  less  than 
\"  wide,  attenuate  into  a  slender  point,  smooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above  ;  panicle  about  6/  long, 
the  branches  slender,  ascending ;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  about  equal,  the  third  one 
shorter  ;  awns  spreading  or  reflexed,  somewhat 
coiled,  united  at  base  into  a  column  less  than 
\"  long,  which  is  articulated  to  the  scale. 

In  dry  soil,  Kansas  (?),  the  Indian  Territory  and 
Texas.  Aug.^Sept. 


22.    STIPA  L.  Sp.  PI.  78.       1753. 

Generally  tall  grasses,  the  leaves  usually  convolute,  rarely  flat,  the  inflorescence  panicu- 
late. Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow.  Scales  3;  the  two  outer  narrow,  acute  or  rarely  bearing 
an  awn,  the  third  rigid,  convolute,  with  a  hairy  callus  at  the  base,  and  bearing  a  more  or  less 
bent  awn,  which  is  spiral  at  the  base,  and  articulated  to  the  scale.  Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens 
3,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  short,  distinct  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  en- 
closed in  the  scale.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  tow-like  plumes  of  some  species.] 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  distributed  throughout  the  temperate  and  tropical  zones.  Besides 
the  following,  some  20  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  2" -6"  long: 

Obtuse  or  blunt-pointed,  2"  in  length.  i.  5".  Macounii. 

Acute,  4" -6"  in  length. 

Awn  less  than  five  times  the  length  of  the  scale.  2.  S.  viridula. 

Awn  more  than  seven  times  the  length  of  the  scale.  3.  5.  avenacea. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  10"  long  or  more. 

Base  of  panicle  usually  included  in  the  upper  sheath;  third  scale  4" -6"  long;  awn  slender, 


curled. 
Panicle  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath;  third  scale  7"-! 2"  long,  bent. 


4.  5".  comata. 

5.  S.  spar  tea. 


i.    Stipa  Macounii  Scribn.     Macoun's  Stipa.     (Fig.  309.) 


Stipa    Richardsonii    A.    Gray,    Man.   Ed.    2,    249. 
1856.     Not  Link,  1833. 

Stipa  Macounii  Scribn.;  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  5: 
390.      1890. 

Culms  glabrous,  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slen- 
der, smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes ;  ligule  about  i" 
long,  obtuse  or  truncate ;  leaves  2/~5/  long, 
^//-i//  wide,  flat,  becoming  involute-setaceous 
in  drying,  scabrous  ;  panicle  2/~5/  long,  con- 
tracted, the  branches  i/-2/  long,  erect,  naked 
below ;  spikelets  borne  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches ;  outer  scales  about  2"  long,  obtuse  or 
blunt-pointed,  glabrous;  third  scale  somewhat 
shorter,  pubescent  with  long  appressed  silky 
hairs,  callus  obtuse;  awn  4//-5//  long,  contorted. 

New  Brunswick  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south 
to  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Lake  Superior  and 
Montana.  July. 


GRAMINEAE. 

2.    Stipa  viridula  Trin.     Green  Stipa. 
(Fig.  310.) 

Stipa  viridula  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  2:  39. 

1836. 
Stipa  spartea  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  237.     1840.    Not  Trin. 

Glabrous,  culms  iX°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
i//-2//  long;  leaves  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  basal 
ones  involute-filiform,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  3/-g/  long,  broader;  pan- 
icle spike-like,  strict  and  erect,  branches  appressed  ; 
outer  scales  of  spikelet  3//-4//  long,  long-acuminate, 
glabrous  ;  third  scale  shorter,  more  or  less  pubescent 
with  long  appressed  silky  hairs,  callus  acute  ;  awn 
^'-iX'  long,  bent,  loosely  spiral  at  base. 

Minnesota  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Kansas,  New 
Mexico  and  California.  July-Aug. 

3.    Stipa  avenacea  I,.     Black  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  311.) 

Stipa  avenacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  78.      1753. 
Stipa  barbata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  53.      1803. 
Stipa  Virginica  Pers.  Syn.  1:99.      1805. 
Stipa  bicolor  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  73.      1814. 

Culms  glabrous,  i°-2^°  tall,  erect  or  leaning,  sim- 
ple, smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes  ; 
ligule  about  ix/  long,  obtuse  ;  leaves  involute-fili- 
form, smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above,  the  basal 
one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  those 
of  the  culm  3/-5/  long ;  panicle  5/-8/  long,  loose, 
the  branches  lax,  erect  or  finally  spreading,  naked 
below;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  4//-5//  long, 
acute,  glabrous;  third  scale  a  little  shorter,  scabrous 
near  the  summit,  black,  pilose  at  base  and  with  a 
ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  top,  otherwise  smooth  and 
glabrous;  callus  hard,  acute;  awn  i}4/-2/4/  long, 
bent,  loosely  spiral  below. 

In  dry  woods,  Rhode  Island  to  Florida,  mostly  near 
the  coast.  Also  in  western  Ontario  and  Wisconsin. 
May-June. 

4.    Stipa  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.     Western  Stipa.      (Fig.  312.) 

Stipa  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb. 

(VI.)  5:  75-      1842. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the  in- 
ternodes, smooth  or  scabrous,  the  uppermost 
very  long  and  inflated,  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  panicle  ;  ligule  i//-2//  long,  obtuse  ;  leaves 
smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous,  the  basal  invo- 
lute-filiform, one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  culm,  the  culm  leaves  3/-6/  long,  a  little 
broader  than  the  basal  ones,  involute;  panicle 
6/-9/  long,  loose,  the  branches  3/~5/  in  length, 
erect-ascending,  naked  at  base  ;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  9//-i2//  long,  glabrous,  acuminate 
into  an  awn  2//-4//  in  length;  third  scale  4//-6// 
long,  callus  acute;  awn  4/-8/  in  length,  slender, 
curled,  spiral  and  pubescent  below. 

On  prairies,  Alberta  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Nebraska,  New  Mexico  and  California.  June-July. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  139 

5.    Stipa    spartea  Trin.     Porcupine  Grass. 
(Fig.  313.) 

Stipa  spartea  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  1:82. 
1831. 

Culms  glabrous,  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  louger  than  the  internodes,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrous;  ligule  i//-2//  long,  obtuse;  leaves 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above,  the  basal  one-third 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  \"  wide  or  less,  usually 
involute,  those  of  the  culm  6/-i2/  long,  about  2/r 
wide,  generally  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
point;  panicle  finally  long-exserted,  4/-io/  in  length, 
its  branches  3 '-6'  long,  erect,  naked  below;  outer 
scales  of  spikelet  i2//-i8//  long,  acuminate  into  a  long 
slender  point,  glabrous;  third  scale  7//-i2//  long,  callus 
acute;  awn  4/-8/  long,  stout,  usually  twice  bent, 
tightly  spiral  and  pubescent  below,  doubly  spiral  ' 
about  the  middle. 

On  prairies,  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Illinois  and  Kansas.     June-July. 

23.    ORYZOPSIS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  51.       1803. 

[URACHNU  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  109.     1818.] 

Usually  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  i-flowered,  broad.  Scales  3;  the  two  lower  about  equal,  obtuse  or  acuminate;  the  third 
scale  shorter  or  a  little  longer,  broad,  bearing  a  terminal  awn  which  is  early  deciduous, 
the  callus  at  the  base  of  the  scale  short  and  obtuse,  or  a  mere  scar.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  convolute  scale. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  supposed  resemblance  of  these  grasses  to  rice.] 

About  24  species,  distributed  through  temperate  and  subtropical  regions,  rarely  extending  into 
the  tropics.     Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs. 
Spikelet,  exclusive  of  awn,  ij<"-2"  long. 

Awn  less  than  i"  long,  much  shorter  than  the  scale  ;  outer  scales  i  %"-z"  in  length. 

1.  O.  juncea. 

Awn  3" -4"  long,  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  scale  ;  outer  scales  about  i^"  in  length. 

2.  O.  micrantha. 
Spikelet,  exclusive  of  awn,  3" -4"  long. 

Culms  nearly  naked,  leaves  all  crowded  at  the  base;  panicle  2' -3'  long,  its  branches  i'  in 

length  or  less,  erect.  3.  O.  asperifolia. 

Culms  leafy  to  the  top;  panicle  6'-i2(  long;  branches  2' -4'  in  length,  more  or  less  spreading. 

4.   O.  melanocarpa. 
Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs.  5.  O.  cnspidata. 

i.    Oryzopsis  juncea  (Michx.)  B.S. P.     Slender  Mountain  Rice.-   (Fig.  314.) 

Stipa  juncea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  54.     1803. 
Oryzopsis  Canadensis  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  433.     1843. 
Oryzopsis  juncea  B.  S.  P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  67.     1888. 

Culms  glabrous,  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  usually 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  about  \ff  long, 
decurrent;  leaves  smooth  or  scabrous,  erect,  involute, 
the  basal  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  occa- 
sionally equalling  it,  filiform,  those  of  the  culm  \'-\' 
long,  the  uppermost  often  very  small  or  reduced  to 
the  sheath  only;  panicle  i/-2j^/  long,  the  branches 
y2'—\f  in  length,  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  half 
naked;  spikelets  i^//-2//  long,  the  outer  scales  about 
equal,  glabrous,  whitish;  third  scale  about  the  same 
length  or  a  little  longer,  pubescent  with  short  ap- 
pressed silky  hairs,  the  awn  less  than  \ff  long. 

In  dry  rocky  places,  Quebec  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin.  May-June. 


140 


GRAMINEAE. 


2.  Oryzopsis  micrantha  (Trin.  &  Rupr. )  Thurb. 
Mountain  Rice.     (Fig.  315.) 


Small-flowered 


Urachne  micrantha  Trin.  &  Rupr.  Mem.  Acad.  St. 

Petersb.  (VI.)  5:  16.     1842. 
Oryzopsis  micrantha  Thurb.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1863: 

78.     1863. 

Culms  glabrous,  i°-2l/2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  sim- 
ple, smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  about  X//  l°ng>  truncate ;  leaves  erect,  scab- 
rous, the  basal  one-half  the  length  of  the  culm,  less 
than  YZ"  wide,  usually  more  or  less  involute,  the 
culm  leaves  2/-8/  long,  -J^//-i//  broad,  the  larger 
attenuate  into  a  long  slender  point;  panicle  3/-6/ 
long,  the  branches  finally  spreading,  the  lower  ones 
i/-2/  long,  naked  for  about  two-thirds  their  length  ; 
spikelets  i//-iX//  long,  the  outer  scales  about 
equal,  acute,  glabrous  ;  third  scale  shorter,  glab- 
rous, bearing  an  awn  3//-4//  long. 

South  Dakota  to  Nebraska,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 
June-July. 


3.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.    White-grained  Mountain  Rice.    (Fig.  316.) 

Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  51.      1803. 
Urachne  asperifolia  Trin.  Unifl.  i:  174.      1824. 

Culms  glabrous,  ic/-2c/  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
or  scabrous.  Sheaths  i/-2/  long,  crowded  at  base; 
ligule  very  short,  truncate  ;  leaves  erect,  scabrous,  es- 
pecially above,  the  basal  ones  elongated,  often  equal- 
ling or  exceeding  the  culm,  2//-4//  wide,  attenuate 
into  a  long  point,  the  i  or  2  culm  leaves  much  reduced, 
less  than  yzf  long  ;  panicle  2x-37  long,  contracted,  the 
branches  i'  in  length  or  less,  erect ;  spikelet,  exclusive 
of  awn,  3//-4//  long;  outer  scales  glabrous,  usually 
apiculate,  the  first  somewhat  shorter ;  third  scale 
whitish,  equalling  the  second  or  a  little  shorter,  spar- 
ingly pubescent,  the  awn  3>^//-5//  long. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Minnesota  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  New  Mexico.  May-June. 


4.    Oryzopsis  melanocarpa  Muhl.     Black- 
fruited  Mountain  Rice.      (Fig.  317.) 

Oryzopsis  melanocarpa  Muhl.  Gram.  79.      1817. 
Urachne  racemosa  Trin.  Unifl.  i:  174.      1824. 

Glabrous,  culms  iX°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rougbish. 
Sheaths  smooth  or  scabrous,  the  lower  ones  usually 
longer,  the  upper  slightly  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  5/-i2/  long,  2//-7//  wide,  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  acuminate  at  apex  into  a  long 
slender  point,  scabrous  especially  above;  panicle 
branched  or  nearly  simple,  $'-12'  long,  its  branches 
2/-4/  long,  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  half 
naked ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  about  equal, 
3//-4//  in  length,  acute  ;  third  scale  shorter,  acute,  dark 
colored,  sparingly  pubescent,  the  awn  8"-i2"  long. 

Rocky  woods,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky  and  Missouri.  July-Aug. 


GRASS    FAMILY. 


141 


;.  Oryzopsis  cuspidata  (Nutt.)  Vasey.    Silky  Oryzopsis.     (Fig.  318.) 

ba  membranacea  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  728.     1814.    Not 

L.  1753- 

Eriocoma  cuspidata  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  40.     1818. 
Oryzopsis  ctispidata   Benth.;   Vasey,  Special  Rep.  U.  S. 

Dept.  Agric.  63:  23.      1883. 
Oryzopsis  membranacea  Vasey,  Grasses  S.  W.   Part  2, 

pi.  jo.     1891. 

Culms  glabrous,  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  somewhat  rough;  ligule  i//-2// long,  acute; 
leaves  6/-i2/  long,  less  than  \"  wide,  involute,  stiff, 
smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous;  panicle  6x-i°  long, 
diffuse,  generally  partially  included  in  the  upper 
sheath,  its  branches  widely  spreading  and  many  times 
forked,  the  ultimate  divisions  flexuous;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  3//~4//  in  length,  long-acuminate, 
glabrous;  third  scale  about  one-half  as  long,  acute, 
densely  pubescent  with  long  silky  erect  hairs  nearly 
twice  its  own  length,  the  awn  2//~3//  long. 

On  prairies,  Alberta  to  Washington,  south  to  Nebraska,  Arizona  and  Mexico.     May-July. 

24.    MILIUM  L.  Sp.  PL  61.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  lax  panicles.  Spikelets  i- 
flowered.  Scales  3,  obtuse,  not  awned  ;  the  outer  about  equal ;  the  third  thin-membranous, 
at  length  rigid,  glabrous  or  pubescent ;  palet  scarcely  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short, 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  rigid  and 
shining  scale  and  palet.  [Latin  name  for  Millet.] 

Species  5  or  6,  chiefly  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.    Milium   effusum   L/.      Tall   Millet- 
grass.     (Fig.  319.) 

Milium  effusum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  61.      1753. 

Glabrous  throughout,  culms  2°-6°  tall,  erect, 
simple,  smooth,  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  \W-T>"  long,  truncate,  erose- 
dentate;  leaves  3 '-9'  long,  3//-8//  wide,  nar- 
rowed toward  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth  or 
scabrous ;  panicle  $'-10'  in  length,  lax,  its 
branches  2/-3/  long,  slender,  somewhat  flexu- 
ous, naked  at  base  and  dividing  above  the 
middle,  at  length  widely  spreading ;  spikelets 
i^//-i}4//  long;  outer  scales  equal,  smooth  or 
scabrous,  the  third  scale  shorter,  smooth,  white. 

In  woods,  Cape  Breton  Island  and  Quebec  to 
western  Ontario,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Michigan.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.  June-July. 


25.    MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb.  Gen.  44.       1789. 
[VASEYA  Thurb.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1863  :  79.      1863.] 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Rootstocks  often  scaly.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  very  rarely  2  flowered.  Scales  3,  very  rarely 
4 ;  the  outer  ones  empty,  membranous  or  hyaline,  acute  and  sometimes  awned  ;  third 
scale  3~5-nerved,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  obtuse,  acute,  or  very  often  pro- 
duced into  a  capillary  awn;  palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  often  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Callus  minute.  Grain  narrow,  free,  tightly  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of 
Henry  Muhlenberg,  1756-1817,  North  American  botanist.] 

About  60  species,  chiefly  natives  of  America,  a  few  Asiatic. 


142 


GRAMINEAE. 


Panicle  contracted,  narrow,  spike-like,  the  short  branches  rarely  spreading. 
Flowering  scale  not  awned  but  sometimes  awn-pointed. 

Outer  scales  not  awned,  about  half  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale,  acute,   i.  M.  sobolifera. 
Outer  scales  long-acuminate,  awn-pointed  or  awned. 

Outer  scales  about  equal  in  length  to  the  flowering  scale,  sharp-pointed,  about  i^'r 

long.  2.  M.  Mexicana. 

Outer  scales  exceeding  the  flowering  scale,  generally  twice  its  length,  awned,  about 

2 y?"  long.  3.  M.  racemosa. 

Flowering  scale  long-awned;  awn  usually  twice  the  length  of  the  scale,  sometimes  shorter. 
Outer  scales  about  equalling  the  flowering  scale. 

Basal  hairs  not  more  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scale. 

Spikelets  consisting  of  3  scales  and  i  perfect  flower.  4.  M.  sylvatica. 

Spikelets  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  third  with  a  perfect  flower,  the  fourth  empty 

and  awned,  5.  M.  ambigua. 

Basal  hairs  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale.  6.  M.  comata. 

Outer  scales  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale.  7.  M.  tenuiflora. 

Outer  scales  less  than  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  flowering  scale. 

I,ower  scale  minute,  often  wanting;  flowering  scale  with  an  awn  twice  its  length. 

8.  M.  diffusa. 

Lower  scale  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  second;  flowering  scale  with  an  awn  four 
times  its  length  or  more.  9.  M.  microsperma. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  long  and  spreading. 

Culms  \%°  tall  or  more;  panicle  diffuse;  leaves  elongated,  not  rigid.          10.  M.  capillaris. 
Culms  i°  tall  or  less;  leaves  2'  long  or  less,  rigid. 

Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  single;  basal  leaves  short,  numerous,  strongly  recurved. 

11.  M.  gracillima. 
Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicled;  basal  leaves  few,  not  recurved. 

12.  M.  pungens. 

1.  Muhlenbergia  sobolifera  (Muhl.)  Trin.    Rock  Muhlenbergia.    (Fig.  320. } 

Agrostis  sobolifera  Muhl.;  Willd.  Enum.  95.     1809. 
Muhlenbergia  sobolifera  Trin.  Unifl.  189.     1824. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple, 
or  sparingly  branched  above,  smooth.  Sheaths  t 
smooth,  those  of  the  culm  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  those  of  the  branches  overlapping  and 
crowded;  ligule  very  short,  truncate;  leaves  rough, 
those  of  the  culm  4/-6/  long,  iX//~3//  wide,  those 
of  the  branches  1'-$'  long,  about  i//  wide  ;  panicle 
3/-6/  in  length,  slender,  its  branches  %'-i'  long; 
outer  scales  about  y2"  long,  half  to  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  spikelet,  equal,  or  the  lower  some- 
what shorter,  acute,  scabrous,  especially  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  scabrous,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  the 
middle  nerve  usually  excurrent  as  a  short  point. 

Rocky  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Virginia,  Tennessee  and  the  Indian  Territory.  Sept- 
Oct. 

2.  Muhlenbergia  Mexicana  (L,.)  Trin.      Meadow  Muhlenbergia.    (Fig.  321.) 

Agrostis  Mexicana  I,.  Mant.  i:  31.     1767. 
Agrostis  filiformis  Willd.  Enum.  95.      1809. 
Muhlenbergia  Mexicana  Trin.  Unifl.  189.     1824. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-4°  long,  erect,  or  often  prostrate, 
much  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  excepting  at  the  extremities  of  the 
branches,  where  they  are  crowded  and  overlapping, 
smooth  or  scabrous  ;  leaves  scabrous,  those  of  the 
culm  4'-6'  long,  i//~3//  wide,  the  branch  leaves 
smaller;  panicle  2/-6/  long,  contracted,  its  branches 
spike-like,  i/-2/  long,  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets 
i%"-iW  long;  outer  scales  somewhat  unequal,  ex- 
ceeding the  flowering  one,  or  slightly  shorter,  acumin- 
ate or  short-awned,  scabrous  especially  on  the  keel ; 
third  scale  acuminate,  scabrous,  particularly  toward 
the  apex. 

In  swamps  and  borders  of  fields,  New  Brunswick  to 
western  Ontario,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and 
the  Indian  Territory.  Aug. -Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


3.    Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx. )  B.S.P. 

(Fig.  322.) 

Agrostis  racemosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  53.      1803. 
Muhlenbergia  glomerataTr'\n.  Unifl.  191.      1824. 
Muhlenbergia  racemosa  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  67.  1888. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  usually  much  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheath  smooth,  those  of 
the  culm  shorter  than  the  internodes,  those  of  the 
branches  overlapping  and  often  crowded;  ligule 
about  y?.rf  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  2/-5/  long, 
!//_y/  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  2'-^%'  in  length, 
usually  dense  and  interrupted,  the  branches  %f- 
\f  long,  erect  or  appressed,  the  spikelets  much 
crowded;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  acuminate, 
2//_y/  long,  including  the  awn,  smooth  or  sca- 
brous, especially  on  the  keel;  third  scale  one-half 
to  two-thirds  as  long,  acuminate,  the  strongly 
scabrous  midrib  excurrent  in  a  short  point. 

In  wet  places,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  Missouri  and  New  Mexico. 
Aug.-Sept. 


Marsh  Muhlenbergia. 


4.    Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  Torr.     Wood  Muhlenbergia.     (Fig.  323.) 

Agrostis  diffusa  Muhl.  Gram.  64.     1817.     Not  Host,  1809. 
Muhlenbergia  sylvatica  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  87.      1824. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  branched,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrous.  Sheaths  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous, 
those  of  the  culm  shorter  than  the  internodes,  those 
of  the  branches  overlapping  and  often  crowded;  ligule 
about  Yz"  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  2/-y/  long,  i"- 
3/x  wide,  rough;  panicle  3/-y/  in  length,  somewhat 
lax,  the  branches  1.'-$'  long,  erect  or  ascending;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  il/±"-T-Y*"  l°ng>  awn-pointed, 
scabrous;  third  scale  equalling  or  somewhat  exceed- 
ing the  outer  ones,  strongly  scabrous,  attenuate  into  a 
slender  awn  2-4  times  its  length. 

In  moist  woods  and  along'  streams,  New  Brunswick  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee 
and  the  Indian  Territory.  Aug.-Sept. 


5.   Muhlenbergia  ambigua  Torr.     Minnesota 
Muhlenbergia.     (Fig.  324.) 

Muhlenbergia  ambigua  Torr.  Nicollet's  Rep.  164.      1843. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°  tall  or  lower,  erect,  branched, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligv.le 
about  YZ"  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  i/-3/  long, 
i//-2//  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  i/-3/  long,  rigid,  its 
branches  Yt'~^'  l°nR.  dense,  appressed;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  awn-pointed,  unequal,  the  longer  about 
2/x  in  length  and  exceeding  the  body  of  the  third 
scale  which  is  scabrous,  villous,  and  attenuate  into  an 
awn  2-3  times  its  length;  a  fourth  narrow  awned  scale 
is  nearly  always  present. 

Along  a  lake  shore  in  Minnesota. 


144 


GRAMINEAE. 


6.    Muhlenbergia  comata  (Thurb.)  Benth. 

(Fig.  325.) 


Hairy  Muhlenbergia. 


Vaseya  comata  Thurb.  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1863:  79.      1863. 

Muhlenbergia  comata  Benth.;  Vasey,  Cat.  Grasses  U.  S.  39.. 
1885. 

Culms  \°-2%°  tall,  erect,  slender,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous;  ligule  about  }&"  long,  truncate,  naked  or  mi- 
nutely ciliate;  leaves  2^/-5/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  erect, 
flat,  rough;  panicle  often  tinged  with  purple,  2/-4/  in 
length,  dense,  branches  X/~I/^/  lorjg>  erect;  outer  scales 
of  the  spikelet  equal,  or  the  second  a  little  the  longer, 
smooth,  scabrous  on  the  keel  ;  third  scale  shorter, 
smooth  and  glabrous,  bearing  an  awn  2-3  times  its  length, 
the  basal  hairs  silky,  erect,  fully  as  long  as  the  scale. 


On  prairies;  Kansas  (?),   Colorado  to  California. 
Sept. 


Aug.- 


7.    Muhlenbergia  tenuiflora  (Willd.)  B.S.P. 

(Fig.  326.) 

Agrostis  tenuiflora  Willd.  Sp.  PL  i:  364.      1798. 
Agrostis  pauciflora  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  i:  63.      1814. 
Muhlenbergia  Willdenovii  Trin.  Unifl.  188.      1824. 
Muhlenbergia    tenuiflora    B.S.P.    Prel.    Cat.    N.   Y.   67. 
1888. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  short  and  truncate;  leaves 
2/^/-y/  long,  i//-4//  wide,  narrowed  toward  the  base, 
acuminate,  scabrous;  panicle  5/-9/  long,  slender,  its 
branches  i/-^}4/  long,  appressed;  outer  scales  of  the 
spikelet  unequal,  half  to  two-thirds  the  length  of  the 
third  one,  awn-pointed,  scabrous;  third  scale  \%fr- 
\y2'f  long,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  2-4  times  its 
length. 

In  rocky  woods,  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Alabama  and  Texas.  Aug. -Sept. 


Slender  Muhlenbergia. 


8.    Muhlenbergia    diffusa   Schreb.      Nimble 
Will.     Dropseed  Grass.     (Fig.  327.) 

Muhlenbergia  diffusa  Schreb.  Beschr.  Gras.  2:  143.  pi.  57. 
1772-9. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-3°  long,  decumbent,  or  often 
prostrate  or  creeping  and  ascending,  very  slender,  dif- 
fusely branched.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
loose;  ligule  short,  fringed;  leaves  i^/-3^/  l°ng> 
y2"--2."  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  2/-8/  long,  slender 
somewhat  lax,  its  branches  i/-2/  long,  erect;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  minute,  the  lower  one  often 
wanting;  the  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  about 
\"  long,  strongly  scabrous,  particularly  upon  the 
nerves;  the  awn  y2"--i'f  in  length. 

On  dry  hills  and  in  woods,  Maine  and  southern  Ontario 
to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas. 
Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


145 


Small-seeded   Muhlenbergia. 


9.    Muhlenbergia  microsperma  (DC.)  Trin. 

(Fig.  328.) 

Trichochloa  microsperma  DC.  Cat.  Hort.  Monsp.  151.' 

1813. 

Muhlenbergia  microsperma  Trin.  Unifl.  193.      1824. 
Muhlenbergia  debilis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb. 

(VI.)  6:  295.      1841. 

Culms  6'-i}40  tall,  erect,  finally  decumbent  or 
somewhat  prostrate  at  base,  slender,  diffusely 
branched.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  loose;  ligule  y2'f  long,  truncate,  toothed; 
leaves  X/~~2X/  l°n£>  I//  wide  or  less,  scabrous; 
panicle  2/-4/  in  length,  slender,  open,  the  branches 
\'  long  or  less,  ascending  or  erect;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  unequal,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  apex, 
about  one-third  the  length  of  the  third  scale, 
which  is  iX//~IX//  l°ng  exclusive  of  the  awn 
and  strongly  scabrous  ;  awn  6//-i2//  in  length. 

n  dry  soil,  Kansas  to  California,  south  to  Mexico. 

10.    Muhlenbergia  capillaris  (L,am.)  Trin.     Long-awned  Hair-grass. 

(Fig.  329.) 

Stipa  capillaris  L,am.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  158.      1791. 
Muhlenbergia  capillaris  Trin.  Unifl.  191.      1824. 

Glabrous,  culms  i}4°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth  or  nearly  so.  Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower 
short  and  overlapping,  the  upper  ones  much 
longer;  ligule  about  2//  in  length;  leaves  6/-i°  long, 
i//-2//  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  y'-i0  in  length  or 
more,  diffuse,  the  capillary  branches  4/-S'  long, 
at  length  widely  spreading;  spikelets  on  long  hair- 
like  pedicels  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the 
apex;  outer  scales  unequal,  acute  or  short-awned, 
slightly  scabrous;  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the 
awn,  2X/  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  first 
one,  scabrous,  the  awn  3//-9//  in  length. 

In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New 
Jersey  and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
Panicle  usually  light  purple.  Sept.-Oct. 

ii.    Muhlenbergia  gracillima  Torr.     Filiform  Muhlenbergia.     (Fig.  330.) 

Muhlenbergia  gracillima  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:  155. 

1875- 

Glabrous,  culms  4/-I4/  tall,  from  a  slender  creeping 
rootstock,  erect,  slender,  simple,  rigid.  Sheaths 
smooth ;  ligule  i//-2//  long,  entire  and  acuminate,  or 
variously  cleft,  with  acuminate  teeth;  leaves  i/-2/  long, 
involute-setaceous,  smooth  or  somewhat  scabrous, 
rigid,  the  basal  numerous,  usually  strongly  recurved, 
the  1-3  culm  leaves  erect  or  ascending;  panicle  2/~9/ 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  finally  widely  spreading, 
I '-3'  long,  filiform ;  spikelets  about  as  long  as  the  fili- 
form pedicels  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the  apex; 
outer  scales  unequal,  usually  awn-pointed  or  short- 
awned,  slightly  scabrous;  third  scale  iX//~I/^//  l°ng. 
longer  than  the  outer  ones,  sometimes  twice  as  long, 
scabrous;  awn  i//-2//  long. 

On  prairies,  Kansas  to  Colorado,  south  to  Texas  and 
New  Mexico.  Sept.-Oct. 


146 


GRAMINEAE. 


12.    Muhlenbergia  pungens  Thurb. 
Prairie  Muhlenbergia.     (Fig.  331.) 

Muhlenbergia    pungens    Thurb.    Proc.    Acad. 
Phila.  1863:  78.      1863. 

Culms  6/-i5/  tall  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock,  erect  from  a  decumbent  branching 
base,  rigid,  minutely  pubescent.  Sheaths 
overlapping,  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
culm,  scabrous;  ligule  a  ring  of  soft  silky 
hairs;  leaves  i/-2/  long,  involute-setaceous, 
rigid,  scabrous;  panicle  3/-6/ in  length,  open, 
the  branches  2/-2/^/  long,  single,  distant, 
much  divided  from  near  the  base,  the  divi- 
sions apparently  fascicled;  spikelets  on  long 
pedicels,  which  are  clavate-thickened  at  the 
apex;  outer  scales,  when  mature,  equalling 
or  often  shorter  than  the  body  of  the  third 
one,  scabrous,  especially  on  the  keel;  third 
scale,  when  mature,  ^//-i//  long,  scab- 
rous, the  awn  shorter  than  its  body. 

On  prairies,  Nebraska  to  Utah,  south  to  Texas 
and  Arizona.  Aug.-Sept. 


26.    BRACHYELYTRUM  Beauv.  Agrost.  39.       1812. 

A  tall  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  a  narrow  panicle.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow,  the 
rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower  and  sometimes  bearing  a  minute  scale  at  the  summit. 
Scales  3;  the  outer  small  and  inconspicuous,  the  lower  often  wanting;  the  third  much 
longer,  rigid,  5-nerved,  acuminate  into  a  long  awn;  palet  scarcely  shorter,  rigid,  sulcate  on 
the  back,  2-nerved  Stamens  2.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose,  elongated. 
Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  minute  outer 
scales.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 


i.  Brachyelytrum  erectum  (Schreb.)  Beauv.     Brachyelytrum.     (Fig.  332.) 

Muhlenbergia  erecta  Schreb.  Besch.  Gras.  2:  139.    pi. 

50.      1772-9- 

Brachyelytrum  erectum  Beauv.  Agrost.  39.      1812. 
Brachyelytrum  aristatum  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  413.      1817. 
Brachyelytrum  aristatum.  var.  Engelmanni  A.  Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  5,  614.      1867. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
or  rough,  pubescent  at  and  near  the  nodes. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  scabrous  to- 
ward the  apex,  more  or  less  villous  especially  at 
the  throat;  ligule  about  ^'f  long,  irregularly 
truncate;  leaves  2/-5/  long,  3//-9//  wide,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  scabrous;  panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  slen- 
der, branches  \f-^'  long,  erect  or  appressed ;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  unequal,  the  upper  less  than 
one-third  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale,  the  lower 
minute  or  wanting;  third  scale,  exclusive  of  the 
the  awn,  4>£//-6//  long,  5-nerved,  scabrous,  espec- 
ially on  the  midnerve,  the  awn  erect,  9//-i2// 
long;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower  about 
half  the  length  of  the  third  scale  and  lying  in  the 
groove  of  the  palet. 

Moist  places,  Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tenn- 
essee and  Missouri.    Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.    July-Aug. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  147 

27.  HELEOCHLOA  Host,  Gram,  i:  23.    pi.  29,30.       1801. 

[CRYPSIS  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  166.      1791.     Not  Ait.     1789.] 

Perennial  tufted  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  or  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  i-flowered.  Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  somewhat  unequal,  membranous,  acute,  cili- 
ate-keeled; the  third  scale  similar,  a  little  longer;  palet  shorter,  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale. 
[Greek,  signifying  meadow-grass.] 

About  8  species,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  one  or  two  also  widely  distri- 
buted through  middle  Europe  and  Asia. 

x.  Heleochloa  schoenoides  (L.)  Host.     Rush  Cat's-tail  Grass.     (Fig.  333.) 

Phleum  schoenoides  I/.  Sp.  PI.  60.     1753. 

Crypsis  schoenoides  I,am.  Tabl.  Encyl.  i:  166.    pi.  42. 

1791. 
Heleochloa  schoenoides  Host,  Gram,  i:  23.  pi.  jo.    1801. 

Glabrous,  culms  4/-i8/  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  de- 
cumbent at  the  base,  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths 
about  half  the  length  of  the  internodes,  the  upper 
loose,  the  one  immediately  below  the  spike  in- 
flated and  usually  partially  enclosing  it;  ligule  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  if-$f  long,  i//-2// wide, 
flat,  acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above; 
spikelets  \}i"  long,  the  empty  scales  acute,  com- 
pressed, ciliate-keeled,  i-nerved,  the  lower  shorter 
than  the  upper ;  third  scale  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  second,  acute,  compressed,  ciliate-keeled, 
otherwise  glabrous,  i-nerved;  palet  shorter,  obtuse. 

In  waste  places,  southern  New  York  to  Delaware. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  July-Aug. 

28.  PHLEUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  59.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence.  Spikelets 
i-flowered.  Scales  3 ;  the  2  outer  empty,  membranous,  compressed,  keeled,  the  apex 
obliquely  truncate,  the  midnerve  produced  into  an  awn;  the  third  scale  much  shorter, 
broader,  hyaline,  truncate,  denticulate  at  the  summit;  palet  narrow,  hyaline.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct,  somewhat  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palet.  [Name  Greek,  taken  from  Pliny;  originally  applied  to  some  very  different 
plant.] 

About  10  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  zones  of  both  hemispheres.    The  following  only 
are  natives  of  North  America.     The  English  name  Cat's-tail  Grass  is  applied  to  all  the  species. 
Spikes  usually  elongated,  cylindric;  awns  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  the  outer  scales;  upper 

sheath  not  inflated.  I.  p,  pratense. 

Spikes  not  elongated,  ovoid  to  oblong  and  cylindric;  awns  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  outer 

scales;  upper  sheath  inflated.  2.  P.  alpinum. 

i.   Phleum  pratense  L.     Timothy.     Herd's 
Grass.     (Fig.  334.) 

Phle urn  pratense  I/.  Sp.  PI.  59.     1753. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so  throughout, 
culms  i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple.  Sheaths  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  internodes,  sometimes  shorter,  the  upper 
one  long  and  not  inflated,  or  very  slightly  so;  ligule 
i//-2//  long,  rounded;  leaves  s'-g'  long,  2X/-3X/  wide, 
smooth  or  scabrous;  spike  usually  elongated,  cylindric, 
iX/~7/in  length,  2^/.//-4//  in  diameter;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  i}£ff  long,  ciliate 
on  the  keel,  the  awn  less  than  half  their  length. 

In  fields  and  meadows  nearly  throughout  North  Amer- 
ica. Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Widely  cultivated  for  hay. 
The  scales  are  sometimes  modified  into  small  leaves. 
July-Aug. 


I48  GRAMINEAE. 

2.  Phleum  alpinum  L,.     Mountain  Phleum.     (Fig.  335.) 

Phleum  alpinum  TL,.  Sp.  PI.  59.     1753. 

Glabrous,  culms  6/-i8/  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  de- 
cumbent at  the  base,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often 
much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  sometimes  longer, 
the  upper  one  usually  much  inflated;  ligule  about 
i/x  long,  truncate;  leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above,  the  lower  2/~3/  long,  i//~4//  wide;  upper  leaf 
generally  very  short,  less  than  ix  long;  spike  short, 
ovoid  to  oblong  and  cylindric,  }4/-2/  in  length,  3//-6// 
in  diameter;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet,  exclusive  of 
the  awn,  i^x/  long,  strongly  ciliate  on  the  keel,  the 
awn  about  one-half  their  length. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  Arizona  and  California.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia  and  in  Patagonia.  Summer. 


29.  ALOPECURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  60.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  erect  or  decumbent  culms,  usually  flat  leaves,  and  spi- 
cate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  flattened;  scales  3,  the  2  lower  empty,  acute,  some- 
times short-awned,  more  or  less  united  below,  compressed -keeled;  keel  ciliate  or  somewhat 
winged;  third  scale  truncate  or  obtuse,  hyaline,  3-nerved,  awned  on  the  back,  subtend- 
ing a  perfect  flower  and  usually  a  palet;  palet  hyaline,  acute,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct  or  rarely  united  at  the  base.  Stigmas  elongated,  hairy.  [Greek,  signify- 
ing Fox-tail  Grass,  in  allusion  to  the  spikes.] 


About  20  species,  principally  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
4~others  occur  in  western  North  America. 


Besides  the  following,  some 


Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  united  for  one-half  their  length,  smooth  to  hispid  on  the  keel. 

i.  A.  agrestis. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  united  for  one-quarter  their  length  or  less,long-ciliate  on  the  keel. 
Scales  i"-i%"  in  length.  2.  A.  geniculatus. 

Scales  2"-3"  in  length. 

Spike  iJ4'-2K'  long;  outer  scales  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  on  the  lateral  nerves. 

3.  A.  pratensis. 
Spike  iK'  long  or  less;  outer  scales  villous.  4.  A.  alpinus. 


i.  Alopecurus  agrestis  I,.     Slender  Foxtail.     (Fig.  336.) 


Alopecurus  agrestis  I/.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  89.     1762. 

Smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  ligule 
i//  long,  truncate  ;  leaves  i%/-'j/  long,  i//-3//  wide, 
scabrous,  especially  above ;  spike  itf'-tf  long,  2//-4// 
thick  ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  united  at  the  base 
for  about  half  their  length,  narrowly  wing-keeled, 
2//-2>£//  long,  the  nerves  smooth  or  scabrous,  some- 
times hispid  below,  especially  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  near  the  base,  about 
twice  its  length,  bent. 


In  waste  places  and  ballast,  southern  New  York  and 
New  Jersey.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Native  also  of 
Asia.  July-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
2.  Alopecurus  geniculatus  I,.     Marsh  Foxtail.     (Fig.  337.) 

Alopecurus geniculatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  60.     1753. 
Alopecurus fulvus  J.  IJ.  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  pi.  1467.     1805. 
.Alopecurus  aristulatus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  43.     1803. 
Alopecurus  geniculatus  var.  aristulatus  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S. 

1:97.      1824. 

Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  culms  6/-i8/  tall,  erect, 
or  sometimes  decumbent  at. the  base,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  inflated  ;  lig- 
ule  i^//-3//  long;  leaves  \'-&  long,  ^//-a//  wide,  sca- 
brous, especially  above ;  spikes  \'-T/  in  length,  i'f-\" 
thick ;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  slightly  united  at  the 
base,  i//-iX//  l°ng>  obtuse  or  subacute,  smooth,  gla- 
brous except  on  the  pubescent  lateral  nerves  and 
strongly  ciliate  keel;  third  scale  somewhat  shorter, 
obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  awn  inserted  at  or 
below  the  middle,  equalling  or  exceeding  it. 

In  wet  soil,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  south 
'to  Florida,  Tennessee,  Arizona  and  California.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 


149 


3.    Alopecurus  pratensis  I,.     Meadow  Foxtail.     (Fig.  338.) 


Alopecurus pratensis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  60.     1753. 

Nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  slender,  culms  i°-2}40  tall, 
erect,  simple.  Sheaths  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  loose  or  somewhat  inflated;  ligule  about 
Yz'f  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  iX'-sX'  long,  i"- 
3"  wide,  scabrous,  at  least  above;  spikes  ity-2%'  in 
length,  4//-6//  thick;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  unit- 
ed at  the  base  for  about  one-quarter  their  length,  2/x- 
3/x  long,  acute,  glabrous  except  the  sparingly  pubes- 
cent lateral  nerves  and  the  strongly  ciliate  keel;  third 
scale  slightly  shorter,  obtuse,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  awn  inserted  about  quarter  way  up  the  scale  and 
exceeding  it. 

In  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  southern  New  York  and 
Ohio.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  June-July. 


.4.    Alopecurus    alpinus   J.  E.  Smith.     Alpine 
Foxtail.     (Fig.  339.) 

Alopecurus  alpinus  J.  E.  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.    pi.  1126.      1803. 

Culms  glabrous  and  smooth  or  nearly  so,  5/-2°  tall, 
erect,  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple.  Sheaths 
generally  shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose,  often  inflated; 
ligule  i  "-2"  long,  rounded  at  the  apex;  leaves  I'-y' 
long,  i//-3//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous 
above;  spike  i^'  in  length  or  less,  $"-£>"  thick;  outer 
scales  of  the  spikelet  united  only  at  the  base,  •2."  long, 
obtuse,  villous  and  ciliate;  third  scale  about  equalling  the 
outer  ones,  obtuse,  glabrous  except  at  the  villous  apex, 
the  awn  inserted  about  one-third  the  way  up,  a  little  ex- 
ceeding the  scale. 


Greenland  and   Labrador  to  Alaska, 
.alpine  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 


Also  in  arctic  and 


150  GRAMINEAE. 

30.    PHIPPSIA  R.  Br.  Suppl.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  275.       1824. 

A  low  annual  tufted  grass,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  i-flowered; 
scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  minute,  the  first  often  wanting;  the  third  scale  thin-membran- 
ous, keeled.  Palet  somewhat  shorter,  2-keeled.  Stamen  i,  rarely  2  or  3.  Styles  short, 
distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet,  which  readily 
split  and  allow  it  to  drop  out.  [In  honor  of  John  Constantine  Phipps,  1744-1792,  Arctic 
navigator.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  arctic  regions. 

i.    Phippsia  algida  (Soland.)  R.  Br.     Phippsia.     (Fig.  340.) 


Agrostis  algida  Solander,   in    Phipps'  Voy.   200. 
1810. 

Phippsia  algida  R.  Br.  Suppl.  App.  Parry's  Voy. 
275.      1824. 

Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  culms  i/-5/ 
tall,  erect,  simple;  ligule  %ff  long;  leaves  i'  in 
length  or  less,  %"-\"  wide,  obtuse;  panicle 
X'-iX7  m  length,  contracted;  branches  }£'-%' 
long,  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  /^//-|4f// 
long;  outer  scales  minute,  unequal,  acutish, 
the  first  often  wanting;  third  scale  broad,  i- 
nerved,  obtuse,  or  sub-truncate  and  somewhat 
erose,  the  palet  about  two-thirds  as  long,  broad, 
2-keeled,  erose-truncate, 


Arctic  regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.     Summer. 


31.    SPOROBOLUS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  169.     1810. 
[ViifFA  Beauv.  Agrost.  16.      1812.] 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or  contracted 
panicles.  Spikelets  generally  small,  i-flowered,  occasionally  2-3-flowered.  Scales  in  the 
i-flowered  spikelets  3,  membranous;  the  2  outer  empty,  the  first  somewhat  shorter;  the 
third  scale  equalling  or  longer  than  the  empty  ones;  palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  2-3.  Styles 
very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  and  often  early  deciduous.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  deciduous  grain.] 

About  80  species,  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  very  numerous  in  America.  Besides  the 
following,  4  or  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  United  States. 

Panicle  contracted,  spike-like. 

Spikelets  more  than  i%"  in  length. 

Panicle  terminal;  upper  sheaths  3'  long  or  more. 
I,eaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 

Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  acuminate,  much  longer  than  the  second  and  usually 

greatly  exceeded  by  the  palet.  I.  .S.  asper. 

Third  scale  of  the  spikelet  acutish  or  obtuse,   somewhat  exceeding  the  second 

and  equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  the  palet.  2.  5".  longifolius. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  papillose-hirsute.  3.  5".  pilosus. 

Panicles  terminal  and  lateral;  sheaths  il/2'  long  or  less.  4.  S.  vaginaeflorus. 

Spikelets  i^"  long  or  less. 

Sheaths  inflated,  the  uppermost  usually  enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle. 

5.  5".  neglectus. 
Sheaths  not  inflated;  panicle  exserted. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  not  crowded;  third  scale  acuminate. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the 

third  scale;  ligule  about  i"  long,  acutish.  6.  5.  brevifolius. 

Outer  scales  of  the  spikelet  acuminate  and  awn-pointed,  more  than  half  as  long  as 

the  third  scale;  ligule  less  than  #"  long,  erose-truncate.         7.  5.  cuspidatus. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  densely  crowded;  third  scale  acute. 

Culms  decumbent  and  branched  at  the  base,  from  a  stout  horizontal  rootstock;; 

panicle  short.  8.  S1.  Virginicus. 

Culms  erect,  simple,  tufted;  panicle  usually  elongated.  9.  S.  Indicus. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  151 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  more  or  less  spreading,  at  least  at  maturity. 

Pedicels  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  spikelets;  first  scale  about  half  as  long  as  the  second. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  verticillate. 

Spikelets  J£     long,  green.  10.  S1.  argutus. 

.         Spikelets  i  ^"-i^"  long,  purple.  n.  S.  junceus. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  alternate  or  sometimes  sub-verticillate. 
Spikelets  about  i"  long;  first  scale  lanceolate. 

Sheaths  naked  or  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  throat;  panicle  usually  exserted. 

12.  .S.  airoides. 
Sheaths  densely  pilose  at  the  throat;  base  of  the  panicle  generally  included. 

13.  S.  cryptandrus. 
Spikelets  2"-2K"  long;  first  scale  subulate.                                       14.  6".  heterolepis. 

Pedicels  at  least  twice  the  length  of  the  spikelets;  first  scale  about  equalling  the  second. 
Culms  erect,  simple;  leaves  elongated. 

Culms  slender,  from  an  annual  root;  outer  scales  about  half  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 

15.  S.  serotinus. 
Culms  stout,  from  a  horizontal  rootstock:  outer  scales  slightly  shorter  than  the  spikelet. 

16.  S.  compressus. 
Culms  decumbent  and  branched  below;  leaves  short.                              17.  5".  asperifolius. 


i.    Sporobolus  asper  (Michx.)  Kunth.     Rough  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  341.) 

Agrostis  aspera  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  52.     1803. 
Sporobolus  asper  Kunth,  Enum.  i :  210.     1833. 

Sporobolus  asper  var.  Drummondii  Vasey,  Contr. 
U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  60.     1892. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  a  mere  ring,  less  than  %''  long,  naked; 
leaves  s'-is'  long,  i//-2//  wide  at  the  base, 
attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute  tip, 
smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  above, 
or  somewhat  hairy  at  the  base;  panicle  2/~5/  in 
length,  linear,  strict,  its  branches  i/-2/  long,  ap- 
pressed;  spikelets  2>//~4//  l°ng>  the  outer  scales 
unequal,  acute;  third  scale  pubescent  at  the  base, 
much  longer  than  the  second  and  greatly  ex- 
ceeded by  the  long-acuminate  almost  awned 
palet. 

In  dry  soil,  Delaware  to  Illinois,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Aug  -Sept. 


2.    Sporobolus  longifolius  (Torr. )  Wood. 

(Fig.  342.) 

Agrostis  longifolia  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  90.     1824. 
Sporobolus  asper  Vasey,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3: 

59.     1892.     Not  Kunth,  1833. 
Sporobolus    longifolius   Wood,    Class-book,    775. 

1861. 

Culms  iX°-3/40  tall,  erect,  simple  or  occa- 
sionally branched,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
short,  minutely  ciliate;  leaves  4/-i8/  long,  ix/- 
2/x  wide  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  a  long  slen- 
der involute  tip,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath, 
scabrous  and  hairy  at  the  base  above  ;  panicle 
more  or  less  included  in  the  upper  sheath,  3'- 
io/  in  length,  linear,  strict,  the  branches  i/-2/ 
long,  erect;  spikelets  2//-2^//  long;  outer  scales 
unequal,  acutish,  glabrous,  the  lower  shorter; 
third  scale  glabrous,  acutish  or  obtuse,  exceed- 
ing the  second  and  equalling  or  a  little  shorter 
than  the  obtuse  palet. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania,  Missouri  and 
Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Aug, -Sept. 


Long-leaved  Rush-grass. 


152 


GRAMINEAE. 


3.    Sporobolus  pilosus  Vasey.     Hairy  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  343.) 

Sporobolus  pilosus  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  16:  26.     1891. 

Culms  i°-i)4°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  stout,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
crowded  and  overlapping  at  the  base  of  the  culm ; 
ligule  very  short,  minutely  ciliate  ;  leaves  3'-6'  long, 
l//-2//  wide  at  base,  erect,  rigid,  attenuate  into  a  slen- 
der involute  tip,  the  lower  papillose-hirsute  on  both 
sides,  the  upper  usually  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous 
above  and  somewhat  hairy  near  the  base  ;  panicle 
2/-3/  in  length,  included  at  the  base,  erect,  strict, 
its  branches  J^'-i'  long,  erect;  spikelets  2^x/ long, 
the  outer  scales  unequal,  glabrous,  obtuse,  the  lower 
shorter  ;  third  scale  obtuse,  glabrous,  somewhat  ex- 
ceeding the  second  and  equalling  or  a  little  longer 
than  the  obtuse  palet. 

In  dry  soil,  Kansas  and  Missouri.     Aug.-Sept, 

4.    Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus  (Torr. )  Wood.     Sheathed  Rush-grass. 

(Fig.  344.) 

Vilfa  vaginaeflora  Torr. ;  A.  Gray,  Gram,  and  Cyp.  No.  3. 

1834. 

Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus  Wood,  Classbook,  775.      1861. 
Sporobolus  minor  Vasey;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  646.     1890. 

Culms  8/-iS/  tall,  erect,  slender,  smooth  or  scabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  inflated,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
internodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  \ff  wide  or  less, 
smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  hairy 
near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a  slender  invo- 
lute point,  the  lower  elongated,  the  upper  i/-3/  long, 
setaceous  ;  panicles  ^X-2X  in  length,  the  terminal  one 
exserted  or  sometimes  partially  included,  strict,  the 
branches  }/?.'  long  or  less,  erect,  the  lateral  ones  en- 
closed in  the  sheaths;  spikelets  \^"-2%f'  long,  the 
outer  scales  unequal,  acuminate,  smooth,  the  lower  one 
shorter;  third  scale  scabrous,  especially  toward  the 
apex,  about  as  long  as  the  second  and  equalling  or 
slightly  exceeded  by  the  very  acute  palet. 

In  dry  soil,  New  York  to  Illinois  and  Missouri,  south  to 
Georgia  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 

Sporobolus  neglectus  Nash.     Small  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  345.) 

Sporobolus  vaginaeflorus  Vasey;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6, 

645.     1890.     Not  Wood.      1863. 

Sporobolus  neglectus  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22: 464.  1895. 
Culms  6/-i2/  tall,  erect  from  a  usually  decumbent 
base,  slender,  often  much  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  about  half  as  long  as  the  inter- 
nodes,  inflated  ;  ligule  very  short ;  leaves  \"  wide  or 
less  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous  beneath,  sca- 
brous and  hairy  near  the  base  above,  attenuate  into  a 
slender  point,  the  lower  elongated,  the  upper  I'-tf 
long,  setaceous;  terminal  panicle  i'-2%'  in  length, 
usually  more  or  less  included  in  the  upper  sheath, 
strict;  lateral  panicles  enclosed  in  the  sheaths;  spike- 
lets  about  \Y^"  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  the  lower 
one  slightly  shorter  ;  third  scale  acute,  glabrous,  a 
little  longer  than  the  second  and  about  equalling 
the  acute  palet. 

In  dry  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Kentucky  and  Kansas. 
Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


153 


6.    Sporobolus  brevifolius  (Nutt.)  Scribn.     Short-leaved  Rush-grass. 

(Fig.  346.) 

Agrostis  brevifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  44.     1818. 

Sporobolus  depauperatus  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  9:  103. 

In  part.     1882. 
Sporobolus  brevifolius  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  39.     1895. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-i8'  tall,  arising  from  a 
horizontal  rootstock,  erect,  slender,  decumbent  and 
branching  at  the  base.  Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the 
internodes ;  ligule  ^"-i"  long,  acutish  ;  leaves  %f-*2.f 
long,  involute-setaceous ;  panicle  %'-$'  in  length,  usu- 
ally about  i^'i  linear,  its  branches  %'-Yz'  l°ng>  erect 
orappressed;  spikelets  iX//-I/^//  l°ng>  the  outer  scales 
unequal,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel  and  at  the  apex ; 
third  scale  long-acuminate,  sometimes  cuspidate,  scabrous 
toward  the  apex. 

Anticosti  Island  and  Maine  to  British  Columbia,  south  in 
the  mountains  to  New  Mexico  and  California.  Summer. 

7.    Sporobolus   cuspidatus  (Torr.)  Wood. 
Prairie  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  347.) 

Vilfa  cuspidata  Torr.;  Hook.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  2:  238.     1840. 
Sporobolus  cuspidatus  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  385.      1870. 
Sporobolus  brevifolius  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  39. 
In  part.      1894. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  sim- 
ple or  somewhat  branched.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes  ;  ligule  a  mere  ring,  %"  long  or  less, 
erose-truncate  ;  leaves  I'-tf  long,  less  than  i"  wide 
at  the  base,  erect,  involute-setaceous,  at  least  when 
dry;  panicle  !%'-$'  in  length,  slender,  its  branches 
X'-i'long,  appressed;  spikelets  i^X'-i^'long,  the 
outer  scales  half  to  three-quarters  as  long,  acuminate 
or  cuspidate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  long- 
acuminate  and  cuspidate,  sparingly  scabrous. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south 
to  Missouri  and  Kansas.  Aug.-Sept. 

8.    Sporobolus  Virginicus  (I,.)  Kunth.     Seashore  Rush-grass.     (Fig.  348.) 


Agrostis  Virginica  I,.  Sp.  PI.  63.      1753. 
Sporobolus  Virginicus  Kunth.  Rev.  Gram,  i:  67. 


1835- 


Culms  6r-20  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent, 
simple  or  branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glab- 
rous. Sheaths  numerous,  short,  overlapping  and 
crowded  at  the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  smooth, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  pilose  on  the  margins  and 
at  the  throat;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves 
i '-8'  long,  2X/  wide  or  less  at  the  base,  distichous, 
acuminate  into  a  long  point,  involute  on  the  mar- 
gins and  at  the  apex,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above  or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy;  panicle  i/-3/ 
long,  2//-5//  thick,  dense  and  spike-like,  usually 
exserted;  spikelets  i//-i^//  long,  the  outer  scales 
about  equal,  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous;  third 
scale  smooth  and  glabrous,  acute,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse 
palet. 

On  sandy  shores,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas 
and  Mexico.  Also  in  Cuba.  Aug.-Sept. 


154 


GRAMINEAE, 


9.    Sporobolus  Indicus  (L,.)  R.  Br.     India  Rush-grass.     Smut-grass. 

(Fig.  349.) 

Agrostis  Indica  I,.  Sp.  PI.  63.      1753. 
Sporobolus  Indicus  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  170, 
1810. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  i°-4° 
tall,  erect,  tufted,  simple  or  rarely  sparingly 
branched.  Sheaths  few,  long,  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes  ;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs  ;  leaves 
!//_2//  wide,  attenuate  into  along  slender  point,  the 
lower  8x-i°  long,  the  upper  shorter  ;  panicle  4/-i5/ 
in  length,  usually  elongated,  narrow,  spike-like  \ 
spikelets  |^//-i//  long,  the  outer  scales  unequal, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  third,  obtuse,  smooth  and 
glabrous,  the  lower  one  shorter  and  often  erose- 
truncate  ;  third  scale  acute,  somewhat  exceeding 
the  obtuse  or  acutish  palet. 

In  meadows  and  waste  places,  Virginia  to  Florida, 
west  to  Arkansas  and  California.  Naturalized  from 
tropical  regions;  very  abundant  in  Central  and  South 
America.  July-Sept. 

10.  Sporobolus  argutus  (Nees)  Kunth.    Pointed  Dropseed-grass.    (Fig.  350.) 

Vilfa  arguta  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  2:  395.      1829. 
Sporobolus  argutus  Kunth,  Enum.  i:  215.      1833. 

Culms  i°  tall  or  less,  erect,  or  somewhat  decum- 
bent at  the  base,  simple  or  sometimes  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  their  margins  sometimes  hirsute  at  the 
top;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i'-2'  long, 
i//_2//  wi<Je  at  the  base,  acuminate,  smooth  and 
glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  and  often  sparingly  hairy 
at  the  base  above;  panicle  i}^f-j/  in  length,  the 
branches  J^'-i'  long,  verticillate,  at  first  appressed, 
finally  widely  spreading;  spikelets  %'//  long;  outer 
scales  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  first  rounded  or 
obtuse,  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  acute  second 
one;  third  scale  about  equalling  the  second,  acute. 

Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory  and  Colorado,  south  to 
Texas  and  Mexico.  Also  in  the  West  Indies.  July- 
Sept. 

ii.    Sporobolus  junceus   (Michx. )    Kunth.. 

Purple  Dropseed-grass.     Wire-grass. 

(Fig-  35i.) 

Agrostis  juncea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  52.     1803. 
Sporobolus  junceus  Kunth,  Rev.  Gram,  i:  68.     1835. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  i°-2°  tall,, 
tufted,  erect,  slender,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes  ;  ligule  very  short  ;  leaves  filiform  or 
setaceous,  the  basal  6'-!0  long,  numerous,  those  of 
the  culm  few,  1'-$'  long  ;  panicle  s'-y'  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  verticillate,  the  lower  i/-2/  long) 
widely  spreading;  spikelets  iX"-!^",  purple,  the 
outer  scales  very  unequal,  the  first  obtuse  or  acutishr 
one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of  the  acute  second 
one ;  third  scale  subacute  or  blunt,  equalling  the 
second  and  the  obtuse  palet. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas.     Re- 
ported from  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin.     Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
12.    Sporobolus  airoides  Torr.     Hair-grass  Dropseed. 

J\.grostis  airoides  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  151.     1824. 
SPorobolus  airoides  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  7:  Part  3,  21. 

1856. 

Culms  i^°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
sometimes  sparsely  ciliate  at  the  throat ;  ligule  very 
short ;  leaves  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above  and 
sometimes  sparingly  hairy  near  the  base,  X//~IX// 
wide  at  the  base,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  involute 
point,  the  basal  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  culm,  the 
upper  culm  leaves  2/-5/  in  length;  panicle  5/-i5/  long, 
usually  exserted,  the  branches  alternate  or  the  upper 
-verticillate,,  at  length  widely  spreading,  the  lower  3'- 
7'  long;  spikelets  ^//-i//  long,  the  scales  acute,  gla- 
brous, the  outer  unequal,  the  lower  one  about  half  as 
long  as  the  upper;  third  scale  equalling  the  second 
and  the  palet. 

Prairies,  Nebraska  to  California,  south  to  Texas  and 
Arizona.  Aug. -Sept. 

13.  Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  A.  Gray. 


155 


(Fig.  352.) 


Sand  Dropseed.    (Fig.  353.) 

Agrostis  cryptandra  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  151.     1824. 
Sporobolus  cryptandrus  A.  Gray,  Man.  576.     1848. 

Culms  i^°-3^°  tall,  erect,  simple  or  sometimes 
branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
smooth,  with  a  dense  pilose  ring  at  the  summit,  the 
lower  short,  crowded  and  overlapping,  the  upper 
much  longer,  generally  enclosing  the  base  of  the  pan- 
icle; ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  j>/-6/  long, 
x//_2//  wi(3ej  flat;  glabrous  beneath,  scabrous  above, 
long-acuminate;  panicle  6/-io/  in  length,  the  base  gen- 
erally included  in  the  upper  sheath,  rarely  entirely 
exserted,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  alter- 
nate, the  lower  i^/-3/  long;  spikelets  i//-iX//  long, 
the  scales  acute,  glabrous,  the  outer  scabrous  on  the 
keel,  the  lower  one-third  as  long  as  the  upper;  third 
scale  somewhat  longer  or  shorter  than  the  second. 

In  sandy  soil,  coast  of  New  England,  along  all  the  Great 
Lakes,  west  to  Dakota,  south  in  the  interior  to  Missouri, 
Texas  and  Mexico.  Aug.-Oct. 


14.    Sporobolus  heterolepis  A.  Gray. 

Vilfa  heterolepis  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  233. 
Sporobolus  heterolepis  A.  Gray,  Man.  576.      1848. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  sometimes  sparingly  pilose  at  the  summit,  the 
lower  short,  loose,  and  overlapping,  the  upper  much 
elongated  and  tight  to  the  culm;  ligule  a  ring  of  short 
hairs;  leaves  involute-setaceous,  glabrous,  the  margins 
and  upper  part  of  the  midrib  very  rough,  the  basal 
about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  culm,  occasion- 
ally equalling  it,  those  of  the  culm  shorter;  panicle 
3/-io/  in  length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending,  al- 
ternate or  sub-verticillate,  the  lower  iJ^-sX'  long; 
spikelets  2//-2^f//  long,  the  scales  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, the  outer  unequal,  acuminate,  the  lower  sub- 
ulate, about  half  the  length  of  the  broad  second  one, 
often  awn -pointed;  third  scale  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
than  the  second  or  occasionally  equalling  it. 

In  dry  soil,  Quebec  to  Assiniboia,  south  to  Pennsylvania, 
Illinois  and  Arkansas.  Aug. -Sept. 


Northern  Dropseed. 

1835- 


(Fig-  354-) 


156 


GRAMINEAE. 


Sporobolus  serotinus  (Torr. )  A.  Gray. 

(Fig.  355-) 


L,ate-flowering  Dropseed 


Agrostis  serotina  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  88. 
Sporobolus  serotinus  A.  Gray,  Man.  577. 


1824. 


Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.  culms 
6/-i8/  tall,  from  an  annual  root,  erect,  slender, 
simple.  Sheaths  short,  confined  to  the  lower  part 
of  the  culm;  ligule  less  than  J^/x  in  length,  irre- 
gularly truncate;  leaves  y2"  wide  or  less,  slightly 
scabrous  above,  flat,  the  basal  one-third  to  half  the 
length  of  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  2/-4/  long; 
panicle  $'-9'  in  length,  the  branches  capillary, 
erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  I'-a^'  long;  spike- 
lets  about  $&"  long,  the  outer  scales  subequal,  ob- 
tuse, smooth  or  sometimes  sparingly  scabrous; 
third  scale  twice  the  length  of  the  outer  ones, 
acuminate. 

In  wet  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Michigan,  south  to  New 
Jersey.  Sept.  -Oct. 


16.    Sporobolus  compressus  (Torr.)  Kunth. 

(Fig-    356.) 

Agrostis  compressa  Torr.  Cat.  PI.  N.  Y.  91.     1819. 
Sporobolus  compressus  Knnth,  Bnum.  1:217.      1833. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  stout, 
simple,  much  compressed,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  compressed,  overlapping,  sometimes  scabrous 
at  the  summit;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  s'-io'  long, 
i"  wide  or  less,  folded,  slightly  rough;  panicle  4/-io' 
in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower 
a'-3'  long;  spikelets  about  %"  long;  outer  scales  sub- 
equal,  obtuse  or  somewhat  acute,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; third  scale  obtuse  and  apiculate,  strongly  scab- 
rous, slightly  exceeding  the  outer  ones. 

In  bogs,  Long  Island  and  in  the  pine  barrens  of  New 
Jersey.  Sept. -Oct. 


17.    Sporobolus    asperifolius    (Nees    &    Meyen)    Thurber. 

Dropseed.      (Fig.  357.) 


Flat-stemmed  Dropseed. 


Rough-leaved 


Vilfa  asperifolia  Nees  &  Meyen;  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St. 

Petersb.  (VI. )  6:  95.     1840. 
Sporobohis  asperifolius  Thurber;  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Cal.   2: 

269.     1880. 

Culms  6/-i8/  tall,  erect  from  a  decumbent  and 
branched  base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  short, 
crowded  and  overlapping,  the  upper  usually  enclosing 
the  base  of  the  panicle  ;  ligule  X/x  l°ng>  erose-trun- 
cate;  leaves  numerous,  I'-SJ^'  long,  i"-!^"  wide  at 
the  base,  acuminate,  strict,  often  erect,  flat,  glabrous, 
smooth  beneath,  very  rough  above  ;  panicle  $'-8'  in 
length,  included  at  the  base,  rarely  entirely  exserted, 
the  capillary  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
lower  2r-4'  long;  spikelets  occasionally  2-3-flowered, 
^//  long;  outer  scales  subequal,  acute,  glabrous,  spar- 
ingly scabrous;  third  scale  obtuse  or  acute,  glabrous, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  second. 

Dry  soil,  Assiniboia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Mis- 
souri, Nebraska,  California  and  Mexico.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


157 


32.    POLYPOGON  Desf.  Fl.  Atl.  i:  66.     1798. 

Mostly  annual  grasses,  with  decumbent  or  rarely  erect  culms,  flat  leaves  and  spike-like 
panicles.  Spikelets  i-flowered;  scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  each  extended  into  an  awn;  third 
scale  smaller,  generally  hyaline,  short-awned  from  below  the  apex,  subtending  a  palet  and 
perfect  flower;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  many  long 
awns  which  resemble  a  beard.] 

About  10  species,  widely  distributed,  in  temperate  and  warm  regions,  rare  in  the  tropics. 

i.    Polypogon  Monspeliensis  (Iy. )  Desf.     Beard-grass.     (Fig.  358.) 

Alopecurus  Monspeliensis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  89.     1753. 

Polypogon    Monspeliensis    Desf.    Fl.   Atl.    i:    67. 
1798. 

Culms  2°  tall  or  less,  erect  from  a  usually  de- 
cumbent base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
generally  shorter  than  the  internodes,  loose, 
sometimes  slightly  scabrous;  ligule  T-W-Qfr 
long;  leaves  i>^/-6/  long,  iX//~3//  wide,  sca- 
brous, especially  above;  panicle  \f-\r  in  length, 
dense  and  spike-like,  the  branches  YZ'  in  length, 
ascending ;  spikelets  crowded ;  outer  scales 
about  i//  long,  obtuse,  slightly  bifid,  scabrous, 
bearing  a  more  or  less  bent  awn  2//-3//  long; 
third  scale  much  shorter,  erose-truncate,  hya- 
line, bearing  a  delicate  awn  about  %"  l°ng> 
inserted  below  the  apex. 

In  waste  places,  New  Hampshire  to  South  Caro- 
lina, mostly  near  the  coast.  Very  abundant  in 
western  North  America,  from  British  Columbia  to 
Mexico.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also 
of  Asia.  July-Sept. 


33.   ARCTAGROSTIS  Griseb.  in  Ledeb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:  434.     1853. 

A  perennial  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  panicle.  Spikelets  i-flowered.  Scales 
3;  the  2  outer  empty,  unequal,  somewhat  acute,  membranous;  the  third  scale  exceeding 
the  second,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  obtuse;  palet  obtuse,  2- nerved.  Stamens 
2  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale 
and  palet.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  [Latin,  signifying  an  arctic  Agrostis-Vfez  grass.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  arctic  and  subarctic  regions. 

i.    Arctagrostis  latifolia  (R.  Br.)  Griseb. 
Arctagrostis.     (Fig.  359.) 

Colpodium    latifolium    R.    Br.   Suppl.   App.    Parry's 

Voy.  286.      1824. 
Arctagrostis  latifolia  Griseb.  in  L,edeb.  Fl.  Ross.  4: 

434-      1853. 

Culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent 
at  the  base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  2"  long,  trun- 
cate; leaves  I'-y'  long,  \"-^"  wide,  usually  erect, 
scabrous;  panicle  i/J^/-8/ long,  narrow,  its  branches 
^/-2/  in  length,  ascending  or  erect;  spikelets 
i^//-2//  long;  outer  scales  unequal,  acutish,  the 
lower  about  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  the  length 
of  the  upper;  third  scale  obtuse,  exceeding  the 
second,  hispid  on  the  keel. 

Greenland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska.  Also  in 
arctic  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


158 


GRAMINEAE. 


34.    CINNA  I,.  Sp.  PI.  5.      1753- 

Tall  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  panicled  spikelets.  Spikelets  i -flowered.  Scales  3;  the 
2  outer  empty,  keeled,  acute;  the  third  scale  similar,  but  usually  short-awned  on  the  back, 
subtending  a  palet  and  a  stalked  perfect  flower;  palet  a  little  shorter,  i-nerved.  Stamen  i. 
Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and 
palet.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  [Greek,  taken  from  Dioscorides.] 

Four  known  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  regions  of  Europe  and  North  America.  Besides 
the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  western  United  States. 

Panicle  narrow  at  maturity,  its  filiform  branches  erect  or  drooping;  spikelets  2"-2}4"  long;  first 
scale  much  shorter  than  the  second.  i.  C.  arundinacea. 

Panicle  open,  its  capillary  branches  flexuous  and  drooping;  spikelets  iK"  long;  first  scale  about 
equalling  the  second.  2.  C.  latifolia. 

i.    Cinna  arundinacea  L,.     Wood  Reed-grass.     (Fig.  360.) 


Cinna  arundinacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  5.      1753. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  overlapping  at  the  base  of  the  culm, 
smooth  or  roughish;  ligule  i"-2"  long,  trun- 
cate; leaves  6x-i°  long,  2//-7//  wide,  scabrous; 
panicle  6/-ia/  in  length,  usually  contracted, 
sometimes  purple,  the  filiform  branches  erect  or 
drooping,  the  lower  i^/-4X/  long;  spikelets 
2//-2/J^//  in  length,  the  scales  acute,  scabrous, 
especially  on  the  keel,  the  first  one  shorter  than 
the  second;  third  scale  slightly  exceeded  or 
equalled  by  the  second,  usually  bearing  an  awn 
about  }i'f  long  from  the  2- toothed  apex. 


In  moist  woods  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to 
the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  North  Carolina, 
Louisiana,  Missouri  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  1700  ft. 
in  North  Carolina.  Aug. -Sept. 


2.    Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.     Slender  Wood  Reed-grass.     (Fig.  361.) 

Agroslis  latifolia  Treviran,  in  Goeppert,  Beschr.  d. 

Bot.  Gart.  Breslau,  82.     1830. 
Cinna  pendula  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.) 

6:  280.     1841. 
Cinna  latifolia  Griseb.  in  I/edeb.  Fl.  Ross.  4:  435. 

i853- 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  usually  slender,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  sometimes  slightly  scabrous;  ligule 
i//-2//  long;  leaves  4/-io/  long,  a//-6//  wide,  scab- 
rous; panicle  s'-io'  in  length,  open,  the  capillary 
branches  generally  spreading,  flexuous  and  often 
drooping,  the  lower  ij^'-S''  in  length;  spikelets 
iX//  l°ng;  scales  scabrous,  the  outer  acute,  strongly 
hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  about  equalling  the 
second;  third  scale  usually  exceeded  by  the  second 
and  bearing  a  rough  awn  -^//-i//  long  from  the  2- 
toothed  apex. 

In  damp  woods,  Newfoundland  to  British  Colum- 
bia, south  to  New  Jersey,  in  the  Alleghanies  to  North 
Carolina,  to  Wisconsin,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado  and  Utah.  Also  in  northern  Europe. 
Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  Aug. -Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  159 

35.    AGROSTIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  6.      1753. 
[TRICHODIUM  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  41.      1803.] 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses  with  flat  or  bristle-like  leaves  and  paniculate  inflores- 
cence. Spikelets  i-flowered.  Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  membranous,  keeled,  acute  ; 
the  third  shorter,  obtuse,  hyaline,  sometimes  bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  subtending  a  perfect 
flower;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale,  sometimes  minute  or  wanting.  Stamens  usually  3. 
Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  Seed  adherent 
to  the  pericarp.  [Name  Greek,  referring  to  the  field  habitat  of  many  species.] 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed  throughout  the  world,  particularly  numerous 
in  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following  some  15  others  are  found  in  western  North  America. 

Palet  conspicuous,  at  least  one-third  as  long  as  the  scale.  i.  A.  alba. 

Palet  inconspicuous,  minute  or  wanting. 

Branches  of  the  contracted  panicle  short,  spikelet-bearing  to  the  base;  third  scale  awnless. 

2.  A.  exarata. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  slender,  naked  below,  spikelet-bearing  from  about  the  middle  to  the 

ends. 
Third  scale  awned. 

Awn  very  finely  filiform  and  flexuous,  at  least  twice  the  length  of  the  spikelet  which 

is  Yi,"  long.  3.  A.  Elliottiana. 

Awn  stouter,  rigid,  usually  bent,  less  than  twice  the  length  of  the  spikelet. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  generally  ascending;  spikelets  i"  long. 

4.  A.  canina. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  usually  spreading;  spikelets  i%"-il/4     long. 

5.  A.  rubra. 
Third  scale  not  awned,  or  very  rarely  bearing  a  short  awn. 

Culms  weak,  usually  decumbent  and  often  prostrate  at  base;  leaves  lax;  spikelets  %" 

long.  6.  A.  perennans. 

Culms  and  leaves  erect. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  capillary,  elongated,  usually  dividing  above  the  middle, 

the  spikelets  crowded  at  the  extremities. 

Spikelets  K"-i"  long;  leaves  short.  7.  A.  hiemalis. 

Spikelets  iK"-iK"  long;  leaves  elongated.  8.  A.  altissima. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  not  elongated,  dividing  at  or  below  the  middle. 

Spikelets  about  i"  long;  a  grass  of  low  elevations.  9.  A.  intermedia. 

Spikelets  i#"-i%"  long;  a  high  mountain  grass.  10.  A.  Novae- Angliae. 


i.    Agrostis  alba  L,.     Red-top.     Florin.     Herd's-grass.     (Fig.  362.) 

Agrostis  alba  I,.  Sp.  PI.  63.      1753. 

Agrostis  vulgaris  With.  Bot.  Arr.  Brit.  PI. 
Ed.  3,  132.      1796. 

Agrostis  alba  var.  vulgaris  Thurber  in  A. 
Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  647.      1890. 

Culms  8/-2^°  tall,  erect  or  decumbent 
at  the  base,  often  stoloniferous,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  often  crowded 
at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  4//  long  or 
less;  leaves  2/-8/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  sca- 
brous; panicle  2/-g/  in  length,  contracted 
or  open,  green  or  purplish,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  the  lower  i/-3/  long; 
spikelets  \f/-\%ff  long;  outer  scales  about 
equal,  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous,  except 
on  the  hispid  or  scabrous  keel;  third 
scale  shorter,  obtuse  or  acute,  the  palet  at 
least  one-third  its  length. 

A  most  variable  species  occurring  in  fields 
and  meadows  nearly  throughout  North  Amer- 
ica, extensively  cultivated  for  fodder.  Natu- 
ralized from  Europe,  and  perhaps  also  native 
northward.  We  have  been  unable  satisfac- 
torily to  separate  A.  sylvatica  I,,  from  this. 
July-Sept. 


II 


i6o 


GRAMINEAE. 


2.   Agrostis  exarata  Trin.     Rough-leaved  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  363.) 

Agrostis  exarata  Trin.  Unifl.  207.      1824. 
Agrostis  asperifolia  Trin.   Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb. 
(VI.)  6:  Part  2,  317.      1845. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent 
at  the  base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  or 
roughish;  ligule  i//-3^//  long,  more  or  less  decur- 
rent;  leaves  i/-8/  long,  i//-4// wide,  generally  erect, 
flat  or  involute,  scabrous;  panicle  contracted,  2^'- 
io/  in  length,  often  interrupted  or  glomerate,  the 
branches  ~i%/-^/  in  length,  erect,  spikelet-bearing 
to  the  base;  spikelets  crowded,  i//-2//  long,  the 
outer  scales  subequal,  scabrous,  especially  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  from  less  than  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  the  length  of  the  second,  obtuse  or  sub- 
acute;  palet  minute. 

Manitoba  to  Alaska,  south  to  Wisconsin,  Nebraska, 
Texas  and  California.  Aug.-Sept. 

3.    Agrostis  Elliottiana  Schultes.     Elliott's  Bent-grass.      (Fig.  364.) 

Agrostis  arachnoides  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:   134.. 

1817.     Not  Poir.      1810. 
Agrostis  Elliottiana  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  202.      1824. 

Culms  5^-14'  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  slightly  scabrous,  strongly  striate; 
ligule  \"  long;  leaves  rough,  X/~2/  l°ng>  J// 
wide  or  less;  panicle  2/~5/  in  length,  usually 
narrow,  sometimes  open,  the  branches  slender, 
naked  below,  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  i/-i^/ 
long;  spikelets  ^/x  long;  outer  scales  subequal, 
scabrous  on  the  keel,  acute;  third  scale  about  three- 
quarters  as  long  as  the  first,  erose-truncate,  acute  or 
2-toothed,  bearing  a  very  finely  filiform  flexuous 
barbellate  awn,  2-4  times  its  length,  inserted  just 
below  the  apex;  palet  short. 

In  dry  soil,  South  Carolina  to  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  May-July. 

4.   Agrostis  canina  L.     Brown  Bent- grass.     (Fig.  365.) 

Agrostis  canina  I,.  Sp.  PI.  62.      1753. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
^"-ij^'long;  leaves  1'-$'  in  length,  ix/  wide  or  less, 
scabrous;  panicle  2/-y/  in  length,  contracted  in  fruit, 
the  branches  slender,  naked  below,  ascending  or 
spreading  in  flower,  the  lower  i/-2^/  long;  spikelets 
i/x  long,  on  appressed  pedicels,  the  outer  scales  sub- 
equal,  acute,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
about  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  first,  obtuse,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  bearing  a  straight  or  somewhat  bent 
dorsal  awn  i//-2//  long,  inserted  just  above  the  middle; 
palet  minute  or  none. 

In  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Tennessee.     Native  northward;  naturalized 
om  Europe  southward.     A  variable  species.    July-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


5.    Agrostis  rubra  I,.     Red  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  366.) 

Agrostis  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI.  62.      1753. 

Agrostis  rupestris  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  551.     1860.     Not 

All.  1785- 
Agrostis  rubra  var.   Americana  Scribn.;  Macoun,   Cat. 

Can.  PI.  5:  391.     1890. 

Smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  glabrous,  culms  6/-2°  tall, 
erect  or  sometimes  decumbent  at  the  base,  simple. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  i" 
long;  leaves  2x-4/  long,  ^"-ij^"  wide;  panicle  2^'- 
5'  in  length,  open,  the  branches  generally  widely 
spreading  and  more  or  less  flexuous,  rarely  erect,  the 
lower  i/-2>^/  long;  spikelets  i^f//-iX//  long,  the 
outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale 
shorter  than  the  first,  obtuse,  bearing  a  usually  bent 
dorsal  awn  2//-2>£//  long,  inserted  below  the  middle. 

Summits  of  the  highest  mountains  of  New  England, 
New  York  and  North  Carolina.  The  American  plant 
may  be  specifically  different  from  the  European.  Summer. 

6.    Agrostis  perennans  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.     Thin-grass.     (Fig.  367.) 

Cornucopiae  perennans  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74.      1788. 

Agrostis  perennans  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  45:  44. 
1843. 

Culms  i°-2^°  long  from  a  decumbent  or  pros- 
trate base,  weak,  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  above,  smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  ^/x 
long;  leaves  2/-6/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  lax,  scabrous; 
panicle  4/-8x  in  length,  open,  the  branches  i/-2/ 
long,  widely  spreading,  the  branchlets  and  pedi- 
cels divergent;  spikelets  %'f-\"  long,  the  outer 
scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third  scale  about 
three-quarters  the  length  of  the  first,  smooth  and 
glabrous,  not  awned;  palet  small  or  wanting. 

In  shaded  damp  places,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  Wis- 
consin, south  to  South  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  As- 
cends to  6600  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Panicle  usually 
light  green,  sometimes  purplish.  July-Sept. 


7.    Agrostis  hyemalis  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Rough  Hair-grass.     (Fig.  368.) 

Cornucopiae  hyemalis  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  73.      1788. 
Agrostis  scabra  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  370.      1798. 
Agrostis  hyemalis  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.Y.  68.     1888. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
jlabrous.  Sheaths  generally  shorter  than  the  inter- 
lodes;  ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves  2/~5/  long,  %f/-i%f/ 
ride,  usually  erect,  roughish;  panicle  6/-2°  long,  usu- 

lly  purplish,  the  capillary  scabrous  branches  ascend- 

ig,  sometimes  widely  spreading,  or  often  drooping, 

le  lower  3/-6/  long,  dividing  above  the  middle,  the 
livisions  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities;  spikelets 

("-\"  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,   scabrous  toward 

ic  apex  and  on  the  keel;  third  scale  two-thirds  the 
igth  of  the  first  or  equalling  it,  obtuse,  rarely  bearing 

short  awn;  palet  usually  very  small. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil  throughout  nearly  the  who  e  of 
Jorth  America  except  the  extreme  north.  July-Aug. 


l62 


GRAMINEAE. 


8.    Agrostis  altissima  (Walt.)  Tuckerm.     Tall  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  369.) 


Cornucopiae  altissima  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  74.      1788. 

Agrostis  altissima  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  45:  44. 
1843. 

Agrostis  elata  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.   St.  Petersb.    (VI.) 
Part  2,  364.      1845. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth,  usually 
stiff.  Sheaths  overlapping,  scabrous,  the  upper 
one  elongated;  ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves  elongated, 
6/-i°  in  length,  i//-i^//  wide,  scabrous;  panicle 
7X-9X  long,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  some- 
what scabrous,  the  lower  2/~4/  in  length,  spikelet- 
bearing  at  the  extremities;  spikelets  i^f//-i^// 
long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
third  scale  shorter,  obtuse,  scabrous,  occasionally 
bearing  a  short  awn ;  palet  small  or  wanting. 

In  sandy  swamps,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama. Panicle  usually  purplish.  Aug-.-Oct. 


9.    Agrostis  intermedia  Scribn.     Upland  Bent-grass.     (Fig.  370.) 


Agrostis  intermedia  Scribn.  Bull.  Tenn.  Agric.  Exp.  Sta. 
7:76.      1894. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm  often 
crowded  and  overlapping;  ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves 
4x-9r  long,  I  "-3"  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  4/~9/  in 
length,  the  branches  i^/-3/  long,  ascending,  dividing 
at  or  below  the  middle,  the  divisions  divergent,  the 
pedicels  appressed;  spikelets  about  i//  long,  the  outer 
scales  acute  or  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third 
scale  about  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  first,  smooth; 
palet  small  or  wanting. 

In  dry  soil,  New  York  to  Tennessee  and  Missouri.  In- 
termediate in  aspect  between  A.  altissima  and  A.  peren- 
nans.  Aug.-Oct. 


10.    Agrostis  Novae-Angliae  Tuckerm. 
New  England  Bent-grass.      (Fig.  371.) 

Agrostis  Novae-Angliae  Tuckerm.  Hovey's  Mag.   9: 

143.      April,  1843. 
Agrostis  altissima  var.  la.ra  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 

45:  44.     October,  1843. 

Culms  S'-is'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  gener- 
ally overlapping;  ligule  \"  long;  leaves  i/-3^/ 
long,  \"  wide  or  less,  erect,  usually  involute,  scab- 
rous; panicle  3  ^'-7'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  dividing  at  or  below  the 
middle,  the  divisions  divergent,  the  pedicels  often 
appressed;  spikelets  iX//~I^//  l°ng>  tne  outer 
scales  acute,  strongly  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third 
scale  somewhat  shorter,  obtuse. 

Newfoundland,  south  to  the  high  mountains  of  New 
England,  New  York  and  North  Carolina. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


163 


36.    CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  31.      1763. 

[DEYKUXIA  Clarion;  Beauv.  Agrost.  43.    pi.  9.    f.  9,  10.       1812.] 

Generally  perennial  grasses,  of  various  habit,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  i -flowered,  the  rachilla  usually  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  and  pubescent. 
Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  carinate,  membranous;  the  third  scale  hyaline,  shorter  than 
the  outer,  obtuse,  usually  copiously  long-hairy  at  the  base,  or  rarely  the  hairs  scanty  or  short, 
and  bearing  a  straight,  bent  or  twisted  dorsal  awn;  palet  shorter,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  Seed  adher- 
ent to  the  pericarp.  [Greek,  signifying  Reed-grass.] 

A  genus  of  about  130  species,  widely  distributed  throughout  temperate  and  mountainous 
regions,  and  particularly  numerous  in  the  Andes.  Besides  the  following,  some  20  others  occur  in 
the  western  parts  of  North  America.  The  English  name  Small-reed  is  applied  to  any  of  the  species. 

Panicle  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  usually  long  and  lax. 

vSpikelets  i"  long;  outer  scales  acute.  i.   C.  Macouniana. 

Spikelets  i^"-2"  long;  outer  scales  acute;  awn  slender.  2.   C.  Canadensis. 

Spikelets  2"-$"  long;  outer  scales  acuminat2 ;  awn  stouter.  3.   £'.  l.angsdorfii. 

Panicle  narrow  or  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  at  least  in  fruit,  usually  short  and  strict. 
Basal  hairs  one-third  the  length  of  the  scale  or  less. 

Awn  strongly  twisted,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  scale;  leaves  long.    4.   C.  Porter  i . 
Awn  not  twisted,  bent,  inserted  just  below  the  middle  of  the  scale;  leaves  short. 

5.   C.  brevisela. 
Basal  hairs  one-half  the  length  of  the  scale  or  more. 

Spikelets  i^"-a"  long;  prolongation  of  the  rachilla  hairy  its  whole  length. 

Leaves  flat;  basal  hairs  equalling  or  somewhat  shorter  than  the  scale.   6.   C.  confinis. 
L,eaves  involute  in  drying;  basal  hairs  half  as  long  as  the  scale.          7.   C.  neglecta. 
Spikelets  3" -4"  long;  prolongation  of  the  rachilla  with  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs. 

8.  C.  cinnoides. 

i.    Calamagrostis   Macouniana  Vasey. 
Macoun's  Reed-grass.      (Fig.  372.) 

Deyeuxia  Macouniana  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.    Gaz.  10:  207. 

1885. 
Calamagrostis  Macmimana   Vasey,    Contr.   U.    S.    Nat. 

Herb.  3:81.      1892. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  \"  long; 
leaves  3'-yx  long,  i//-2^//  wide,  erect,  acuminate, 
scabrous;  panicle  open,  $'-4%.'  in  length,  the  branches 
ascending,  or  sometimes  erect,  the  lower  \'-\y2'  long, 
naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  i"  long,  the  outer  scales 
acute,  scabrous,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second; 
third  scale  equalling  the  second,  the  awn  a  little  ex- 
ceeding it;  basal  hairs  about  as  long  as  the  scale. 

Manitoba  and  Assiniboia.     Summer. 

i.    Calamagrostis  Canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.     Blue-joint  Grass. 

(Fig-  373-)  ^s^sss-^^ 

A ni ndo  Canadensis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  73.      1803. 
Calamagrostis  Canadensis  Beauv.  Agrost.  15.      1812. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  somewhat 
scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
I//~3//  l°ng;  leaves  6'-i°  long  or  more,  \"-\"  wide, 
rough;  panicle  4/-7/  in  length,  open,  usually  purplish, 
the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower 
I^/~3/  l°ng,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  \y2"- 
2"  long,  the  outer  scales  equal  or  subequal,  acute, 
strongly  scabrous;  third  scale  equalling  or  slightly 
shorter  than  the  second,  scabrous,  the  awn  delicate 
and  equalling  the  copious  basal  hairs  which  are  about 
as  long  as  the  scale  or  some  of  them  shorter. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  New  Mexico  and  California. 
Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  July-Sept. 


1 64  GRAMINEAE. 

Calamagrostis  Langsdorfii  (L,ink)  Trin. 

(Fig.  374.) 


I/angsdorf's  Reed-grass. 


Arundo  Langsdorfii  Link,  Enum.  i:  74.      1821. 
Calamagrostis  Langsdorfii  Trin.  Unifl.  225.    pi.  4.    f.  10. 
1824. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  roughish. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  i//-3// 
long;  leaves  4/-i2/  long,  2//-4//  wide,  scabrous;  pan- 
icle 2/-6/  in  length,  the  branches  ascending  or  some- 
times erect,  the  lower  i/-2/  long,  naked  at  the  base; 
spikelets  2//-3//  long,  the  outer  scales  acuminate, 
strongly  scabrous;  third  scale  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  second,  scabrous,  the  stout  awn  as  long  as  or 
a  little  exceeding  the  copious  basal  hairs  which  are 
usually  somewhat  shorter  than  the  scale. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of 
New  England  and  New  York,  and  to  Manitoba  and  Wash- 
ington. Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


4.    Calamagrostis  Ported  A.  Gray.     Porter 's,Reed-grass.     (Fig.  375.) 

Calamagrostis  Porteri  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:  79. 
1862. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  slightly  scabrous, 
with  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit;  ligule  i//-2//  long; 
leaves  6/-i2/  long,  2//-4//  wide,  rough;  panicle  4/-8/ 
in  length,  the  branches  erect,  the  lower  i/-2/  long; 
spikelets  i//-2^//  long,  the  outer  scales  strongly  sca- 
brous, acute;  third  scale  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
second,  obtuse,  scabrous,  the  lateral  basal  hairs  about 
one-third  the  length  of  the  scale,  those  at  the  back 
short  or  wanting;  awn  bent,  about  equalling  the  scale, 
the  lower  part  twisted. 

In  dry  woods,  Pennsylvania  and  southern  New  York. 
Aug. -Sept. 


Calamagrostis  breviseta  (A.  Gray)  Scribn. 

(Fig.  376.) 


Pickering's  Reed-grass. 


Calamagrostis  sylvatica  var.  breviseta  A.  Gray,  Man. 

582.      1848. 
Calamagrostis  Pickeringii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  547. 

1856. 
Calamagrostis  breviseta  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

41.      1894. 

Culms  i2/-i8/  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  scabrous 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  lower  overlapping,  the  upper  one  elongated;  lig- 
ule i//~3//  long;  leaves  i^/-4/  long,  2X/  wide,  erect, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3/~4/^/  in 
length,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  the  lower 
I'-i^'  long;  spikelets  i^//-2//  long,  purple  tinged, 
the  outer  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  third 
scale  shorter  than  the  second,  obtuse,  scabrous,  the 
basal  hairs  very  short;  awn  bent,  not  twisted, 
equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  scale. 

In  wet  places,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  New  Hamp- 
shire and  Massachusetts.  Occurs  in  the  alpine  region 
of  the  White  Mountains.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


165 


6.    Calamagrostis  confinis  (Willd.)  Nutt.     Bog  Reed-grass.     (Fig.  377.) 

Arundo  con_finis  Willd.  Enum.  i:  127.      1809. 
Calamagrostis  conft nis  Nutt.  Gen.  1:47.       1818. 
Calamagrostis  robusta  Vasey,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  82. 
1892. 

Culms  i^°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  rough. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  about  \"  long; 
leaves  2X/  wide  or  less,  rough,  flat,  or  involute  at  the  apex, 
the  basal  often  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  culm, 
the  stem  leaves  2/-io/  long;  panicle  contracted,  2*4/-<)/  in 
length,  the  branches  i/-2/  long,  erect;  spikelets  iXx/-2// 
long,  the  scales  somewhat  scabrous,  the  outer  acute;  third 
scale  obtuse,  the  basal  hairs  equalling  it  or  three-fourths 
as  long;  awn  more  or  less  bent,  from  a  little  shorter  to 
slightly  longer  than  the  scale. 

In  bogs,  Vermont,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Van- 
couver Island,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico. 
Aug.-Sept.  Specimens  of  this  grass  have  been  referred  to 
C.  Lapponica  (Link)  Trin.,  but  we  have  been  unable  to  prove 
the  occurrence  of  that  species  within  our  area. 

7.  Calamagrostis  neglecta  (Ehrh.)  Gaertn. 
Narrow  Reed-grass.    (Fig.  378.) 

Arundo  neglecta  Ehrh.  Beitr.  6:  137.      1791. 
Calamagrostis  neglecta  Gaertn.  Fl.  Wett.  i:  94.      1799. 
Calamagrostis  stricta  Beauv.  Agrost.  15.      1812. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  i^°-2^° 
tall,  erect,  simple,  slender.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes;  ligule  l/2."  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves 
narrow,  involute  in  drying,  the  basal  one-third  as  long 
as  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  2/-5/  long,  erect;  pan- 
icle contracted,  2^/-4/  in  length,  the  branches  \'  long 
or  less,  erect;  spikelets  2X/  long,  the  scales  scabrous, 
the  outer  acute;  third  scale  obtuse,  about  three-fourths 
as  long  as  the  second  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of 
the  basal  hairs;  awn  bent,  exceeding  the  scale. 


Labrador  and  Newfoundland  to  Washington. 
Europe.     Summer. 


Also  in 


8.  Calamagrostis  cinnoides  (Muhl.)  Scribn.     Nuttall's  Reed-grass. 

(Fig.  379-) 

Arundo  cinnoides  Muhl.  Gram.  187.      1817. 
Calamagrostis  Nuttalliana  Steud.  Syn.  PI.   Gram.    190. 

1855- 
Calamagrostis  cinnoides  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  42. 

1895- 

Culms  3°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth 
or  rough,  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  and 
rarely  with  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit;  ligule  i//-2// 
long;  leaves  4'-!°  long  or  more,  2//-5//  wide,  attenuate 
into  a  long  point,  scabrous,  occasionally  sparingly 
hirsute;  panicle  3/-7/  in  length,  contracted,  the 
branches  erect,  the  lower  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  3//-4// 
long;  scales  strongly  scabrous,  the  outer  about  equal, 
acuminate  and  awn-pointed;  third  scale  shorter,  obtuse, 
the  basal  hairs  one-half  to  two-thirds  its  length;  awn 
stout,  exceeding  or  equalling  the  scale;  prolongation  of 
the  rachilla  bearing  a  terminal  tuft  of  hairs. 

In  moist  soil,  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania,  south  to  Georgia.     Ascends 
to  2000  ft.  in  Pennsylvania.     July-Aug. 


1 66 


GRAMINEAE. 


37.    AMMOPHILA  Host.  Gram.  Austr.  4:  24.     pi.  41.     1809. 

Tall  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  convolute  above,  and  dense  spike-like  panicles.. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  and  hairy.  Scales  3,  rigid, 
chartaceous,  acute,  keeled;  the  2  outer  empty,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved; 
third  scale  5-nerved,  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  base,  subtending  a  chartaceous  2-nerved 
palet  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  sand-loving,  in  allusion  to  the 
habitat  of  these  grasses.] 

Two  species,  the  following  widely  distributed  along  the  fresh  and  salt-water  shores  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  the  other  European. 

i.    Ammophila  arenaria  (Iy.)  L,ink.     Sea  Sand-reed.     Sea  Mat-weed. 
Maram.     (Fig.  380.) 

Arundo  arenaria  I,.  Sp.  PI.  82.      1753. 
Calamagrostis  arenaria  Roth,  Fl.  Germ,  i:  34.     1788. 
Ammophila  arundinacea  Host,  Gram.  Austr.  4:  24.     1809. 
Ammophila  arenaria  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  I:  105.       1827. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  stout, 
smooth,  arising  from  a  long  horizontal  branching  root- 
stock.  Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  short,  crowded  and 
overlapping,  the  upper  longer;  ligule  a  mere  ring; 
leaves  6x-i°  long  or  more,  rigid,  attenuate  into  a  long 
slender  involute  point,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above;  spike-like  panicle  dense,  4/-i2/  in  length, 
6//-8//  thick,  its  branches  i%'  long  or  less,  appressed; 
Spikelets  5//-6//  long,  the  scales  scabrous,  about  equal 
in  length,  the  third  usually  with  the  rudiment  of  an 
awn  just  below  the  apex;  basal  hairs  i//-2//  long. 

In  sands  of  the  sea  coast  from  New  Brunswick  to  Vir- 
ginia, and  inland  along  the  shores  of  the  Great  Lakes. 
Also  on  the  coasts  of  northern  Europe.  Aug.  -Sept. 

38.    CALAMOVILFA  Hack.  True  Grasses,  113.       1890. 

Tall  grasses  with  stout  horizontal  rootstocks,  elongated  leaves,  which  are  involute  at  the 
apex,  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  the  rachilla  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  flower.  Scales  3,  I  -nerved,  acute,  the  2  outer  unequal,  empty;  third  scale  longer  or  shorter 
than  the  second,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  base;  palet  strongly  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp.  [Greek, 
signifying  a  reed-like  grass.  ] 

Three  known  species,  natives  of  the  temperate  and  subtropical  regions  of  North  America. 

Spikelets  2"  '-2%"  long,  the  basal  hairs  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  third  scale,    i.  C.  brevipilis. 
Spikelets  3"~4"  long,  the  basal  hairs  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  third  scale.    2.   C.  longifolia. 

i.    Calamovilfa  brevipilis  (Torr.)  Hack.     Short-haired  Reed-grass. 

-  38i.) 


Arundo  brevipilis  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  95.      1824. 
Calamagrostis  brevipilis  A.  Gray,  Man.  582.     1848. 
Calamovilfa  brevipilis  Hack.  True  Grasses,  113.      1890. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  culms  2°-4° 
tall,  erect,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  6/-i2/ 
long,  \y2"  wide  or  less,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
involute  tip,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous 
above;  panicle  open,  5/-io/  in  length,  the  branches  as- 
cending, the  lower  2X-4X  long;  Spikelets  2//-2j£//  long; 
scales  acute,  scabrous  toward  the  apex,  the  outer  un- 
equal, the  first  one-half  as  long  as  the  second;  third 
scale  exceeding  the  second,  pubescent  on  the  lower 
half  of  the  keel;  basal  hairs  one-third  the  length 
of  the  scale;  palet  nearly  equalling  the  scale,  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  half  of  the  keel. 

In  swamps,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey.  Local.  Aug.- 
Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


I67 


2.    Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook.)  Hack. 

(Fig.  382.) 


Calai>iagTi>s/is  longifolia  Hook.  Fl.    Bor.    Am.   2: 
241.      1840. 

Calamovilfa  longifolia  Hack.  True  Grasses,   113. 
1890. 


Culms  2°-6°  tall,  erect,  simple,  stout,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  crowded  and  overlap- 
ping, glabrous  or  rarely  pilose;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs  about  i/x  long;  leaves  S'-i0  long  or  more, 
panicle  narrow,  often  i°  long  or  more,  pale, 
the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  4'- 
iox  long;  spikelets  3//-4//  long;  scales  acute, 
smooth,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  the 
third  a  little  longer  or  slightly  shorter  than  the 
second,  and  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the 
copious  basal  hairs;  palet  slightly  shorter  than 
the  third  scale. 


On  sandy  shores,  western  Ontario  and  Manitoba 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Indiana,  Kansas 
and  Colorado.  July-Sept. 


L,ong-leaved  Reed-grass. 


39.    APERA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  495.       1763. 

Annual  grasses  with  narrow  flat  leaves,  and  ample  open  or  contracted  panicles.  Spikelets 
i-flowered,  small,  the  rachilla  prolonged  beyond  the  flower  into  a  bristle.  Scales  3;  the 
2  outer  empty,  unequal,  thin,  membranous,  keeled,  acute;  the  third  scale  a  little  shorter, 
membranous,  bearing  a  long  slender  awn  inserted  just  below  the  shortly  2-toothed  apex; 
palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  free,  included  in  the  scale.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp. 
[Greek,  signifying  not  mutilated,  whole  or  entire;  application  uncertain.] 


Two  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  western  Asia. 

i.    Apera  Spica-venti  (L,.)  Beauv.     Silky  Bent-grass. 

(Fig.  383.) 


Windlestraw. 


Agroslis  Spica-venti  I,.  Sp.  PI.  61.      1753. 
Apera  Spica-venti  Beauv.  Agrost.  151.      1812. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the 
internodes,  the  upper  one  generally  including 
the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  i//-3//  long; 
leaves  i/-y/  long,  >^//-2//  wide,  scabrous;  pan- 
icle 3/-9/  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  as- 
cending, capillary,  iX'-3x  l°ng;  outer  scales  of 
the  spikelet  i//-i^//  long,  acute,  smooth  and 
shining;  third  scale  hairy  or  nearly  smooth,  bear- 
ing a  dorsal  scabrous  awn  3//-4//  long;  rudiment 
at  the  end  of  the  rachilla  less  than  X/x  long- 


In  waste  places  and  on  ballast,  Maine  to  southern 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  Adventive  from 
Europe.  June-July. 


168 


GRAMINEAE. 


40.    HOLCUS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1047.        1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
deciduous,  2-flowered;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  staminate.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty, 
membranous,  keeled,  the  first  i-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved  and  often  short-awned;  flower- 
ing scales  chartaceous,  that  of  the  upper  flower  bearing  a  bent  awn.  Palet  narrow,  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale. 
[Greek,  taken  from  Pliny.  ] 

About  8  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.    Holcus    lanatus    I,.       Velvet-grass. 
Meadow  Soft-grass.     (Fig.  384.) 

Holcus  lanatus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1048.      1753. 

Softly  and  densely  pubescent,  light  green,  culms 
i^°-3°  tall,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  the  base,  sim- 
ple. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
J^//-i//  long;  leaves  i/-6/  long,  2//-6//  wide;  spike- 
lets  2X/  long,  the  empty  scales  white-villous,  the 
upper  awn-pointed;  flowering  scales  ix/  long, 
smooth,  glabrous  and  shining,  the  lower  sparsely 
ciliate  on  the  keel,  somewhat  obtuse,  the  upper  2- 
toothed  and  bearing  a  hooked  awn  just  below  the 
apex. 

In  fields,  meadows  and  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Ontario  and  Illinois,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  June-Aug. 


41.    AIRA  L.  Sp.  PI.  63.       1753. 

Mostly  annual  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
small,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  thin-membranous, 
acute,  subequal,  persistent;  the  flowering  scales  usually  contiguous,  hyaline,  mucronate  or 
2-toothed,  deciduous,  bearing  a  delicate  dorsal  awn  inserted  below  the  middle;  palet  a  little 
shorter  than  the  scale,  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  enclosed 
in  the  scale  and  palet,  and  often  adhering  to  them.  [Greek  name  for  Lolium  temulentum.'] 

Four  or  five  species,  natives  of  Europe. 

Panicle  open;  flowering  scales  about  i"  long;  plants  s'-io'  tall.  i.  A.  caryophyllea. 

Panicle  contracted;  flowering  scales  about  iK"  long;  plants  2' -4'  tall.  2.  A.  praecox. 


i.    Aira  caryophyllea  I,.     Silvery  Hair-grass.     (Fig.  385.) 


Aira  caryophyllea  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  66.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous  throughout,  culms  s'-ic/ 
tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  simple,  slender. 
Sheaths  mostly  basal;  ligule  \y2f/  long;  leaves  y2'~ 
2X  long,  involute-setaceous;  panicle  i/-4/  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  the 
lower  i'  long  or  less;  spikelets  i//-iX//  l°ng>  the 
empty  scales  acute;  flowering  scales  very  acute, 
2-toothed,  i"  long,  bearing  an  awn  i>^//-2//  long. 


In  fields  and  waste  places,  eastern  Massachusetts  to 
Virginia.  Also  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Local.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Panicle  silvery,  shining.  May- 
July. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  169 

2.    Aira  praecox  L,.     Early  Hair-grass.     (Fig.  386.) 


Aira  praecox  L,.  Sp.  PI.  65.      1753. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout,  culms  2 '-4' 
tall,  erect,  from  an  annual  root,  simple,  rigid. 
Sheaths  clothing  the  whole  culm,  the  upper  one 
often  enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle ;  ligule  about 
lYz"  long;  leaves  i7  long  or  less,  involute-setaceous; 
panicle  contracted,  strict,  J^'-i'  in  length;  spike- 
lets  about  i^/xlong,  the  empty  scales  acute;  the 
flowering  scales  acuminate,  2-toothed,  about  1*4" 
long,  bearing  an  awn  i^//-2//  long. 


In  dry  fields,  southern  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Virginia.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  May- 
July. 


42.    DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv.  Agrost.  91.      pi.  18.     f.  3.       1812. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets 
2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  hairy  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers  or  rarely 
terminated  by  a  staminate  one.  Scales  4  (rarely  more),  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled,  acute, 
membranous,  shining,  persistent;  the  flowering  scales  of  about  the  same  texture,  deciduous, 
bearing  a  dorsal  awn,  the  apex  toothed.  Palet  narrow,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [In  honor  of  J.  C.  A.  Loiseleur- 
Deslongchamps,  1774-1849,  French  physician  and  botanist.] 

About  20  species,  inhabiting  cold  and  temperate  regions,  a  few  occurring  in  the  high  mountains 
of  the  tropics.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Upper  flowering  scale  reaching  or  extending  beyond  the  apex  of  the  empty  scales. 

Flowering  scales  about  i%"  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  flat.  i.  D.  caespitosa. 

Flowering  scales  about  2"  long,  acute  or  obtuse;  leaves  involute.  2.  D.  flexuosa. 

Empty  scales  extending  much  beyond  the  upper  flowering  scale.  3.  D.  atropurpurea. 


i.    Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.     Tufted  Hair-grass.     (Fig.  387.) 

Aira  caespitosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  64.      1753. 
Deschampsia  caespitosa  Beauv.  Agrost.  160.  pi.  18.  f.j. 
1812. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  ~L"-$"  long;  leaves  flat,  \"-\y2"  wide, 
smooth  beneath,  strongly  scabrous  above,  the  basal 
ones  numerous,  one-quarter  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  2/-6/  long;  panicle  open, 
3/-9/  in  length,  the  branches  widely  spreading  or 
ascending,  often  somewhat  flexuous,  naked  at  the 
base,  the  lower  2/-5/  long;  spikelets  i^//-2//  long; 
flowering  scales  about  \}i"  long,  erose-truncate  at 
the  apex,  the  awns  somewhat  shorter  or  a  little 
longer,  the  upper  scale  reaching  to  or  extending 
beyond  the  apices  of  the  empty  ones. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Illi- 
nois, Minnesota  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and 
Sierra  Nevada  to  New  Mexico  and  California,  mostly  in 
wet  soil.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug. 


i  yo 


GRAMINEAE. 


2.    Deschampsia  flexuosa  (I,.)  Trin.     Wavy  Hair-grass.     (Fig.  388.) 

Aira  flexuosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  65.      1753. 
Deschampsia  flexuosa  Trin.    Bull.    Acad.  Sci.   St. 
Petersb.  i:  66.      1836. 

Glabrous  throughout,  culms  i°-2*4°  tall,  erect, 
slender,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  much  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  \'f  long  or  less; 
leaves  involute-setaceous,  smooth  beneath,  scab- 
rous above,  the  basal  very  numerous,  one-fifth 
the  length  of  the  culm  or  less,  those  of  the  culm 
i '-3'  long;  panicle  open,  2/-8/  in  length,  the 
branches  ascending  or  erect,  sometimes  widely 
speading,  naked  at  the  base,  flexuous,  the  lower 
\y^'-^f  long;  spikelets  2^//-2>^//  long;  flow- 
ering scales  about  2"  long,  acutely  toothed  at 
the  apex;  awns  bent  and  twisted,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  scale;  upper  scale  reaching  to  or 
extending  beyond  the  apices  of  the  empty  ones. 

In  dry  soil,  Greenland  and  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario and  Michigan,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  5100  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks, 
Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 


3.    Deschampsia  atropurpurea  (Wahl.)  Scheele.     Mountain  Hair-grass. 

(Fig.  389.) 

Aira  atropurpurea  Wahl.  Fl.  Lapp.  37.      1812. 

Deschampsia  atropurpurea   Scheele,    Flora,  27:  56. 
1844. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  culms 
6/-i8/  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  \"  long  or  less,  trun- 
cate; leaves  i//-2//  wide,  erect,  sometimes  slightly 
scabrous  above,  the  basal  2^/~5/  long,  those  of  the 
culm  shorter;  panicle  contracted,  usually  purple  or 
purplish,  i/-2/  in  length,  the  branches  erect,  or 
sometimes  ascending,  the  lower  Yz'-iY^  long; 
spikelets  2^/x  long;  flowering  scales  about  ~i%'f 
long,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex;  awns  bent  and 
much  longer  than  the  scales;  upper  scale  much 
exceeded  by  the  very  acute  outer  ones. 

On  alpine  summits  of  New  York,  New  England, 
Montana,  Oregon  and  Washington,  north  to  Labrador 
and  Alaska.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 


43.   TRISETUM  Pers.  Syn.  i:  97.     1805. 

Mostly  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spike-like  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  uppermost  staminate;  rachilla  glabrous  or 
pilose,  extended  beyond  the  flowers.  Scales  4-6,  membranous,  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal,, 
acute,  persistent;  flowering  scales  usually  shorter  than  the  empty  ones,  deciduous,  2-toothed,. 
bearing  a  dorsal  awn  below  the  apex,  or  the  lower  one  sometimes  awnless.  Palet  narrow, 
hyaline,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in 
the  scale.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  three  bristles  (one  awn  and  two  sharp  teeth)  of  the  flow- 
ering scales  in  some  species.  ] 

About  50  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  or  mountainous  regions.  Besides  the  follow- 
ing, about  8  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Flowering  scales  all  bearing  long  dorsal  awns. 

Panicle  contracted,  dense;  flowering  scales  2J4"  long  or  less.  i.   T.  subspicatum. 

Panicle  open,  loose;  flowering  scales  21A"  long  or  more.  2.    T.  flavescens. 

Lower  flowering  scale  not  bearing  a  long  dorsal  awn,  a  rudiment  sometimes  present. 

3.   T.  Pennsylvanicum- 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


171 


i.    Trisetum  subspicatum  (L,.)  Beauv.     Narrow  False  Oat.     (Fig.  390.) 

Aira  subspicata  L.  Syst.  Veg.  Ed.  10,  673.      1759. 
Avena  moll  is  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Atn.  i:  72.      1803. 

Trisetum  subspicatum  Beauv.  Agrost.  180.      1812. 

Trisetum  subspicatum  var.  molle  A.  Gray,  Man.   Ed.   2, 
572.      1856. 

Softly  pubescent  or  glabrous,  culms  6r-2°  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
ligule  y2"-i/f  long;  leaves  \'-/\?  long,  ^//-2//  wide; 
panicle  spike-like,  i/-5/  in  length,  often  interrupted 
below,  its  branches  \y2f  or  less  long,  erect;  spikelets 
2-3-flowered,  the  empty  scales  hispid  on  the  keel, 
shining,  the  second  about  2l/t"  long,  the  first  shorter; 
flowering  scales  2/x-2^/x  long,  acuminate,  scabrous, 
each  bearing  a  long  bent  and  somewhat  twisted  awn. 

In  rocky  places,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  on  the  moun- 
tains to  North  Carolina,  New  Mexico  and  California.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug.-Sept. 

2.    Trisetum  flavescens  (L,.)  R.  &  S.     Yellow  False  Oat.     (Fig.  391.) 

Avena  flavescens  L-  Sp.  PI.  809.      1753. 
Trisetum  pratense  Pers.  Syn.  i:  97.      1805. 
Trisetum  flavescens  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  663.      1817. 

Culms  i%°-2%°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
more  or  less -pubescent;  ligule  y2"  long;  leaves  \%'~ 
5'  long,  i//-3//  wide,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparingly 
hairy;  panicle  open,  2/-5/  in  length,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  naked  be- 
low, the  lower  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  3-4-flowered; 
empty  scales  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  second 
acute,  2^x/  long,  the  first  about  half  as  long,  nar- 
rower, acuminate;  flowering  scales  2*4//-$//  long, 
scabrous,  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  awn. 

Introduced  into  Missouri  and  Kansas.  Native  of 
Europe  and  Asia.  Panicle  yellow,  turning  dull  brown. 
July-Aug. 


3.    Trisetum    Pennsylvanicum    (L,.)    Beauv. 
Marsh  False  Oat.     (Fig.  392.) 

Avena  Pennsylvanica  L.  Sp.  PI.  79.      1753. 
Avena  palustris  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  72.      1803. 

Trisetum  Pennsvlvanicum  Beauv. ;  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  658.     1817. 

Trisetum  palus'treforr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  126.      1824. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender  and  often 
weak,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  sometimes  scabrous;  ligule  }/2"  long;  leaves 
i/-6/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  rough;  panicle  2'-8'  in  length, 
yellowish,  narrow,  the  branches  ascending,  the  lower  i/-2/ 
long;  spikelets  2-flowered;  outer  scales  smooth,  shining, 
subequal,  the  second  2//-2/j4//  long;  flowering  scales 
2//-2^//  long,  scabrous,  the  lower  not  long-awned,  but  a 
rudimentary  awn  sometimes  present,  the  upper  with  a 
long  bent  and  twisted  awn. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows.  New  York  to  Illinois,  south 
to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  Virginia. 
Panicle  sometimes  loose  and  nodding.  June-July. 


172 


GRAMINEAE. 
44.    AVENA  L.  Sp.  PI.  79.     1753- 


Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  panicled  spikelets.  Spikelets 
2-many -flowered,  or  rarely  i-flowered;  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper  often  staminate  or 
imperfect.  Scales  4-many  (rarely  3);  the  2  lower  empty,  somewhat  unequal,  membranous, 
persistent;  flowering  scales  deciduous,  rounded  on  the  back,  acute,  generally  bearing  a  dorsal 
awn,  the  apex  often  2-toothed.  Palet  narrow,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  deeply  furrowed,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet,  free  or 
sometimes  adherent  to  the  latter.  [Old  Latin  name  for  the  Oat.] 

About  50  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  regions,  chiefly  in  the  Old  World.  Oats 
(A vena  saliva  L,.)  sometimes  appears  in  waste  places  or  in  fields  where  it  has  been  cultivated. 

Empty  scales  of  the  spikelet  6"  in  length  or  less,  shorter  than  the  flowering  scales. 

Flowering  scales  with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  the  base;  awn  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale. 

i.  A.  stria ta. 

Flowering  scales  naked  at  the  base;  awn  not  over  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale.  2.  A.  Smithii. 
Empty  scales  of  the  spikelet  6" -9"  in  length,  enclosing  the  flowering  scales.  3.  A.  fatua. 


Avena  striata  Michx.     Purple  Oat.     (Fig.  393.) 


Avena  striata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  73.      1803. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous;  ligule  %fr 
long  or  less;  leaves  erect,  i/-6/long,  i//-3//wide> 
smooth  beneath,  usually  scabrous  above;  panicle 
2  ^'-5'  in  length,  lax,  the  branches  erect  or 
ascending,  naked  below,  the  lower  i/-2j^/  long; 
spikelets  3-6-flowered,  the  empty  scales  smooth, 
the  second  3//-3^// in  length,  3-nerved,  the  first 
two-thirds  to  three-quarters  as  long,  i -nerved; 
flowering  scales  3//-4//  long,  with  a  ring  of  short 
hairs  at  the  base,  strongly  nerved,  scabrous; 
awns  as  long  as  the  scales  or  longer. 

In  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  northern  Pennsylvania,  Minnesota  and 
Dakota.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks. 
Spikelets  reddish-purple.  July-Aug. 


2.    Avena  Smithii  Porter.     Smith's  Oat.     (Fig.  394.) 

Avena  Smithii  Porter;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  3,  640.      1867. 
Melica  Smithii  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  294.      1888. 

Culms  2*4°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  scabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  very  rough;  ligule  2" 
long;  leaves  4/-8/  long,  3//-6//  wide,  scabrous;  panicle 
6/-i2/  in  length,  the  branches  finally  spreading;  spike- 
lets  3-6-flowered;  empty  scales  smooth,  the  second 
3//-4//  in  length,  5-nerved,  the  first  shorter,  obscurely 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  5"  long,  naked  at  the  base, 
strongly  nerved,  scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  one-fourth 
to  one-half  their  length. 

Northern  Michigan  and  Isle  Royal.     Summer. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


173 


3.    Avena  fatua  I,.     Wild  Oat.     (Fig.  395.) 

Avena  fatua  I,.  Sp.  PI.  80.      1753. 

Culms  i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  stout,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  smooth,  or  scabrous  at  the  summit, 
sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  the  lower  often  overlap- 
ping; ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves  3/-8/  long,  i//-4//  wide; 
panicle  open,  4/-i2/  in  length,  the  branches  ascending; 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  drooping;  outer  scales  ^/-i/  in 
length,  smooth,  enclosing  the  flowering  scales;  flower- 
ing scales  6//~9//  long,  with  a  ring  of  stiff  brown 
hairs  at  the  base,  pubescent  with  long  rigid  brown 
hairs,  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  awn. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Dakota  and  Minnesota; 
abundant  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Naturalized  from  Europe 
or  Asia.  July-Sept. 


45.    ARRHENATHERUM  Beauv.  Agrost.  55.    pi.  n.    f.  5.     1812. 

Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-flow- 
ered;  lower  flower  staminate,  upper  perfect;  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers.  Scales  4,. 
the  2  lower  empty,  thin-membranous,  keeled,  very  acute  or  awn-pointed,  unequal,  persistent, 
flowering  scales  rigid,  5-y-nerved,  deciduous,  the  first  bearing  a  long  bent  and  twisted  dorsal 
awn,  inserted  below  the  middle,  the  second  unawned;  palet  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid,  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  awn 
of  the  staminate  scale.] 

Six  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 


i.    Arrhenatherum 
Oat-grass. 


elatius  (L. 
(Fig.  396.) 


Beauv. 


Avena  elatior'L,.  Sp.  PI.  79.      1753. 

Arrhenatherum  avenaceum   Beauv.  Agrost.  152.     Name 

only.      1812. 
Arrhenatherum  elatius  Beauv.;  M.  &  K.  Deutsch.  Fl.  i: 

546.      1823. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple.  I/ower 
sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  i//  long; 
leaves  2^/-i2/  long,  i//-4//  wide,  scabrous;  panicle  &f- 
12' in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  the  lower 
i/-2/  long;  empty  scales  finely  roughened,  the  second 
4X/  long, the  first  shorter;  flowering  scales  about  4X/  long. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Geor- 
gia and  Tennessee.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  June-Aug. 


46.    DANTHONIA  DC.  Fl.  France,  3:  32.     1805. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles. 
Spikelets  3-many-flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect,  or  the  upper  staminate;  rachilla  pubes- 
cent, extending  beyond  the  flowers.  Scales  5-many,  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled,  acute,  sub- 
equal,  persistent,  generally  extending  beyond  the  uppermost  flowering  one;  flowering  scales 
rounded  on  the  back,  2-toothed,  deciduous,  the  awn  arising  from  between  the  acute  or  awned 
teeth,  flat  and  twisted  at  base,  bent;  palet  hyaline.,  2-keeled  near  the  margins,  obtuse  or 
2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale. 
[Name  in  honor  of  Etienne  Danthoine,  a  Marseilles  botanist  of  the  last  century.] 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  temperate  regions,  chiefly  in 
South  Africa. 

Empty  scales  "%.'  long  or  less;  sheaths  glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  pubescent  at  the  base. 
Teeth  of  the  flowering  scale  about  %."  long,  acute;  culm  leaves  short;  panicle  contracted. 

1.  D.  spicata. 
Teeth  of  the  flowering  scale  i"-i^"  long,  awned;  culm  leaves  elongated;  panicle  usually  open. 

2.  D.  compressa. 
Empty  scales  more  than  %'  long;  sheaths  usually  villous.                                             3.  D.  sericea. 


174 


GRAMINEAE. 


i.    Danthonia  spicata  (I,.)  Beauv.     Common  Wild  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  397.) 

1817. 


Avena  spicata  L,.  Sp.  PI.  80.      1753. 
Danthonia  spicata  Beauv.;  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  690. 


Culms  i°-2%°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, nearly  terete.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  glabrous  or  often  sparingly  pubescent  be- 
low; ligule  very  short;  leaves  rough,  i/x  wide  or 
less,  usually  involute,  the  lower  4/-6/  long,  the 
upper  i/-2/  long;  inflorescence  racemose  or  pan- 
iculate, i/-2/  in  length,  the  pedicels  and  branches 
erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  5-8-flowered ;  empty 
scales  4//-5//  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales 
broadly  oblong,  sparingly  pubescent  with  appressed 
silky  hairs,  the  teeth  about  y2f'  long,  acute  or  short- 
pointed,  the  bent  and  widely  spreading  awn  closely 
twisted  at  the  base,  loosely  so  above. 

In  dry  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Quebec  and  Dakota, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to 
3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Sept. 

2.    Danthonia  compressa  Austin.     Flattened  Wild  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  398.) 

Danthonia  compressa  Austin;  Peck,   Kept.   Reg.   N.  Y. 
State  Univ.  22:  54.      1869. 

Danthonia  Alleni  Austin,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  3:  21.      1872. 

Culms  i^°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  flattened, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  ligule  pilose;  leaves  \"  wide  or  less,  rough,  lax, 
the  basal  from  one-third  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
culm;  lower  culm  leaves  f>'-W  long,  the  upper  3 '-6'; 
panicle  open,  2/I^/-4/  in'  length,  the  lower  branches 
generally  spreading;  spikelets  5-io-flowered;  empty 
scales  5//-6//  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales  oblong, 
with  a  ring  of  short  hairs  at  base,  pubescent  with  ap- 
pressed silky  hairs,  the  awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent, 
strongly  twisted  below,  slightly  so  above,  the  teeth 
\"-\ y2ff  long,  acuminate,  awned. 

In  woods,  Maine  and  Vermont  to  North  Carolina  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July- 
Sept. 

Danthonia  sericea  Nutt.     Silky  Wild  Oat-grass.     (Fig.  399.) 

Danthonia  sericea  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  71.      1818. 

Culms  1 1/2°-?>°  tall,  simple,  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  usualry  villous;  ligule  pilose; 
leaves  rough  and  more  or  less  villous,  i//-i^//  wide, 
the  basal  one-quarter  to  one-half  the  length  of  the 
culm,  usually  flexuous,  those  of  the  culm  i'-4'  long, 
erect;  panicle  2>£/-4^/  in  length,  contracted,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending;  spikelets  4-io-flowered; 
empty  scales  7"-8"  long,  glabrous;  flowering  scales 
oblong,  strongly  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs,  the 
awn  erect  or  somewhat  bent,  closely  twisted  below, 
loosely  so  above,  the  teeth  \"-\y2"  long,  acuminate, 
awned. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  New  Jersey,  south 
to  Florida.  May-July. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


47.    CAPRIOLA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  31.       1763. 

[CYNODON  Rich.;  Pers.  Syn.  i:  85.      1805.] 

Perennial  grasses  with  short  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  digitate. 
Spikelets  i-flowered,  secund.  Scales  3;  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled;  flowering  scale  broader, 
membranous,  compressed;  palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  short,  plumose.  Grain  free.  [Name  mediaeval  Latin  for  the 
wild  goat,  that  feeds  on  this  grass  in  waste  rocky  places.] 

Four  known  species,  of  which  three  are  Australian,  the  following  widely  distributed. 

i.    Capriola  Dactylon  (I,.)  Kuntze. 

Bermuda-grass.       Scutch-grass. 

Dog's-tooth  Grass.     (Fig.  400.) 

Panicum  Dactylon  L,.  Sp.  PI.  58.      1753. 

Cynodon  Dactylon  Pers.  Syn.  i:  85.      1805. 

Capriola  Dactylon  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  764.      1891. 

Culms  4/-i2/  tall,  erect,  from  long  creeping  and 
branching  stolons,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy,  crowded  at  the  bases 
of  the  culms  and  along  the  stolons;  ligule  pilose; 
leaves  i/-2/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  flat,  rigid,  smooth 
beneath,  scabrous  above;  spikes  4-5,  X/-2/  "* 
length,  digitate;  rachis  flat;  spikelets  \"  long;  outer 
scales  hispid  on  the  keel,  narrow,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
broad  and  strongly  compressed  third  one. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  southern  New  York  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Tennessee,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Abundant  in  the  Southern  States.  Cultivated 
for  pasture.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

48.    SPARTINA  Schreb.  Gen.  43.      1789. 

Perennial  glabrous  grasses,  with  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  an 
inflorescence  of  one-sided  spreading  or  erect  alternate  spikes.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow, 
deciduous,  borne  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis,  articulated  with  the  very  short  pedicels  below 
the  scales.  Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  keeled,  very  unequal;  the  third  subtending  a  perfect 
flower,  keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second;  palet  often  longer  than  its  scale,  2- 
nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  filiform,  elongated.  Stigmas  filiform,  papillose  or  shortly 
plumose.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  cord-like  leaves  of  some  species.] 

About  7  species,  widely  distributed  in  saline  soil,  a  few  in  fresh-water  marshes. 
First  scale  awn-pointed,  equalling  the  third;  second  long-awned.  i.  5".  cynostiroid.es. 

First  scale  acute,  shorter  than  the  third,  usually  one-half  as  long. 
First  scale  strongly  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel. 

leaves  y*   wide  or  more,  flat.  2.  51.  polystachya. 

leaves  y±'  wide  or  less. 

Spikes  ascending  or  erect;  leaves  narrow,  involute;  coast  plant.        3.  S.  patens. 
Spikes  appressed;  leaves  usually  flat  at  the  base;  western  species.     4.  S1.  gracilis. 
First  scale  smooth  on  the  keel  or  occasionally  slightly  scabrous.  5.  S.  stricta. 

i.    Spartina    cynosuroides  (X.)  Willd. 
Tall  Marsh-grass.      (Fig.  401.) 

Dactylis  cynosuroides  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.      1753. 
.Spartina  cynosuroides  Willd.  Enum.  80.      1809. 

Culms  2°-6°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths 
long,  overlapping,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm 
crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs;  leaves  i°  long  or  more, 
3//~7//  wide,  scabrous  on  the  margins,  becoming  in- 
volute in  drying,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender  tip; 
spikes  5-30,  2/~5/  long,  often  on  peduncles  %/-i/  in 
length,  ascending  or  erect;  rachis  rough  on  the  mar- 
gins; spikelets  much  imbricated,  6//~7//  long;  outer 
scales  awn-pointed  or  awned,  strongly  hispid-scabrous 
on  the  keel;  third  scale  as  long  as  the  first,  the  sca- 
brous midrib  terminating  just  below  the  emarginate  or 
2-toothed  apex;  palet  sometimes  exceeding  the  scale. 

In  swamps  and  streams  of  fresh  or  brackish  water,  Nova 
Scotia  to  Assiniboia,  New  Jersey  and  Texas.  Sometimes 
glaucous.  Called  also  Fresh-water  Cord-grass.  Aug.-Oct. 

12 


I76 


GRAMINEAE. 


2.    Spartina  polystachya  (Michx.)  Ell.     Salt  Reed-grass.     (Fig.  402.) 

Trachynotia   polystachya  Michx.   Fl.    Bor.   Am.    i:  64. 
1803. 

Spartina  polystachya  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  95.      1817. 

Culms  4°-9°  tall,  erect,  stout,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  overlapping,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm 
crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  hairs;  leaves  i°  long  or  more, 
Y2'-\f  wide,  flat,  scabrous  at  least  on  the  margins,  at- 
tenuate into  a  long  slender  tip ;  spikes  20-50,  ascend- 
ing, often  long-peduncled,  2/-4/  in  length,  the  rachis 
rough  on  the  margins;  spikelets  much  imbricated,  4"- 
5"  long,  the  outer  scales  acute,  strongly  scabrous-his- 
pid on  the  keel,  the  first  half  the  length  of  the  sec- 
ond; third  scale  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  first  and  exceeded  by 
the  palet. 

In  salt  and  brackish  marshes,  Maine  to  New  Jersey  and 
Florida.  Called  also  Creek-thatch.  Aug.-Oct. 


3.    Spartina  patens  (Ait.)  Muhl.     Salt-meadow  Grass.     (Fig.  403.) 

Dactylis  patens  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  i:  104.      1789. 
Spartina  patens  Muhl.  Gram.  55.      1817. 
Spartina  juncea  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  94.      1817. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  base, 
smooth.  Lower  sheaths  overlapping  and  crowded; 
ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  ^°-i°  long,  i//-2// 
broad,  involute,  attenuate  into  a  long  tip,  smooth 
and  glabrous  beneath;  spikes  2-10,  i/-2/  long,  usually 
ascending,  more  or  less  peduncled,  the  rachis  slightly 
scabrous;  spikelets  3//-4//  long;  outer  scales  acute, 
scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  usually  rather 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  second;  third  scale 
somewhat  scabrous  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel, 
emarginate  or  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  longer  than  the 
first  and  exceeded  by  the  palet. 

On  salt  meadows,  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  to 
Florida,  west  to  Texas.  This  and  Juncus  Gerardi,  the 
"Black  Grass,"  furnish  most  of  the  salt  meadow  hay  of 
the  Atlantic  coast.  Aug-.-Oct. 


4.    Spartina  gracilis  Trin.     Inland  Cord-grass.     (Fig.  404. ) 


Spartina  gracilis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  6: 
no.      1840.. 


Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths 
overlapping,  those  at  the  base  of  the  culm  short  and 
crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i°  long  or 
less,  i//-3//  wide,  flat  or  involute,  attenuate  into  a 
long  tip;  spikes  4-8,  i/-2/  long,  appressed,  more  or 
less  peduncled;  spikelets  s"-tf'  long;  outer  scales, 
acute,  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first  half  the 
length  of  the  second;  third  scale  obtuse,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  second  and  about  equalling  the  obtuse 
palet. 

In  saline  soil,  Assiniboia  and  British  Columbia  to 
Nebraska  and  Nevada.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


177 


5.    Spartina  stricta  (Ait.)  Roth.     Smooth  Marsh-grass.     (Fig.  405.) 

Dactylis  stricta  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  i:  104.      1789. 
Spartina  stricta  Roth,  Cat.  Bot.  3:  9.     •  1806. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  overlapping,  those  at  the  base  shorter 
and  looser,  much  crowded;  ligule  a  ring  of  short 
hairs;  leaves  3/-i2/  long,  2//-4//  wide  at  the 
base,  involute,  at  least  when  dry;  spikes  3-5, 
erect  or  nearly  so,  \'-2f  long;  spikelets  6//-8// 
long,  loosely  imbricated;  empty  scales  acute  or 
acutish,  i-nerved,  the  first  shorter  than  the 
second,  which  exceeds  or  equals  the  third;  palet 
longer  than  the  third  scale. 

Spartina  stricta maritima  (Walt.)  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr. 

Club,  5:  45.      1894. 

Dactylis  maritima  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  77.      1788. 
Spartina  glabra  Muhl.  Gram.  54.      1817. 

Culms  taller,sometimes  9°  high,  and  leaves  longer; 
spikes  more  numerous,  usually  appressed. 

Spartina  stricta  alterniflora  (Lois.)  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  2,  552.      1856. 
Spartina  alterniflora  Lois.  Fl.  Gall.  2:  719.      1807. 

Culms  4°-6°  tall;  spikes  slender,  appressed,  3' -5'  long,  the  spikelets  barely  overlapping. 

Very  variable.  Common,  in  some  one  of  its  forms,  along  the  coast  from  Maine  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Also  on  the  coast  of  Europe.  Our  plant  does  not  appear  to  be  satisfactorily  identified  with 
the  European.  Aug.-Oct. 

49.    CAMPULOSUS  Desv.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  2:  189.     1810. 

[CTENiUM  Panzer,  Deutsch.  Akad.  Muench.  1813:  288.  pi.  13.  1814.] 
Tall  pungent-tasted  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  narrow  leaves  and  a  curved  spicate  in- 
florescence. Spikelets  borne  pectinately  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  flat  curved  rachis, 
l-flowered.  Lower  4  scales  empty,  the  first  very  short,  hyaline;  the  second,  third,  fourth 
and  fifth  awned  on  the  back,  the  latter  subtending  a  perfect  flower  and  palet,  the  uppermost 
scales  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  loosely 
enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  curved  spike.] 

Seven  known  species,  four  of  them  American,  the  others  in  the  eastern  hemisphere. 

i.    Campulosus  aromaticus  (Walt.)  Scribn.     Toothache  Grass.     (Fig.  406.) 


Aegilops  aromatica  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  249.      1788. 
Ctenium  Americanum  Spreng.  Syst.  i:  274.      1825. 

Campulosus  aromaticus  Scribn.  Mem.   Torr.    Club, 
5: 45.      1894. 

Culms  3°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  some- 
what scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  rough;  ligule  i//  long,  truncate;  leaves 
\'-df  long,  i//-2//  wide,  flat  or  involute,  smooth; 
spike  terminal,  solitary,  curved,  2/~4/  long,  the 
rachis  extended  into  a  point;  spikelets  about  3" 
long;  second  scale  thick  and  rigid,  awn-pointed, 
bearing  just  above  the  middle  a  stout  horizontal 
or  recurved  awn;  third,  fourth  and  fifth  scales 
membranous,  scabrous,  awned  from  below  the 
2-toothed  apex,  the  fifth  subtending  a  perfect 
flower,  the  others  empty. 


In  wet  soil,  especially  in  pine  barrens,  Virginia  to 
Florida.    July-Sept. 


1 78 


GRAMINEAE. 


50.   CHLORIS  Sw.  Prodr.  25.       1788. 

Mostly  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  solitary, 
few,  or  numerous  and  verticillate  or  approximate.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  arranged  in  two 
rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  Scales  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal,  keeled,  acute;  third 
and  fourth  usually  awned,  the  former  subtending  a  perfect  flower;  palet  folded  and  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek, 
greenish-yellow,  referring  to  the  color  of  the  herbage.] 

About  forty  species,  mostly  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following  some 
10  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 

i."  Chloris  verticillata  Nutt.      Prairie 
Chloris.     (Fig.  407.) 

Chloris  verticillata  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 
5:  150.      1833-37. 

Culms  (>'-•&'  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  and  root- 
ing at  the  lower  nodes,  smooth,  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth,  or  roughish  at 
the  summit;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  \r-$r 
long,  i//-2//wide,  obtuse,  often  apiculate,  scabrous; 
spikes  slender,  usually  spreading,  2/-4^/  long,  in 
one  or  two  whorls,  or  the  upper  ones  approximate; 
spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  about  iX//  l°ng> 
the  first  scale  about  one-half  the  length  of  the  sec- 
ond; the  third  i//  long,  obtuse,  ciliate  on  the 
nerves,  especially  on  the  lateral  ones,  bearing  just 
below  the  apex  a  scabrous  awn  about  2^/x  long; 
fourth  scale  as  long  as  or  shorter  than  the  third, 
awned  near  the  usually  truncate  apex. 

On  prairies,  Kansas  to  Texas.     May-July. 

51.    GYMNOPOGON  Beauv.  Agrost.  41.    pi.  g.    f.  3.     1812. 

Perennial  grasses  with  flat  and  usually  short  rigid  leaves,  and  numerous  slender  alter- 
nate spikes.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  almost  sessile,  the  rachilla  extended  and  bearing  a  small 
scale  which  is  usually  awned.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  unequal,  narrow,  acute; 
third  broader,  fertile,  3-nerved,  slightly  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  erect  awn;  the 
fourth  empty,  small,  awned;  palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  linear,  free,  enclosed  in  the  rigid  scale.  [Greek,  naked-beard,  referring  to  the  pro- 
longation of  the  rachilla.] 

Six  known  species,  all  but  one  of  them  natives  of  America. 

Spikes  bearing-  spikelets  their  whole  length;  awn  longer  than  flowering  scale.       i.  G.  ambiguus. 
Spikes  bearing  spikelets  above  the  middle;  awn  shorter  than  flowering  scale.       2.  G.  brevifolius. 


I.    Gymnopogon  ambiguus  (Michx.)  B.S.P. 

(Fig.  408.) 

Andropogon  ambiguus  Michx.   Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  58. 

1803. 

Gymnopogon  racemosus  Beauv.  Agrost.  164.      1812. 
Gymnopogon  ambiguus  B.S.P.   Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.   69. 


Culms  i2/-i8/  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  simple  or  sometimes  sparingly  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  short,  glabrous, 
excepting  a  villous  ring  at  the  summit,  crowded  at 
the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  i'- 
4X  long,  2//-6//  wide,  lanceolate,  acute,  cordate  at 
the  base,  spreading,  smooth  or  a  little  scabrous 
above;  spikes  slender,  spikelet-bearing  throughout 
their  entire  length,  at  first  erect,  the  lower  4/-8/ 
long,  at  length  widely  spreading;  spikelets,  exclu- 
sive of  awns,  2//-2X//  long;  first  scale  shorter  than 
the  second;  third  scale  exceeded  by  the  second,  the 
callus  at  the  base  hairy,  the  awn  2//-3//  long. 
!"'  In  dry  sandy  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Aug. -Oct. 


Broad-leaved  Gymnopogon. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 

2.    Gymnopogon  brevifolius  Trin. 

Short-leaved  Gymnopogon. 

(Fig.  409.) 

Gymnopogon  brevifolius  Trin.  Unifl.  238.      1824. 

Culms  i°-2°  long,  from  a  decumbent  base,  simple, 
slender,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  sometimes  crowded  near  the 
middle  of  the  culm;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  i/-2/ 
long,  i//-4//  wide,  usually  spreading,  lanceolate, 
acute,  cordate  at  the  base;  spikes  very  slender, 
spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle,  the  lower  4'- 
6'  long,  at  first  erect,  finally  widely  spreading; 
spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awns,  i^x/  long;  first 
scale  shorter  than  the  second;  third  scale  equalling 
or  exceeded  by  the  second,  short-awned,  sparingly 
villous  or  glabrous,  the  callus  hairy. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  west  to  Missis- 
sippi. Aug. -Oct. 

52.    SCHEDONNARDUS  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  146.       1855. 

An  annual  grass  with  branching  culms,  narrow  leaves  and  slender  spikes  arranged  along 
a  common  axis.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  sessile  and  alternate  on  the  rachis.  Scales  3;  the  2 
lower  empty,  narrow,  membranous,  acuminate;  the  flowering  scale  longer,  of  similar  texture; 
palet  narrow,  shorter.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  linear,  free, 
enclosed  in  the  rigid  scale.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  resemblance  of  this  grass  to  the 
genus  Nardus.~\ 

A  monotypic  genus  of  central  North  America. 

i.    Schedonnardus    paniculatus  (Nutt.) 
Trelease.     Schedonnardus.     (Fig.  410.) 

Lepturus paniculatus  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  81.      1818. 
Schedonnardus  Texamis  Steud.   Syn.  PI.  Gram.  146. 

1855- 

Schedonnardtis  paniculatus  Trelease,  Branner  &  Co- 
ville,  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  Ark.  1888:  Part  4,  236.      1891. 

Culms  8/-i8/  tall,  erect,  slender,  rigid,  branch- 
ing at  the  base,  scabrous.  Sheaths  crowded  at  the 
base  of  the  culm,  compressed,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; ligule  \ff  long,  truncate;  leaves  i/-2/  long, 
i//  wide  or  less,  flat,  usually  erect;  spikes  numer- 
ous, rigid,  widely  spreading,  alternate,  the  lower 
2/-4/  long,  the  axis  and  branches  triangular;  spike- 
lets  iX""1/^"  l°ng)  sessile  and  appressed,  alter- 
nate; scales  hispid  on  the  keel,  the  second  longer 
than  the  first  and  exceeded  by  the  acute  third  one. 

Manitoba  and  Assiniboia,  south  to  Illinois,  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.  Jnly-Sept. 

53.    BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  y  Litter.  2:  Part  4,  134.     1805. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  numerous  spikelets  in  one- 
sided spikes.  Spikelets  i-2-flowered,  arranged  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a  flat  rachis,  the 
rachilla  extended  beyond  the  base  of  the  flowers,  bearing  1-3  awns  and  1-3  rudimentary  scales. 
Two  lower  scales  empty,  acute,  keeled;  flowering  scale  broader,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  awn- 
pointed  or  awued;  palet  hyaline,  entire  or  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free.  [In  honor  of  Claudius  Boutelou,  a  Spanish  botanist.] 

About  30  species,  particularly  numerous  in  Mexico  and  in  the  southwestern  United  States. 
Spikes  1-4,  erect  or  spreading;  spikelets  numerous,  pectinately  arranged. 

Rachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  glabrous;  second  scale  strongly  papillose- 
hispid  on  the  keel.  i.  B.  hirsuta. 
Rachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  at  the  apex;  second 

scale  scabrous  and  sparingly  long-ciliate  on  the  keel.  2.  B.  oligostachya. 

Spikes  numerous,  spreading  or  reflexed;  spikelets  few  or  several,  diverging  from  the  rachis. 

3.  B.  curtipendula. 


i8o 


GRAMINEAE. 


2. 


i.    Bouteloua  hirsuta  I,ag.     Hairy  Mesquite-grass.     (Fig.  411.) 

Bouteloua  hirsuta  I<ag.  Var.  Cienc.  y  L,itter.  2:  Part  4, 
141.      1805. 

Culms  6'-2o'  tall,  erect,  simple  or  sometimes 
sparingly  branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  culm, 
the  lower  short  and  crowded,  the  upper  longer;  lig- 
ule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i '-5' long,  \"  wide 
or  less,  erect  or  ascending,  flat,  scabrous,  spar- 
ingly papillose-hirsute  near  the  base,  especially  on 
the  margins;  spikes  1-4,  X/-2/  l°ng>  usually  erect 
or  ascending,  the  rachis  extending  beyond  the 
spikelets  into  a  conspicuous  point;  spikelets  nu- 
merous, 2^//-3//  long,  pectinately  arranged;  first 
scale  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  membranous  second 
one,  which  is  strongly  papillose-hirsute  on  the 
keel;  third  scale  pubescent,  3-cleft  to  the  middle,  the 
nerves  terminating  in  awns;  rachilla  without  a  tuft 
of  hairs  under  the  rudimentary  scales  and  awns. 
In  dry  soil,  especially  on  prairies,  Illinois  to  Dakota,  Texas  and  Arizona.  July-Sept. 

Bouteloua  oligostachya  (Nutt. )  Torr.      Grama-grass.      Mesquite-grass. 

(Fig.  412.) 

Atheropogon  oligostachyus  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  78.      1818. 
Bouteloua  oligostachya  Torr.;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  553. 

1856. 

Culms  6/-i 8'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  interned es;  ligule  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  I'-Af  long,  \"  wide  or  less, 
involute,  at  least  at  the  long  slender  tip,  smooth  or 
scabrous;  spikes  1-3,  i/-2/  long,  often  strongly  curved, 
the  rachis  terminating  in  a  short  inconspicuous  point; 
spikelets  numerous,  pectinately  arranged,  about  3" 
long;  first  scale  hyaline,  shorter  than  the  membranous 
second  one,  which  is  scabrous  and  sometimes  long- 
ciliate  on  the  keel,  and  sometimes  bears  a  few  papillae; 
third  scale  pubescent,  3-cleft,  the  nerves  terminating  in 
awns;  rachilla  with  a  tuft  of  long  hairs  under  the  rudi- 
mentary scales  and  awns. 

On  prairies,  Manitoba  to  Alberta,  south  to  Wisconsin, 
Texas  and  Mexico.  July-Sept. 

Bouteloua  curtipendula  (Michx. )  Torr.    Racemed  Bouteloua.    (Fig.  413.) 

Chloris curtipendula  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  59.     1803. 
Bouteloua  racemosa  Lag.  Var.  Cienc.  y  Litter.  2:  Part 

4,  141.      1805. 

Bouteloua  curtipendtila  Torr.  Emory's  Rep.  153.    1848. 
Bouteloua  curtipendula  var.  aristosa  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  2,  553.      1856. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  2/-i2/  long,  2"  wide 
or  less,  flat  or  involute,  rough,  especially  above; 
spikes  numerous,  3//-8//  long,  widely  spreading  or 
reflexed;  spikelets  4-12,  divergent  from  the  rachis, 
3^/x-5/x  long,  scales  scabrous,  especially  on  the 
keel,  the  first  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
second;  the  third  3-toothed,  the  nerves  extended 
into  short  awns;  rachilla  bearing  at  the  summit  a 
small  awned  scale,  or  sometimes  a  larger  3-nerved 
scale,  the  nerves  extended  into  awns;  anthers 
vermillion  or  cinnabar-red. 
In  dry  soil,  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Texas  and  Mexico.  July-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


181 


54.    BECKMANNIA  Host,  Gram.  Austr.  3:  5.    pi.  6.     1805. 

A  tall  erect  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  erect  spikes  borne  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Spike- 
lets  i-2-flowered,  globose,  compressed.  Scales  3  or  4;  the  2  lower  empty,  membranous,  sac- 
cate, obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  the  flowering  scales  narrow,  thin  membranous;  palet  hyaline, 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  enclosed  in 
the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Beckmann,  1739-1811,  teacher  of  Natural  History 
at  St.  Petersburg.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (I,.)  Host. 
Beckmannia.     (Fig.  414.) 

Phalaris  erucaeformis  L,.  Sp.  PI.  55.      1753. 
Beckmannia  erucaeformis  Host,    Gram.  Austr.  3:  5. 

1805. 
Beckmannia    erucaeformis    var.     uniflora     Scribn.; 

Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  628.      1890. 

Glabrous,  culms  iX°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple, 
smooth.  Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes, 
loose;  ligule  2//-4//  long;  leaves  3 '-9'  long,  2//-4// 
wide,  rough;  panicle  4/-io/  in  length,  simple  or 
compound,  the  spikes  about  yz'  long;  spikelets 
i"-!^"  long,  i-2-flowered,  closely  imbricated  in 
two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis;  scales  smooth, 
the  outer  saccate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute;  flower- 
ing scales  acute,  the  lower  generally  awn-pointed, 
the  upper  rarely  present. 

In  wet  places,  western  Ontario  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Iowa,  Colorado  and  California.  July-Sept. 


55.    ELEUSINE  Gaertn.  Fruct.  &  Sem.  i:  7.    //.  i.     1788. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes 
digitate  or  close  together  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  sessile, 
closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  which  is  not  extended  beyond  them; 
flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate.  Scales  compressed,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty;  the 
others  subtending  flowers,  or  the  upper  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [From  the  Greek  name  of  the  town 
where  Ceres  was  worshipped.] 

Species  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Besides  the  following,  two  others  have  been  found  in 
ballast  fillings  about  the  eastern  seaports. 


i.    Eleusine    Indica    (I,. )    Gaertn.      Wire- 
grass.     Crab-grass.     Yard-grass. 


(Fig.  415.) 


Cynosurus  Indicus  t,.  Sp.  PI.  72.      1753. 
Eleti sine  Indica  Gaertn.  Fruct.  &  Sem.  i:  8. 


1788. 


Culms  6'-2°  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  overlap- 
ping and  often  short  and  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
culm,  glabrous  or  sometimes  sparingly  villous;  ligule 
very  short;  leaves  3/-i2/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  smooth  or 
scabrous;  spikes  2-10,  i/-3/  long,  whorled  or  approxi- 
mate at  the  summit  of  the  culm  or  one  or  two  some- 
times distant;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  i>^//-2//  long; 
scales  acute,  minutely  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first 
i-nerved,  the  second  3-7-nerved,  the  others  3-5-nerved. 

In  fields,  dooryards  and  waste  places  all  over  North 
America  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from  the 
warmer  regions  of  the  Old  World.  June-Sept. 


182  GRAMINEAE. 

56.    DACTYLOCTENIUM  Willd.  Emim.  1029.       1809. 

An  annual  grass  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  in  pairs  or  digitate^ 
Spikelets  several- flowered,  sessile,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis- 
which  is  extended  beyond  them  into  a  sharp  point.  Scales  compressed,  keeled,  the  2  lower 
and  the  uppermost  ones  empty,  the  others  subtending  flowers.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  rugose,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale.  [Greek,  re- 
ferring to  the  digitately  spreading  spikes.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  Old  World. 


i.    Dactyloctenium  Aegyptium  (L,. )  Willd.     Egyptian  Grass.     (Fig.  416.) 


Cynosurus  Aegyptius  I,.  Sp.  PI.  72.  1753. 
Eleusine  Aegyptia  Pers.  Syn.  i:  87.  1805. 
Dactyloctenium  Aegyptiacum  Willd.  F,num.  1029.  1809. 

Culms  6/-2°  long,  usually  decumbent  and  exten- 
sively creeping  at  the  base.  Sheaths  loose,  over- 
lapping and  often  crowded,  smooth  and  glabrous; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  6xin  length  or  less,  1"-$"' 
wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  pubescent, 
ciliate  toward  the  base;  spikes  in  pairs,  or  3-5  and 
digitate,  X/-2/  l°ng;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  scales 
compressed,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  second 
awned,  the  flowering  ones  broader  and  pointed. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  ground,  southern 
New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  to  Illinois  and 
California,  south  to  Florida  and  Mexico.  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  tropical  America.  Naturalized  from  Asia 
or  Africa.  July-Oct. 


57.    LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv.  Agrost.  71.    pi.  15.    f.  i.     1812. 

Usually  tall  annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  numerous  spikes  forming  a  simple  pan- 
icle. Spikelets  usually  2-many-flowered,  flattened,  alternating  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of 
the  rachis.  Scales  4-many;  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  the  flower- 
ing scales  keeled,  3-nerved.  Palet  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  slender  spikes.] 

About  12  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following,. 
3  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 

i.    Leptochloa  mucronata  (Michx.) 
Kunth.     Northern  Leptochloa. 

(Fig.  417.) 

Eleusine  mucronata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  65.     1803- 
Leptochloa  mucronata  Kunth,  Gram,  i:  91.      1829-35. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  branched,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  short,  lacerate-toothed; 
leaves  2/-8/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  scabrous;  spikes 
numerous,  slender,  rigid,  spreading  or  ascending, 
the  lower  2/-6/  long;  spikelets  usually  3-flowered, 
about  \"  long,  the  empty  scales  shorter  than  the 
spikelet,  acute,  i-nerved,  slightly  scabrous  on  the 
keel;  flowering  scales  2-toothed  at  the  apex, 
ciliate  on  the  nerves. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Virginia  to  Illinois,  Missouri 
and  California,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Louisiana 
and  Mexico.  Also  in  Cuba.  July-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


183 


58.    BULBILIS  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  4:  190.       1819. 
[BUCHLOE  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  i:  432.    pi.  14.    figs.  /-//.     1859.] 
A  perennial  stoloniferous  monoecious  or  apparently  dioecious  grass  with  flat  leaves  and 
spicate  inflorescence.     Staminate  spikelets  borne  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  the 
spikes  at  the  summit  of  the  long  and   exserted  culms.     Pistillate  spikelets  in   spike-like 
clusters  of  2  or  3,  on  very  short  culms,  scarcely  exserted   from   the   sheath.     Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct,  long.     Stigmas  elongated,  short-plumose.     Grain  ovate,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale.     [Name  apparently  from  the  supposed  bulb-like  base  of  old  plants.] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  central  North  America. 

i.    Bulbilis   dactyloides    (Nutt.)    Raf. 
Buffalo  Grass.     (Fig.  418.) 

Sesleria  dactyloides  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  65.      1818. 
Buchloe  dactyloides  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  L,ouis  Acad. 

1:432.      1859. 
£Hlbilisdac/yloides'Ra.L;Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  763. 

1891. 

Culms  bearing  staminate  flowers  4/-i  2/  tall, 
erect,  slender,  naked  above,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; those  bearing  pistillate  flowers  )4/-3>/ 
long,  much  exceeded  by  the  leaves;  ligule  a 
ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  \"  wide  or  less,  more 
or  less  papillose-hirsute,  those  of  the  staminate 
culms  i/-4/  long,  erect,  those  of  the  stolons  and 
pistillate  culms  \f  long  or  less,  spreading;  stam- 
inate spikes  2  or  3,  approximate;  spikelets  2/r- 
2i^//  long,  flattened,  2-3-flowered,  the  empty 
scales  i-nerved,  the  flowering  3- nerved;  pistil- 
late spikelets  ovoid,  the  outer  scales  indurated. 

On  plains  and  prairies,  Minnesota  to  Dakota, 
south  to  Arkansas,  Texas  and  Mexico.  A  valuable 
fodder  grass.  June-July. 

59.    MUNROA  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:  158.       1856. 

A  low  diffusely  branched  grass,  with  flat  pungently  pointed  leaves  crowded  at  the  nodes 
and  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Spikelets  in  clusters  of  3-6,  nearly  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the 
floral  leaves,  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  lanceolate,  acute, 
i-nerved,  hyaline;  flowering  scales  larger,  3-nerved;  i  or  2  empty  scales  sometimes  present 
above  the  flowering  ones;  palet  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas 
barbellate  or  short-plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of 
Gen.  William  Munro,  English  agrostologist. ] 

Three  known  species,  the  following  of  the  plains  of  North  America,  the  others  South  American. 

i.     Munroa    squarrosa    (Nutt.)    Torr. 
Munro's  Grass.     (Fig.  419.) 

Crypsis  squarrosa  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  49.      1818. 
Munroa  squarrosa  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rept.  4:  158. 
1856. 

Culms  2/-S/  long,  tufted,  erect,  decumbent  or 
prostrate,  much  branched,  smooth  or  rough. 
Sheaths  short,  crowded  at  the  nodes  and  ends 
of  the  branches,  smooth,  pilose  at  the  base  and 
throat,  sometimes  ciliate  on  the  margins;  ligule 
a  ring  of  hairs;  leaves  \'  long  or  less,  j^//-i/ 
wide,  rigid,  spreading,  scabrous,  pungently- 
poiuted;  spikelets  2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  per- 
fect; empty  scales  i -nerved,  shorter  than  the 
flowering  scales  which  are  about  2^//  long,  3- 
toothed,  the  nerves  excurrent  as  short  points 
or  awns,  tufts  of  hairs  near  the  middle;  palets 
obtuse. 

On  dry  plains,  South  Dakota  to  Alberta,  south  to 
Nebraska,  Texas  and  Arizona.  Aug.-Oct. 


1 84 


GRAMINEAE. 


60.    PHRAGMITES  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  134.       1820. 

Tall  perennial  reed-like  grasses,  with  broad  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles.  Spikelets  3- 
several-flowered,  the  first  flower  often  staminate,  the  others  perfect;  rachilla  articulated  be- 
tween the  flowering  scales,  long-pilose.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  membranous, 
lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  the  third  scale  empty  or  subtending  a  staminate 
flower;  flowering  scales  glabrous,  narrow,  long-acuminate,  much  exceeding  the  short  palets. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  referring  to  its  hedge-like  growth  along  ditches] 

Three  known  species,  the  following  of  the  north  tem- 
perate zone,  one  in  Asia,  the  third  in  South  America. 

i.    Phragmites  Phragmites  (I,.)  Karst. 
Reed.      (Fig.  420.) 

Arundo  Phragmites  L,.  Sp.  PI.  81.  1753. 
Phragmites  communis  Trin.  Fund.  Agrost.  134.  1820. 
Phragmites  Phragmites  Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  379.  1880-83. 
Culms  5°-i5°  tall,  erect,  stout,  from  long  horizontal 
rootstocks,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  overlap- 
ping, loose;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
•6'-!°  long  or  more,  Y^'-i'  wide,  flat,  smooth,  gla- 
brous; panicle  6/-i°  long  or  more,  ample;  spikelets 
crowded  on  the  ascending  branches;  first  scale  i- 
nerved,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  3-nerved 
second  one;  flowering  scales  5//-6//  long,  3-nerved, 
long-acuminate,  equalling  the  hairs  of  the  rachilla. 

In  swamps  and  wet  places  nearly  throughout  the  United 
States,  extending  north  to  Nova  Scotia,  Manitoba  and  Brit- 
ish Columbia.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Rarely  ripen- 
ing seed.  Aug.-Oct. 

61.    SIEGLINGIA  Bernh.  Syst.  Verz.  Pfl.  Erf.  40.       1800. 
[TRIODIA  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  182.     1810.] 

Perennial  grasses  with  narrow  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2- 
many-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate.  Scales  5-many,  rigid,  1-3- 
nerved;  the  2  lower  empty,  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  keeled;  flowering  scales  rounded  on 
the  back,  at  least  at  the  base,  the  apex  lobed  or  toothed,  3-nerved,  the  nerves  pilose,  and 
usually  excurrent  as  short  points  between  the  lobes  or  teeth;  palet  broad,  2-keeled.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
{Name  in  honor  of  Professor  Siegling,  German  botanist.] 

About  30  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  regions;  a  few  in  tropical  America.    Besides 
the  following,  some  20  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Internodes  of  the  rachilla  less  than  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales. 


Panicle  open,  the  branches  4'-io'  long. 
Panicle  spike-like,  the  branches  3'  long  or  less. 

Panicle  5' -12'  long;  spikelets  numerous. 

Panicle  i'-a'  long;  spikelets  few. 
Internodes  of  the  rachilla  one-half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales. 


I. 


1.  S.  seslerioides. 

2.  S.  stricta. 

3.  S.  decumbens. 

4.  5".  purpurea. 

(Fig.  421.) 

1803. 


Sieglingia  seslerioides  (Michx.)  Scribn.     Tall  Red-top. 

Poa  seslerioides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  i 
Triodiacuprea].  F.  Jacq.  Eclog.  Gram.  2:  21.  pi.  16.    1814. 
Sieglingia  seslerioides  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  5: 

48.      1894. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  somewhat  flattened,  simple, 
glabrous,  often  viscid  above.  Sheaths  sometimes  vil- 
lous  at  the  summit,  the  lower  short,  overlapping  and 
crowded,  the  upper  longer,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
4'-!0  long  or  more,  •$"-£>"  wide,  flat,  attenuate  into  a 
long  tip,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle  6'- 
18'  long,  the  branches  finally  ascending  or  spreading, 
the  lower  4/-io/  long,  usually  dividing  above  the  mid- 
dle; spikelets  4-8-flowered,  $"-*,"  long,  purple;  joints 
of  the  rachilla  short;  empty  scales  glabrous,  obtuse, 
generally  slightly  2-toothed;  flowering  scales  oval,  the 
nerves  pilose,  excurrent  as  short  points. 

In  fields,  New  York  to  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  July-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


185 


2.    Sieglingia  stricta  (Nutt. )  Kuntze. 

Windsoria  stricta  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 

5:  147.      1833-37. 
Triodia  stricta  Vasey,  Spec.  Rept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric. 

63:  35-      1883. 
Sieglingia  stricta  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  789.      1891. 

Culms  i*4°-4°  tall,  erect,  a  little  compressed, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  Hgule  a  ring  of  short  hairs; 
leaves  6x-i0  long  or  more,  flat,  long-acuminate, 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  spike-like  pan- 
icle 5/-i2/  in  length,  the  branches  appressed,  the 


Narrow  Sieglingia.     (Fig.  422.) 


lower  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  4-io-flowered,  2//-3// 
long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  very  short;  lower 
scales  usually  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let,  rarely  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales, 
acute,  glabrous;  flowering  scales  ovate,  the  nerves 
pilose  for  more  than  half  their  length,  the  middle 
and  often  the  lateral  excurrent  as  short  points. 

Moist    soil,    Mississippi    to    Kansas    and    Texas. 
July-Oct. 

3.    Sieglingia  decumbens  (L. )  Kuntze.     Heather-grass.     (Fig.  423.) 

Festuca  decumbens  !,.  Sp.  PI.  75.      1753. 
Triodia  decumbens  Beauv.  Agrost.  76.      1812. 
Sieglingia  decumbens  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  789.     1891. 

Culms  6/-i8/  tall,  erect,  often  decumbent  at  the 
base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  villous  at  the  summit; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  usually  scabrous  above,  ^//-i^// wide, 
the  basal  3/-6/  long,  those  of  the  culm  I'-s' 
long;  panicle  I'-a'  long,  contracted,  the  branches 
i'  long  or  less,  erect;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  3//~5// 
long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla  very  short;  lower 
scales  equalling  the  spikelet,  acute;  flowering  scales 
broadly  oval,  ciliate  on  the  margins  below,  obtusely 
3-toothed,  with  two  tufts  of  hair  on  the  callus. 

Introduced  into  Newfoundland.  Native  of  Europe 
and  Asia.  Summer. 

4.    Sieglingia  purpurea  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     Sand-grass.     (Fig.  424.) 

Aira  purpurea  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  78.      1788. 
Tricuspis  purpurea  A.  Gray,  Man.  589.      1848. 
Sieglingia  purpurea  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  789.      1891. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  prostrate  or  decumbent, 
smooth  and  glabrous  or  the  nodes  pubescent.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  rough;  ligule  a  ring  of 
short  hairs;  leaves  >^/-2^/  long,  \"  wide  or  less, 
rigid,  scabrous,  sometimes  sparsely  ciliate;  panicle 
i/~3/  in  length,  the  branches  rigid,  finally  widely 
spreading,  the  lower  |^/-i>^/  long;  spikelets  2-5- 
flowered,  2^//-4//  long,  the  joints  of  the  rachilla 
half  as  long  as  the  flowering  scale;  lower  scales  gla- 
brous; flowering  scales  oblong,  2-lobed  at  the  apex, 
the  lobes  erose-truncate,  the  nerves  strongly  ciliate, 
the  middle  one  excurrent  as  a  short  point;  palets 
long-ciliate  on  the  upper  part  of  the  keel. 

In  sand,  especially  on  sea  beaches,  Maine  to  Texas, 
and  along  the  Great  Lakes.  Also  from  Nebraska  to  New 
Mexico.  Plant  acid.  Aug.-Sept. 


186 


GRAMINEAE. 


62.  REDFIELDIA  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  14:  133.  1887. 
A  tall  perennial  grass,  with  long  narrow  leaves  and  an  ample  panicle.  Spikelets  1-3- 
flowered,  the  flowers  all  perfect.  Empty  scales  2,  about  equal,  shorter  than  the  spikelet, 
i-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  3-nerved,  with  a  ring  of  hairs  at  the  base.  Palet  2- 
nerved,  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Styles  long,  distinct.  Stigmas  short,  plumose. 
Grain  oblong,  free.  [In  honor  of  John  H.  Redfield,  1815-1895,  American  naturalist. 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  western  United  States. 

i.  Redfieldia  flexuosa  (Thurb.)  Vasey. 
Redfieldia.      (Fig.  425.) 


Graphephorum  (?)  jiexuosum  Thurb.  Proc.  Acad- 

Phila.  1863:  78.      1863. 
Redfieldia  flexuosa  Vasey,    Bull.   Torr.  Club,   14; 

133-      1887. 

Culms  i}4°-4°  tall,  erect  from  a  long  horizon- 
tal rootstock,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth,  the  lower  short  and  overlap- 
ping,  often  crowded,  the  upper  much  longer; 
ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i°-2°  long, 
i//-2//  wide,  involute;  panicle  ample  and  diffuse, 
8/-22/  in  length,  the  branches  finally  widely 
spreading,  flexuous,  the  lower  T>/-8/  long;  spike- 
lets  about  3"  long,  i-3-flowered,  the  empty 
scales  acute,  glabrous;  flowering  scales  with  a 
ring  of  hairs  at  the  base,  minutely  scabrous,, 
twice  the  length  of  the  empty  ones,  acute,  the 
middle  nerve  usually  excurrent  as  a  short  point. 

On  prairies,  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to  Colorado- 
and  the  Indian  Territory.  Aug. -Sept. 

63.    DIPLACHNE  Beauv.  Agrost.  80.    pi.  16.    f.  9.     1812. 

Tufted  grasses,  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  long  slender  spikes  arranged  in  an  open  pan- 
icle, or  rarely  only  one  terminal  spike.  Spikelets  several-flowered,  narrow,  sessile  or 
shortly  pedicelled,  erect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  membranous,  keeled,  acute,  unequal; 
flowering  scales  i-3-nerved,  2-toothed  and  mucronate  or  short-awned  between  the  teeth. 
Palet  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely 
enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  2-toothed  flowering  scales.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Besides  the  following; 
species,  about  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 


i.    Diplachne  fascicularis  (Lam.)  Beauv. 
(Fig.  426.) 

Festuca fascicularis  lyam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  189. 

1791. 
Diplachne  fascicularis  Beauv.  Agrost.  160.   1812. 

Culms  i°-z%°  tall,  erect,  ascending,  orroot- 
ing  at  the  lower  nodes,  simple  or  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  loose,  smooth  or  rough,  the 
upper  one  longer  and  enclosing  the  base  of 
the  panicle;  ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves  3/-i2/ 
long,  i//-3//  wide,  slightly  scabrous;  panicle 
4/-i2/  in  length,  often  exceeded  by  the  upper 
leaf,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  the 
lower  2/-5/  long;  spikelets  5-io-flowered, 
3//-5//  long,  short-pedicelled,  erect;  lower 
scales  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel;  flow- 
ering scales  scabrous,  ciliate  on  the  margins 
toward  the  base,  3-nerved. 

In  brackish  marshes,  Rhode  Island  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Also  from  Missouri  and  Nebraska 
to  Mexico,  and  in  the  West  Indies.  Aug.-Oct. 


Salt-meadow  Diplachne. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  187 

64.    MOLINIA  Schrank,  Baier.  Fl.  i:  100.       1789. 

A  perennial  tufted  grass,  with  narrow  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets 
2-4-flowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  somewhat  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal,  shorter  than  the 
spikelet;  flowering  scales  membranous,  rounded  on  the  back,  3-nerved;  palets  scarcely  shorter 
than  the  scales,  obtuse,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short.  Stigmas  short,  plumose.  Grain 
oblong,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  in  honor  of  Joh.  Ignaz  Molina,  Chilian 
missionary  and  naturalist.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.   Molinia   coerulea  (I,.)  Moench.      Molinia. 
(Fig.  427.) 

Aira  coerulea  L.  Sp.  PI.  63.      1753. 
Molinia  coerulea  Moench,  Meth.  183.      1794. 

Culms  i°-3>^0  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  overlapping  and  confined  to  the  lower  part  of  the 
culm,  smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short 
hairs;  leaves  47-!0  long  or  more,  i//-^//  wide,  erect,  acu- 
minate, smooth  beneath,  slightly  scabrous  above;  panicle 
3/-io/  in  length,  green  or  purple,  the  branches  usually 
erect,  i/~4/  long;  spikelets  2-4-flowered,  2>£//-4//  long; 
«mpty  scales  acute,  unequal;  flowering  scales  about  2" 
long,  3-nerved,  obtuse. 

Sparingly  introduced  on  ballast  and  in  waste  places  in  New 
York.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Aug.-Sept. 

65.    ERAGROSTIS  Beauv.  Agrost.  70.    pi.  14.    f.  n.     1812. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  rarely  dioecious,  from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  in  height, 
the  spikelets  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2-many-flowered,  more  or  less  flat- 
tened. Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  keeled,  i-nerved, 
or  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  keeled,  3-nerved;  palets  shorter  than 
the  scales,  prominently  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  usually  persisting  on  the  rachilla  after  the  fruit- 
ing scale  has  fallen.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek  etymology  doubtful,  perhaps  signifying  a 
low  grass,  or  Love-grass,  an  occasional  English  name.] 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed  throughout  all  warm  and  temperate  countries. 
Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Culms  often  decumbent  at  the  base  and  generally  much  branched,  i^°  tall  or  less. 
Spikelets  2-5-flowered,  i"-iK"  long. 

Culms  branched  only  at  the  very  base;  pedicels  and  branches  of  the  panicle  long  and 

capillary.  i.  E.  capillaris. 

Culms  branched  above  the  base;  pedicels  and  branches  of  the  panicle  short. 

2.  E.  Frankii. 

Spikelets  5-many-flowered,  i^"-8"  long. 
Spikelets  K"  wide  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  thin,  usually  bright  purplish,  the  lateral  nerves  faint  or  wanting; 

spikelets  about  %"  wide.  3.  E.  pilosa. 

Flowering  scales  firm,  usually  dull  purple  or  green,  the  lateral  nerves  very  prominent; 

spikelets  about  %"  wide.  4.  E.  Purshii. 

Spikelets  i"  wide  or  more. 

Lower  flowering  scales  about  y\"  long;  spikelets  i"  wide.  5.  E.  Eragroslis. 

Lower  flowering  scales  i"-i#"  long;  spikelets  i^"-!^"  wide.  6.  E.  major. 
Culms  erect  or  ascending,  simple,  rigid,  i^°-4°  tall. 
Spikelets  not  clustered. 

Branches  of  the  open  panicle  widely  spreading,  at  least  when  old. 

Spikelets  closely  sessile.  7.  E.  sessilispica. 

Spikelets  more  or  less  pedicelled. 

Pedicels  long,  commonly  at  least  the  length  of  the  spikelets.    9.  E.  pectinacea. 
Pedicels  commonly  much  shorter  than  the  spikelets. 

Leaves  elongated;  branches  of  the  panicle  long  and  slender;  spikelets  scattered, 

6-25-flowered.  10.  E.  refracta. 

Leaves  not  elongated;  branches  of  the  panicle  short  and  stout,  rigid,  spikelets 
crowded,  5-ia-flowered.  8.  E.  curtipedicellata. 

Branches  of  the  elongated  panicle  erect  or  ascending,  capillary,  somewhat  flexuous. 

ii.  E.  trichodes. 

Spikelets  clustered  on  the  very  short  erect  or  ascending  branches.  12.  E.  secundifiora. 

Culms  extensively  creeping;  flowers  dioecious.  13.  E.  hypnoides. 


i88 


GRAMINEAE. 


i.  Eragrostis  capillaris  (L,. )  Nees.     Capillary  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  428.) 


Poa  capillaris  L,.  Sp.  PI.  68.      1753. 

Poa  tennis  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  156.      1817. 

Eragrostis  capillaris  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras.  505. 


1829. 


Culms  8/-i8/  tall,  erect,  slender,  sparingly 
branched  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  short,  overlapping  and  crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  culm,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy,  the  upper 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  a  ring  of 
very  short  hairs;  leaves  3/-io/  long,  i//-2//  wide, 
long-acuminate,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above 
and  sparingly  hirsute  near  the  base;  panicle  diffuse, 
4/-i5/  in  length,  the  branches  capillary,  spreading 
or  ascending,  i^'-s'  long;  spikelets  ovate,  2-4- 
flowered,  little  flattened,  i//-i^//  long;  empty 
scales  about  equal,  acute;  flowering  scales  acute, 
the  lower  $£f/  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 

In  dry  places,  Rhode  Island  to  New  York  and  Mis- 
souri, south  to  Georgia  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 

2.  Eragrostis  Frankii  Steud.     Frank's  Era- 
grostis.    (Fig.  429.) 

Eragrostis  Frankii  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  273.      1855. 
Eragrostis  erythrogona  Nees;  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  273. 

Glabrous,  culms  6/-i5/  tall,  tufted,  erect,  or  often 
decumbent  at  the  base,  branched,  smooth.  Sheaths 
loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  2/-5/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
scabrous  above;  panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  open,  the 
branches  ascending,  the  lower  \'-\yzf  long;  spikelets 
ovate,  3-5-flowered,  i//-i^//long;  empty  scales  acute, 
the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
acute,  the  lower  W  long,  the  lateral  nerves  obscure. 

In  moist  places,  southeastern  New  York  and  northern 
New  Jersey  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Mississippi,  Louisiana 
and  Kansas.  Sept.-Oct. 

3.  Eragrostis  pilosa  (L.)  Beauv.     Tufted  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  430.) 

Poa  pilosa  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  68.      1753. 

Poa  Caroliniana  Spreng.  Mant.  Fl.  Hal.  33.      1807  ? 

Eragrostis  pilosa  Beauv.  Agrost.  162.      1812. 

Culms  6/-i8/  tall,  tufted,  erect,  slender,  branched, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes, smooth,  sometimes  pilose  at  the  throat;  lig- 
ule a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  i/-5/  long,  i"  wide 
or  less,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
2/-6/  in  length,  the  branches  at  first  erect,  finally 
widely  spreading,  I'-i^'  long,  often  hairy  in  the 
axils;  spikelets  5-12-flowered,  i>^//-3//  long,  about 
y2"  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  the  first  one-half  as  long 
as  the  second;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower  ^ff 
long,  thin,  usually  purplish,  the  lateral  nerves  faint 
or  wanting. 

Waste  places  or  cultivated  ground,  southern  New  Eng- 
land to  Illinois  and  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


189 


4.    Eragrostis  Purshii  Schrad.     Pursh's  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  431.) 

Poa  Caroliniana  Spreng.  Mant.  Fl.  Hal.  33.  1807? 

Eragrostis  Purshii  Schrad.  Linnaea,  12:451.  1838. 

Eragrostis  Caroliniana  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  49. 
1895. 

Culms  6/-i8/  tall,  tufted,  usually  decumbent  at  the 
base  and  much  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  iyzf- 
3^'  long,  \"  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  rough 
above;  panicle  open,  3/-8/  long,  the  branches  spread- 
ing, I'-^YZ'  long,  naked  in  the  axils;  spikelets  5-15- 
flowered,  dull  purple  or  green,  iX//~4//  l°ng>  about 
ffl'  wide;  empty  scales  acute,  the  lower  about  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  upper,  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
flowering  scales  acute,  firm,  the  lower  ones  ^"  long, 
the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  dry  places,  apparently  throughout  the  United  States, 
extending  into  Ontario.  Aug.-Sept. 

5.  Eragrostis  Eragrostis  (I,.)  Karst.     Low  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  432.) 

Poa  Eragrostis  L.  Sp.  PI.  68.      1753. 
Eragrostis  poa.eoides~Re.avLv.  Agrost.  162.      1812. 
Eragrostis  minor  Host,  Fl.  Austr.  i:  135.      1827. 
Eragrostis  Eragrostis  Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  389.     1880-83, 

Culms  seldom  over  15'  tall,  tufted,  usually  decum- 
bent and  much  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth, 
sometimes  a  little  pubescent,  sparingly  pilose  at  the 
throat;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs  ;  leaves  i/-2^/r 
long,  yz"--2.ff  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above 
and  somewhat  pilose  near  the  base;  panicle  2/~4^/  in 
length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  ^'-\y2r 
r  long;  spikelets  8-i8-flowered,  3//~5//  long,  about  i"" 
wide;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  second;  flowering  scales  obtuse,  "%"  long,  the 
lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  waste  places  or  cultivated  ground,  Ontario  to  New 
England,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  Locally  natural- 
ized from  Europe.  July-Sept. 

6.  Eragrostis  major  Host.     Strong-scented  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  433.) 

Eragrostis  major  Host,   Gram.  Austr.  4:  14.    pi.  24. 

1809. 
Eragrostis  poaeoides  var.  megastachya  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  5,  631.      1867. 

Culms  6X-20  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base, 
usually  branched,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth,  sparingly 
pilose  at  the  throat;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs  ; 
leaves  a/-y/  long,  i//~3//  wide,  flat,  smooth  be- 
neath, scabrous  above;  panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  the 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  i/-2/  long;  spike- 
lets  8-35-flowered,  2>£//-8//  long,  about  i^"  wide, 
very  flat;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  slightly 
shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales  obtuse, 
\"-i%f/  long,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  places  nearly  throughout 
the  United  States,  and  in  Ontario.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  Unpleasantly  scented,  handsome.  Aug.-Sept. 


1 90  GRAMINEAE. 

7.    Eragrostis  sessilispica  Buckley.     Prairie  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  434.) 


Eragrostis  sessilispica  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1862: 
97.      1862. 

Diplachne  rigida  Vasey,  Grasses  S.  W.,  Part  2.    pi.  41. 
1891. 

Culms  8'-3%°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  short,  crowded  at  the  base  of  the 
culm,  smooth,  pilose  at  the  summit;  ligule  a  ring  of 
short  hairs;  leaves  2/-6/  long,  %v/-i^//  wide,  rough 
above,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pilose  beneath;  panicle 
8/-i6/  in  length,  the  branches  stout,  rigid,  widely 
diverging;  spikelets  scattered,  closely  sessile,  ap- 
pressed,  5-i2-flowered,  4//~7//  long,  empty  scales 
about  equal  in  length,  acute;  flowering  scales  very 
acute,  about  2X/  long,  the  lateral  nerves  very  prominent. 

Prairies,  Kansas  to  Texas.     Aug.-Sept. 


8.    Eragrostis  curtipedicellata  Buckley. 
Short-stalked  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  435.) 

Eragrostis  curtipedicellata  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila. 
1862: 97.      1862. 

Culms  6/-3°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth,  pilose  at  the 
summit;  ligule  a  ring  of  shdrt  hairs;  leaves  2/-8/  long, 
j//_2//  -wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above;  panicle 
4/-i2/  in  length,  the  branches  widely  spreading,  \y2'- 
4^'  long;  spikelets  5-i2-flowered,  iX//~3//  loug,  on 
pedicels  of  less  than  their  own  length;  scales  acute,  the 
empty  ones  somewhat  unequal,  the  flowering  ones 
about  y%ff  long,  scabrous  on  the  midnerve,  their  lateral 
nerves  prominent. 

Prairies,  Kansas  to  Texas.     Aug. -Sept. 


9.  Eragrostis  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Steud.     Purple  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  436.) 

Poa  pectinacea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  69.      1803. 
Eragrostis  pectinacea  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Gram.  272.     1855. 
Eragrostis  pectinacea  var.  spectabilis  A.  Gray,  Man. 
Ed.  5,  632.      1867. 

Culms  i°-2}4°  tall,  erect  or  ascending,  rigid, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping, 
smooth,  glabrous  or  villous,  the  upper  one  often 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  5/-i2/  long,  2//-4//  wide,  smooth  be- 
neath, scabrous  above  and  sparingly  villous  at  the 
base;  panicle  6/-24/  in  length,  purple  or  purplish, 
the  branches  3/-io/  long,  strongly  bearded  in  the 
axils,  widely  spreading  or  the  lower  often  reflexed; 
spikelets  5-i5-flowered,  i^//-4//  long,  on  pedicels 
of  at  least  their  own  length;  scales  acute,  the  empty 
ones  about  equal,  the  flowering  ones  about  %" 
long,  their  lateral  nerves  very  prominent. 

In  dry  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Illinois  and  South 
Dakota,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


191 


jo.    Eragrostis  refracta  (Muhl.)  Scribn.     Meadow  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  437.) 

Poa  refracta  Muhl.  Gram.  146.      1817. 

Eragrostis campestrisfrin.  Bull.Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersb. 

i:  70.      1836. 
Eragrostis  refracta  Scribn.    Mem.   Torr.  Club,  5:  49. 

1894. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth  and 
glabrous;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs;  leaves  5/-i2/ 
long,  i//-2//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above, 
and  villous  toward  the  base;  panicle  8/-2o/  long; 
branches  slender,  4/-io/  long,  at  length  widely 
spreading,  the  axils  often  bearded;  spikelets  6-25- 
flowered,  2j£//-6//  long,  on  pedicels  shorter  than 
themselves;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales  very 
acute,  ^r'-\"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  moist  soil,  Delaware  and  Maryland  to  Florida, 
west  to  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 

ii.    Eragrostis  trichodes  (Nutt.)  Nash.     Hair-like  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  438.) 

Poa  trichodes  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  5:  146. 

1833-37. 
Eragrostis  tennis  A.  Gray,  Man.   Ed.  2,  564.      1856. 

Not  Steud.  1855,  nor  Poa  tennis  Ell.  1817. 
Eragrostis  trichodes  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  465. 

1895. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth,  pilose  at  the 
throat;  ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves 
6'-28'  long,  i//-2//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  slightly 
scabrous  above,  attenuate  into  a  long  slender 
tip;  panicle  g/-26/  in  length,  narrow  and  elong- 
ated, the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  capillary, 
subdividing,  somewhat  flexuous,  3/-7/  long;  lower 
axils  sometimes  bearded;  spikelets  usually  pale, 
3-io-flowered,  2/^//-4^//  long;  lower  scales  very 
acute,  about  equal;  flowering  scales  acute,  the  lower 
ones  iX//~IX//  l°ng>  their  lateral  nerves  manifest. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  Ohio  and  Illinois  to  Nebraska, 
south  to  Tennessee  and  Texas.  Aug.-Sept. 


12.    Eragrostis    secundiflora    Presl.      Clus- 
tered Eragrostis.     (Fig.  439.) 

Poa  interrupta  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  5:  146. 

I833~37.     Not  L,am.  1791. 

Eragrostis  secundiflora  Presl,  Rel.  Haenk.  i:  276.      1830. 
Eragrostis  oxylepis  Torr.  Marcy's  Report,  269.      1854.     ' 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6x-3°  tall,  erect,  simple. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring  of 
hairs;  leaves  2/-i2/  long,  i//-2//  wide;  panicle  i^/-6/ 
in  length,  the  branches  Yzf-\Yzf  l°ng)  erect  or  ascend- 
ing; spikelets  crowded  or  clustered,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
strongly  flattened,  8-40- flowered,  3//-io//  long,  \"- 
il/zff  wide;  lower  scales  acute,  about  equal;  flowering 
scales  i,^2//-l%'//  long,  acute,  usually  purple-bordered, 
the  lateral  nerves  prominent. 

In  dry  soil,  Kansas  and  Missouri,  south  to  Texas  and 
Louisiana.  Aug.-Sept. 

13 


192 


GRAMINEAE. 


13.  Eragrostis  hypnoides  (Lam.)  B.S.P.     Creeping  Eragrostis.     (Fig.  440.) 

Poa  hypnoides  L,am.  Tabl.  Encycl.    i: 

185.  1791. 
Eragrostis  reptans  Nees,  Agrost.  Bras. 

514.  1829. 
Eragrostis  hypnoides  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat. 

N.  Y.  69.     1888. 

Culms  I'-iS'  long,  extensively 
creeping,  branched,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, the  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, i/-6/  high.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  villous  at  the 
summit;  ligule  a  ring  of  short  hairs; 
leaves  i'  long  or  less,  l/i"-\"  wide, 
flat,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spikelets  dioecious,  io-35-flowered, 
2//-8//  long;  lower  scales  unequal,  the 
first  one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  second;  flowering  scales  about 
il/\"  long,  the  lateral  nerves  promi- 
nent; scales  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
more  acute  than  those  of  the  stami- 
nate. 

On  sandy  or  gravelly  shores,  Ver- 
mont and  Ontario  to  Oregon,  south  to 
Florida  and  Mexico.  Also  in  the  West 
Indies.  Aug.-Sept. 

66.    EATONIA  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  104.       1819. 

Tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  usually  contracted  panicles. 
Spikelets  2-3-flowered;  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  .the  flowers.  Two  lower  scales  empty, 
shorter  than  the  spikelet,  the  first  linear,  acute,  i-nerved,  the  second  much  broader, 
3-nerved,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  or  sometimes  acute,  the  margins  scarious;  flowering 
scales  narrower,  generally  obtuse.  Palet  narrow,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of 
Amos  Eaton,  1776-1842,  American  botanist.] 

A  genus  of  4  or  5  species,  confined  to  North  America. 
Empty  scales  unequal,  the  first  shorter  and  about  one-sixth  as  wide  as  the  second. 

Second  scale  obovate,  often  almost  truncate.  i.  E.  obtusata. 

Second  scale  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute.  2.  E.  Pennsylvania. 

Empty  scales  equal,  the  first  not  less  than  one-third  as  wide  as  the  second.      3.  E.  nitida. 

i.   Eatonia    obtusata    (Michx.)  A. 
Gray.     Blunt-scaled  Hatonia. 

(Fig.  441.) 

Aira    obtusala  Michx.    Fl.    Bor.   Am.    i:    62. 

1803. 
Eatonia   obtusata   A.  Gray,   Man.  Ed.   2,  558. 

1856. 

Culms  i°-2^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  often 
stout,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  usually  more  or'  less 
rough,  sometimes  pubescent;  ligule  J^//-i// 
long;  leaves  I'-g'  long,  i//-4//  wide,  scab- 
rous; panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  dense  and 
generally  spikelike,  strict,  the  branches  \l/t' 
long  or  less,  erect;  spikelets  crowded, 
\%"-\yz"  long;  empty  scales  unequal,  often 
purplish,  the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and 
about  one-sixth  as  wide  as  the  obtuse  or 
almost  truncate  second  one;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  obtuse,  W~\rf  long. 

In  dry  soil,  Massachusetts  and  Ontario  to 
Assiniboia,  Florida  and  Arizona.  June-Aug. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


193 


2.    Eatonia  Pennsylvania  (DC.)  A.  Gray. 

(Fig.  442.) 

Koeleria  Pennsylvanica   DC.   Cat.  Hort.  Monsp. 
117.     1813. 

Eatonia  Pennsylvanica  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  558. 
1856. 

Usually  glabrous,  culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect, 
simple,  slender,  smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  ^/x  long;  leaves  2^/-7/ 
long,  i//-3//  wide,  rough  ;  panicle  z'~lf  in 
length,  contracted,  often  nodding,  lax,  its 
branches  T.'-2%'  long;  spikelets  i^"-1^" 
long,  usually  numerous,  somewhat  crowded 
and  appressed  to  the  branches;  empty  scales 
unequal,  the  first  narrow,  shorter  than  and 
about  one-sixth  as  broad  as  the  obtuse  or  ab- 
ruptly acute  second  one,  which  is  smooth,  or 
somewhat  rough  on  the  keel;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  acute,  iX/x 


Pennsylvania  Eatonia. 


In  hilly  woods  or  moist  soil,  New  Brunswick  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Georgia,  Louisiana  and 
Texas.  June-July. 

Eatonia  Pennsylvanica  major  Torr.  ;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  558.      1856. 

Culms  taller;  panicle  longer  and  more  compound;  leaves  longer  and  broader.     Range  appar- 
ently nearly  that  of  the  typical  form. 

3.  Eatonia  nitida  (Spreng.)  Nash.     Slen- 
der Eatonia.     (Fig.  443.) 

Aira  nitida  Spreng.  Fl.  Hal.  Mant.  i:  32.      1807. 

Eatonia  Dudleyi  Vasey,    Coult.   Bot.   Gaz.    n:   116. 

1886. 

Eatonia  nitida  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  511.     1895. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  very  slender, 
smooth.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
general!}'  pubescent;  ligule  %"  long;  leaves  %'-$' 
long,  i//  wide  or  less,  often  pubescent,  the  upper- 
most very  short;  panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  lax,  the 
branches  spreading  at  flowering  time,  afterwards 
erect,  i/-2^/  long;  spikelets  not  crowded,  i%ff 
long;  empty  scales  smooth,  the  first  about  one- 
third  as  wide  as  and  equalling  the  second,  which 
is  obtuse  or  almost  truncate,  often  apiculate  ; 
flowering  scales  narrow,  i//-iX//  l°ng»  obtuse  or 
acutish,  smooth. 

In  dry  woods,  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
to  Georgia  and  Alabama.  May-June. 


67.    KOELERIA  Pers.  Syn.  i:  97.       1805. 

Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  setaceous  leaves  and  mostly  spike- 
like  panicles.  Spikelets  2-5-flowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  acute,  unequal, 
keeled,  scarious  on  the  margins;  the  flowering  scales  3-5-nerved.  Palet  hyaline,  acute, 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale  and  palet.  [In  honor  of  Georg  Ludwig  Koeler,  German  botanist.] 

About  15  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  The  following,  which  may  contain  two 
forms,  occurs  in  North  America. 


194 


GRAMINEAE. 

i.  Koeleria  cristata  (I/.)  Pers. 
(Fig.  444.) 


Koeleria. 


Aira  cristala  I,.  Sp.  PI.  63.      1753. 

Koeleria  cristata  Pers.  Syn.  i:  97.      1805. 

Koeleria  nitida  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  74.      1818. 

Koele ria  cristata  var.  gracilis  A.  Gray,  Man.  591.     1848. 

Culms  i°-2^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid,  smooth, 
often  pubescent  just  below  the  panicle.  Sheaths 
often  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  or  sca- 
brous, sometimes  hirsute;  ligule  yzf/  long;  leaves 
i/-i2/  long,  X//~IX//  "wide,  erect,  flat  or  invo- 
lute, smooth  or  rough,  often  more  or  less  hirsute; 
panicle  i/~7/  in  length,  pale  green,  usually  con- 
tracted or  spike-like,  the  branches  erect  or  rarely 
ascending,  i'  long  or  less;  spikelets  2-5-flowered, 
2//-3//  long,  the  scales  rough,  acute,  the  empty  ones 
unequal;  flowering  scales  i^//-2//  long,  shining. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  especially  on  prairies,  Ontario  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Pennsylvania,  Nebraska, 
Texas  and  California.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Very 
variable.  July-Sept. 

68.  CATABROSA  Beauv.  Agrost.  97.  pi.  i9.  f.  8.  1812. 
A  perennial  grass,  with  soft  flat  leaves  and  an  open  panicle.  Spikelets  usually  2-flow- 
ered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-membranous,  much  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones,  un- 
equal, rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex;  flowering  scales  membranous,  erose-truncate.  Palet 
barely  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  in 
allusion  to  the  erose  top  of  the  flowering  scales.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of    arctic   and  mountainous 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

i.     Catabrosa    aquatica    (L,.)    Beauv. 
Water  Whorl-grass.     (Fig.  445.) 

Aira  aquatica  i,.  Sp.  PI.  64.     1753. 
Catabrosa  aquatica  Beauv.  Agrost.  157.      1812. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4/-2°  tall,  erect,  from 
a  creeping  base,  bright  green,  flaccid.  Sheaths 
usually  overlapping,  loose;  ligule  iX//~2X//  l°ng; 
leaves  iX/~5/  l°ng>  I//~3//  wide,  flat,  obtuse;  pan- 
icle i/-8/  in  length,  open,  the  branches  whorled, 
spreading  or  ascending,  very  slender,  ,^/-2/  long; 
spikelets  iX//~I^//  l°ng.  the  empty  scales  rounded 
or  obtuse,  the  first  about  half  as  long  as  the  second, 
which  is  crenulate  on  the  margins;  flowering  scales 
i//-i^//  long,  3-nerved,  erose-truncate  at  the  apex. 

In  water  or  wet  soil,  lyahradorand  Quebec  to  Alaska, 
south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Utah.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  Summer. 

69.   MELICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  66.       1753. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  usually  soft  flat  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  i-several-flowered,  often  secund,  the  rachilla  extended  beyond  the  flowers  and  usually 
bearing  2-3  empty  club-shaped  or  hooded  scales,  convolute  around  each  other.  Two  lower 
scales  empty,  membranous,  3~5-nerved;  flowering  scales  larger,  rounded  on  the  back,  7-13- 
nerved,  sometimes  bearing  an  awn,  the  margins  more  or  less  scarious;  palets  broad,  shorter 
than  the  scales,  two-keeled.  Stamens  three.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  used  by  Theophrastus  for  Sorghum;  said  to  be 
in  allusion  to  the  sweet  culms  of  some  species.] 

About  30  species,  inhabiting  temperate  regions.     Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Second  scale  much  shorter  than  the  3-^-flowered  spikelets. 

Spikelets  few;  branches  of  the  panicle  spreading  or  ascending.  i.  M.  diffusa. 

Spikelets  usually  numerous;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect.  2.  M.  parviflora. 

Second  scale  nearly  equalling  the  2-flowered  spikelet.  3.  M.  mutica. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


195 


i.    Melica  diffusa  Pursh.     Tall  Melic-grass.     (Fig.  446.) 

Mclica  altissima  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  78.      1788.      Not  I,. 

I753- 

Melica  diffusa  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  77.      1814. 
Melica  mutica  var.  diffusa  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5, 

626.      1867. 

Culms  i^°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
the  lower  often  overlapping;  ligule  i//-2//  long; 
leaves  4/-7/  long,  2//-4//  wide,  rough;  pan- 
icle 6%/-Sy2/  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  the  lower  i}/^-?,'  long; 
spikelets  usually  numerous,  about  3-flowered, 
4X//-5X//  long,  nodding,  on  slender,  more  or 
less  flexuous  pubescent  pedicels;  empty  basal 
scales  very  broad,  obtuse  or  acutish,  the  first 
shorter  than  the  second,  which  is  generally 
much  exceeded  by  the  spikelet;  flowering  scales 
3/^//-4X//  l°ng>  acute  or  obtuse,  scabrous. 

Pennsylvania  to  Missouri,  south  to  Virginia, 
Kentucky  and  Texas.  May-June. 

2.    Melica  parviflora  (Porter)  Scribn.     Small  Melic-grass.     (Fig.  447-) 

Melica  mutica  var.  parviflora  Porter;  Porter  & 
Coulter,  Fl.  Colo.  149.  1874. 

Melica  Porteri  Scribn.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1885:  44. 
pi.  i.  f.  17,  18.  1885. 

Melica  parviflora  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  50. 
1894. 

Culms  i^°-2^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  short,  overlapping, 
more  or  less  rough;  ligule  i"  long;  leaves 
5 '-9'  long,  i//-2//  wide,  rough;  panicle  5/-7/ 
in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect,  the 
lower  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  few,  4-5-flowered, 
5//-6^//  long,  nodding,  on  somewhat  flexuous 
strongly  pubescent  pedicels;  lower  scales  ob- 
tuse or  acutish,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  is  much  exceeded  by  the  spikelet;  flower- 
ing scales  3X//~4//  l°nS>  acutish,  scabrous. 

Prairies,  Kansas  and  Colorado  to  Arizona  and 
Texas. 

3.     Melica    mutica    Walt.       Narrow 
Melic-grass.     (Fig.  448.) 

Melica  mutica  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  78.      1788. 
Melica  mtitica  var.  glabra  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5, 
626.      1867. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  usually  slender,  sim- 
ple, smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  over- 
lapping, rough;  ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves 
rough,  4/-9/  long,  i//-5//  wide,  panicle  $%'- 
ioj^/  in  length,  narrow,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  about  2-flow- 
ered,  3X//-4X//  l°ng)  nodding,  on  more  or  less 
flexuous  pubescent  pedicels;  empty  scales  very 
broad,  acutish  to  obtuse,  the  first  shorter  than 
the  second,  which  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  spike- 
let  or  sometimes  equals  it;  flowering  scales  3"- 
4X/  long,  generally  very  obtuse,  scabrous. 

In  rich  soil,  Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  June-July. 


196 


GRAMINEAE. 


American  Korycarpus. 


70.    KORYCARPUS  Zea,  Act.  Matrit.       1806. 
[DIARINA  Raf.  Journ.  Bot.  2;  169.     1809.] 
[DIARRHENA  Beauv.  Agrost.  142.     1812.] 

Erect  grasses,  with  long  flat  leaves  and  narrow  paniculate  or  racemose  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  the  rachilla  readily  disarticulating  between  the  flowers.  Upper  scales 
empty,  convolute.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  the  first  narrow,  3-nerved,  acute,  the  second 
broader,  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  broader  than  the  lower  ones,  acuminate  or  mucronate, 
rounded  on  the  back,  finally  coriaceous  and  shining,  3-nerved.  Palet  2-keeled.  Stamens  2, 
rarely  i.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  beaked,  free.  [Greek,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  beaked  grain.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  North  American,  the  other  Japanese. 

i.    Korycarpus  diandrus  (Michx.)  Kuntze. 

(Fig.  449.) 

Festuca  diandra  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  67.    pi.  10.      1803. 
Korycarpus  arundinaceus  Zea,  Act.  Matrit.      1806. 
Diarrhena  Americana  Beauv.  Agrost.  142.    pi.  25.  f.  n. 

1812. 
Korycarpus  diandrus  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  772.      1891. 

Culms  iX°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  very  rough  below  the 
panicle.  Sheaths  overlapping,  confined  to  the  lower 
part  of  the  culm,  smooth  or  a  little  rough  at  the  summit, 
sometimes  pubescent;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  8/-24/ 
long,  5//-9//  wide,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  usually 
scabrous;  panicle  often  reduced  to  a  raceme,  2/~7^/  in 
length,  the  branches  erect,  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  6//-8//  long,  the  lower  scales  unequal,  the  first 
shorter  than  the  second,  which  is  much  exceeded  by  the 
spikelet;  flowering  scales  somewhat  abruptly  acuminate; 
palets  shorter  than  the  scales  and  exceeded  by  the 
beaked  grain. 

In  rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Kansas,  south  to  Georgia,  Tennes- 
see and  the  Indian  Territory.  Aug. -Sept. 

71.    PLEUROPOGON  R.  Br.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  289.       1824. 

Erect  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  racemose  inflorescence.  Spikelets  5-i4-flowered; 
flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  staminate.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  thin-membran- 
ous, i-nerved,  or  the  second  imperfectly  3-nerved;  flowering  scaJes  longer,  membranous, 
7-nerved,  the  middle  nerve  excurrent  as  a  short  point  or  awn.  Palet  scarcely  shorter  than 
the  scale,  2-keeled,  the  keels  winged  or  appendaged.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  side-beard,  from  the  append- 
ages to  the  palets.] 

Three  known  species,  the  following  arctic,  the  others  Californian. 

i.  Pleuropogon  Sabinii  R.  Br.    Sabine's 
Pleuropogon.     (Fig.  450.) 

Pleuropogon  Sabinii  R.  Br.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  289. 
1824. 

Smooth,  culms  6/  or  less  tall,  erect,  simple, 
glabrous.  Sheaths  one  or  two;  ligule  \"  long; 
leaves  X/-I/  l°ng>  erect,  glabrous;  raceme  i/-2/ 
in  length;  spikelets  3-6,  5-8-flowered,  about  5" 
long,  on  spreading  or  reflexed  pedicels  ix/  or 
less  in  length;  lower  scales  smooth,  the  first 
acute,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  second;  flowering 
scales  oblong,  2//-2^//  long,  erose-truncate  at 
the  scarious  summit,  scabrous,  the  midnerve 
sometimes  excurrent  as  a  short  point;  palet 
slightly  shorter  than  the  scale,  truncate  and 
somewhat  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn- 
like  appendage  on  each  keel  near  the  middle. 

Arctic  regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.  Summer. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


197 


72.    UNIOLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.      1753. 

Erect  and  often  tall  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  3-many-flowered,  flat,  2-edged,  the  flowers  perfect,  or  the  upper  staminate. 
Scales  flattened,  keeled,  sometimes  winged,  rigid,  usually  acute;  the  lower  3-6  empty,  un- 
equal; the  flowering  scales  many-nerved,  the  uppermost  scales  often  smaller  and  empty; 
palets  rigid,  2-keeled.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  com- 
pressed, free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  diminutive  of  unus,  one,  of  no 
obvious  application.] 

About  8  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southeastern 
United  States. 

.Spikelets  about  K'  in  length;  panicle  spike-like.  i.  U.  laxa. 
Spikelets  exceeding  Vz'  in  length;  panicle  open. 

Panicle  lax,  the  branches  pendulous;  spikelets  on  long  capillary  pedicels.  2.  U.  latifolia. 

Panicle  strict,  the  branches  erect,  rigid;  spikelets  on  short  stout  pedicels.  3.  U.  paniculata. 

i.    Uniola  laxa  (I,.)  B.S.P.     Slender  Spike-grass.     (Fig.  451.) 

Holcus  laxus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1048.      1753. 
Uniola  gracilis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  71. 

1803. 
Uniola  laxa  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  69.     1888. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  i>^0-40 
tall,  erect,  simple,  slender.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
short;  leaves  5/-i5/  long,  i//-3//  wide, 
usually  erect,  flat,  attenuate  into  a  long 
tip,  smooth  or  slightly  rough ;  pan- 
icle spike-like,  4/-i2/  in  length,  erect, 
strict,  or  nodding  at  the  summit,  the 
branches  erect,  i/-2/  long;  spikelets 
short-stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  3-6- 
flowered,  about  3"  long;  lower  scales 
much  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones, 
which  are  i^//-2//  long,  acuminate, 
spreading  in  fruit;  palet  arched,  about 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale;  stamen  i. 

Sandy  soil,  Long  Island  to  Pennsylvania 
and  Kentucky,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas, 
mostly  near  the  coast.  Ascends  to  900  ft.  in 
North  Carolina.  Aug.-Sept. 

2.    Uniola  latifolia  Michx.      Broad- 
leaved  Spike-grass.     (Fig.  452.) 

Uniola   latifolia  Michx.   Fl.    Bor.    Am.    i:  70. 
1803. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  YZ"  long,  lacerate-toothed; 
leaves  4/-9'  long,  Jtf '-i'  wide,  flat,  narrowed 
into  a  somewhat  rounded,  often  ciliate  base, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  smooth,  excepting  on 
the  margins;  panicle  lax,  5X/~IO/  in  length, 
its  branches  filiform  and  pendulous,  the 
lower  2/~5/  long;  spikelets  many-flowered, 
oblong  to  ovate,  ^'-1%'  long,  on  long  cap- 
illary pendulous  pedicels;  lower  scales  much 
smaller  than  the  flowering  ones,  which  are 
4^//-6//  long,  ciliate-hispid  on  the  winged 
keel;  stamen  I. 

In  moist  places,  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and 
Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends 
to  2000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Aug.-Sept. 


198 


GRAMINEAE. 
3.    Uniola  paniculata  I,.     Sea  Oats.     (Fig.  453.) 

Uniola  paniculata  "L,.  Sp.  PI.  71.      1753. 

Glabrous  thoroughout,  culms  3°-8°  tall, 
erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often  longer 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  a  ring  of  hair& 
about  y2"  long;  leaves  i°  long  or  more,  about 
X'  wide,  involute  when  dry,  attenuate  into  a 
long  slender  tip;  panicle  9'-!°  in  length  or 
more,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  strict, 
rigid,  the  lower  2^/-5/  long;  spikelets  many- 
flowered,  short-pedicelled,  ovate  to  oval  when 
mature,  X/-I/  l°ng;  lower  scales  much  shorter 
than  the  flowering  ones,  which  are  4//~5// 
long  and  scabrous  on  the  keels;  stamens  3. 


In  sands  of  the  seacoast,  Virginia  to  Florida 
and  west  to  Texas.  Also  in  the  West  Indies  and 
South  America.  Spikelets  persistent  into  the 
winter.  Oct.-Nov. 


73.    DISTICHLIS  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  104.       1819. 

Dioecious  grasses,  with  rigid  culms  creeping  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  flat  or  convo- 
lute leaves  and  spike-like  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  flattened,  more  numerous  on 
the  statninate  plants  than  on  the  pistillate,  6-i6-flowered;  rachilla  continuous  in  the  stam- 
inate  spikelets,  articulated  in  the  pistillate.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  keeled,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  flowering  ones;  flowering  scales  broader,  many-nerved,  acute,  rigid;  palets 
2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  thickened  at  the  base,  rather  long,  distinct.  Stigmas 
long-plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  two-ranked,, 
probably  in  reference  to  the  spikelets.] 

Four  known  species,  natives  of  America,  inhabiting  the  sea  coast  or  alkaline  soil;  one  of  them 
is  also  found  in  Australia. 


i.    Distichlis  spicata  (L,.)  Greene.     Marsh  Spike-grass.     (Fig.  454.) 

Uniola  spicata  L.  Sp.  PI.  71.      1753. 
Distichlis  maritima  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  104.      1819. 
Uniola  stricta  Torr.  Ann.  I,yc.  N.  Y.  i:  155.      1824. 
Distichlis  spicata  Greene,    Bull.  Cal.   Acad.   2:  415. 

1887. 

Distichlis  spicata   var.    stricta  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr. 
Club,  5:  51.      1894. 

Glabrous  throughout,  culms  3x-2°  tall,  erect 
from  a  horizontal  rootstock,  or  often  decumbent  at 
the  base.  Sheaths  overlapping  and  often  crowded; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  y2'-t>'  long, 
i//_2//  wide,  flat  or  involute;  panicle  dense  and 
spike-like,  ^'/-2^/  in  length,  the  branches  i/ 
long  or  less,  erect;  spikelets  6-i6-flowered,  4//~9// 
long,  pale  green;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  1-3- 
nerved,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  3~5-nerved 
second  one;  flowering  scales  i^//-2^//  long, 
acute  or  acuminate. 

On  salt  meadows  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from 
Maine  to  Florida,  in  saline  soil  throughout  the  inte- 
rior, and  on  the  Pacific  coast  north  to  British  Columbia. 
The  main  figure  is  that  of  the  staminate  plant.  June- 
Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
74.    BRIZA  L.  Sp.  PI.  70.       1753. 


199 


Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open  or  rarely  contracted 
panicles.  Spikelets  large,  flattened,  tumid,  many-flowered,  nodding,  the  flowers  perfect. 
Scales  thin-membranous,  strongly  concave,  the  2  lower  empty,  3~5-nerved,  somewhat  un- 
equal; flowering  scales  imbricated,  broader  than  the  empty  ones,  5-many-nerved;  uppermost 
scales  often  empty;  palets  much  shorter  than  the  scales,  hyaline,  2-keeled  or  2-nerved. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  usually  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale 

palet.     [Greek  name  for  some  grain,  perhaps  rye.] 


1.  B.  media. 

2.  B.  minor-. 


About  12  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  and  temperate  South  America. 

Perennial;  ligule  y2"  long  or  less,  truncate;  spikelets  5-i2-flowered,  2"-aK"  long. 
Annual;  ligule  i"  long  or  more,  acute;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  i"-i^"  long. 


i.    Briza  media  L,.     Quake-grass.     Quaking  Grass.     (Fig.  455.) 

Briza  media  I,.  Sp.  PI.  70.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect, 
from  a  perennial  root,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  l/i/f  long  or  less, 
truncate;  leaves  i/~3/  long,  i//-2^//  wide;  pan- 
icle iK/~5/  in  length,  the  capillary  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  i/-2^/  long;  spikelets 
2//-2^//  long,  orbicular  to  deltoid-ovate,  5-12- 
flowered;  scales  scarious-margined,  the  lower 
ones  about  i//  long;  flowering  scales  i//- 
lYz"  long,  broader  than  the  lower  ones,  widely 
spreading. 


In  fields  and  waste  places,  Ontario  to  Massachu- 
setts and  Rhode  Island.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.  June-July. 


2.    Briza  minor  L.     Lesser  Quaking 
Grass.     (Fig.  456.) 

Briza  minor  L,.  Sp.  PI.  70.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4/-i5/  tall,  erect 
from  an  annual  root,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  i//-3//  long,  acute; 
leaves  i/~5/  long,  i//-4//  wide,  sometimes  sca- 
brous; panicle  2/-5/  in  length,  open,  the  capil- 
lary branches  spreading  or  ascending,  i/-2^/ 
long;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  i//-i^//  long, 
about  2X/  broad,  truncate  at  the  base;  scales 
scarious-margined,  the  lower  ones  about  ix/ 
long;  flowering  scales  much  broader  and  deeply 
saccate,  about  ^/x  long. 


In  ballast  and  waste  places  about  Camden,  N.  J. ; 
common  in  California,  and  widely  distributed  in 
tropical  America.  Adventive  or  naturalized  from 
Europe.  June-July. 


200 


GRAMINEAE. 


75.    DACTYLIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  71-      1753- 

A  tall  perennial  grass,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered,  short-pedicelled,  in  dense  capitate  clusters,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper  staminate. 
Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-membranous,  keeled,  unequal,  mucronate;  flowering  scales 
larger  than  the  empty  ones,  rigid,  5-nerved,  keeled,  the  midnerve  extended  into  a  point  or 
short  awn;  palets  shorter  than  the  scales,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name  used  by  Pliny  for  some  grass 
with  finger-like  spikes]. 

A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.   Dactylis  glomerata  L,.     Orchard 
Grass.     (Fig.  457.) 

Dactylis  glomerata  L,.  Sp.  PI.  71.      1753. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  tufted,  erect,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  or  rough;  ligule  i//-2//  long; 
leaves  $'-*)'  long,  i//-3//  wide,  flat,  scabrous; 
panicle  ^/-8/  in  length,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit,  the  lower 
i/-2^4/  long,  spikelet-bearing  from  above  or  be- 
low the  middle;  spikelets  in  dense  capitate  clus- 
ters, 3~5-flowered;  lower  scales  i-3-nerved,  the 
first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
2//_y/  long,  rough,  pointed  or  short-awned, 
ciliate  on  the  keel. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  New  Brunswick  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  South  Carolina  and  Kansas. 
Naturalized  from  Europe  and  cultivated  for  fodder. 
June-July. 

76.    CYNOSURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  72.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  dense  spike-like  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  of  two  kinds,  in  small  clusters;  lower  spikelets  of  the  clusters  consisting  of  nar- 
row empty  scales,  with  a  continuous  rachilla,  the  terminal  spikelets  of  2-4  broader  scales, 
with  an  articulated  rachilla  and  subtending  perfect  flowers.  Two  lower  scales  in  the  fertile 
spikelets  empty,  i-nerved,  the  flowering  scales  broader,  i-3-nerved,  pointed  or  short-awned; 
upper  scales  narrower,  usually  empty.  Scales  of  the  sterile  spikelets  pectinate,  spreading, 
all  empty,  linear-subulate,  i -nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  short.  Stigmas  loosely 
plumose.  Grain  finally  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  signifying  dog's  tail,  referring  to 
the  spike.] 

About  5  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.    Cynosurus   cristatus   L,.     Dog's-tail 
Grass.     (Fig.  458.) 

Cynosurus  cristatus  I/.  Sp.  PI.  72.      1753. 

Culms  T°-2}4°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  YZ"  long,  truncate;  leaves  i/4/~5/  long,  y^'-i" 
wide,  smooth,  glabrous;  spike-like  panicle  2/-4/  in 
length,  2^//-6//  wide,  long-exserted;  spikelets  ar- 
ranged in  clusters,  the  terminal  fertile,  the  lower 
larger  and  sterile;  scales  of  the  former  about  i^// 
long,  pointed  or  short-awned,  the  scales  of  the  sterile 
spikelets  very  narrow,  pointed,  strongly  scabrous  on 
the  keel. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  south- 
ern New  York  and  New  Jersey.  Adventive  from  Europe. 
June-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


1.  P.  annua. 

2.  P.  Chapmaniana. 

6.  P.  alpina. 


5.  P.  laxa. 

4.  P.  abbreyiata. 

7.  P.  cenisia. 

12.  P.  nemoralis. 
ii.  P.  glauca. 
22.  P.  glumaris. 
culms  generally  tall. 
3.  P.  compressa. 


77.    POAL.  Sp.  PI.  67.     1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  pan- 
icles. Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  compressed,  the  rachilla  usually  glabrous;  flowers  perfect,  or 
rarely  dioecious.  Scales  membranous,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty,  i-3-nerved;  the  flower- 
ing scales  longer  than  the  empty  ones,  generally  with  a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base,  5- 
nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  usually  pubescent,  often  also  the  dorsal  one;  palets  a  little  shorter 
than  the  scales,  2-nerved  or  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Name  Greek,  for  grass  or  herbage.] 

A  genus  of  about  100  species,  widely  distributed  in  all  temperate  and  cold  regions.     The  Eng- 
lish name  Meadow-grass  is  often  applied  to  most  of  the  species.     Besides  the  following  some 
50  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 
L,ow  annual  or  biennial  grasses,  the  culms  12'  tall  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  distinctly  5-nerved,  not  webby  at  the  base. 
Flowering  scales  3-nerved,  or  obscurely  5-nerved,  webby  at  the  base. 
Perennials,  mostly  with  tall  culms  (Nos.  4-7  low). 

Grasses  of  far  northern  or  high  mountain  regions,  generally  low. 

Leaves  short;  panicle-branches  short,  generally  widely  spreading. 
Leaves  longer,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex. 
Spikelets  less  than  3"  long. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  erect,  smooth,  slender,  lax. 
Flowering  scales  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent. 
Flowering  scales  strongly  pubescent  all  over. 
Branches  widely  spreading,  flexuous,  smooth. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  rough,  erect  or  ascending. 
Lower  flowering  scale  i   -i#"  long. 
Lower  flowering  scale  2"  long. 
Spikelets  exceeding  3"  in  length. 

Grasses  not  exclusively  of  far  northern  or  high  mountain  regions; 
Culms  strongly  flattened. 
Culms  terete  or  but  slightly  flattened. 

Panicle  lax;  branches  long,  slender,  naked  half  their  length,  usually  widely  spreading. 
Basal  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culm. 

Pedicels  commonly  shorter  than  the  Spikelets. 

Flowering  scales  obscurely  nerved;  Spikelets  i]4"~2"  long.    13.  P.  flava. 
Flowering  scales  prominently  nerved. 
Lateral  nerves  silky-pubescent. 

Spikelets  2n-2lA     long;  flowering  scales  not  pubescent  between  the 

nerves;  ligule  truncate.  8.  P.  pratensis. 

Spikelets  3-4"  long;  flowering  scales  minutely  pubescent  below 
between'the  nerves;  ligule  acute.  9.  P.  pseudopratensis. 

Lateral  nerves  naked;  Spikelets  i^"  long.  10.  P.  trivialis. 

Pedicels  commonly  equalling  or  much  exceeding  the  spikelets. 
Flowering  scales  rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex: 

Not  webbed  at  the  base,  pubescent  below.  15.  P.  autumnalis. 

Webbed  at  the  base,  glabrous.  14.  P.  deb  His. 

Flowering  scales  obtuse  or  acute,  webbed  at  the  base. 

Flowering  scales  about  i  % "  long,  often  pubescent  between  the  nerves 

toward  the  base.  16.  P.  sylvestris. 

Flowering  scales  iK"-2"  long,  glabrous  between  the  nerves: 

Obscurely  nerved,  very  acute,  midnerve  pubescent  toward  the  base. 

17.  P.  alsodes. 

Plainly  nerved;  nerves  pilose.  18.  P.  Wolfii. 

Basal  leaves  about  equalling  the  culm;  culm  leaves  short.     19.  P.  breyifolia. 
Panicle  contracted;  the   branches  short,  erect  or  ascending,  mostly  spikelet-bearing 

nearly  to  the  base;  western  species. 
Flowering  scales  erose -truncate,  very  pubescent  below  between  the  silky-pubescent 

nerves.  20.  P.  arida. 

Flowering  scales  acutish,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous.  21.  P.  Buckleyana. 

A 

i.  Poa  annua  L,.     Annual  Meadow  Grass. 

Low  Spear-grass.      (Fig.  459.) 
Poa  annua  L-  Sp.  PL  68.      1753. 

Culms  2x-i°  tall,  from  an  annual  root,  erect  or 
decumbent  at  the  base,  somewhat  flattened,  smooth. 
Sheaths  loose,  usually  overlapping;  ligule  about 
\"  long;  leaves  ^'-4'  long,  X//~1X//  wide, 
smooth;  panicle  ^/-4/  in  length,  open,  branches 
spreading,  J^'-i^'  long,  naked  at  the  base;  spike- 
lets  3-5-flowered,  \y?." -i]/*"  long  ;  lower  scales 
smooth,  the  first  narrow,  acute,  i-nerved,  about 
two  thirds  as  long  as  the  broad  and  obtuse  3- 
nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales  i#//-i^// 
long,  distinctly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  pilose  below. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  places  nearly  throughout 
North  America.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native 
also  of  Asia.  May-Oct. 


202 


, 
GRAMINEAE. 


2.    Poa  Chapmaniana  Scribn.     Chapman's  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  460.) 

Poa  cristata   Chapm.   Fl.  S.  States,  562.     1860.     Not 

Walt.      1788. 
Poa   Chapmaniana  Scribn.   Bull.  Torr.   Club,  21:  38. 

1894. 

Culms  3/-6/  tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root, 
simple,  rigid,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
tight,  mostly  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  W 
long,  truncate;  leaves  Yz'-V  long,  y2"  wide  or  less, 
smooth;  panicle  i/-2/  in  length,  the  branches 
usually  erect,  sometimes  spreading  or  ascending, 
%'  long  or  less,  naked  at  the  base;  spikelets  3-7- 
flowered,  \%ff-\y2"  long;  lower  scales  about 
equal,  3-nerved,  acute;  flowering  scales  webbed  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  sometimes  with  two  ad- 
ditional obscure  nerves,  the  prominent  ones  some- 
times pilose  for  three-fourths  their  length. 

In  dry  soil,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  to  Florida  and 
Alabama.  April-May. 


3.    Poa  compressa  I,.     Wire-grass.     Flat-stemmed  Meadow-grass.     English 
Blue-grass.     (Fig.  461.) 

Poa  compressa  L,.  Sp.  PI.  69.      1753. 


Pale  bluish-green,  glabrous,  culms  6/-2°  tall,  decum- 
bent at  the  base,  from  long  horizontal  rootstocks,  smooth, 
much  flattened.  Sheaths  loose,  flattened,  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  */?."  long;  leaves  \'-\f  long,  about 
i//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  usu- 
ally contracted,  the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  ix 
long  or  less,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base;  spike- 
lets  3-9-flowered,  iX//~3//  long;  lower  scales  acute,  3- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  i//-iX//  long,  obscurely  3- 
nerved,  the  nerves  sparingly  pubescent  toward  the 
base. 

Waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  and  woods  almost 
throughout  North  America.  Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  Varies  from 
weak  and  slender  to  quite  stiff.  June-Aug. 


4.    Poa  abbreviata   R.    Br.      Low  Spear- 
grass.     (Fig.  462.) 

Poa  abbreviata  R.  Br.  Bot.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  287.     1824, 

Culms  6X  tall  or  less,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  and  leaves  crowded  at  the  base 
of  the  culm;  ligule  Yt"  long;  leaves  %'-!'  long, 
Xx/  wide;  panicle  contracted,  ^/-i/  long,  branches 
very  short  and  erect;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  2^" 
long;  lower  scales  acute,  smooth  and  glabrous; 
flowering  scales  about  i%/f  long,  obtuse,  strongly 
pubescent  all  over,  the  intermediate  nerves  very 
obscure. 


Arctic  America  from  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  the 
Pacific.     Summer. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


203 


5.   Poa  lax  a  Haenke.     Wavy  Meadow-grass.     Mountain  Spear-grass. 

(Fig.  463.) 

Poa  laxa  Haenke,  in  Jirasek,  Beob.  Riesengeb.  118. 
1791. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  i°  tall  or  less,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  often  overlapping;  ligule  about 
\ff  long;  leaves  \f-^f  long,  j^//-i//  wide,  acumi- 
nate; panicle  i/-3/  in  length,  the  branches  usually 
erect,  sometimes  ascending,  \'  long  or  less;  spike- 
lets  3-5-flowered,  2//-2^//  long;  lower  scales  usu- 
ally 3-nerved,  acute,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel 
at  its  apex;  flowering  scales  iX//-i^//  long,  ob- 
tuse, 3-nerved,  or  sometimes  with  an  additional 
pair  of  obscure  nerves,  the  midnerve  pilose  on  the 
lower  half,  rough  above,  the  lateral  ones  pilose  for 
one-third  their  length. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  mountains  of  New 
England,  to  Manitoba  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to 
Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


6.   Poa  alpina  L,.     Alpine  Spear-grass. 

(Fig.  464.) 

Poa  alpina  L.  Sp.  PI.  67.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4/-i8/  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
\"  long,  truncate;  leaves  i/-3/  long,  i//-2//  wide, 
abruptly  acute;  panicle  i/-3/  in  length,  the  branches 
generally  widely  spreading,  i/  long  or  less;  spikelets 
3-5-flowered,  2^//-3//  long;  lower  scales  broad,  gla- 
brous, rough  on  the  keel,  acute;  flowering  scales 
about  2/r  long,  obtuse,  pilose  for  half  their  length, 
pubescent  between  the  nerves  toward  the  base. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Quebec,  Lake  Superior, 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  Summer. 


7.    Poa  cenisia  All.     Arctic  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  465.) 

Poa  cenisia  All.  Auct.  Fl.  Fed.  40.      1789. 


Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4/-i5/  tall,  erect,  slen- 
der, simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  lig- 
ule \ff  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves  i/-4/long,  ^//-i// 
wide;  panicle  i/-4/  in  length,  open,  the  branches  gen- 
erally widely  spreading  and  more  or  less  flexuous,  i/- 
2}4'  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered,  2/^//-3^//  long; 
lower  scales  acute  or  acuminate,  i-3-nerved;  flowering 
scales  about  2//  long,  faintly  5-nerved,  the  nerves  short- 
pilose  on  the  lower  half,  minutely  pubescent  between 
the  nerves,  somewhat  webbed  at  the  base. 


Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska. 
Summer. 


Also  in  Europe. 


204 


GRAMINKAE. 


8.    Poa  pratensis  L,.     Kentucky  Blue-grass.     June  Grass.     (Fig.  466.) 

Poa  pratensis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  67.      1753. 

Poa  pratensis  van  angustifolia  Kunth,  Enum   i-  353 
1833. 

Glabrous,  culms  i°-4°  tall,  from  long  running 
rootstocks,  erect,  simple,  smooth.  Sheaths  often 
longer  than  the  internodes;  ligule  %"  long  or  less, 
truncate;  leaves  smooth  or  rough,  X//~3//  wide, 
those  of  the  culm  2X-6X  in  length,  the  basal  much 
longer;  panicle  2^/-8/  in  length,  usually  pyram- 
idal, the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  some- 
times flexuous,  i/-3/  long,  divided  and  spikelet- 
bearing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  3-5-flowered, 
2/x-2^x/  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  scales 
acute,  the  lower  unequal,  glabrous,  rough  on 
the  keel,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved; 
flowering  scales  i^x/  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  5- 
nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  and  midnerve  silky- 
pubescent  below,  the  intermediate  ones  naked. 

In  meadows,  fields  and  woods,  almost  throughout  North  America.  Widely  cultivated  for  hay 
and  pasture.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  In  North  America  probably  indigenous  only  in  the  northern 
and  mountainous  regions.  Variable.  June-Aug. 

9.  Poa  pseudopratensis  Scribn.  &  Ryd. 
Prairie  Meadow-grass.      (Fig.  467.) 

Culms  i°-2^°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  slightly  rough;  ligule  i"  long,  acute, 
decurrent;  leaves  i//-3//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  a 
little  rough  above  and  on  the  margins,  those  of 
the  culm  i/-3>^/  long,  the  basal  6/-io/  in  length; 
panicle  2/-5/  long,  open,  the  branches  spreading 
or  ascending,  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered, 
2//_4//  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  lower  scales 
nearly  equal,  acute,  3-nerved ;  flowering  scales 
acutish,  about  i^"  long,  rough  above,  5-nerved, 
pubescent  between  the  nerves  below,  the  marginal 
nerves  and  midnerve  silky- pubescent  about  half 
their  length. 

Manitoba  and  Assiniboia  to  Nebraska  and  Colorado. 


10.    Poa  trivialis  L,. 


Roughish  Meadow-grass.      (Fig.  468.) 
Poa  trivialis  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  67.      1753. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  usually  more  or  less  decumbent 
at  the  base,  simple,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  rough; 
ligule  2//-3//  long,  acutish;  leaves  2/-7/  in  length, 
i//-2//  wide,  generally  very  rough;  panicle  4/-6/  long, 
open,  the  branches  usually  spreading  or  ascending, 
i/-2/  long;  spikelets  2-  or  sometimes  3-flowered,  i  yz" 
long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  scales  acute,  the  empty 
basal  ones  rough  on  the  keel,  the  lower  i -nerved, 
shorter  than  the  3-nerved  upper;  flowering  scales  i/x- 
\y2"  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  mid- 
nerve  silky-pubescent  below,  the  lateral  nerves 
naked,  the  intermediate  ones  prominent. 

In  meadows  and  waste  places,  New  Brunswick  to- 
Michigan  and  Virginia.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
June-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
ii.    Poa  glauca  Vahl.     Glaucous  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  469.) 

Poa  glauca  Vahl,  Fl.  Dan.    pi.  964.     1790. 

Poa  caesia  J.  E.  Smith,  Eng.  Bot.    pi.  1719.     1807. 

Culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid,  glabrous, 
somewhat  glaucous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  confined 
to  the  lower  half  of  the  culm;  ligule  i/x  long;  leaves 
i/-2/  long,  i//  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous 
above;  panicle  1'-$'  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  X/~I^/  1°DS!  spikelets  2-4- 
flowered,  2j^//-3//  long;  empty  basal  scales  acute, 
3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
keel;  flowering  scales  i>^//-i^//  long,  obtuse  or  acut- 
ish,  rough,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  the  lower  half  of 
the  midnerve  and  marginal  nerves  silky-pubescent, 
the  intermediate  nerves  obscure  and  occasionally 
sparingly  pubescent  at  the  base. 


205 


White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire. 
Summer. 


Also  in  Europe. 


12.  Poa  nemoralis  L,.    Wood  Meadow-grass. 
•  Northern  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  470.  ) 

Poa  nemoralis  L,.  Sp.  PI.  69.      1753. 

Poa  caesia  var.  strictior  A.  Gray,  Man.  Fd.  5,  629.      1867. 

Culms  6x-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  sometimes 
rigid,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  yzrf-\/f  long,  truncate; 
leaves  \f-A/  long,  \ff  wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  or 
rough;  panicle  2/-5/  in  length,  open,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  rarely  spreading,  i/-2/long;  spike- 
lets  2-5-flowered,  i^//-2^//  long;  lower  scales  acute 
or  acuminate,  1-3  -nerved;  flowering  scales  obtuse  or 
acute,  if/-i%/f  long,  faintly  5-nerved,  somewhat  webby 
at  base,  the  midnerve  and  the  marginal  nerves  silky- 
pubescent  on  the  lower  half. 

Anticosti  Island  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Maine, 
Minnesota,  South  Dakota,  and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


Fowl  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  471.) 


13.    Poa  flava  L.     False  Red-top. 

Poaflava  I,.  Sp.  PI.  68.     1753. 

Poa  serotina  Ehrh.  Beitr.  6:  83.     1791. 

Culms  i}4°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple  or  rarely 
branched,  smooth,  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous; ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves  2/-6/  long, 
l//-2//  wide,  smooth  or  rough;  panicle  6/-i3/ 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  spreading  or  as- 
cending, 2/~5/  long,  divided  and  spikelet-bear- 
ing  above  the  middle;  spikelets  3-5-flowered, 
i^//-2//  long,  exceeding  their  pedicels;  lower 
scales  acute,  glabrous,  rough  above  on  the 
keel,  the  lower  usually  i -nerved,  the  upper 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  obtuse,  somewhat 
webby  at  the  base,  i//-i^//  long,  silky-pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  half  of  the  marginal  nerves 
and  the  midnerve,  the  intermediate  nerves  ob- 
scure or  wanting. 

In  swampy  places,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  Vancouver  Island,  south  to  New  Jersey, 
Illinois  and  Nebraska.     Also  in  Europe  aud  Asia.     July-Aug. 


206  GRAMINEAE. 

14.    Poa  debilis  Torr.     Weak  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  472.) 

Poa  debilis  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  459.      1843. 

Culms  i°-2^°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  somewhat 
flattened,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  compressed, 
much  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  X//-I//  l°ng; 
leaves  i/-4^/  long,  \"  wide  or  less,  erect,  smooth  be- 
neath, rough  above  ;  panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  open, 
often  nodding  at  the  top,  the  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, sometimes  spreading,  iX/~3/  l°Qg;  spikelets  2-4- 
flowered,  i-J^//-2//  long,  their  pedicels  longer;  empty 
scales  unequal,  acute,  the  first  i-nerved,  shorter  than 
the  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering  scales  i%/f  long, 
obtuse,  sparingly  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the 
nerves  naked. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania  and 
Wisconsin.  June-Augf. 


Poa  autumnalis  Muhl.     Flexuous  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  473.) 

Poa  autumnalis  Muhl.;  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  159.     1817. 
Poa  flexuosa  Muhl.  Gram.  148.     1817.     Not  J.  E.  Smith. 
1803. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  much  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes; ligule  Ytfr  long;  leaves  ix/  wide  or  less, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above,  those  of  the  culm  i^x- 
6X  long,  the  basal  much  longer;  panicle  s'-tf  in 
length,  the  branches  long  and  slender,  spikelet-bearing 
at  the  extremities,  2/~5/  long;  spikelets  3-5-flowered, 
2^//-3//  long;  empty  basal  scales  acute,  the  first 
i-nerved,  narrow,  shorter  than  the  broad  3-nerved 
second;  flowering  scales  rounded  or  retuse  at  the 
apex,  i^2'//-2//  long,  not  webbed  at  the  base,  pubes- 
cent on  the  lower  part,  5-nerved,  the  midnerve  silky- 
pubescent  for  three-fourths  its  length. 

In  woods,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  March-May. 

f 

16.    Poa  sylvestris  A.  Gray.     Sylvan  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  474.) 

Poa  sylvestris  A.  Gray,  Man.  596.      1848. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  slightly 
flattened,  smooth,  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  YZ"  long  or  less;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above,  i//-3//  wide,  those  of  the 
culm  iJ^M)'  in  length,  the  basal  much  longer;  pan- 
icle 3/-7/  in  length,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, i  Yt-J/  long,  spikelet-bearing  at  the  extremities; 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  i//-2//  long;  empty  basal  scales 
acute,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  longer  and  3- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  about  \]^ff  long,  webbed  at 
the  base,  obtuse,  often  pubescent  below,  5-nerved,  the 
midnerve  pubescent  nearly  its  entire  length  and  the 
marginal  nerves  below  the  middle. 

In  thickets  and  meadows,  New  York  to  Wisconsin, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Louisiana  and  Kansas. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  sometimes  reflexed  when  old. 
June-July. 


GRASS   FAMILY.  207 

17.    Poa  alsodes  A.  Gray.     Grove  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  475.) 

Poa  alsodes  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  562.      1856. 

Culms  8/-2^°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes; ligule  yz"  long;  leaves  usually  rough,  i//-2// 
•wide,  those  of  the  culm  2/-8/  in  length,  the  basal 
longer;  panicle  3^2'-%'  i°  length,  the  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  iX/~3/  l°ng>  spikelet-bearing  at  the 
ends;  spikelets  2-3-flowered,  about  2^"  long;  scales 
very  acute,  the  empty  basal  ones  unequal,  the  lower 
i-nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  about 
2/x  long,  webbed  at  the  base,  the  midnerve  pubescent 
near  the  base,  the  marginal  nerves  naked,  the  inter- 
mediate ones  very  faint. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  May- 
June. 

18.   Poa  Wolfii  Scribn.     Wolf's  Spear-grass. 
(Fig.  476.) 

Poa  Wolfii  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  21:  228.     1894. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
Xx/  long;  leaves  i/x  wide  or  less,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above,  those  of  the  culm  2/-4/  in  length,  the 
basal  much  longer;  panicle  $'-(/  in  length,  lax,  its 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  flexuous,  i^/-2^/  long; 
spikelets  2-4-flowered,  2^//~3//  long;  scales  acute, 
the  lower  unequal,  3-nerved,  glabrous,  rough  on  the 
keel,  the  first  shorter  than  the  second;  flowering  scales 
about  2/x  long,  copiously  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved, 
the  marginal  and  midnerves  silky-pubescent  for  more 
than  half  their  length,  the  intermediate  nerves  promi- 
nent, naked. 

Illinois,  Tennessee  and  Kansas. 

19.    Poa  brevifolia  Muhl.     Short-leaved  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  477.) 

Poa  brevifolia  Muhl.  Gram.  138.      1817. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect  or  spreading,  slender, 
smooth,  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the 
internodes;  ligule  X//~I^//  l°ng;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above,  i//-2//  wide,  abruptly  acute, 
those  of  the  culm  l/tf-tf  long,  the  uppermost 
sometimes  almost  wanting;  basal  leaves  usually 
•equalling  or  nearly  as  long  as  the  culm;  panicle 
2^/-5/  in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending, 
widely  spreading  or  often  reflexed,  i^/-3/  long, 
spikelet-bearing  at  the  ends;  spikelets  3-6-flow- 
ered,  2^//-3^//  long;  empty  basal  scales  unequal, 
acute,  glabrous,  the  lower  i-nerved,  the  upper  3- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  slightly  webbed  at  the 
base,  2//-2^//  long,  obtuse,  5-nerved,  the  keel  and 
marginal  nerves  sparingly  pubescent,  the  inter- 
mediate nerves  prominent,  naked. 

In  rocky  woods,  New  Jersey  and    Pennsylvania*  ,to  Illinois,    south    to    North    Carolina    and 
Tennessee.     April-June. 

14 


208 


GRAMINEAE. 


20.  Poa  arida  Vasey.     Prairie  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  478.) 

Poa  andina  Nutt. ;  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  388.     1871.     Not 

Trin.      1836. 
Poa  arida  Vasey,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb,  i:  270.     1893. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  overlapping,  smooth  or  some- 
what roughish;  ligule  i/x-2x/  long,  acute;  leaves  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above,  X//~I//  wide,  flat  or  folded,  pun- 
gently  pointed,  those  of  the  culm  %'-i'  long,  erect,  the 
basal  leaves  3/-6/  long;  panicle  contracted,  2'-$'  in 
length,  the  branches  erect,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the 
base,  \yz'  long  or  less;  spikelets  4-7-flowered,  2X//-3^"' 
long;  lower  scales  nearly  equal,  acute,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  i^//-2//  long,  erose-truncate  at  apex,  strongly 
silky-pubescent  on  the  nerves  for  half  their  length,  the 
lower  part  very  pubescent  between  the  nerves;  interme- 
diate nerves  very  obscure. 

On  prairies,  Kansas  to  Utah,  north  to  British  America. 
July-Sept. 


21.    Poa  Buckleyana  Nash.     Buckley's  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  479.) 

Poa  tenuifolia  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1862:  96.     1862. 

Not  A.  Rich.     1851. 
Poa  Buckleyana  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  465.      1895. 

Culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
2//-3//  long,  acute;  leaves  i/-4/  long,  about  ix/  wide, 
erect,  flat,  or  becoming  involute,  smooth  or  rough; 
panicle  i/-4/  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches  erect, 
\l/2f  long  or  less,  spikelet-bearing  nearly  to  the  base; 
spikelets  2-5-flowered,  2//-T>//  long;  scales  acute,  the 
lower  nearly  equal,  scabrous  on  the  keel;  flowering 
scales  about  2//  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  sparingly 
pubescent  on  the  nerves  below,  sometimes  slightly 
hispid  toward  the  base  between  the  nerves. 

Kansas  to  California,  north  to  British  America.  July- 
Aug. 


22.    Poa  glumaris  Trin.     I^arge-flowered  Spear-grass.     (Fig.  480. ) 

Poa  glumaris  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  i:  379. 
1831. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-$°  tall,  erect  or  as- 
surgent,  simple.  Sheaths  loose,  usually  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  yz"  long,  truncate;  leaves 
4/-io/  long,  i//-4//  wide;  panicle  4/-io/  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  i/-2/  long;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered,  4//-6//  long;  lower  scales  about  equal,  acute, 
slighty  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the  first  i-3-nerved,  the 
second  3-nerved,  rarely  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  3"- 
4/x  long,  usually  acutish,  scabrous,  5-7-nerved,  pubes- 
cent at  base  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  midnerve  and 
lateral  nerves,  not  webbed. 

Anticosti  Island  and  Nova  Scotia  to  Quebec  and  Alaska. 
Summer. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
78.   DUPONTIA  R.  Br.  Parry's  Voy.  App.  290.      1824. 


209 


Low  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  generally  narrow  panicles.  Spikelets  2-4-flowered,  the 
flowers  all  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales,  mem- 
branous; flowering  scales  entire,  membranous,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Name  in  honor  of  J.  D.  Dupont,  French  botanist.] 

Two  arctic  species,  both  circumboreal. 

i.    Dupontia  Fisheri  R.   Br.     Fisher's 
Dupontia.     (Fig.  481.) 

Dupontia  Fisheri  R.   Br.  Parry's  Voy.   App.   291. 

1824. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  5/-i2/  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  overlapping;  ligule  i//  long  or 
less;  leaves  i/-6/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  flat;  panicle 
usually  contracted,  1%'-^%'  long,  the  branches 
less  than  1)4'  long,  erect,  or  sometimes  ascend- 
ing; spikelets  few,  about  2-flowered,  3//-4//  long; 
empty  basal  scales  thin,  generally  acute,  the  first 
i -nerved,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  second, 
which  is  usually  3-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves 
often  vanishing  at  about  the  middle;  flowering 
scales  2j^//-3//  long,  i -nerved  or  obscurely 
3-nerved;  basal  hairs  about  yz"  long. 


Arctic  regions  of  northeastern  America, 
arctic  Europe  and  Asia.     Summer. 


Also  in 


79.    SCOLOCHLOA  Link,  Hort.  Berol.  i:   136.     1827. 

Tall  aquatic  or  marsh  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  ample  panicles.  Spikelets  2-4-flow- 
ered, the  flowers  perfect.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  thin-membranous,  3-5 -nerved;  flowering 
scales  rigid,  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  some  of  the 
nerves  usually  excurrent  as  short  points;  palets  about  equalling  the  scales,  2-nerved.  Stamens 
3.  Styles  very  short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  hairy  at  the  apex.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
rickle-like  projecting  nerves  of  the  flowering  scales. ] 

Species  2,  in  the  north  temperate  zones  of  both  continents. 


i.    Scolochloa  festucacea  (Willd. ) 

Link.     Fescue  Scolochloa. 

(Fig.  482.) 

Arundo festucacea  Willd.  Enum.  i:  126.     1809. 

Scolochloa  festucacea    Link,   Hort.    Berol.    i:   137. 
1827. 

Graphephorum  festucaceum  A.    Gray,  Ann.    Bot. 
Soc.  Can.  i:  57.     1861. 

Culms  3°-5°  tall,  erect,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  often  overlapping;  ligule  i//-2//  long; 
leaves  7r-i0  long  or  more,  2//-4//  wide,  flat,  sca- 
brous on  the  margins;  panicle  8/-i2/  in  length, 
usually  open,  the  branches  ascending,  naked  at 
the  base,  the  lower  $'-\'  long;  spikelets  3//-4// 
long;  empty  basal  scales  acute,  the  first  shorter 
than  the  second;  flowering  scales  scabrous, 
7-nerved. 

Iowa  and  Nebraska,  north  to  Manitoba  and  As- 
siniboia.  July-Aug. 


2IO 


GRAMINEAE. 


80.   GRAPHEPHORUM  Desv.  Bull.  Soc.  Philom.  2:  189.     1810. 

Slender  erect  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  a  usually  contracted  nodding  panicle.  Spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  flattened,  the  rachilla  hirsute  and  extending  beyond  the  flowers.  Two 
lower  scales  empty,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  flowering  scales,  thin-membranous,  acute, 
keeled;  flowering  scales  membranous,  obscurely  nerved,  entire,  sometimes  short-awned  just 
below  the  apex.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  glabrous.  [Greek, 
pencil-bearing,  referring  to  the  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  end  of  the  rachilla.  ] 

Two  known  species,  natives  of  northern  North  America.  Other  Mexican  grasses  are  referred 
to  this  genus  by  authors. 


i.  Graphephorum  melicoideum  (Michx.)  Beauv.     Graphephorum. 

(Fig.  483.) 

Aira  melicoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  62.     1803. 
Graphephorum  melicoideum   Beauv.  Agrost.  164. 

pi.  15.  f.  8.      1812. 

Dupontia  Cooleyi  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  556.      1852. 
Graphephorum    melicoides  var.    major  A.    Gray, 

Ann.  Bot.  Soc.  Can.  i:  57.      1861. 

Culms  i°-2>£0  tall,  erect,  simple,  rough  just 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  smooth,  or  the  lower  often 
villous;  ligule  \'f  long  or  less,  truncate;  leaves 
i^/-9/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  long-acuminate, 
rough;  panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  the  top  usually 
nodding,  the  branches  erect,  ix-2x  long;  spike- 
lets  2-4-flowered,  2X//~3//  l°ng;  scales  scabrous 
on  the  keel,  the  empty  ones  unequal,  the  first 
i-nerved  or  obscurely  3-nerved,  shorter  than  the 
3-nerved  second;  flowering  scales  3-5-nerved, 
acute. 

In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  Island  to  Ontario,  south  to 
Maine  and  Michigan.  Aug. -Sept. 


81.  PANICULARIA  Fabr.  Emim.  Hort.  Helmst.  373.     1763. 
[GI.YCERIA  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  179.      1810.] 

Mostly  perennial  grasses,  often  tall,  with  flat  leaves  and  paniculate  inflorescence.  Spike- 
lets  few-many-flowered,  terete  or  somewhat  flattened.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  obtuse  or 
acute,  i-3-nerved;  flowering  scales  membranous,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-g-nerved,  the 
nerves  disappearing  in  the  hyaline  apex.  Palets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales,  rarely 
longer,  2-keeled.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  smooth,  en- 
closed in  the  scale  and  palet,  free,  or  when  dry  slightly  adhering  to  the  latter.  [Latin, 
referring  to  the  panicled  spikelets.] 

About  16  species,  widely  distributed  in  North  America,  a  few  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  4"  long  or  less. 

Flowering  scales  very  broad,  obscurely  or  at  least  not  sharply  nerved. 
Panicle  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  spreading,  often  drooping. 
Spikelets  3~5-flowered;  lowest  flowering  scale  about  i"  long. 
Spikelets  5-1 2-flowered;  lowest  flowering  scale  about  iM"  long. 
Panicle  contracted,  the  branches  erect. 
Flowering  scales  narrow,  sharply  and  distinctly  y-nerved. 
Panicle  elongated,  its  branches  erect  "or  appressed. 

Panicle  not  elongated,  open,  its  branches  spreading  or  drooping,  rarely  erect. 
Scales  about  i"  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Spikelets  i%"  long  or  less;  branches  of  the  panicle  often  drooping. 

5.  P.  nervata. 
Spikelets  2" -3"  long;  branches  of  the  panicle  ascending  or  spreading. 

6.  P.  Americana 
Scales  i^"-i^"  long,  truncate  and  denticulate  at  the  apex.                 7.  P.  pallida. 

Spikelets  linear,  6"  long  or  more. 

Flowering  scales  i  lA"-$'  long,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  obtuse  palet.  8.  P.  fluitans. 

Flowering  scales  about  4' '  long,  acute,  much  shorter  than  the  long-acuminate  palet. 

9.  P.  acutijlora. 


1.  P.  laxa. 

2.  P.  Canadensis. 

3.  P.  obtusa. 

4.  P.  elongata. 


GRASS  FAMILY.  211 

i.   Panicularia  laxa  Scribn.     Northern  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  484.) 

Panicularia  laxa  Scribn.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  21 : 37.    1894. 

Glyceria  laxa  Scribn. ;  Redf .  &  Rand,  Fl.  Mt.  Desert, 
180.     1894. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous.  Sheaths  overlapping,  rough ;  ligule 
y£"-i"  long;  leaves  8/-i5/  long,  2//-4//  wide,  very- 
rough;  panicle  7/-9/  in  length,  the  branches  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  the  lower  $'-6'  long;  spikelets  3- 
5-flowered,  about  2"  long;  empty  scales  unequal, 
scarious,  acute,  i-nerved,  the  first  one-half  to  two- 
thirds  the  length  of  the  second;  flowering  scales 
broad,  about  \"  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  second 
scale,  obtuse,  obscurely  y-nerved. 

In  water  or  wet  soil,  Maine  to  Pennsylvania.     Aug. 


2.    Panicularia  Canadensis  (Mich*.)  Kuntze. 

(Fig.  485.) 


Rattlesnake  Grass. 


Briza  Canadensis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  71.      1803. 
Glyceria  Canadensis  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.) 

i:  366.     1831. 
Panicularia  Canadensis  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  783.    1891. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  those 
at  the  base  of  the  culm  overlapping;  ligule  i//  long, 
truncate;  leaves  6/-i°  long  or  more,  2//-4//  wide, 
rough;  panicle  5%'-io'  in  length,  the  branches 
spreading,  ascending  or  often  drooping,  2^/~5/  long; 
spikelets  5-i2-flowered,  2 >£//-4//  long,  flattened,  tur- 
gid; empty  scales  unequal,  acute,  i-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales,  broad,  i%"-2"  long,  obtuse  or  acutish, 
obscurely  7-nerved. 

In  swamps  and  marshes,  Newfoundland  and  New 
Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sey, Ohio  and  Kansas.  The  handsomest  species  of  the 
genus.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  July-Aug. 


3.   Panicularia  obtusa  (Muhl.)  Kuntze.     Blunt  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  486.) 

Poa  obtusa  Muhl.  Gram.  147.      1817. 

Glyceria  obtusa  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.)  i: 
366.      1831. 

Panicularia  obtusa  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  783.      1891. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  sometimes  rough,  strongly  striate,  the  lower 
overlapping;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  6/-i5/  long,  2"- 
4"  wide,  usually  stiff,  erect  or  ascending,  smooth  be- 
neath, more  or  less  scabrous  above;  panicle  3/-8/  in 
length,  contracted,  dense,  the  branches  erect;  spikelets 
3-7 -flowered,  2//-3//  long;  empty  scales  acute,  scari- 
ous, i-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  ij^"  long,  broad, 
obtuse,  obscurely  y-nerved. 

In  swamps,  New  Brunswick  to  New  York  and  central 
Pennsylvania,  south  to  Delaware  and  Maryland.  Ascends 
to  2300  ft.  in  the  Catskill  Mountains.  July-Aug. 


212 


GRAMINEAE. 


4.   Panicularia  elongata  (Torr.)  Kuntze. 
Long  Manna-grass.      (Fig.  487.) 

Poa  elongata  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  112.      1824. 

Glyceria  elongata  Trin.  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersb.  i: 

68.      1836. 
Panicularia  elongata  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  783.     1891. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  X"  long;  leaves  lax,  6'-i2x  long, 
I/^//~3//  wide,  long-acuminate,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  panicle  elongated,  contracted,  nar- 
row, usually  nodding  at  the  summit,  6/-i2/  in 
length,  the  branches  erect  or  appressed,  I/-2J5^/ 
long;  spikelets  3-4-flowered,  i>^//-2//  long;  empty 
scales  unequal,  acute,  i-nerved;  flowering  scales 
narrow,  about  i"  long,  obtuse  or  acutish,  distinctly 
7-nerved. 

In  wet  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Quebec  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky.  Ascends 
to  4000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  Aug. -Sept. 

5.  Panicularia  nervata  (Willd.)  Kuntze.     Nerved  Manna-grass. 

Poa  nervata  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  389.      1798. 

Glyceria  nervata  Trin.  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (VI.) 

1:365.       1831. 
Panicularia  nervata  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  783.     1891. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  usually  more  or  less  rough;  ligule  %" 
long,  truncate;  leaves  6X-I2X  long,  2//~5//  wide, 
acute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3/-8/  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  filiform,  spreading,  as- 
cending or  often  drooping,  rarely  erect,  2/~5/  long; 
spikelets  3-7-flowered,  i//-i>^//  long;  empty  scales 
obtuse,  i-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  ^'f  long, 
obtuse  or  rounded,  with  7  sharp  distinct  nerves  and 
evident  furrows  between. 

In  wet  places,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Florida  and  Mexico.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in 
Virginia.  Panicle  often  purple.  June-Sept. 

6.   Panicularia  Americana  (Torr.)  MacM.     Reed  Meadow-grass.     Tall 
Manna-grass.      (Fig.  489.) 

Poa  aquatica  var.  Americana  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  108. 

1824. 
Glyceria  grandis  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6, 

667.      1890. 
Panicularia  Americana   MacMillan,  Met.  Minn.  81. 

1892. 

Culms  3°-5°  tall,  erect,  stout,  simple,  smooth 
and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  smooth,  or  some- 
times rough;  ligule  i//-2//  long,  truncate;  leaves 
7/-i°  long  or  more,  3//-8//  wide,  usually  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  8/-i5/  in  length, 
its  branches  spreading,  ascending  or  rarely  erect, 
4/-8/  long;  spikelets  4-7-flowered,  2//-3//  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  I -nerved;  flowering  scales  about 
\"  long,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  sharply 
and  distinctly  7-nerved,  the  furrows  between  the 
nerves  evident. 

In  wet  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south  to  Ten- 
nessee, Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Nevada.  Ascends  to 
2100  ft.  in  Pennsylvania.  June-Aug. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


213 


7.   Panicularia  pallida  (Torr.)  Kuntze.     Pale  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  490.) 

Wind  so  ria  pallida  Torr.  Cat.  N.  Y.  91.      1819. 
Glyceria  pallida  Trin.  Bull.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Petersb.  i: 

68.    1836. 
Panicularia  pallida  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  783.     1891. 

Pale  green,  culms  i°-3°  long,  assurgent,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than 
the  internodes;  ligule  2//-3//  long,  acute;  leaves 
2/-6/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough 
above;  panicle  i^'-y'  in  length,  the  branches 
spreading,  ascending  or  rarely  erect,  often  flexu- 
ous,  i '-a'  long;  spikelets  4-8-flowered,  2^//-3^// 
long;  empty  scales  unequal,  the  first  i-nerved,  ob- 
tuse, shorter  than  the  3-nerved  and  truncate  sec- 
ond; flowering  scales  iX//~IK//  l°n&>  truncate 
and  denticulate  at  the  apex,  sharply  and  distinctly 
y-nerved,  with  plain  furrows  between  the  nerves. 

In  shallow  water,  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario,  south 
to  Virginia,  Tennessee  and  Indiana.  Ascends  to  2000 
ft.  in  Pennsylvania.  July-Aug. 

S.   Panicularia  fluitans  (I,.)  Kuntze.     Floating  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  491.) 

Festuca  fluitans  L.  Sp.  PI.  75.      1753. 

Glyceria  fluitans  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  179.    1810. 

Panicularia  fluitans  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  782.      1891. 

Culms  2°-5°  long,  flattened,  erect  or  decumbent, 
usually  stout,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous,  often  root- 
ing from  the  lower  nodes.  Sheaths  loose,  generally 
overlapping,  smooth  or  rough;  ligule  2//-3//  long; 
leaves  s'-i0  long  or  more,  2//-6//  wide,  scabrous, 
often  floating;  panicle  g'-i.^0  long,  the  branches,  at 
least  the  lower  ones,  at  first  appressed,  later  ascend- 
ing, and  3/-6/  long;  spikelets  linear,  7-i3-flowered, 
4//-i2//  long;  empty  scales  unequal,  i-nerved,  the 
lower  acute  or  obtuse,  the  upper  obtuse  or  truncate; 
flowering  scales  i^//-3//  long,  oblong,  obtuse  or 
truncate,  more  or  less  scabrous,  sharply  7-nerved. 

In  wet  places  or  in  water,  Newfoundland  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Iowa  and 
California.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Sept. 


9.    Panicularia  acutiflora   (Torr.)    Kuntze. 
Sharp-scaled  Manna-grass.     (Fig.  492.) 

Glyceria  acutiflora  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  104.      1824. 
Panicularia  acutiflora  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  782.      1891. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  flattened,  erect  from  a  decumbent 
base,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose, 
generally  a  little  exceeding  the  internodes,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  ligule  2X/  long,  truncate;  leaves  3X-6X 
long,  2//-3//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above ; 
panicle  6'-i2/  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ap- 
pressed, 2/-4/  long;  spikelets  linear,  5-i2-flowered,  ix- 
1%'  long;  empty  scales  acute,  smooth;  flowering 
scales  about  4"  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous,  ex- 
ceeded by  the  long-acuminate  palets. 

In  wet  places,  Maine  to  southern  New  York,  Ohio  and 
Tennessee.  Local.  June-Aug. 


2I4 


GRAMINEAE. 


82.   PUCCINELLIA  Parl.  Fl.  Ital.  i:  366.      1848. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  3-several-flowered.  Lower  scales  empty,  obtuse  or  acute,  unequal;  flowering  scales  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  the  nerves  very  obscure  or  almost  wanting. 
Palet  about  equalling  the  scale.  Stamens  3.  Styles  wanting.  Stigmas  sessile,  simply  plu- 
mose. Grain  compressed,  usually  adhering  to  the  palet.  [Name  in  honor  of  Benedetto 
Puccinelli,  Italian  botanist.] 

About  14  species,  in  all  temperate  regions. 

Panicle  open,  its  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  rarely  erect. 

Lower  flowering  scales  i %"-z"  long;  plant  stoloniferous.  i.  P.  maritima. 
I,ower  flowering  scales  \~%"  long  or  less;  plants  not  stoloniferous. 

Second  empty  scale  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales,  broad,  obtuse  or 

truncate;  spike  lets  crowded.  2.  P.  distans. 

Second  empty  scale  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  flowering  scales,  narrow,  obtuse  or 

acute;  spikelets  not  crowded.  3.  P.  airoides. 

Panicle  contracted,  its  branches  erect,  rarely  ascending;  northern  species.  4.  P.  angustata.. 

/V.  A 

i.     Puccinellia    maritima    (Huds.) 
Parl.    Goose-grass.    Sea  Spear- 
grass.     (Fig.  493.) 

Poa  maritima  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  35.     1762. 
Glyceria  maritima  M.   &  K.   Deutsch.   Fl.    i: 

588.     1823. 
Puccinellia  maritima  Parl.  Fl.  Ital.  i:  370.    1848. 

Stoloniferous,  smooth,  glabrous,  culms 
6/-2°  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  exceeding  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  >^//-i//  long;  leaves  %'-$' 
long,  i//  wide  or  less,  flat  to  involute;  pan- 
icle 2/-6/  in  length,  open,  the  branches  as- 
cending, or  rarely  erect,  i/-2/  long;  spikelets 
3-io-flowered,  3//-6//  long;  empty  scales  un- 
equal, the  first  usually  i -nerved,  the  second 
3-nerved;  flowering  scales  ij^//-2//  long, 
broad,  obtuse  or  truncate. 

In  salt  marshes  and  on   sea  beaches,  Nova 
Scotia  to  Rhode   Island.     Also  on  the   Pacific 
coast,  and  on  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
uly-Aug. 

2.   Puccinellia  distans  (L,.)  Parl.     Spreading  Meadow-grass.      (Fig.  494.) 

Poa  distans  ~L,.  Mant.  32.      1767. 

Glyceria  distans  Wahl.  Fl.  Ups.  36.      1820. 

Puccinellia  distans  Parl.  Fl.  Ital.  i:  367.      1848. 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  de- 
cumbent at  the  base,  tufted,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  %"-\'r 
long;  leaves  ^'-6'  long,  i"-2"  wide,  flat  or 
folded,  usually  stiff  and  erect,  smooth  be- 
neath; panicle  2' '-7'  in  length,  open,  rarely 
contracted,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, whorled,  the  lower  T-'-^/t'  long,  some- 
times reflexed;  spikelets  crowded,  3-6-flow- 
ered,  i>^//-2^//  long;  empty  scales  obtuse 
or  acute,  i -nerved,  the  second  exceeding  the 
first  and  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  ob- 
scurely nerved  and  obtuse  flowering  scales, 
which  are  y2"-\"  long. 

On  salt  meadows,  sea  beaches  and  in  waste 
places,  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey.  Probably 
naturalized  from  Europe.  July-Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


215 


Slender  Meadow-grass. 


3.    Puccinellia  airoides  (Nutt. )  Wats.  &  Coult. 

(Fig.  495.) 

Poa  airoides  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  68.     1818. 
Panicularia  distans  airoides  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

5:  54.      1894. 
Puccinelha  airoides  Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  6,  668.      1890. 

Culms  i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  longer  than  the  internodes; 
ligule  \"  long;  leaves  2/-6/  long,  \y2"  wide  or  less, 
flat  or  involute,  usually  erect,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  panicle  open,  its  branches  slender, 
spreading  or  ascending,  rarely  erect,  the  lower 
2/~3^/long  and  often  reflexed;  spikelets  scattered, 
i-7-flowered,  i^//-3//  long;  empty  scales  unequal, 
the  first  acute,  i-nerved,  the  second  obtuse  or 
acute,  3-nerved,  more  than  half  the  length  of  the 
obtuse  flowering  scales,  which  are  \'f-\]^ff  long. 

In  saline  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  Northwest  Territory, 
Washington,  Colorado  and  Nevada.  July- Aug. 


4.  Puccinellia  angustata  (R.  Br.)  Nash. 
Arctic  Meadow-grass.     (Fig.  496.) 

Poa  angustata  R.  Br.  App.  Parry's  Voy.  287.      1824. 
Panicularia  angustata  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

5:  54.      1894. 
Puccinelha  maritima  var.  minor  S.  Wats,  in  A. 

Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  668.      1890. 
Puccinellia  angustata  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22: 

512.      1895. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  4/-i2/  tall,  erect, 
simple.  Sheaths  usually  overlapping;  ligule  \" 
long;  leaves  /^/-2^/  long,  \"  wide  or  less;  pan- 
icle i/-2/  in  length,  contracted,  the  branches 
short  and  erect  or  appressed ;  spikelets  2-y-flow- 
ered,  3//-4//  long;  empty  scales  obtuse  or  rounded 
at  the  apex,  the  first  i -nerved,  the  second  3- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  iX//-I/^//  l°ng>  usually 
purplish,  rounded  at  the  apex. 

Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  south  to 
Maine.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

83.   FESTUCA  L.  Sp.  PI.  73.       1753- 

Mostly  tufted  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  paniculate  inflores- 
cence. Spikelets  2-several-flowered.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  more  or  less  unequal,  acute, 
keeled;  flowering  scales  membranous,  narrow,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  usually  acute, 
and  generally  awned  at  the  apex.  Palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scale.  Stamens  1-3. 
Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  glabrous,  elongated,  often  adherent  to 
the  scale  or  palet.  [Latin,  stalk  or  straw.] 

A  genus  of  about  80  species,  widely  distributed,  particularly  numerous  in  temperate  regions. 
Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Leaves  i"  wide  or  less. 

Annuals;  flowering  scales  awned. 

First  scale  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  second;  awn  short.  i.  F.  octoflora. 

First  scale  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  second ;  awn  long.  2.  F.  Myuros. 

Perennials;  flowering  scales  short-awned  or  bristle-pointed. 
Basal  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous,  %"  wide. 

Culms  from  a  rootstock  or  with  stolons.  3.  F.  rubra. 

Culms  densely  tufted,  no  rootstocks.  4.  F.  ovina. 

Basal  leaves  flat,  about  i"  wide,  becoming  involute  in  drying.  5.  F.  scabrella. 

Leaves  2"  wide  or  more,  flat. 

Flowering  scales  unawned  or  short-awned. 

Flowering  scales  2K"-3/^"  long;  spikelets  5-io-flowered.  6.  F.  elatior. 

Flowering  scales  2"  long  or  less;  spikelets  3-6-flowered. 

Spikelets  very  broad;  branches  of  the  panicle  spikelet-bearing  from  the  middle  or 

below;  flowering  scales  obtuse.  7.  F.  Shortii. 

Spikelets  lanceolate;  branches  elongated ;  spikelets  at  ends;  scales  acute.  8.  F.  nutans. 
Flowering  scales  long-awned.  9.  F.  gigantea. 


2l6 


GRAMINEAE. 


i.   Festuca  octoflora  Walt.     Slender  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  497.) 

Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  81.     1788. 
Festuca  tenella  Willd.  Enum.  i:  113.     1809. 

Culms  4/-i8/  tall,  erect,  from  an  annual  root, 
slender,  rigid,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
short;  leaves  ij^'-s'  long,  involute,  bristle-form; 
raceme  or  simple  panicle  often  one-sided,  1/-6'  in 
length,  contracted,  its  branches  erect,  or  rarely  as- 
cending; spikelets  6-13-flowered,  3//-5//  long;  empty 
scales  acute,  smooth,  the  first  i-nerved,  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  3-nerved  second  one;  flowering 
scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  i^//-2^//  long,  usually 
very  scabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn  nearly  as  long 
as  the  body  or  shorter,  or  sometimes  awnless; 
stamens  2. 

Dry  sandy  soil,  Quebec  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Florida,  Texas  and  California.  Leaves  sometimes  pubes- 
cent. June-Aug. 


2.   Festuca  Myuros  L,.     Rat's-tail  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  498.) 

Festuca  Myuros  L.  Sp.  PI.  74.     1753. 

Smooth,  glabrous,  culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect  from  an 
annual  root,  slender,  simple.  Sheaths  often  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  the  upper  sometimes  enclosing 
the  base  of  the  panicle;  ligule  %"  long,  truncate; 
leaves  2' -5'  long,  subulate,  involute,  erect;  panicle 
usually  one-sided,  4/-i2/  in  length,  contracted,  some- 
times curved,  its  branches  appressed;  spikelets  3-6- 
flowered;  empty  scales  very  unequal,  acute,  smooth, 
the  first  i-nerved,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  3-nerved 
second  one;  flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  the  awns, 
2//_y/  long,  narrow,  scabrous,  acuminate  into  an  awn 
much  longer  than  the  body;  stamen  I. 

In  waste  places  and  fields,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  New 
Jersey  and  Florida.  Also  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.  June-July. 


3.   Festuca  rubra  L.     Red  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  499.) 

Festuca  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI.  74.     1753. 

Culms  i%°-2%°  tall,  fr-om  running  rootstocks,  erect, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short,  truncate;  basal 
leaves  involute-filiform,  3X-6X  long;  culm  leaves 
shorter,  erect,  flat  or  involute  in  drying,  minutely  pu- 
bescent above;  panicle  2'-$'  in  length,  sometimes  red, 
open  at  flowering  time,  contracted  in  fruit;  spikelets 
3-io-flowered,  4//-6//  long;  lower  scales  acute,  un- 
equal, the  first  i-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved 
second;  flowering  scales  about  3"  long,  obscurely  5- 
nerved,  sometimes  scabrous,  bearing  awns  of  less 
than  their  own  length. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  south,  especially  on  the  mountains, 
to  Tennessee  and  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
Summer. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


217 


1882. 


4.  Festuca  ovina  L,.     Sheep's  Fescue-grass.      (Fig.  500.) 

Festuca  ovina  L.  Sp.  PI.  73.      1753. 

Smooth,  glabrous,  culms  6/-i4/  tall,  erect,  tufted, 
slender,  rigid,  simple;  no  rootstocks.  Sheaths  usually 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm;  ligule  auriculate, 
short;  leaves  filiform  or  setaceous,  those  of  the  culm 
few,  I'-tf  long,  erect,  the  basal  ones  numerous;  pan- 
icle i/^/-3/  long,  often  one-sided,  narrow,  its  branches 
short,  usually  erect  or  appressed;  spikelets  3-5- 
flowered;  empty  scales  unequal,  acute,  the  first  i- 
tierved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  i^//-2// 
long,  smooth,  acute,  usually  short -awned. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Labrador  to  British  Colum- 
bia, south  to  New  Jersey,  Colorado  and  California.  Vari- 
able. Probably  indigenous  northward,  but  mostly  natu- 
ralized from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  The  subarctic 
and  Rocky  Mountain  var.  brevifolia  S.  Watson,  may  be  a 
distinct  species.  June-July. 

The  so-called  var.  vivipara,  a  state  of  this  grass  with  the 
scales  wholly  or  partly  transformed  into  small  leaves,  is 
found  on  the  mountains  of  New  England  and  in  arctic 
America. 

Festuca  ovina  duriuscula  (L. )  Hack.  Monog.  Fest.  Europ.  89. 
Festuca  duriuscula  L.  Sp.  PI.  74.      1753. 

Culms  taller  and  stouter,  the  panicle  usually  more  open  and  the  flowering  scales  about  3"  long. 
Newfoundland  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Virginia  and  Colorado.     Naturalized  from  Europe. 

5.   Festuca  scabrella  Torr.     Rough  Fes- 
cue-grass.    (Fig.  501.) 

Fustuca  scabrella  Torr.;  Hook.  Fl.    Bor.  Am.  2:  252. 
pi.  233.     1840. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually  rough, 
below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  overlapping,  smooth; 
ligule  a  ring  of  very  short  hairs;  leaves  rough,  i// 
wide  or  less,  those  of  the  culm  if-$f  long,  erect,  the 
basal  flat,  much  longer  and  readily  deciduous  from 
the  sheaths,  involute  in  drying;  panicle  $'-4'  in 
length,  open,  its  branches  ascending  or  the  lower 
widely  spreading;  spikelets  3~5-flowered,  about  4// 
long;  empty  scales  scarious,  unequal,  smooth,  the 
first  i-nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  about  3"  long,  scabrous,  often  bearing  a 
short  awn  \"  long  or  less. 

Labrador  and  Quebec  to  Manitoba  and  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  California.  Summer. 

6.    Festuca  elatior  L.     Tall  or  Meadow 
Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  502.) 

Festuca  elatior  L.  Sp.  PI.  75.     1753. 
Festuca  pratensis  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  37.     1762. 
Festuca  elatior  var.  pratensis  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  634. 
1867. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule 
very  short;  leaves  4/-i5/  long,  2//~4//  wide,  flat, 
smooth  beneath,  more  or  less  rough  above;  panicle 
4/-i4/  in  length,  often  nodding  at  the  top,  simple  to 
very  compound,  the  branches  ascending  or  erect,  2'- 
&  long;  spikelets  5-g-flowered,  4>£//-6//  long;  empty 
scales  acute,  the  first  i-3-nerved,  the  second  3-5- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  acute  or  short-pointed,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  a^"-^"  long,  indistinctly  5-nerved. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Kansas.  Natur- 
alized from  Europe  and  cultivated  for  hay.  Variable. 
July-Aug. 


218  GRAMINEAE. 

7.    Festuca  Shortii  Kunth.     Short's  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  503.) 

Festuca  Shortii  Kunth;  Wood,  Class-book,  794.      1861. 
Festuca  nutans  var.  palustris  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  399.     1873. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  internodes^ 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  5/-io/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  flat, 
smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  panicle  3/-y/  in  length, 
open,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  rarely 
erect,  spikelet-bearing  from  the  middle  or  below,  the 
lower  iJ^/-3^/  long;  spikelets  broadly  obovate,  when 
mature,  3-6  flowered,  2>£//-3//  long;  empty  scales 
acute,  unequal,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  first  i- 
3-nerved,  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  about 
2X/  long,  smooth,  obtuse  or  acutish,  faintly  nerved. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Pennsylvania  (according:  to 
Porter)  and  Illinois  to  Kansas,  south  to  Mississippi  and 
Texas.  July-Aug. 


8.    Festuca  nutans  Willd.     Nodding  Fescue-grass.     (Fig.  504.) 


Festuca  nutans  Willd.  Enum.  i:  116.      1809. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  glabrous 
or  sometimes  pubescent.  Sheaths  much  shorter 
than  the  internodes,  glabrous  or  pubescent;  ligule 
very  short;  nodes  black;  leaves  4/-i2/  long,  2//~3// 
wide,  rather  dark  green,  flat,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  panicle  4.'-*)'  in  length,  its  branches 
at  first  erect,  the  lower  2  ^'-5'  long,  finally  spread- 
ing and  nodding,  spikelet-bearing  only  at  the  ends; 
spikelets  lanceolate,  3-5-flowered,  2^//-3//  long; 
empty  scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  the 
the  first  I -nerved,  shorter  than  the  3-nerved  second; 
flowering  scales  about  2X/  long,  smooth,  acute,  very 
faintly  nerved. 

In  rocky  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Ne- 
braska, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  2300 
ft.  in  Virginia.  June-Aug. 


9.  Festuca  gigantea  (I,.)  Vill.     Great  Fescue- 
grass.     (Fig.  505.) 


Bromus  giganteus  L.  Sp.  PI.  77.      1753. 
Festuca  gigantea  Vill.  Hist.  PI.  Dauph.  2:  no. 


1787. 


Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  overlapping;  ligule  i//  long;  leaves  5'- 
i°  long  or  more,  bright  green,  2//-6v/  wide,  flat,  rough; 
panicle  7/-i2/  in  length,  loose,  narrow,  the  branches 
erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  2/-4/  long;  spikelets  3-7- 
flowered;  empty  scales  acuminate,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  first  i-3-nerved,  shorter  than  the  3~5-nerved  second; 
flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  about  3//  long, 
faintly  5-nerved,  slightly  scabrous,  minutely  2-toothed 
at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn  6//-8//  long. 

In  waste  places,  Maine  to  southern  New  York.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  July-Aug. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


219 


84.    BROMUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  76.       1753. 


Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  panicles,  the  pedicels  thick- 
ened at  the  summit.  Sheaths  sometimes  not  split.  Spikelets  few-many-flowered.  Two 
lower  scales  empty,  unequal,  acute;  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  or  sometimes 
compressed-keeled,  s-g-nerved,  the  apex  usually  2-toothed,  generally  bearing  an  awn  just 
telow  the  summit;  palet  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  usually  3.  Stigmas  ses- 
sile, plumose,  inserted  below  a  hairy  cushion-like  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Grain 
adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek  name  for  a  kind  of  oats.] 


About  40  species,  most  numerous  in  the  north  temperate  zone, 
others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 


Besides  the  following,  some  14 


Lower  empty  scale  i -nerved,  the  upper  3-nerved. 
Tall  perennials,  2°-4°  high. 

Sheaths  glabrous  or  softly  pubescent,  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly  hirsute. 

Leaves  2" -6"  wide;  culms  stoutish;  branches  of  the  panicle  more  or  less  spreading  or 

drooping.  i.  B.  ciliatus. 

I/eaves  less  than  2"  wide;  culms  slender;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect. 

2.  B.  erectus. 

Sheaths  strongly  retrorse-hirsute.  3.  B.  asper. 

Low  annuals,  i°-2°  high;  spikelets  drooping. 

Spikelets  numerous,  on  slender  recurved  unilateral  pedicels;  flowering  scales  4"-6"  long. 

4.  B.  tectorum. 

Spikelets  few,  the  pedicels  not  unilateral;  flowering  scales  6"-8"  long.  5.  B.  sterilis. 
Lower  empty  scale  3-nerved,  the  upper  s-g-nerved  (3-nerved  in  No.  6). 
Flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 
Flowering  scales  awned. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent. 

Pubescence  dense,  consisting  of  long  silky  hairs. 

Second  empty  scale  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  5" -6"  long.  6.  B.  Porteri. 
Second  empty  scale  5-y-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  4"  long. 

7.  B.  Kalmii. 

Pubescence  of  short  appressed  soft  hairs,  not  dense.  8.  B.  hordeaceus. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous  or  minutely  roughened. 
Awns  straight. 

Nerves  of  the  turgid  flowering  scales  obscure;  palet  about  equalling  the  scale, 

which  is  3" -4"  long.  9.  B.  secalinus. 

Nerves  of  the  flowering  scale  prominent;  palet  considerably  shorter  than  the 

scale,  which  is  4" -5"  long.  10.  B.  racemosus. 

Awns  strongly  bent  near  the  base,  divergent.  n.  B.  squarrosus. 

Flowering  scales  not  awned,  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  12.  B.  brizaeformis. 

Flowering  scales  compressed-keeled. 

Flowering  scales  pubescent;  awn  2" -3,"  long.  13.  B.  breviaristatus. 

Flowering  scales  minutely  roughened;  awn  less  than  i"  long,  or  none. 

14.  B.  unioloides. 


i.    Bromus  ciliatus  L,.     Fringed  Brome-grass.     Wood  Chess.     (Fig.  506.) 


Bromus  purgans  L.  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753  ? 
Bromus  ciliatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  glabrous  or 
pubescent.  Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  smooth  or  rough,  often  softly 
pubescent,  or  the  lower  sometimes  sparingly 
hirsute;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  4/-i2/  long, 
2"-6//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  and 
often  pubescent  above;  panicle  open,  4/-io/ 
in  length,  its  branches  lax,  widely  spread- 
ing or  often  drooping;  spikelets  5-io-flow- 
ered,  \'  long  or  less;  empty  scales  very  acute, 
glabrous,  rough  on  the  keel,  the  first  i- 
nerved,  the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  4//-6//  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  5-7- 
nerved,  appressed-pubescent  on  the  margins 
or  over  the  entire  surface;  awn  2//-4//  long. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to 
Manitoba  and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Variable.  The  form  known  as  var. 
purgans  (B.  pubescens  Muhl. )  with  the  flower- 
ing scales  pubescent  all  over,  may  be  distinct 
July-Aug. 


220  GRAMINEAE. 

2.    Bromus  erectus  Huds.     Upright  Brome-grass.     (Fig.  507.) 

Bromus  erectus  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  39.      1762. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  slender,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  or  slightly  pubescent;  ligule  >^x/  long, 
erose-truncate;  leaves  sparingly  pubescent,  i//-2// 
wide,  those  of  the  culm  4/-8/  long,  the  basal  about 
i°  long,  very  narrow;  panicle  3 '-7'  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  \'-^'  long; 
spikelets  J^'-i^'  long,  sometimes  purplish,  5-10- 
flowered;  empty  scales  acuminate,  the  first  i -nerved, 
the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  5//-6// 
long,  acuminate,  very  rough-pubescent,  5-nerved,  the 
intermediate  nerves  faint;  awn  2//~3//  long. 

In  waste  places  about  New  York.  Adventive  from 
Europe.  July-Aug. 


3.   Bromus  asper  Murr.     Hairy  Brome- 
grass.     (Fig.  508.) 

Bromus  asper  Murr.  Prodr.  Stirp.  Goett.  42.      1770. 

Culms  2°-6°  tall,  erect,  simple,  rough.  Sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  strongly  retrorse-hirsute, 
especially  the  lower;  ligule  \%"  long;  leaves  8'-i° 
long  or  more,  3//-6//  wide,  rough  or  often  hirsute; 
panicle  6/-i2/  in  length,  open,  the  branches  usually 
drooping;  spikelets  5-io-flowered  i/-i^/  long;  empty 
scales  acute,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  first  i -nerved, 
the  second  longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  about  6X/ 
long,  acute,  hispid  near  the  margins  and  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  keel;  awn  3//-4//  long. 

In  waste  places,  New  Brunswick  to  Michigan  and  Ken- 
tucky. Naturalized  from  Europe.  July-Aug. 


4.    Bromus  tectorum  L,."J  <  Downy  Brome-grass.     (Fig.  509.) 


Bromus  tectorum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  77.      1753. 

Culms  6x-2°  tall,  erect  from  an  annual  root,  simple, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  longer  than 
the  internodes,  at  least  the  lower  ones  softly  pubes- 
cent; ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves  i/-4/  long,  i//-2// 
wide,  softly  pubescent;  panicle  2/-6/  in  length,  open, 
the  branches  slender  and  drooping,  somewhat  one- 
sided; spikelets  numerous,  5-8-flowered,  on  capillary 
recurved  slender  pedicels;  empty  scales  acuminate, 
usually  rough  or  hirsute,  the  first  i -nerved,  the  sec- 
ond longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  4//-6//  long, 
acuminate,  7-nerved,  usually  rough  or  hirsute;  awn 
6"-8"  long, 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario, 
south  to  Maryland  and  Ohio.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Sometimes  a  troublesome  weed.  May-July. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 
5.    Bromus  sterilis  I,.     Barren  Brome-grass.     (Fig.  510.) 

Bromus  sterilis  L,.  Sp.  PI.  77.      1753- 

Culms  i°-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  or  rough,  the  lower  sometimes  pubescent; 
ligule  i/x  long;  leaves  3 '-9'  long,  i//-3//  wide,  us- 
ually more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle  5/-io/  in 
length,  the  branches  ascending  or  often  widely 
spreading,  not  one-sided,  stiff;  spikelets  few,  5-10- 
flowered,  spreading  or  pendulous;  empty  scales 
acuminate,  glabrous,  the  first  i-nerved,  the  second 
longer,  3-nerved;  flowering  scales  6//-8//  long,  acu- 
minate, 7-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  nerves,  the  awn 
y//_I2//  long. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  eastern  Massachusetts  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  Locally  naturalized  or  adven- 
tive  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  June-July. 


221 


6.    Bromus  Ported  (Coulter)  Nash.     Porter's  Chess.     (Fig.  511.) 

Bromus  Kalmii  var.  Porteri  Coulter,  Man.  Bot.  Rocky 

Mt.  Region,  425.      1885. 
Bromus  Porteri  Nash,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  512.     1895. 

Culms  iX°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  pubescent  below 
the  nodes.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  softly  pubescent;  ligule  y2ff 
long,  truncate;  leaves  i//-3//  wide,  rough,  those  of 
the  culm  4/~9/  long,  the  basal  narrow  and  about 
one-half  of  the  length  of  the  culm;  panicle  3/-6/  in 
length,  its  branches  drooping  and  flexuous,  at  least 
when  old,  the  nodes  of  the  axis  pubescent;  spikelets 
5-io-flowered,  9//-i5//  long,  on  slender  flexuous 
pedicels;  empty  scales  pubescent,  the  first  narrower 
than  the  second,  both  3-nerved;  flowering  scales 
5x/-6/x  long,  obtuse,  5-7-nerved,  densely  pubescent 
with  long  silky  hairs;  awn  i//-2//  long. 

In  dry  soil,  South  Dakota  to  Montana,  south  to 
western  Nebraska,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  July- 
Aug. 


7.    Bromus  Kalmii  A.  Gray.     Kalm's 
Chess.     (Fig.  512.) 

Bromus  purgans  L.  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753? 
Bromus  Kalmii  A.  Gray,  Man.  600.      1848. 

Culms  i>£°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  more  or 
less  pubescent;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  2>£/-7/  long, 
I "-4"  wide,  sparingly  pubescent;  panicle  2x-6'  in 
length,  open,  its  branches  usually  flexuous;  spikelets 
6-io-flowered,  6//-i2//  long,  on  slender  flexuous  pedi- 
cels; empty  scales  pubescent,  the  first  narrow,  acute, 
3-nerved,  the  second  longer,  broad,  obtuse  or  mucro- 
nate,  5-7-nerved ;  flowering  scales  about  4/x  long,  7-9- 
nerved,  densely  silky  pubescent,  the  awn  \ff-\y2"  in 
length. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  Iowa.  July- 
Aug. 


222  GRAMINEAE. 

8.    Bromus  hordeaceus  I,.     Soft  Chess.     (Fig.  513.) 

Bromus  hordeaceus  1,.  Sp.  PI.  77.      1753. 
Bromus  mollis  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  112.      1762. 

Culms  8x-3°  tall,  erect,  often  slender,  usually  pubes- 
cent below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes, mostly  pubescent;  ligule  y2ff  long;  leaves 
i '-7'  long,  i//-3//  wide,  pubescent;  panicle  generally 
contracted,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending,  i/-2/  long; 
spikelets  appressed-pubescent,  on  short  pedicels; 
empty  scales  acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second 
longer,  5~7-nerved;  flowering  scales  broad,  obtuse, 
3^//-4^//  long,  7-o,-nerved,  bearing  an  awn  ^"~\"  in 
length  between  the  obtuse  or  acute  teeth. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  New  York  to  Virginia. 
Locally  adventive  from  Europe.  July-Aug. 

9.    Bromus  secalinus  I,.     Cheat.     Chess.     (Fig.  514.) 

Bromus  secalinus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes,  generally 
glabrous;  ligule  y^."  long,  erose;  leaves  2/-g/  long,  \"- 
3r/  wide,  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  hairy;  panicle  2'- 
8'  in  length,  open,  its  branches  ascending  or  drooping; 
spikelets  turgid,  glabrous,  erect  or  somewhat  pendulous, 
6-ioflowered;  empty  scales  scabrous  toward  the  apex, 
the  first  3-nerved,  acute,  the  second  longer  and  broader, 
7-nerved,  obtuse;  flowering  scales  •*/'-$"  long,  broad, 
turgid,  obtuse,  rough  toward  the  apex,  the  nerves  ob- 
scure awnless,  or  bearing  a  straight  awn  4X/  long  or  less 
between  the  obtuse  short  teeth;  palet  about  equalling 
the  scale. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  almost  throughout  temperate 
North  America,  often  a  pernicious  weed  in  grain  fields. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  June-Aug. 


10.   Bromus  racemosus 


Smooth  Brome-grass. 


Upright  Chess. 
(Fig.  515-) 

Bromus  racemosus  ~L,,  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  114.      1762. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous, or  sparingly  pubescent  below  the  panicle. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes,  glabrous  or 
pubescent;  ligule  ix/long;  leaves  I'-g'long,  %f/~4f/ 
wide,  pubescent;  panicle  I'-io'  in  length,  the 
branches  erect  or  ascending,  the  lower  sometimes 
2^'  long;  spikelets  erect,  5-11 -flowered;  empty 
scales  acute,  the  first  3-nerved,  the  second  longer 
and  broader,  s-g-nerved;  flowering  scales  broad, 
3^//-4^//  long,  obtuse,  smooth  and  shining,  the 
nerves  prominent;  awn  straight,  3//-4//  in  length; 
palet  considerably  shorter  than  the  scale. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  all  over  the  eastern  United 
States  and  British  America;  also  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  June- 
Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


223 


ii.     Bromus    squarrosus    I,. 
Brome.     (Fig.  516.) 


Corn 


Bromus  squarrosus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  76.      1753. 

Culms  S'-iS'  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  interuodes, 
softly  pubescent;  ligule  %/f  long;  leaves  i/-5/ 
long,  i//-2//  wide,  softly  pubescent;  panicle  2/-6/ 
in  length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or 
drooping,  often  flexuous;  spikelets  nodding,  6- 
12-flowered,  on  slender  pedicels;  empty  scales 
obtuse  or  acutish,  the  first  5-nerved,  the  second 
longer,  7~9-nerved;  flowering  scales  4/^//~5^// 
long,  obtuse,  shining,  minutely  scabrous;  awn 
inserted  below  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the 
scale,  bent  at  the  base  and  divergent. 

In  ballast  and  waste  places  about  the  eastern  sea- 
ports. Fugitive  or  adventive  from  Europe.  July- 
Aug. 

12.  Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch.  &  Mey.     Quakegrass  Brome.     (Fig.  517.) 

Bromus  brizaeformis  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Ind.  Sem.  Hort. 
Petrop.  3:  30.      1836. 

Culms  S'-z0  tall,  erect,  simple,  often  slender, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the 
internodes,  the  lower  pubescent  with  soft  villous 
hairs;  ligule  \"  long,  erose-truncate;  leaves  i/-7/ 
long,  1"-$"  wide,  pubescent;  panicle  i^'-S'  in 
length,  open,  the  branches  ascending  or  often 
drooping,  flexuous;  spikelets  few,  l/t'-\f  long, 
laterally  much  compressed;  empty  scales  very  ob- 
tuse, often  purplish,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubes- 
cent, the  first  3-5-nerved,  the  second  larger,  5-9- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  3//-4//  long,  very  broad, 
obtuse,  g-nerved,  shining,  glabrous  or  sometimes 
minutely  pubescent,  unawned. 

Sparingly  introduced  into  Pennsylvania;  also  from 
Montana  to  California.  Native  of  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.  July-Aug. 

13.  Bromus  breviaristatus  (Hook.)  Buckl.     Short-awned  Chess.    (Fig.5i8.) 

Ceratochloa  breviaristata   Hook.   Fl.    Bor.   Am.   2:   253. 
1840. 

Bromus  breviarislalus  Buckl.  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1862:  98. 
1862. 

Culms  i°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  or  rough, 
sometimes  pubescent  below  the  panicle.  Sheaths  pu- 
bescent, at  least  the  lower  ones,  which  are  often  over- 
lapping; ligule  \"  long,  truncate;  leaves  6'-!°  long  or 
more,  2//-6//  wide,  rough  and  often  pubescent;  pan- 
icle 4/-i5/  in  length,  its  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
the  lower  2/-6/  long;  spikelets  5-io-flowered;  empty 
scales  acute,  pubescent,  the  first  3-5-nerved,  the  sec- 
ond longer,  s-g-nerved;  flowering  scales  compressed, 
keeled,  &'-•]"  long,  acute,  7-9-nerved,  appressed- 
pubescent;  awn  •2"--^'  long. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Nebraska,  Arizona  and  California.  July-Aug. 

15 


224 


GRAMINEAE. 


14.    Bromus  unioloides  (Willd.)  H.B.K.     Schrader's  Brome-grass. 
Southern  Chess.     (Fig.  519.) 

Festuca  unioloidfsWittd.  Hort.  Berol.  i:  3.    pi.  j. 

1806. 

Bromus  unioloides    H.B.K.    Nov.   Gen.   i:    151. 

1815. 
Bromus  Schraderi  Kunth,  Enum.  i:  416.      1833. 

Culms  6'-$°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes,  the  lower  often  overlapping,  smooth 
or  rough,  and  glabrous  or  frequently  pubes- 
cent; ligule  i//-2//  long;  leaves  3/-i3/  long,  i"- 
4X/  wide,  usually  rough,  at  least  above;  panicle 
2/-io/  in  length,  the  branches  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, or  the  lower  branches  of  the  larger  panicles 
widely  spreading;  spikelets  much  compressed, 
6-io-flowered;  empty  scales  acute,  the  first  3-5- 
nerved,  the  second  longer,  5~9-nerved;  flower- 
ing scales  6//-8//  long,  very  acute,  minutely 
scabrous,  bearing  an  awn  less  than  i//  long  or 
awnless. 

Kansas  (?)  to  the  Indian  Territory,  Texas  and 
Mexico.  Widely  distributed  in  South  America. 
May-July. 


85.    NARDUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  53-       1753- 

A  low  perennial  tufted  grass,  with  setaceous  rigid  leaves  and  a  terminal  one-sided  slender 
spike.  Spikelets  i-flowered,  narrow,  sessile  and  single  in  each  notch  of  the  rachis.  Scales 
2,  the  lower  empty,  adnate  to  the  rachis,  or  almost  wanting,  the  upper  flower-bearing,  nar- 
row, with  involute  and  hyaline  margins;  palet  narrow,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Style  elon- 
gated, undivided.  Stigma  elongated,  short-papillose.  Grain  linear,  glabrous,  enclosed  in 
the  scale,  usually  free.  [Name  Greek,  of  uncertain  application.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  Old  World. 


i.    Nardus  stricta  I,.     Wirebent.     Mat-grass.     Nard.     (Fig.  520.) 


Nardus  stricta  I,.  Sp.  PI.  53.      1753. 

Culms  5/-i5/  tall,  erect,  simple,  rigid, 
roughish.  Sheaths  usually  at  the  base  of  the 
culm;  ligule  )4//  long,  rounded;  leaves  seta- 
ceous, stiff",  rough,  the  i  or  2  culm  leaves 
about  \f  long,  erect,  the  basal  ones  numer- 
ous, 2/-5/  long;  spike  1'-$'  in  length,  strict; 
spikelets  i-flowered,  3X/-4X/  long,  arranged 
alternately  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  erect 
slender  rachis,  often  purplish;  lower  scale 
empty,  very  short,  adnate  to  the  rachis, 
sometimes  almost  wanting;  flowering  scale 
3//~4//  long,  scabrous,  long-acuminate  or 
short-awned. 


Introduced  into  Newfoundland  and  at  Am- 
herst,  Mass.  Adventive  from  Europe.  July- 
Aug. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


225 


86.    LOLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  several- 
flowered,  solitary,  sessile  and  alternate  in  the  notches  of  the  usually  continuous  rachis,  com- 
pressed, the  edge  of  the  spikelet  (backs  of  the  scales)  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Scales 
rigid;  lower  scale  empty  in  the  lateral  spikelets,  and  the  2  lower  empty  in  the  terminal; 
flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  5-y-nerved;  palets  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct, very  short.  Stigmas  2,  plumose.  Grain  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Latin  name  for  Darnel.] 

About  6  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

Empty  scale  shorter  than  the  spikelet.  i.  L.  perenne. 

Empty  scale  equalling  or  extending  beyond  the  flowering  scales.  ,     2.  L.  temulentum. 

i.    Lolium  perenne  I,.      Ray-grass. 
Rye-grass.     (Fig.  521.) 

Lolium  perenne  I<.  Sp.  PI.  83.      1753. 

Smooth  and  glabrous,  culms  6'-2%°  tall, 
erect,  simple.  Sheaths  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  2/-5/long, 
i//-2// wide;  spike  3/-8/  in  length ;  spikelets 
5-io-flowered,  4//-6//  long,  the  empty  scale 
shorter  than  the  spikelet,  strongly  nerved; 
flowering  scales  2//-3//  long,  obscurely 
nerved,  acuminate  or  awned,  the  awn  some- 
times nearly  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  scale. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  almost 
throughout  the  northern  United  States  and 
southern  British  America.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  Erroneously 
called  Darnel,  this  name  belonging  to  the  fol- 
lowing species.  July-Aug. 


2.    Lolium  temulentum  I,.      Darnel. 
Ivray.     (Fig.  522.) 

Lolium  temulentum  L-  Sp.  PI.  83.      1753. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth. 
Sheaths  overlapping;  ligule  i"  long  or  less;  leaves 
4/-IC/  in  length,  i//-3//  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  spike  4/-i2/  in  length;  spikelets  4-8- 
flowered,  5//~9//  long,  the  strongly  nerved  empty 
scale  equalling  or  extending  beyond  the  obscurely 
nerved  flowering  scales,  which  are  awned  or  awn- 
less. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  locally  natur- 
alized or  adventive  from  Europe,  New  Brunswick  to 
Michigan  and  Georgia.  Abundant  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
Locally  a  troublesome  weed.  June-Aug. 


87.    LEPTURUS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  207.     1810. 

Usually  low  annual  grasses,  with  narrow  leaves  and  strict  or  curved  elongated  slender 
spikes.  Spikelets  i-2-flowered,  sessile  and  single  in  alternate  notches  of  the  jointed  rachis. 
Empty  scales  2,  rarely  i,  narrow,  rigid,  acute,  5-nerved;  flowering  scales  much  shorter,  hya- 
line, keeled,  one  side  turned  to  the  rachis.  Palets  hyaline,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3,  or  fewer. 
Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  2,  plumose.  Grain  narrow,  glabrous,  free,  enclosed  in  the 
scale.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  narrow  spikes.] 

Species  5  or  6,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 


226  GRAMINEAE 

i.  Lepturus  filiformis  (Roth)  Trin. 
Slender  Hardgrass.      (Fig.  523.) 

Rottboellia filiformis  Roth,  Catal.  i:  21.     1797. 

Lepturus  filiformis  Trin.   Fund.   Agrost.   123. 
1820. 


Culms  s'-iz'  long,  decumbent,  much 
branched,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths 
loose,  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  %ff 
long,  auriculate;  leaves  _^/-2/  long,  i//  wide 
or  less,  usually  involute,  smooth  beneath, 
rough  above;  spikes  i'-6'  in  length,  slender, 
strict  or  curved;  spikelets  2//-2)4//  long; 
empty  scales  acute;  flowering  scales  about 
1 1^"  long,  i-nerved. 

In  waste  places,  southern  Pennsylvania  to 
Virginia,  near  or  along  the  coast.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  Summer. 


88.   AGROPYRON  J.  Gaertn.  Nov.  Comm.  Petrop.  14:  Part  i,  539.       1770. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  involute  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets 
3-many-flowered,  sessile,  single  and  alternate  at  each  notch  of  the  usually  continuous  rachis, 
the  side  of  the  spikelet  turned  toward  the  rachis.  Two  lower  scales  empty;  flowering  scales 
rigid,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or  awned  at  the  apex;  palets  2-keeled, 
the  keels  often  ciliate.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
pubescent  at  the  apex,  usually  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of 
these  grasses  in  wheat  fields.] 

About  32  species,  in  all  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others  occur  in  the 
western  parts  of  North  America. 

Plants  with  running  rootstocks. 
Flowering  scales  glabrous. 
Flowering1  scales  villous. 
Plants  without  running  rootstocks. 

Flowering  scale  terminating  in  an  awn  shorter  than  its  body. 

Spikes  short  and  broad;  empty  scales  broad,  5-7-nerved.  3.  A.  violaceum. 

Spikes  long  and  slender;  empty  scales  narrow,  3~5-nePved.  4.  A.  tenerum. 

Flowering  scale  terminating  in  an  awn  longer  than  its  body.  5.  A.  caninnm. 

i.  Agropyron  repens  (L,. )  Beauv.     Couch- 
grass.     Quitch-grass.     (Fig.  524.) 

Triticum  repens  L.  Sp.  PI.  86.      1753. 
Agropyron  repens  Beauv.  Agrost.  146.      1812. 

Culms  l°-4°  tall,  from  a  long  jointed  running  root- 
stock.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  3/-i2/ 
long,  i//-5//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  2/-8/  in  length,  strict;  spikelets  3-7-flowered; 
empty  scales  strongly  5-7-nerved,  usually  acute  or 
awn-pointed,  sometimes  obtuse;  flowering  scales 
smooth  and  glabrous,  acute  or  short-awned  at  the 
apex. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  almost  throughput  North 
America  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from 
Europe  and  often  a  troublesome  weed.  Very  variable. 
Native  also  of  Asia.  July-Sept. 

Agropyron  repens  glaucum  (Desf. )  Scribn.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  57.      1894. 

Triticum  glaucum  Desf.  Tabl.  Bot.  Mus.  16.      1804. 
Agropyrum  glaucum  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  752.      1817. 

Larger  and  stouter,  pale  green  or  glaucous;  spikelets  ^-is-flpwered,  the  empty  scales  long- 
acuminate.  Minnesota  and  Manitoba  to  Alaska,  south  to  Missouri,  Texas  and  Arizona.  Reported 
from  New  England.  Probably  a  distinct  species. 


1.  A.  repens. 

2.  A.  dasystachyum. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


227 


2.  Agropyron  dasystachyum  (Hook.)  Vasey. 

(Fig.  525.) 

Ti'iticum  repens  var.  dasystachyum  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2: 
254.      1840. 

Agropyrum  dasystachyum  Vasey,  Spec.  Rept.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric.  63:  45.      1883. 

Glaucous,  culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  from  long  running 
rootstocks,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous;  sheaths 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves 
2/~9/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  flat,  or  becoming  involute  in 
drying,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  spike  2^/-7/  in 
length;  spikelets  4-8-flowered;  empty  scales  3-5-nerved, 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  ^"-^/z"  long; 
flowering  scales  broadly  lanceolate,  5-nerved,  4,^//-6'/ 
long,  acute  or  short-awned,  densely  villous. 

Hudson  Bay  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  Wyoming 
and  to  the  shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior.  Summer. 

3.    Agropyron  violaceum  (Hornem.)  Vasey. 

(Fig.  526.) 


Northern  Wheat-grass. 


Purplish  Wheat-grass. 


Triticum  violaceum  Hornem.  Fl.  Dan.    pi.  2044.     1832. 
Agropyrum  violaceum  Vasey,  Spec.  Rept.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric. 
63: 45.      1883. 

Culms  6X-20  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very 
short;  leaves  2/-6/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  flat  or  involute, 
rough  or  sometimes  smooth  beneath;  spike  \f-\f  in 
length,  occasionally  longer,  a//-3//  broad;  spikelets  3-6- 
flowered;  empty  scales  broad,  usually  purplish,  scarious 
on  the  margins,  5-y-nerved,  4//-6//  long,  acute  or  acum- 
inate, sometimes  awn-pointed,  rarely  long-awned;  flow- 
ering scales  often  purplish,  5-y-nerved,  scarious  on  the 
margins,  4//-6//  long,  acuminate  or  short-awned,  the  awn 
rarely  as  long  as  the  body. 

Quebec  to  western  Ontario  and  British  Columbia,  south  to 
the  mountains  of  New  England,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania, 
and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Ascends  to  5500  ft. 
in  the  White  Mountains.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 
Summer. 

4.    Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey.     Slender  Wheat-grass.     (Fig.  527.) 

Agropyrum  tenerum  Vasey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.   10: 

258.      1885. 

Glabrous,  culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  often 
slender,  smooth.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than 
the  internodes,  glabrous;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  s'-ic/  long,  i//-2//  wide,  flat  or  involute, 
rough;  spike  3 '-7'  in  length,  usually  narrow 
and  slender;  spikelets  3-5-flowered;  empty 
scales  4//-6//  long,  acuminate  or  short-awned, 
3-5-nerved,  scarious  on  the  margins;  flowering 
scales  5//-6//  long,  5-nerved,  awn-pointed  or 
short-awned,  scarious  on  the  margins,  often 
rough  toward  the  apex. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  Minnesota  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Cali- 
fornia. Reported  from  the  Northeast  Territory. 
July-Aug. 


228 


GRAMINEAE. 


Awned  Wheat-grass. 

(Fig-  528.) 


Agropypon  caninum  (L.)  R.  &  S. 
Wheat-grass. 

Triticum  caninum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  86.      1753. 
Agropyrum  caninum  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  756. 


Fibrous-rooted 


1817. 


Agropyrum  unilaterale  Cassidy,   Bull.  Colo.   Agric. 
Exp.  Sta.  12:  63.      1890. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  smooth,  the  lower  sometimes  pubescent; 
ligule  short;  leaves  3/-9/  long,  i//-3//  wide,  smooth 
beneath,  rough  above;  spike  3/-8/  in  length, 
sometimes  one-sided,  often  nodding  at  the  top; 
spikelets  3-6- flowered;  empty  scales  4^//-6//  long; 
3~5-nerved,  acuminate,  awn-pointed  or  bearing  an 
awn  i//-3//  long;  flowering  scales  4//-5//  long,  usu- 
ally scabrous  toward  the  apex,  acuminate  into  an 
awn  sometimes  twice  their  own  length. 

New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  North 
Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  Native  northward;  southward  locally  natu- 
ralized from  Europe.  July-Aug. 


89.    HORDEUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  84.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  cylindric  spikes.  Spikelets 
i-flowered,  usually  in  3's  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  the  lateral  generally  short-stalked  and 
imperfect;  rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower,  the  lower  empty  scales  often  reduced  to 
awns  and  forming  an  apparent  involucre  around  the  spikelets.  Empty  scales  rigid;  flower- 
ing scales  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved  at  the  apex,  awned;  palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the 
scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Grain  usually  adherent  to  the 
scale,  hairy  at  the  summit.  [Latin  name  for  Barley.] 

About  16  species,  widely  distributed  in  both  hemispheres. 

Flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  3"-4"  long. 
Awn  of  the  flowering  scale  ^'  long  or  less. 

All  the  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  bristle-like.  i.  H.  nodosum. 

Four  of  the  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  dilated  above  the  base.  2.  H.  pusillum. 

Awn  of  the  flowering  scale  i'  long  or  more.  3.  H.  jubatum. 

Flowering  scales,  exclusive  of  awns,  about  6"  long.  4.  H.  murinum. 

i.    Hordeum  nodosum  L,.     Meadow  Barley.     (Fig.  529.) 

Hordeum  nodosum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  126.      1762. 
Hordeum  pratense  Huds.^Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2,  56.      1762. 

Culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  or  sometimes  decumbent, 
simple,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  shorter 
than  the  internodes;  ligule  %"  long,  truncate; 
leaves  iX'-S'long,  i//~3//  wide,  flat,  rough;  spike 
I'-JtYz'  in  length;  spikelets  usually  in  3's,  the  central 
one  containing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral 
enclosing  a  staminate  or  rudimentary  flower,  or  a 
palet  only;  empty  scales  of  each  cluster  awn-like; 
flowering  scale  of  the  central  spikelet  3//-4//  long 
exclusive  of  the  awn,  which  is  3//-6//  long,  the  cor- 
responding scale  in  the  lateral  spikelets  much 
smaller  and  short-stalked. 

In  meadows  and  waste  places,  Indiana  to  Minnesota, 
British  Columbia  and  Alaska,  south  to  Texas  and 
California.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-July. 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


229 


2.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.     L,ittle  Bar- 
ley.    (Fig.  530.) 

Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  87.      1818. 

Culms  4/-i5/  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  smooth  and  glabrous, 
the  upper  often  enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike; 
ligule  very  short;  leaves  X/~3/  l°ng>  X//~2//  wide, 
erect,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above;  spike  i/-3/ 
in  length;  spikelets  usually  in  3's,  the  central  one 
containing  a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral 
imperfect;  scales  awned,  the  empty  ones  scabrous, 
those  of  the  central  spikelet  and  the  lower  ones  of 
the  lateral  spikelets  dilated  above  the  base;  flower- 
ing scale  smooth,  that  of  the  central  spikelet  3"- 
4/x  long,  short-awned,  the  corresponding  scale  in 
the  lateral  spikelets  smaller  and  very  short-stalked. 

In  dry  soil,  Ontario  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Nebraska,  Arkansas,  Texas  and  California;  also  spar- 
ingly introduced  along  the  coast  from  Virginia  to  Flor- 
ida. June-July. 


Hordeum  jubatum 


Squirrel-tail  Grass.     (Fig.  531.) 

Hordeum  jubatum  *L,.  Sp.  PI.  85.     1753. 

Culms  lo'-a^0  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually 
slender,  smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  usually 
shorter  than  the  internodes,  generally  loose,  smooth 
and  glabrous;  ligule  y?'f  long  or  less;  leaves  i/~5/ 
long,  i//-2//wide,  erect,  rough;  spike  2/-4/  in  length; 
spikelets  usually  in  3*3,  the  central  one  containing 
a  palet  and  perfect  flower,  the  lateral  imperfect; 
empty  scales  consisting  of  slender  rough  awns  i'- 
2)4'  long!  flowering  scale  of  the  central  spikelet 
3//-4//  long,  scabrous  at  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender 
rough  awn  i/-2^/  long;  the  corresponding  scale  in 
the  lateral  spikelets  short-awned,  about  3"  long  in- 
cluding its  pedicel,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  rudiment. 

In  dry  soil,  Ontario  to  Alaska,  south  to  Kansas, 
Colorado  and  California.  Naturalized  in  the  east  from 
Labrador  and  Quebec  to  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania. 
July-Aug. 


4.    Hordeum  murinum  I,. 

Hordeum  murinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  85.      1753. 

Culms  6x-2°  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base, 
smooth  and  glabrous.  Sheaths  loose,  shorter  than 
the  internodes  on  the  long  culms,  overlapping  on  the 
short  ones,  the  uppermost  often  inflated  and  enclosing 
the  base  of  the  spike;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  i/-6/ 
long,  i//~3//  wide,  rough;  spikes  2/-4/  in  length; 
spikelets  usually  in  3's;  scales  awned,  the  empty  ones 
awn-like,  scabrous,  those  of  the  central  spikelet 
broader  and  ciliate  on  the  margins,  bearing  awns  9"- 
i2/x  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  similar,  with 
the  exception  of  the  second  scale,  which  is  not  ciliate; 
flowering  scales  scabrous  at  the  apex,  bearing  an  awn 
about  \'  long,  those  of  the  lateral  spikelets  about  6" 
long,  the  corresponding  scale  in  the  central  spikelet 
somewhat  smaller. 

On  ballast  and  sparingly  in  waste  places,  southern  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  Also  from  Arizona  to  California. 
Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Europe.  June-July. 


Wall  Barley.     (Fig.  532.) 


230 


GRAMINEAE. 


go.    ELYMUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.       1753. 

Tall  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  dense  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  2-several- 
flowered,  (rarely  i-flowered)  sessile,  usually  in  pairs,  occasionally  in  3*3  or  more,  in  alter- 
nate notches  of  the  continuous  or  jointed  rachis,  the  empty  scales  forming  an  apparent  invo- 
lucre to  the  cluster.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  acute  or  awned,  entire  or  rarely  cleft; 
flowering  scales  shorter,  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved,  usually  bearing  an  awn.  Palct  a 
little  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas 
plumose.  Grain  sparsely  hairy  at  the  summit,  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  to  roll  up, 
referring  to  the  involute  palet.] 

About  30  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in 
the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  tardily  separating  at  maturity;  awns  ascending  or  none. 
Flowering  scales  conspicuously  awned  (rarely  awnless  in  No.  2). 
Spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis  of  the  broad  spike. 

Empty  scales  awl-shaped;  spikes  slender.  i.  E.  striatus. 

Empty  scales  not  awl-shaped;  spikes  stout. 

Empty  scales  lanceolate,  s-y-nerved;  awn  short;  spike  erect.       2.   E.  Virginicus. 
Empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  3~5-nerved;  awn  about  the  length  of  the  scale;. 

spike  usually  nodding.  3.  E.  Canadensis, 

Spikelets  appressed  to  the  rachis  of  the  narrow  spike. 

Empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed.  4.  E.  glaucus. 

Empty  scales  awl-shaped,  bearing  awns  equalling  or  exceeding  their  length. 

5.  E.  Macounii. 
Flowering  scales  unawned  or  awn-pointed. 

Flowering  scales  glabrous.  6.  E.  condensatus. 

Flowering  scales  villous.  7.  E.  arenarius. 

Joints  of  the  rachis  early  separating;  awns  widely  diverging.  8.  E.  elymoides. 

i.    Elymus  striatus  Willd.     Slender  Wild 
Rye.     (Fig.  533.) 

Elymus  striatus  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  470.      1797. 

Elymus  striatus  var.  villosus  A.  Gray,  Man.  603.     1848. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  slender,  simple,  smooth,  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
glabrous  or  hirsute;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  s'-g' 
long,  2//-5//  wide,  smooth  or  slightly  rough  beneath, 
pubescent  above;  spike  2>£/-4^/  in  length,  broad, 
slender,  dense;  spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,  1-3- 
flowered;  empty  scales  awl-shaped,  9//-i2//  long,  in- 
cluding the  slender  rough  awn,  i-3-nerved,  the  nerves, 
and  often  the  whole  scale,  rough,  hispid  or  hirsute; 
flowering  scales  about  3"  long,  smooth,  scabrous  or 
hispid,  bearing  a  slender  rough  awn  8//-i5//  in  length. 

In  woods  and  on  banks,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Tennessee 
and  Kansas.  Spike  often  nodding.  June-July. 


2.    Elymus  Virginicus  L,.     Terrell-grass. 

Elymus  Virginicus  L.  Sp.  PI.  84.     1753. 

Elymus  Virginicus  var.  submulicus  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 

2: 255.      1840. 

Culms  2°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  internodes, 
often  overlapping  on  the  lower  part  of  the  culm, 
smooth,  sometimes  pubescent,  the  uppermost  often 
inflated  and  enclosing  the  peduncle  and  the  base  of 
the  spike;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  5/-i4/  long, 
2//-8//  wide,  rough;  spike  2/-7/  in  length,  broad, 
stout,  upright;  spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis, 
2-3- flowered;  empty  scales  thick  and  rigid,  lanceo- 
late, 8//-i2//  long,  including  the  short  awn,  5-7- 
nerved;  flowering  scales  3//-4//  long,  smooth,  rarely 
sparingly  scabrous,  bearing  a  rough  awn  2X/-9X/  in 
length,  or  rarely  awnless. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Nova  Scotia 
and  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July- Aug. 


Virginia  Wild  Rye.     (Fig.  534.) 


GRASS   FAMILY. 


231 


3.    Elymus  Canadensis 


Nodding  Wild  Rye.     (Fig.  535.) 


Elymus  Canadensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  83.      1753. 
Elymus  glaucifolius  Willd.  Enum.  i:  131.      1809. 
Elymus  Canadensis  var.  glaucifolius  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i: 
137.     1824. 

Culms  2^°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  usually  overlapping;  ligule  very 
short;  leaves  4'-!°  long  or  more,  2//-io//  wide, 
rough,  sometimes  glaucous;  spike  4/-i2/  in  length, 
broad,  stout,  often  nodding,  its  peduncle  much  ex- 
serted;  spikelets  divergent  from  the  rachis,  3-5- 
flowered;  empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate  or  awl- 
shaped,  rigid,  3-5-nerved,  8//-i6//  long,  including  the 
long  slender  rough  awns;  flowering  scales  \"~l"  long, 
nearly  smooth  to  hirsute,  bearing  a  slender  scabrous 
straight  or  divergent  awn  io//-25//  in  length. 

On  river  banks,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  to  Al~ 
berta,  south  to  Georgia,  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  Ascends 
to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Aug. 


4.  Elymus  glaucus  Buckl.     Smooth  Wild  Rye.     (Fig.  536.) 

Elymus glaucus  Buckl.  Proc.  Aead.  Phila.  1862:  99.     1862. 

Elymus  Americanus  V.  &  S. ;  Macoun,  Cat.  Can.  PI.  4: 
245.      1888. 

Elymus  Sibiricus  var.  Americamis  Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A. 
Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  673.      1890. 

Culms  2°-5°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  often  shorter  than  the  internodes,  usually 
glabrous,  rarely  pubescent;  ligule  \/f  long  or  less; 
leaves  4/-i2/  long,  2//-8//  wide,  smooth  beneath, 
sometimes  rough  above;  spike  3/-8/  in  length,  nar- 
row, slender;  spikelets  appressed  to  the  rachis,  3-6- 
flowered;  empty  scales  narrowly  lanceolate,  4//-6// 
long,  acuminate  or  awn-pointed,  rigid,  3-5-nerved; 
flowering  scales  smooth  or  slightly  rough,  5//-6//  long, 
bearing  a  slender  straight  rough  awn  6//-9//  in  length. 

In  moist  soil,  Ontario  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Michigan,  Arizona  and  California.  June-Aug. 


5.    Elymus  Macounii  Vasey.     Macoun' s  Wild 
Rye.     (Fig.  537.) 

Elymus  Macounii  Vasey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  119.      1886. 

Culms  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short, 
truncate;  leaves  2/-6/  long,  i//-2^//  wide,  rough,  es- 
pecially above;  spike  2'-$'  in  length,  narrow,  slender, 
often  somewhat  flexuous;  spikelets  appressed  to  the 
rachis,  single  at  each  node,  or  the  lower  sometimes  in 
pairs,  1-3- flowered;  empty  scales  (occasionally  3)  awl- 
shaped,  3-nerved,  rough,  3//~4//  long,  bearing  a  slender 
straight  rough  awn,  3//-5//  in  length;  flowering  scales 
3Kx/-5/x  long,  rough  toward  the  apex,  bearing  a  slender 
straight  awn  3//-5//  long. 

Prairies,  Manitoba  and  Assiniboia,  south  to  Nebraska  and 
New  Mexico.  July-Aug. 


232  GRAMINEAE. 

6.    Elymus  condensatus  Presl.     Smooth  I^yme-grass.     (Fig.  538.) 

Elymus  condensatus  Presl,  Reliq.  Haenk.  i :  265.      1830. 

Culms  2°-io°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous,  the  upper  ones 
shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  2//~3//  long,  trun- 
cate; leaves  6/-i°  long  or  more,  3//-i2//  wide,  sca- 
brous, at  least  above;  spike  4/-i5/  in  length,  usually 
stout,  strict,  often  interrupted  below,  sometimes  com- 
pound at  the  base;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  2-several  at 
each  node  of  the  rachis;  empty  scales  awl-shaped, 
4/^//-6//  long,  i-nerved,  usually  rough;  flowering 
scales  4//-5//  long,  generally  awn-pointed,  usually 
rough,  sometimes  smooth. 

In  wet  saline  situations,  Alberta  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  northwestern  Nebraska,  Arizona  and  California. 
July-Aug. 

7.    Elymus  arenarius   I,.     Downy  L,yme- 
grass.     Sea  I^yme-grass.     (Fig.  539. ) 

Elymus  arenarius  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  83.      1753. 

Culms  i^°-8°  tall,  erect,  simple,  usually  softly  pu- 
bescent at  the  summit.  Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous, 
often  glaucous,  those  at  the  base  overlapping,  the 
upper  shorter  than  the  internodes;  ligule  very  short; 
leaves  $'-1°  long  or  more,  \W-$"  wide,  flat,  or 
becoming  involute,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  3/-io/  in  length,  usually  strict;  spikelets  3-6- 
flowered,  frequently  glaucous;  empty  scales  8//-i4// 
l°ng>  3-5-nerved,  acuminate,  more  or  less  villous; 
flowering  scales  8//-io//  long,  acute  or  awn-pointed, 
5-7-nerved,  usually  very  villous. 

On  shores,  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  the  Northwest 
Territory  and  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  Lake  Superior  and 
Washington.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

8.    Elymus  elymoides  (Raf. )  Swezey.    lyong-bristled  Wild  Rye.     (Fig.  540.) 

Sitanion  elymoides  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  103.      1819. 
Elymus  Sitanion  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  426.      1824. 
Elymus  elymoides  Swezey,  Neb.  Fl.  PI.  15.      1891. 

Culms  6/-2°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth,  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth  or  rough,  sometimes  hirsute,  usu- 
ally overlapping,  the  upper  one  often  inflated  and 
enclosing  the  base  of  the  spike;  ligule  short; 
leaves  2/~7/  long,  %"-z"  wide,  often  stiff  and 
erect,  usually  rough,  sometimes  hirsute,  flat  or 
involute;  spike  2/-6/  in  length;  spikelets  i-5-flow- 
ered;  empty  scales  entire  or  divided,  often  to  the 
base,  the  divisions  awl-shaped  and  bearing  long 
unequal  slender  awns,  i/~5/4/  in  length;  flowering 
scales  3//-5//  long,  5-nerved,  scabrous,  at  least  to- 
ward the  apex,  bearing  a  long  slender  divergent 
awn  i/-3/^/  in  length,  the  apex  of  the  scale  some- 
times 2-toothed,  the  teeth  often  produced  into  short 
awns;  joints  of  the  rachis  separating  at  maturity. 

In  dry  soil,  South  Dakota  to  Oregon,  south  to  Kansas,  Texas,  Arizona  and  California.    July-Aug. 


GRASS  FAMILY. 


233 


91.    HYSTRIX  Moench,  Meth.  294.     1794. 

[ASPRELI.A  Willd.  Enum.  132.     1809.     Not  Schreb.  1789.] 

[GYMNOSTICHUM  Schreb.  Beschr.  Gras.  2:  127.    pi.  47.     1810.] 

Usually  tall  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  2-several-flowered, 
in  pairs,  rarely  in  3*3,  at  each  node  of  the  rachis.  Empty  scales  wanting,  or  sometimes  ap- 
pearing as  mere  rudiments;  flowering  scales  narrow,  convolute,  rigid,  rounded  on  the  back, 
5-nerved  above,  terminating  in  an  awn;  palet  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  adhering  to  the 
palet  when  dry.  [Greek  name  of  the  Porcupine,  referring  to  the  long  awns.] 

Four  known  species,  the  following  and  a  Cali- 
fornian  one  occurring  in  North  America. 

i.     Hystrix     Hystrix     (I,.)    Millsp. 
Bottle-brush  Grass.     (Fig.  541.) 

Elymus  Hystrix  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  124.      1762. 
Asprella  Hystrix  Willd.  Enum.  132.      1809. 
Gymnostichum  Hystrix  Schreb.  Beschr.  Gras.  2: 

127.    pi.  47.     1810. 
Hystrix  Hystrix  Millsp.  El.  W.  Va.  474.      1892. 

Culms  2°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple,  smooth  and 
glabrous.  Sheaths  usually  shorter  than  the  in- 
ternodes;  ligule  very  short;  leaves  4X/~9/  long, 
3//-6//  wide,  smooth  beneath,  rough  above; 
spike  3/-7/  in  length,  spikelets  at  length  widely 
spreading,  4//-6//  long,  exclusive  of  the  awns; 
empty  scales  awn-like,  usually  present  in  the 
lowest  spikelet;  flowering  scales  4//-6//  long, 
acuminate  into  an  awn  about  i'  in  length. 

In  rocky  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario, 
south  to  Georgia,  Illinois  and  Minnesota.  Ascends 
to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia.  Spikelets  very  easily  de- 
tached, even  when  young.  June-July. 

92.    ARUNDINARIA  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  73.     1803. 

Arborescent  or  shrubby  grasses,  with  simple  or  branched  culms  and  flat  short-petioled 
leaves  which  are  articulated  with  the  sheath.  Spikelets  borne  in  panicles  or  racemes, 
2-many-flowered,  large,  compressed.  Empty  scales  i  or  2,  the  first  sometimes  wanting; 
flowering  scales  longer,  not  keeled,  many  nerved;  palets  scarcely  shorter  than  the  scales, 
prominently  2-keeled.  Lodicules  3.  Stamens  3.  Styles  2  or  3.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
furrowed,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [From  Arundo,  the  Latin  name  of  the  Reed.] 

About  24  species,  natives  of  Asia  and  America.     Two  are  found  in  the  southern  United  States. 

i.    Arundinaria   tecta  (Walt.)  Muhl. 
Scutch  Cane.    Small  Cane.   (Fig.  542.) 

Arundo  tecta  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  81.      1788. 
Arundinaria  tecta  Muhl.  Gram.  191.      1817. 
Arundinaria     macrosperma     var.    suffruticosa 
Munro,  Trans.  L,inn.  Soc.  26:  15.      1868. 

Culms  3°-i5°  tall,  erect,  shrubby,  branch- 
ing at  the  summit,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  longer  than  the  internodes,  smooth  or 
rough,  ciliate  on  the  margins;  ligule  bristly; 
leaves  lanceolate,  3^/-8/  long,  4//-i2//  wide, 
flat,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  glabrous 
above;  racemes  terminal,  or  on  short  leafless 
culms;  spikelets  7-io-flowered,  I'-iJ^'  long,  on 
pedicels  \f  in  length  or  less,  which  are  some- 
times pubescent;  empty  scales  unequal,  the  first 
usually  very  small,  sometimes  wanting;  flower- 
ing scales  6//-io//  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
smooth,  scabrous  or  pubescent. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Maryland  to  Indiana 
and  Missouri,  Florida  and  Texas.  May-July. 


234  CYPERACEAE. 

Family  8.     CYPERACEAE  J.  St.  Mil.  Expos.  Fam.  i:  62.      1805. 

SEDGE  FAMILY. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs.  Stems  (culms)  slender,  solid  (rarely  hollow), 
triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened.  Roots  fibrous  (many  species  per- 
ennial by  long  rootstocks).  Leaves  narrow,  with  closed  sheaths.  Flowers  per- 
fect or  imperfect,  arranged  in  spikelets,  one  (rarely  2)  in  the  axil  of  each  scale 
(glume,  bract),  the  spikelets  solitary  or  clustered,  i -many-flowered.  Scales  2- 
ranked  or  spirally  imbricated,  persistent  or  deciduous.  Perianth  hypogynous, 
composed  of  bristles,  or  interior  scales,  rarely  calyx-like,  or  entirely  wanting. 
Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more.  Filaments  slender  or  filiform.  Anthers  2 -celled. 
Ovary  i -celled,  sessile  or  stipitate.  Ovule  i,  anatropous,  erect.  Style  2-3- 
cleft  or  rarely  simple  or  minutely  2 -toothed.  Fruit  a  lenticular  plano-convex 
or  trigonous  achene.  Endosperm  mealy.  Embryo  minute. 

About  65  genera  and  3000  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  The  dates  given  be- 
low indicate  the  time  of  perfecting  fruit. 

Flowers  of  the  spikelets  all,  or  at  least  one  of  them,  perfect;  spikelets  all  similar. 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  2-ranked. 

Perianth  none;  spikelets  in  solitary  or  umbelled  terminal  heads. 

Spikelets  with  2-several  perfect  flowers;  scales  several  to  numerous,     i.  Cyperus. 
Spikelets  with  but  i  perfect  flower;  scales  2-4.  2.  Kyllinga. 

Perianth  of  6-9  bristles;  inflorescence  axillary.  3.  Dulich^um. 

Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated  all  around. 
Spikelets  with  several  to  many  perfect  flowers. 

Base  of  the  style  swollen,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene. 

Leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths;  bristles  usually  present;  spikelet  solitary. 

4.  Eleocharis. 
Culm  leafy;  bristles  none;  spikelets  i-numerous. 

Spikelets  capitate,  involucrate.  5.  Dichromena. 

Spikelets  umbellate  or  cymose. 

Spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  compound  cymes;  most  of  the  style  per- 
sistent. 6.  Psilocarya. 
Spikelets  in  a  terminal  umbel,  base  of  style  persistent.       7.  Stenophyllus. 
Base  of  the  style  enlarged  or  narrow,  deciduous. 

Flowers  with  no  broad  sepals  nor  interior  perianth-scales. 

Style  swollen  at  the  base;  bristles  none.  8.  Fimbristylis. 

Style  not  swollen  at  the  base;  bristles  usually  present. 

Spikelets  solitary-many;  bristles  1-6,  rarely  none.  9.  Scirpus. 

Spikelets  solitary  or  few;  bristles  6-many,  soft,  smooth,  very  long,  slender, 
much  exserted.  10.  Eriophorum. 

Flowers  with  a  perianth  of  3  stalked  sepals  or  of  i  or  2  interior  hyaline  scales. 
Perianth  of  3  broad  stalked  sepals,  usually  alternating  with  as  many  bristles. 

ii.  Fuireno. 
Perianth  of  i  or  2  hyaline  scales  (sepals?);  bristles  none. 

Perianth  of  a  single  minute  posterior  scale.  12.  Hemicarpha. 

Perianth  of  2  scales,  convolute  around  the  ovary.  13.  Lipocarpha. 

Spikelets  i-4-flpwered,  some  of  the  flowers  imperfect. 

Style,  or  its  base,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene.  14.  Rynchospora. 

Style  wholly  deciduous.  15.   Cladium. 

Flowers  all  monoecious  or  dioecious,  usually  borne  in  separate  small  spikelets. 
Achene  not  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium). 

Spikelets  clustered  or  solitary,  not  in  a  terminal  spike;  achene  bony.         16.  Scleria. 
Spikelets  forming  a  terminal  spike;  arctic  genera. 

Scales  2-flowered,  androgynous.  17.  Elyna. 

Scales  i-flowered,  monoecious.  18.  Kobresia. 

Achene  enclosed  in  a  utricle  (perigynium). 

Axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  conspicuous,  subulate,  often'  exserted  beyond  the  perigynium. 

19.   Uncinia. 
Axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  rudimentary  or  none,  not  exserted.  20.  Carex. 

i.    CYPERUS  L.  Sp.  PL  44.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  in  our  species  simple,  triangular,  leafy  near  the 
base,  and  with  i  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit,  forming  an  involucre  to  the  simple  or  com- 
pound, umbellate  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Rays  of  the  umbel  sheathed  at  the  base, 
usually  very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or  spikes  commonly  sessile.  Spikelets  flat 
or  subterete,  composed  of  few  or  many  scales,  the  scales  falling  away  from  the  wingless  or 
winged  rachis  as  they  mature  (nos.  1-19),  or  persistent  and  the  spikelets  falling  away 
from  the  axis  of  the  head  or  spike  with  the  scales  attached  (nos.  20-32).  Scales  concave, 
conduplicate  or  keeled,  2-ranked,  all  flower-bearing  or  the  lower  ones  empty.  Flowers  per- 
fect. Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the 
lenticular  or  3-angled  achene.  [Ancient  Greek  name  for  these  sedges.] 

About  650  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  follow- 
ing, some  40  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States.  The  English  names  Galingale  and  Sweet 
Rush  are  sometimes  applied  to  all  the  species. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


235 


Style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  not  3-angled;  scales  falling  from  the  racliis;  spikelets  flat. 
Achene  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale;  umbel  nearly  or  quite  simple. 

Spikelets  yellow;  superficial  cells  of  the  achene  oblong.  i.  C.flavescens. 

Spikelets  green  or  brown;  superficial  cells  of  the  achene  quadrate. 
Scales  obtuse  or  obtusish,  appressed. 

Scales  membranous,  dull;  style  much  exserted.  2.  C.  diandrus. 

Scales  subcoriaceous,  shining;  style  scarcely  exserted.  3.  C.  rivularis. 

Scales  acute,  somewhat  spreading  at  maturity. 

Achene  narrowly  obovate;  spikelets  54'-i^'  long.  4.  C.  Nuttallii. 

Achene  linear-oblong;  spikelets  3" -9"  long.  5.  C.  micrpdontus. 

Achene  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale;  umbel  sometimes  much  compound.     6.  C.  flavicomus. 
Style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled. 

Scales  falling  away  from  the  persistent  rachis  of  the  flattened  spikelets. 
Wings  of  the  rachis,  if  present,  permanently  adnate  to  it. 

Scales  tipped  with  recurved  awns;  low  annual,  i'-6'  tall.  7.  C.  inflexus. 

Scales  acute  or  obtuse:  not  awned. 

Wings  of  the  rachis  none  or  very  narrow. 

Stamens  3;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  4" -12"  long;  scales  acute. 


C.  compressus. 
9.   C.  Schweinitzii. 

10.  C.  pseudovegetus. 

11.  C.  acttminatus. 

12.  C.fuscus. 


18.  C.  erythrorhizos. 

19.  C.  Halei. 


Annual;  culms  smooth,  2' -id  long. 
Perennial;  culms  rough,  i°-2I/4°  tall. 
Stamen  i;  spikelets  ovate,  2" '-4"  long. 

Tall  perennial ;  achene  linear;  scales  acutish. 
Low  annual;  achene  oblong;  scale-tips  recurved. 
Wings  of  the  rachis  distinct. 

Low  annual,  adventive  from  Europe;  scales  brown. 
Tall  indigenous  perennials  (no.  13  sometimes  annual?). 

Lower  leaves  reduced  to  pointed  sheaths.  13.  C.  Haspan. 

Leaves  all  elongated-linear. 

Scales  mucronate,  reddish  brown  or  green.  14.  C.  dentatus. 

Scales  acute  or  obtuse,  not  mucronate. 

Scales  wholly  or  partly  purple-brown;  achene  linear. 

Scales  tightly  appressed.  15.   C.  rotundus. 

Tips  of  the  scales  free.  16.  C.  Hallii. 

Scales  straw-colored;  achene  obovoid.  17.  C.  esculentus. 

Wings  of  the  rachis  separating  from  it  as  interior  scales;  annuals. 
Spikes  loose;  spikelets  3"-io"  long. 
Spikes  dense,  cylindric;  spikelets  i^"-2K"  long. 

Spikelets  falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  spikes,  the  lower  pair  of  scales  commonly  persistent. 
Annuals;  spikelets  elongated,  nearly  terete. 
Scales  imbricated;  achene  obovoid. 

Scales  thin,  dull  brown;  spikelets  very  slender.  20.   C.  speciosus. 

Scales  rigid,  yellow-brown ;  spikelets  stout.  21.  C.ferox. 

Scales  distant;  achene  linear-oblong.  22.  C.  Engelmanni. 

Perennial  by  hard,  tuber-like  basal  corms;  spikelets  more  or  less  flattened. 
Achene  narrowly  linear-oblong,  3-4  times  as  long  as  thick. 

Spikelets  flat,  several-many-flowered.  23.   C.  strigosus. 

Spikelets  subterete,  few-flowered. 

Spikelets  6"-i 2"  long,  loosely  spicate ;  lower  reflexed.     24.  C.  refractus. 
Spikelets  il/4"-6"  long,  densely  capitate  or  spicate. 

Spikelets  all  reflexed;  culms  rough.  25.   C.  retrofractus. 

Spikelets  spreading  or  only  the  lower  reflexed;  culms  smooth. 
Heads  oblong  or  cylindric. 

Spikelets  3" -5"  long,  the  lower  reflexed.        26.  C.  Lancastriensis. 
Spikelets  i  J4  "-2"  long,  the  lower  spreading.  27.   C.  cylindricus. 
Heads  globose.  »v    28.  C.  ovularis. 

Achene  oblong  or  obovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick. 
Rachis  wingless  or  very  narrowly  winged. 

Scales  pale  green,  membranous,  dull.  29.   C.filiculmis. 

Scales  chestnut-brown,  firm,  shining.  30.  C.  Houghtoni. 

Rachis-wings  membranous,  broad. 

Scales  firm,  not  appressed;  spikelets  loosely  capitate.       31.  C.  Grayi. 
Scales  thin,  closely  appressed;  spikelets  densely  capitate.  32.  C.  echinatus. 

i.   Cyperus  flavescens  I,.     Yellow 
Cyperus.     (Fig.  543.) 

Cyperus  flavescens  L-  Sp.  PI.  46.      1753. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  tufted,  leafy  below, 
3/-i2/  tall,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
\ff-\Yzff  wide,  smooth,  the  longer  usually  exceed- 
ing the  inflorescence;  clusters  terminal  and  sessile 
or  on  1-4  short  rays;  spikelets  in  3's-6's,  linear, 
subacute,  yellow,  many- flowered,  flat,  4//-9//  long, 
T.}kff-iff  broad;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  i-nerved,  ap- 
pressed, twice  as  long  as  the  orbicular-obovate 
black  obtuse  lenticular  shining  achene;  stamens  3; 
style  deeply  2-cleft,  its  branches  slightly  exserted; 
superficial  cells  of  the  achene  oblong. 

In  marshy  ground,  Maine  to  Michigan,  Florida  and 
Mexico.  Also  in  the  Old  World.  Aug. -Oct. 


236  CYPERACEAE. 

2.    Cyperus  diandrus  Torr.     L,ow  Cyperus.     (Fig.  544.) 

Cyperus  diandrus  Torr.  Cat.  PI.  N.  Y.  90.      1819. 

Cyperus  diandrus  elongatus  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 
19: 226.      1892. 

Annual,  culms  tufted,  slender,  2/-i5/  tall.  I/eaves 
about  i//  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  usually  3, 
the  longer  much  exceeding  the  spikelets;  clusters 
sessile  and  terminal,  or  at  the  ends  of  1-3  rays; 
spikelets  4//~9//  long,  linear-oblong,  acute,  flat, 
many-flowered;  scales  ovate,  green,  brown,  or 
with  brown  margins,  obtuse,  i-nerved,  appressed, 
membranous,  dull;  stamens  2  or  3;  style  2-cleft, 
its  branches  much  exserted;  achene  lenticular, 
oblong,  subacute,  gray,  not  shining,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate, 
about  as  long  as  wide. 

In  marshy  places  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  South  Carolina  and  Kansas.  Aug.-Oct. 

The  var.  elongatus  is  only  a  form  with  longer  spike- 
lets,  found  in  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 


3.    Cyperus  rivularis  Kuuth.     Shining 
Cyperus.     (Fig.  545.) 

Cyperus  rivularis  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  6.      1837. 

Cyperus  diandrus  var.  (?)  castaneus  Torr.  Ann.  L,yc. 
N.  Y.  3:  252.     1836.     Not  C.  castaneus  Willd.  1798. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  slender, 
tufted,  4/-i5/  tall.  Umbel  usually  simple;  spikelets 
linear  or  linear- oblong,  acutish,  4//-io//  long;  scales 
green  or  dark  brown  or  with  brown  margins, 
appressed,  firm,  subcoriaceous,  shining,  obtuse; 
stamens  mostly  3;  style  2-cleft,  scarcely  exserted; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  lenticular,  some- 
what pointed,  dull,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  wet  soil,  especially  along  streams  and  ponds, 
Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Michigan,  south  to 
Virginia  and  Missouri.  Aug. -Oct. 


4.    Cyperus  Nuttallii  Eddy.     Nuttall's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  546.) 


Cyperus  Nuttallii  Eddy;  Spreng.  Neue  Entd.  i:  240, 
1820. 

Annual,  culms  slender,  tufted,  4/-i8/  tall,  equal- 
ling or  often  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  of  the 
involucre  3-5,  spreading,  the  larger  often  5'  long;, 
umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  3~7-rayed; 
spikelets  rather  loosely  clustered,  linear,  very  acute,, 
flat,  spreading,  J^'-i^'  long,  i//-i>^//  wide;  scales 
yellowish-brown  with  a  green  keel,  oblong,  acute, 
rather  loosely  spreading  at  maturity;  stamens  2-T 
style  2-cleft,  its  branches  somewhat  exserted;  achene 
lenticular,  narrowly  obovate,  obtuse  or  truncate, 
dull,  light  brown,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 

Salt  marshes,  Maine  to  Mississippi.    Aug. -Oct. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  237 

5.    Cyperus  microdontus  Torr.     Coast  Cyperus.     (Fig.  547.) 


Cyperus  microdontus  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  255. 
1836. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms 
very  slender,  tufted,  sometimes  20'  high,  usually 
lower.  Leaves  about  \"  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre much  elongated;  umbel  commonly  simple, 
sessile,  capitate,  or  i-6-rayed;  spikelets  linear, 
acute,  3//~9//  long,  less  than  ix/  wide,  yellowish- 
brown;  scales  ovate,  acute,  thin,  appressed  when 
young,  spreading  at  maturity;  stamens  2;  style  2- 
cleft,  its  branches  much  exserted ;  achene  lenticular, 
linear-oblong,  short-pointed,  light  brown,  one-half 
as  long  as  the  scale,  its  superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  wet  soil,  on  or  near  the  coast,  Virginia  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  Aug.-Oct. 


6.    Cyperus  flavicomus  Michx.     Elegant  Cyperus.     (Fig.  548.) 

Cyperus  flavicomus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  27.     1803. 

Annual,  culms  stout  or  slender,  i°-3°  tall,  leafy 
below.  Leaves  smooth,  or  rough-margined,  2//-3// 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-8,  the  longer  ones 
much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbels  few- 
several-rayed,  often  compound;  primary  rays  %.'- 
2,I<£/  long;  spikelets  numerous,  usually  densely  clus- 
tered, linear,  acute,  4//-io//  long,  i//-i^//  wide, 
flat,  many-flowered,  spreading;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, thin,  dull,  yellowish-brown,  scarious-mar- 
gined,  faintly  3-nerved;  stamens  3;  style  2-cleft, 
little  exserted;  achenes  obovate,  lenticular,  black, 
mucronate,  not  shining,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
scales  and  often  persistent  on  the  rachis  after  these 
have  fallen  away. 

In  wet  or  moist  sandy  soil,  Virginia  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana.  Aug.-Oct. 

7.    Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl.     Awned  Cyperus.     (Fig.  549.) 

Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl.  Gram.  16.      1817. 

Cyperus  aristattis  Boeckl.  Linnaea.  35:  500,  in  part.      1868. 
Not  Rottb.  1773. 

Annual,  culms  slender  or  almost  filiform,  tufted,  i'- 
6'  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  \"  wide 
or  less,  those  of  the  involucre  2-3,  exceeding  the  umbel; 
umbel  sessile,  capitate,  or  i-3-rayed;  spikelets  linear- 
oblong,  6-io-flowered,  2//-3//  long;  scales  light  brown, 
lanceolate,  rather  firm,  strongly  several-nerved,  taper- 
ing into  a  long,  recurved  awn,  falling  from  the  rachis 
at  maturity;  stamen  i;  style  3-cleft;  rachis  narrowly 
winged,  the  wings  persistent;  achene  3-angled,  brown, 
dull,  narrowly  obovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate. 

In  wet,  sandy  soil,  Vermont  to  the  Northwest  Territory 
and  Oregon,  south  to  Florida,  Texas,  California  and 
Mexico.  Fragrant  in  drying.  July-Sept. 


238  CYPERACEAE. 

8.    Cyperus  compressus  L.     Flat  Cyperus.     (Fig.  550.) 

Cyperus  compressus  L-  Sp.  PI.  46.      1753. 

Annual,  tufted,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
smooth,  s'-io'  long.  Leaves  light  green,  about  i" 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  2-3,  the  longer  exceeding 
the  spikelets;  umbel  capitate  or  with  2-3  short  rays; 
spikelets  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  4//-io//  long, 
i%"-2f/  wide,  very  flat,  man y- flowered ;  scales 
light  green  with  a  yellow  band  on  each  side,  ovate, 
acuminate,  firm,  keeled,  several-nerved,  falling  away 
from  the  narrowly-winged  rachis  at  maturity;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  obovoid,  ob- 
tuse, dull,  brown,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
scale. 

In  fields,  Maryland  to  Florida,  west  to  Missouri  and 
Texas.  Also  in  tropical  America  and  in  the  warmer 
parts  of  Asia  and  Africa.  Aug. -Oct. 

9.    Cyperus  Schweinitzii  Torr.     Schweinitz's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  551.) 

Cyperus  Schweinitzii  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:   276. 
1836. 

Perennial  by  the  thickened  corm-like  bases  of  the 
culms,  tufted,  culms  rather  slender,  rough,  at  least 
above,  .i°-2^°  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  light 
green  leaves.  Leaves  i//-2^//  wide,  rough-mar- 
gined, those  of  the  involucre  3-7,  erect,  the  longer 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel  simple,  3-9- 
rayed,  the  rays  erect,  sometimes  4'  long;  spikelets 
flat,  in  rather  loose  ovoid  spikes,  which  are  sessile 
and  at  the  ends  of  the  rays,  linear-oblong,  6-12- 
flowered,  4//-8//  long;  scales  convex,  light  green, 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  9-i3-nerved,  falling 
away  from  the  rachis  at  maturity;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  brown, 
acute  at  each  end,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scale,  its 
superficial  cells  quadrate. 

In  sandy  soil,  especially  along  lakes  and  streams, 
western  New  York  and  southern  Ontario  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  Minnesota  and  Kansas.  Aug.-Oct. 

10.    Cyperus  pseudovegetus  Steud.     Marsh.  Cyperus.     (Fig.  552.) 

Cyperus  pseudovege tus  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  24.      1855. 
Cyperus  calcaratus  Nees;  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 
6,  570.      1890. 

Perennial  by  thickened  tuber-like  joints  of  the 
rootstocks,  culm  rather  stout,  i°-4°  high,  often 
equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  i^x/-2/x  wide, 
smooth,  nodulose,  the  mid  vein  prominent;  leaves  of 
the  involucre  4-6,  spreading,  the  longer  much  ex- 
ceeding the  inflorescence;  umbel  several -rayed,  com- 
pound, the  primary  rays  often  4'  long;  spikelets 
ovate,  flat,  many-flowered,  light  green,  densely  capi- 
tate, 2//-3//  long;  scales  keeled,  conduplicate,  i- 
nerved,  curved,  acute,  longer  than  the  linear 
3-angled  slightly  stalked  achene  ;  stamen  i  ;  style 
3-cleft. 

In  marshes,  Delaware  to  Florida,  west  to  Kansas  and 
Texas.  July-Sept. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


239 


ii.    Cyperus    acuminatus   Torr.  &   Hook. 
Short-pointed  Cyperus.    (Fig.  553.) 

•Cyperus  acuminatus  Torr.  &  Hook.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 
435-      1836. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  tufted,  3/-i5/  tall, 
longer  than  or  equalling  the  leaves.  Leaves  light 
green,  usually  less  than  i"  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre much  elongated;  umbel  i-4-rayed,  simple;  rays 
short;  spikelets  flat,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  2//-4// 
long,  many-flowered,  densely  capitate;  scales  oblong, 
pale  green,  3-nerved,  coarsely  cellular,  conduplicate, 
with  a  short  sharp  more  or  less  recurved  tip;  stamen 
i;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  gray,  ob- 
long, narrowed  at  each  end,  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  scale. 

In  moist  soil,  Illinois  to  Louisiana,  west  to  ^Kansas, 
•Oregon,  Texas  and  California.  July-Oct. 

12.    Cyperus  fuscus  L.     Brown  Cyperus.      (Fig.  554.) 
Cyperus  fuscus  L.  Sp.  PI.  46.      1753. 

Annual,  culms  slender,  tufted,  6'-i5/  high,  longer 
than  or  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves  rather  dark 
green,  about  \"  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6, 
the  longer  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  um- 
bel several-rayed,  somewhat  compound,  the  rays 
short;  spikelets  linear,  2//-7//  long,  less  than  i" 
wide,  many-flowered,  acute;  scales  ovate,  subacute, 
becoming  dark  brown  or  remaining  greenish  on 
the  keel,  faintly  about  3-nerved  on  the  back,  sepa- 
rating from  the  narrowly  winged  rachis  as  they 
mature;  stamens  2  or  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply 
3-angled,  oblong,  pointed  at  each  end,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scale. 

Revere  Beach,  Mass.,  and  New  London,  Conn.  Ad- 
ventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.  Also  in  ballast  about 
the  eastern  seaports.  July-Sept. 


13.    Cyperus  Haspan  L,. 

Cyperus  Haspan  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.      1753. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks    (sometimes  an- 
lual  ?),  roots  fibrous,  culms  slender,  weak,  tufted, 
3 -3°   high.     Lower  leaves  reduced  to  membran- 
ous   acuminate    sheaths,   those  of   the  involucre 
ibout  2,  usually  less  than  \'f  wide,  commonly  little 
seceding  or  shorter  than  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
sveral-rayed,    simple   or    compound,    the    longer 
ays    i/-2/  long;    spikelets  few,    capitate,   linear, 
:ute,    many -flowered,    3//-6//    long,    about    X" 
ide;  scales  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  reddish- 
rown,     acute,     mucronulate,     keeled,     3-nerved; 
ichis  narrowly  winged;  stamens  3;    style  3-cleft, 
:arcely  exserted;   achene  3-angled,    broadly  ob- 
svoid,  obtuse,    nearly  white,    very  much  shorter 
lan  the  scale. 

In  swamps,  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly 
the  coast.  Also  in  tropical  America  and  in  the 
ler  parts  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Australia.  July- 


Sheathed  Cyperus.      (Fig.  555.) 


16 


240 


CYPERACEAE. 


14.    Cyperus  dentatus  Torr.     Toothed  Cyperus.     (Fig.  556.) 

Cyperus  dentatus  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  61.     1824. 

Perennial  by  scaly  rootstocks  which  sometimes^ 
bear  small  tubers,  culms  rather  stiff,  8/-2O/  tall, 
longer  than  or  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Leaves 
keeled,  i//-2//  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-4, 
one  or  two  of  them  usually  exceeding  the  inflores- 
cence; umbel  several-rayed,  somewhat  compound; 
longer  rays  i/~3/  long;  spikelets  linear,  very  flat, 
many-flowered,  mostly  blunt,  5//-io//  long,  nearly 
2"  wide;  scales  light  reddish-brown,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, thin,  keeled,  s-y-nerved,  mucronate,  separa- 
ting from  the  rachis  when  mature,  their  tips 
spreading,  causing  the  spikelet  to  appear  toothed;, 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  the  branches  exserted; 
achene  3-angled,  obtuse,  mucronate,  light  brown, 
much  shorter  than  the  scale. 

In  sandy  swamps  and  on  river  shores,  Maine  to- 
northern  New  York,  south  to  West  Virginia  and  South 
Carolina.  Scales  often  modified  into  tufts  of  small 
leaves.  Aug.-Oct. 

15.    Cyperus  rotundus  L/.     Nut-grass.     (Fig.  557.) 


Cyperus  rotundus  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.      1753. 
Cyperus  Hydra  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  27. 


1803. 


Perennial  by  scaly  tuber-bearing  rootstocks, 
culm  rather  stout,  6/-2o/  high,  usually  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Leaves  *%'-$'_  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre 3-5,  the  longer  equalling  or  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  compound  or  nearly  simple,  3- 
8-rayed,  the  longer  rays  2'-^%'  long;  spikelets 
linear,  closely  clustered,  few  in  each  cluster,  acute, 
4//-io//  long,  \ff-\yz"  wide;  scales  dark  purple- 
brown  or  with  green  margins  and  centre,  ovate, 
acute,  closely  appressed  when  mature,  about  3- 
nerved  on  the  keel;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches  exserted;  achene  3-angled,  about  one-half 
as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  fields,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Kansas  and 
Texas.  Adventive  in  or  about  ballast  deposits  at  the 
eastern  seaports.  Also  in  tropical  America,  and  widely 
distributed  in  the  Old  World.  July-Sept. 


1 6.    Cyperus    Hallii   Britton.      Hall's 
Cyperus.     (Fig.  558.) 

Cyperus  Hallii  Britton,   Bull.   Torr.   Club,    13:    211. 

1886. 

Perennial  by  scaly  rootstocks,  culm  rather  stout, 
2°-3°  tall,  about  equalled  by  the  leaves.  Basal 
leaves  2//-3//  wide;  involucral  leaves  3-6,  the  longer 
very  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
compound,  its  longer  rays  3X-4X  long,  the  raylets 
sometimes  \'  long;  spikelets  numerous,  loosely 
clustered,  linear,  y-is-flowered,  5//-8//  long,  \"- 
i^/xwide;  involucels  setaceous;  scales  ovate,  acute, 
strongly  y-g-nerved,  dark  reddish-brown  or  with 
lighter  margins,  their  tips  not  appressed;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft,  its  branches  much  exserted;  achene 
linear-oblong,  3-angled,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  scale. 

Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory  to  Texas.    July- 
Sept. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


241 


17.    Cyperus  esculentus  L,.     Yellow  Nut-grass.     (Fig.  559.) 

Cyperus  esculentus  L.  Sp.  PI.  45.      1753. 
Cyperus  phymatodes  Muhl.  Gram.  23.      1817. 

Perennial  by  scaly  horizontal  tuber-bearing  root- 
stocks,  culm  usually  stout,  i°-2^°  tall,  commonly 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  light  green,  -2.ff-\" 
wide,  the  midvein  prominent;  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 3-6,  the  longer  much  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  4-io-rayed,  often  compound; 
spikelets  numerous  in  loose  spikes,  straw-color  or 
yellowish-brown,  flat,  spreading,  6//-i2//  long, 
t-Yz"  wide,  many-flowered;  scales  ovate-oblong,  sub- 
acute,  3-5- nerved;  rachis  narrowly  winged;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  3-angled. 

In  moist  fields,  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  from 
California  to  Alaska,  in  tropical  America,  and  widely 
distributed  in  the  Old  World.  Sometimes  a  trouble- 
some weed.  Aug.-Oct. 

Cyperus  esculentus  angustispicatus  Britton,  Bull.  Torr. 

Club,  13:  211.      1886. 
Spikelets  very  slender,  i"  wide  or  less.     Massachusetts  to  South  Carolina  and  Missouri. 

18.    Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.     Red-rooted  Cyperus.     (Fig.  560.) 

Cyperus  erythrorhizos  Muhl.  Gram.  20.      1817. 

Annual,  culms  tufted,  stout  or  slender,  3x-2°  tall. 
Leaves  i^//-4//  wide,  rough-margined,  the  lower 
longer  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 3-7,  some  of  them  3-5  times  as  long  as  the 
inflorescence;  umbel  mostly  compound,  several- 
rayed;  spikelets  linear,  subacute,  3//-io//  long,  less 
than  \"  wide,  compressed,  many-flowered,  clus- 
tered in  oblong,  nearly  or  quite  sessile  spikes; 
scales  bright  chestnut  brown,  oblong-lanceolate, 
mucronulatc,  appressed,  separating  from  the  rachis 
at  maturity,  the  membranous  wings  of  the  rachis 
separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline  interior  scales;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply  3-angled,  ob- 
long, pointed  at  both  ends,  pale,  one-half  as  long 
as  the  scale. 

In  wet  soil,  especially  along  streams,  southern  On- 
tario to  Massachusetts  and  Florida,  west  to  Missouri, 
Kansas,  Texas  and  California.     Aug.-Oct. 
Cyperus  erythrorhizos  var.  pumilus  Engelm.  is  a  low  form,  not  worthy  of  varietal  rank. 

19.  Cyperus  Halei  Torr.    Hale's  Cyperus. 
(Fig.  561.) 

Cyperus  Halei  Torr,;  Britton,    Bull.  Torr.  Club,    13: 
213.      1886. 

Annual,  culm  stout,  2°-3°  tall,  about  equalled 
by  the  leaves.  Leaves  $"-4,"  wide,  very  rough- 
margined,  those  of  the  involucre  5-8,  much  elong- 
ated; umbel  compound,  several -rayed;  spikes  cy- 
lindric,  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  exceedingly  dense, 
l/2f-\'  long;  spikelets  very  numerous,  linear,  \Y*"~ 
2^"  long,  Y*"  wide,  spreading;  scales  brown, 
keeled,  indistinctly  5-nerved,  oblong,  mucronu- 
late,  separating  from  the  rachis  at  maturity,  the 
wings  of  the  rachis  separating  as  a  pair  of  hyaline 
scales,  as  in  the  preceding  species;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  minute. 

In  swamps,  southern  Missouri  to  Tennessee,  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida.  July-Sept. 


242  CYPERACEAE. 

20.    Cyperus  speciosus  Vahl.     Michaux's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  562.) 

Cyperus  sfieciosusVahl,  Bnum.  2: 364.     1806. 
Cyperus  Michauxiamis  Schultes,   Mant.  2: 
123.      1824. 

Annual ,  culms  stout  or  slender,  usually 
tufted,  5'-2°  tall,  reddish  toward  the 
base.  Leaves  rough -margined,  iX//-2/^// 
wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm, 
the  midvein  prominent;  leaves  of  the  in- 
volucre much  exceeding  the  umbel;  um- 
bel compound  or  nearly  simple,  3-7-rayed, 
the  primary  rays  I'-S,^'  long;  involucels 
narrow;  spikelets  subterete,  very  nar- 
rowly linear,  loosely  or  densely  clustered, 
4//-i2//  long,  less  than  \"  thick,  10-30- 
flowered,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  dull  brown,  thin,  ap- 
pressed,  densely  imbricated,  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, faintly  3~5-nerved  on  the  back; 
rachis-wings  broad,  clasping  the  achene, 
persistent;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  slight- 
ly exserted;  achene  pale,  3-angled,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  its  super- 
ficial cells  nearly  quadrate. 

In  marshes,  Rhode  Island  to  Ohio  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,   Texas  and  California. 
July-Sept. 

Cyperus  speciosus  ferruginescens  (Boeckl. )  Britton,  Mem.  Torn  Club,  5:  61.      1894. 
Cyperus  ferruginescens  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  36:  396.      1869-70. 

Scales  spreading  or  slightly  recurved,  reddish.     Missouri  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

Cyperus  speciosus  parvus  (Boeckl.)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  214.      1886. 
Cyperus  parvus  Boeckl.  I<innaea,  36:  397.      1869-70. 

Culm  i '-3'  high;  umbel  very  simple,  generally  of  but  a  single  cluster  of  short  spikelets.     Mis- 
souri to  New  Mexico. 


21.    Cyperus  ferox  Vahl.     Coarse  Cyperus.     (Fig.  563.) 


Cyperus  ferox  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  357.      1806. 

Annual,  closely  related  to  the  preced- 
ing species,  but  with  smooth-margined, 
shorter  and  broader  leaves,  those  of  the 
involucre  sometimes  but  little  exceeding 
the  inflorescence.  Umbel  simple  or  some- 
what compound,  often  compact,  the  rays 
mostly  short;  spikelets  linear,  subterete, 
io-2o-flowered,  8//-i2//  long,  about  i" 
thick,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  ovate-oblong,  appressed, 
imbricated,  obtuse,  rather  firm,  green  and 
7-9  nerved  on  the  back,  yellowish  on  the 
sides;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  rachis 
broadly  winged;  achene  3-angled,  nar- 
rowly obovoid,  obtuse. 


In  wet  soil,  Missouri  to  California  and 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Aug.-Oct. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  243 

22.    Cyperus  Engelmanni  Steud.     Engelmann's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  564.) 

Cyperus  Engelmanni  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  47.     1855.  ] 

Annual,  culms  slender,  6x-2^°  tall.  Leaves 
elongated,  2//~3//  wide,  flaccid,  roughish  on  the 
margins,  those  of  the  involucre  4-6,  the  longer 
exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel  often  compound,  the 
raylets  very  short;  spikelets  often  densely  crowded, 
very  narrowly  linear,  subterete,  6//-i2//  long, 
5-i5-flowered  ;  rachis  narrowly  winged ;  scales 
greenish-brown,  oblong,  obtuse,  thin,  faintly  3-5- 
nerved  on  the  back,  distant,  the  successive  ones 
on  each  side  of  the  spikelet  separated  by  a  space 
of  about  one-half  their  length;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled,  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  wet  soil,  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario  and 
Wisconsin,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  Missouri.  Aug.- 
Oct. 


23.    Cyperus  strigosus  L,.     Straw-colored  Cyperus.     (Fig.  565.) 


Cyperus  strigosus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  47.      1753- 

Perennial  by  basal  tuber-like  corms,  culm 
rather  stout,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  somewhat 
rough-margined,  2//~3//  wide,  the  longer 
ones  of  the  involucre  much  exceeding  the 
umbel;  umbel  several-rayed,  compound  or 
nearly  simple,  some  of  the  primary  rays 
often  4/-6/  long,  their  sheaths  terminating  in 
2  bristles;  involucels  setaceous;  heads  ob- 
long or  ovoid;  spikelets  flat,  linear,  4//-o// 
long,  \"  wide  or  less,  7~i5-flowered,  sepa- 
rating from  the  axis  at  maturity;  scales 
straw-colored,  oblong-lanceolate,  subacute, 
strongly  several-nerved,  appressed  or  at 
length  somewhat  spreading;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled, 
acute,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  moist  meadows,  swamps  or  along  streams, 
Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Flor- 
ida and  Texas.  Aug. -Oct. 

Among  the  numerous  forms  of  this  species 
the  following  may  be  defined  as  varieties: 


Cyperus  strigosus  capitatus  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  36:  347.      1869-70. 

Umbel  simple  or  nearly  so;  spikelets  4" '-7"  long,  densely  capitate  in  subglobose  heads.     Range 
of  the  type. 


Cyperus  strigosus  compositus  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  13:  212. 


Umbel  very  compound;  heads  cylindric;  spikelets  3" -6"  long,  4-6-flowered. 
York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Alabama. 


1886. 

Southern  New 


Cyperus  strigosus  robustior  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  88.      1837. 
Umbel  compound;  spikelets  8"-i2"  long,  io-25-flowered.     Range  of  the  type. 


244-  CYPERACEAE. 

24.    Cyperus  refractus  Engelm.     Reflexed  Cyperus.     (Fig.  566.) 

Cyperus  refractus  IJngelm. ;  Boeckl.  I^innaea,  36:  369. 
1869-70. 

Perennial  by  tuber-like  corms,  culm  stout, 
smooth,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  il/i'f-\"  wide,  rough- 
margined,  elongated;  umbel  6-i3-rayed,  usually 
compound,  the  longer  rays  sometimes  8'  long, 
their  sheaths  terminating  in  i  or  2  short  teeth;  in- 
volucels  setaceous;  raylets  filiform;  spikelets  very 
narrowly  linear,  loosely  spicate,  acute,  flattish, 
5//_i2//  long,  yz'f  thick,  3-6-flowered,  the  upper 
spreading,  the  lower  reflexed;  scales  yellowish- 
green,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  closely  appressed, 
9-ii-nerved,  thin;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches  much  exserted;  achene  narrowly  linear, 
obtuse,  apiculate,  about  5  times  as  long  as  thick, 
and  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  dry  fields,  New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina  and 
Missouri.  July-Sept. 

25.    Cyperus  retrofractus  (I,. )  Torr.     Rough  Cyperus.     (Fig.  567.) 

Scirpus  retrofractus  L.  Sp.  PI.  50.      1753. 

Cyperus  retrofractus  Torr. ;  A.  Gray,  Man.  519.      1848. 

Perennial  by  tuber-like  corms,  culm  slender, 
rough-puberulent,  at  least  above,  mostly  longer  than 
the  puberulent  leaves,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  i^//-2X// 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  the  longer  not 
greatly  exceeding  the  umbel,  sometimes  shorter;  um- 
bel simple;  rays  very  slender,  nearly  erect,  or  spread- 
ing, 2/-6/  long,  their  sheaths  2-toothed;  heads  ob- 
long or  obovoid;  spikelets  linear- subulate,  3//-6// 
long,  about  y?."  thick,  i-2-flowered,  all  soon  strongly 
reflexed,  separating  from  the  axis  at  maturity;  flow- 
ering scales  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  one  subu- 
late, all  strongly  several-nerved;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  linear,  3-angled,  obtuse,  apiculate, 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  dry,  sandy  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida, 
west  to  Kentucky,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  July-Sept. 

26.    Cyperus  Lancastriensis  Porter.     L/ancaster  Cyperus.     (Fig.  568.) 

Cyperus  Lancastriensis  Porter;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5, 

555-      1867. 

Perennial  by  ovoid  or  oblong  corms,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves,  i°-2)4°  tall. 
Leaves  2//-3//  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  4-7,  the 
longer  much  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
simple,  5~9-rayed,  the  longer  rays  2/~4/  long,  their 
sheaths  nearly  truncate;  heads  oval,  obtuse,  yzf-\' 
long;  spikelets  densely  clustered,  4//-5//  long,  linear, 
subterete,  2-4-flowered,  the  lower  reflexed,  the  mid- 
dle ones  spreading,  all  separating  from  the  axis  at 
maturity;  scales  green,  strongly  several-nerved,  the 
flowering  ones  lanceolate,  subacute;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  linear,  obtuse,  apiculate,  2-3 
times  as  long  as  thick,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
scale.  ufe, 

In  dry  'fields,  New  Jersey  andTPennsylvania  to  Vir- 
ginia and'Alabama.  July-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


245 

(Fig.  569.) 


27.    Cyperus  cylindricus  (Ell.)  Britton.     Pine-barren  Cyperus. 

Mariscus  cylindricus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  74.      1816. 
Cyperus  cylindricus  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  6:  339. 

1879. 
Cyperus  Torreyi  Britton,    Bull.   Torr.  Club,   13:   215. 

1886. 

Perennial  by  small  hard  corms,  culms  slender, 
smooth,  usually  tufted,  4/-i8/  tall,  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Leaves  smooth,  \"-\yz"  wide,  the  longer 
ones  of  the  involucre  much  exceeding  the  umbel; 
umbel  simple,  several-rayed,  the  rays  short,  or  the 
longer  i/-2j^/  long,  the  sheaths  2-toothed;  heads 
-very  dense,  cyliudric,  %'-*/?.'  long,  a//-4//  in  di- 
ameter; spikelets  ij^//-2//  long,  flattish,  i-2-flow- 
ered,  spreading  or  the  lower  reflexed;  scales  green, 
oblong;  rachis  winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  linear-oblong,  3-angled,  apiculate,  slightly 
more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  sandy  pine  barrens  and  on  the  sea  shore,  southern 
New  York  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas,  mostly  near  the 
•coast.  July-Sept. 

28.    Cyperus  ovularis  (Michx.)  Torr.     Globose  Cyperus.     (Fig.  570.) 

Kyllingia  ovularis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  29.      1803. 
Cyperus  ovularis  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  278.      1836. 

Perennial  by  hard  tuber-like  corms,  stem  usually 
strict,  smooth,  S'-2y^°  tall,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  smooth,  2//-3//  wide,  the  longer  ones  of  the 
involucre  much  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel  simple, 
few-rayed,  the  rays  rarely  more  than  2%f  long; 
sheath  of  the  rays  truncate  or  slightly  toothed;  heads 
globose  or  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  thick,  4"- 
7ff  in  diameter,  very  dense,  the  spikelets  radiating 
in  all  directions;  spikelets  2//-3^//  long,  usually  3- 
flowered,  separating  from  the  axis  and  leaving  a  scar 
at  maturity;  rachis  winged;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  green,  strongly  sev- 
eral-nerved; stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  linear- 
oblong,  3-angled,  2-3  times  as  long  as  thick. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  southern  New  York  to  Flor- 
ida, west  to  Illinois,  Kansas  and  Texas.  July-Sept. 

29.    Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl.     Slender  Cyperus.     (Fig.  571.) 

Cyperus  jiliculmis  Vahl,  Enum  2:328.      1806. 

Perennial  by  hard  oblong  corms,  culm  smooth, 
slender  or  almost  filiform,  ascending  or  reclined, 
6/-i8/  long,  usually  longer  than  the  rough-mar- 
gined leaves.  Leaves  i//-2//  wide,  keeled,  those 
of  the  involucre,  or  some  of  them,  much  exceeding 
the  inflorescence;  spikelets  densely  clustered  in 
1-7  globose  heads,  linear,  acute,  5-u-flowered,  sub- 
terete  or  compressed,  2^//-6//  long,  \ff  wide  or 
less,  tardily  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity; 
rachis  wingless;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  pale 
green,  strongly  7-n-nerved,  appressed;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong  or  obovoid,  3-angled, 
obtuse,  apiculate,  dull  gray,  two-thirds  as  long  as 
the  scale,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Kansas,  Texas  and 
northern  Mexico.  June-Aug. 


246 


CYPERACEAE. 


Cyperus  Houghtoni  Torr.     Houghton's  Cyperus.     (Fig.  572.) 

Cyperus  Houghtoni  Torr.   Ann.   Lye.   N.   Y.  3:   277- 

1836. 

Perennial  by  tuber-like  corms,  culms  very 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  shorter 
than  the  culm,  \"  wide  or  less,  smooth,  those  or 
involucre  3-5,  the  longer  much  exceeding  the  um- 
bel; umbel  simple,  i-5-rayed,  the  rays  mostly 
short,  their  sheaths  2-toothed;  spikelets  loosely 
capitate,  linear,  compressed,  acute,  4//-8//  long, 
about  \"  wide,  ii-15-flowered,  falling  away  from 
the  axis  when  mature;  scales  chestnut  brown,  firm, 
somewhat  spreading,  shining,  oblong,  obtuse, 
truncate  or  apiculate,  strongly  about  n-nerved;. 
rachis  very  narrowly  winged;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  broadly  oblong,  less  then  twice  as 
long  as  thick,  3-angled,  brown,  apiculate,  nearly 
as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Minnesota,  Kansas 
and  Oregon.  July- Aug. 

31.    Cyperus  Grayi  Torr.       Gray's 
Cyperus.      (Fig.  573.) 

Cyperus  Grayi  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  268.      1836. 

Perennial  by  thick  hard  oblong  or  ovoid  corms, 
culms  tufted,  ascending  or  reclined,  stiff,  smooth, 
very  slender,  6/-2o/  long.  Leaves  shorter  than 
the  culm,  bright  green,  i//  wide  or  less,  those  of 
the  involucre  4-8,  the  longer  somewhat  exceeding 
the  umbel;  umbel  4-io-rayed,  simple,  the  longer 
rays  3/-4/  long;  sheaths  of  the  rays  truncate  or 
nearly  so;  spikelets  2^//~5//  long,  loosely  capitate, 
compressed,  linear,  rigid,  spreading;  scales  green, 
ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  strongly  i3-i5-nerved, 
rather  widely  spreading  when  old;  joints  of  the 
rachis  broadly  winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  obtuse,  apicu- 
late, about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  scale. 

In  sands  of  the  sea  shore  and  in  pine  barrens,  Massa- 
chusetts to  Florida.  July-Sept. 


Cyperus  echinatus  (Ell.)  Wood.     Baldwin's  Cyperus. 


(Fig.  574-) 

pi.  3- 


Mariscus  echinatus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  75. 

/  /.      1816. 

Cyperus  Baldwinii  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  270.     1836. 
Cyperus  echinatus  Wood,  Class-book,  734.      1863. 

Perennial  by  tuber-like  corms,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  erect,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  pale  green,  i^//-2//  wide,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 5-10,  the  longer  usually  much  exceeding 
the  umbel;  umbel  simple,  6-i3-rayed;  the  rays  fili- 
form, their  sheaths  short,  mucronate;  spikelets  2"- 
3"  long,  linear,  flat,  densely  or  loosely  capitate  in 
globose  heads;  scales  thin,  pale  green,  appressed, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  9-13-nerved,  with  narrow 
scarious  margins;  joints  of  the  rachis  broadly 
winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong- 
obovoid,  obtuse,  one-half  as  long  as  the  scale,  about 
twice  as  long  as  thick. 

In  dry  soil,  sometimes  a  weed  in  cultivated  fields, 
North  Carolina  to  Florida,  west  to  Missouri  and  Texas, 
July- Aug. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


247 


2.    KYLLINGA  Rottb.  Descr.  &  Ic.  12.    pi.  4.    f.  3,  4.     1773. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges,  with  slender  triangular  culms,  leafy  below,  and  with  2  or 
more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to  the  strictly  sessile,  simple  or  compound 
dense  head  of  spikelets.  Spikelets  numerous,  compressed,  falling  away  from  the  axis  of 
the  head  at  maturity,  consisting  of  only  3  or  4  scales,  the  i  or  2  lower  ones  small  and  empty, 
the  middle  one  fertile,  the  upper  empty  or  staminate.  Joints  of  the  rachis  wingless  or  nar- 
rowly winged.  Scales  2-ranked,  keeled.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft, 
deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene  lenticular  or  3-angled.  [In  honor  of 
Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  2  others 
occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 

i.    Kyllinga    pumila    Michx.      Lx^w 
Kyllinga.     (Fig.  575.) 

Kyllingia  pumila  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  28. 
1803. 

Annual,  culms  densely  tufted,  filiform, 
erect  or  reclined,  2/-i5/  long,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  light  green,  rough- 
ish  on  the  margins,  usually  less  than  \'f 
wide,  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  elongated, 
spreading  or  reflexed;  head  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  3//-4//  long,  simple  or  commonly 
with  i  or  2  smaller  ones  at  the  base;  spike- 
lets  about  \Yz"  long,  flat,  i -flowered,  the  2 
empty  lower  scales  more  or  less  persisent  on 
the  rachis  after  the  fall  of  the  rest  of  the 
spikelet;  scales  ovate,  acuminate  or  acute, 
thin,  about  7 -nerved;  stamens  2;  style  2-cleft; 
achene  lenticular,  obtuse. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west 
to  Illinois,  Missouri,  Texas  and  Mexico.  Aug.- 
Sept. 

3.    DULICHIUM  L>  C.  Richard;  Pers.  Syn.  i:  65.       1805. 

A  tall  perennial  sedge,  with  terete  hollow  jointed  culms,  leafy  to  the  top,  the  lower 
leaves  reduced  to  sheaths.  Spikes  axillary,  peduncled,  simple  or  compound.  Spikelets 
2-ranked,  flat,  linear,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity  (?)  many-flowered.  Scales 
2-ranked,  carinate,  conduplicate,  decurrent  on  the  joint  below.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth 
of  6-9  retrorsely  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft  at  the  summit,  persistent  as  a 
beak  on  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene  linear-oblong.  [Name  said  to  be  from  Dulci- 
chimum,  a  Latin  name  for  some  sedge.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 

i.      Dulichium     arundinaceum    (L/.) 
Britton.     Dulichium.     (Fig.  576.) 

Cyperus  arundinaceus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  44.      1753. 
Cyperus  spathaceus  I,.  Syst.  Ed.  12,  2:  735.      1767. 
Dulichium  spaihaceum  Pers.  Syn.  i:  65.      1805. 
Dulichium  arundinaceum  Britton,    Bull.   Torr. 
Club,  21 :  29.      1894. 

Culm  stout,  i°-3°  tall,  erect.  Leaves  num- 
erous, flat,  i/-3/  long,  2//~4//  wide,  spreading 
or  ascending,  the  lower  sheaths  bladeless, 
brown  toward  their  summits.  Spikes  shorter 
than  or  the  uppermost  exceeding  the  leaves;  pe- 
duncles 2v/-i2//  long;  spikelets  narrowly  linear, 
spreading,  6//-i2//  long,  about  \"  wide,  6-12- 
flowered;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  strongly 
several-nerved,  appressed,  brownish ;  bristles  of 
the  perianth  rigid,  longer  than  the  achene; 
style  long-exserted,  persistent. 

In  wet  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Aug.-Oct. 


CYPERACEAE. 


4.  ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  224.  1810. 
Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  simple,  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete,  flattened  or 
grooved,  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the  lowest  very  rarely  blade-bearing.  Spikelets 
solitary,  terminal,  erect,  several-many-flowered,  not  subtended  by  an  involucre.  Scales  con- 
cave, spirally  imbricated  all  around.  Perianth  of  1-12  bristles,  usually  retrorsely  barbed, 
wanting  in  some  species.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-cleft  and  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  or 
3-cleft  and  achene  3-angled,  but  sometimes  with  very  obtuse  angles  and  appearing  turgid. 
Base  of  the  style  persistent  on  the  summit  of  the  achene,  forming  a  terminal  tubercle. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of  most  of  the  species  in  marshy  ground.] 

About  100  species,  widely  distributed.     Besides  the  following,  some  15  others  occur  in  the 
southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Spikelet  scarcely  or  not  at  all  thicker  than  the  culm. 
Culm  stout;  spikelet  many-flowered. 

Culm  terete,  nodose.  i.  E.  interstincta. 

Culm  quadrangular,  continuous.  2.  E.  mutata. 

Culm  slender,  triangular,  continuous;  spikelet  few-flowered,  subulate.       3.  E.  Robbinsii. 
Spikelet  manifestly  thicker  than  the  culm. 

Style  mostly  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex. 

Upper  sheath  scarious,  hyaline;  plants  perennial  by  slender  rootstocks. 


Scales  pale  green  or  nearly  white;  achene  K"  long. 
Scales  dark  reddish-brown ;  achene  %"  long. 
Upper  sheath  truncate,  oblique  or  toothed,  not  scarious. 
Annual,  with  fibrous  roots. 
Achene  jet  black. 

Culms  i '-3'  tall;  achene  %"  long;  bristles  2-4. 
Culms  3'-io'  tall;  achene  I/4"  long;  bristles  5-8. 
Achene  pale  brown. 

Spikelet  ovoid  or  oblong;  tubercle  deltoid,  acute. 
Spikelet  oblong-cylindric;  tubercle  broad,  low. 
Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks. 
Style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled  or  turgid. 
Achene  reticulated  or  cancellate. 

Spikelet  compressed;  culm  filiform. 
Spikelet  terete ;  culm  slender. 

Achene  transversely  cancellate;  bristles  none. 
Achene  reticulated;  bristles  present,  stout. 
Tubercle  conic,  smaller  than  the  achene. 
Tubercle  cap-like,  as  large  as  or  larger  than  the  achene. 
Achene  smooth  or  papillose. 

Achene  smooth,  white;  culms  capillary. 
Achene  papillose  or  smooth,  brown,  black  or  yellow. 
Tubercle  depressed  or  short-conic. 
Achene  smooth. 

Tubercle  flat,  covering  the  top  of  the  black  achene. 
Tubercle  ovoid-conic,  acute,  contracted  at  the  base. 
Achene  papillose. 

Achene  3-ribbed  on  the  angles. 
Achene  obtuse-angled,  not  ribbed. 
Culm  filiform;  scales  obtuse. 
Culm  flat;  scales  acute. 
Tubercle  subulate  or  narrowly  pyramidal. 

Culms  filiform,  wiry,  densely  tufted,  4'-io'  long. 
Culms  flattened,  slender,  i°-2°  long. 


4.  E.  ochreata. 

5.  E.  olivacea. 


6.  E.  atropurpurea. 

7.  E.  capitata. 

8.  E.  ovata. 

9.  E.  Engelmanni. 

10.  E.  palustris. 

11.  E.  acicularis. 

12.  E.  Wolfii. 

13.  E.  tor  tilts. 

14.  E.  tuberculosa. 

15.  E.  microcarpa. 


16.  E.  melanocarpa. 

17.  E.  albida. 

18.  E.  tricostata. 

19.  E.  tenuis. 

20.  E.  acuminata. 

21.  E.  intermedia. 

22.  E.  rostellata. 

i.  Eleocharis  interstincta  (Vahl)  R.  &S.     Knotted  Spike-rush.    (Fig.  577.) 

Scirpus  interstinctus  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  251.      1806. 
Scirpus  equisetoides  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  79.      1816. 
Eleocharis  interstincta  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  148.      1817. 
Eleocharis  equisetoides  Torr.  Ann,  Lye.  3:  296.     1836. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstooks,  culms  terete,  hol- 
low, nodose,  papillose,  i>£°-3°  tall,  the  sterile  ones 
sharp-pointed.  Sheaths  oblique,  membranous, 
brown  or  green,  the  lower  sometimes  bearing  short 
blades;  spikelet  terete,  cylindric,  many-flowered, 
subacute,  i/-i_J^/  long,  i"  in  diameter,  not  thicker 
than  the  culm;  scales  ovate,  orbicular  or  obovate, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  narrowly  scarious-mar- 
gined,  faintly  many-nerved,  persistent;  bristles 
about  6,  rigid,  retrorsely  barbed,  as  long  as  the  body 
of  the  achene  or  shorter,  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft, 
exserted;  achene  obovoid,  brown,  shining,  with 
minute  transverse  ridges,  convex  on  one  side,  very 
obtusely  angled  on  the  other,  2  or  3  times  as  long 
as  the  conic  acute  black  broad-based  tubercle. 
In  water,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico.  July-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


249 


2.    Eleocharis  mutata  (X.)  R.  &  S.    Quadrangular  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  578.) 

Scirpus  mutatus  L.  Am.  Acad.  5:  391.      1760. 
Scirpus  quadrangulatus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  30. 

1803. 

Eleocharis  quadrangulata  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  155.      1817. 
Eleocharis  mutala  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  155.      1817. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  sharply  4- 
angled,  stout,  not  nodose,  papillose,  2°-4°  tall. 
Sheaths  purplish-brown  or  green,  membranous, 
sometimes  bearing  short  blades;  spikelet  terete, 
acute,  cylindric,  i/-2/  long,  -2"  in  diameter,  many- 
flowered,  about  as  thick  as  the  culm;  scales  coria- 
ceous, broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper 
subacute,  scarious-margined  and  sometimes  with-  a 
narrow  brown  band  within  the  margins,  faintly 
many-nerved,  persistent;  bristles  about  6,  rigid,  re- 
trorsely  barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  biconvex  or 
slightly  angled  on  the  back,  minutely  cancellate, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  tubercle, 
which  is  truncate  or  contracted  at  the  base. 

In  ponds,  streams  and  swamps,  northern  New  Jersey  to  Michigan,  south  to  Alabama,  Missouri, 
Texas  and  Guatemala.    Also  in  the  West  Indies  and  South  America.    July-Sept. 

3.    Eleocharis    Robbinsii  Oakes.     Robbins' 
Spike-rush.     (Fig.  579.) 

Eleocharis  Robbinsii  Oakes,  Hovey's  Mag.  7:  178.      1841. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  slender,  3- 
angled,  continuous,  6/-2°  long,  sometimes  producing 
numerous  filiform  flaccid  sterile  branches  from  the  base. 
Sheaths  appressed,  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  subulate, 
few-flowered,  not  thicker  than  the  culm,  6//-io//  long, 
i"  in  diameter;  scales  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  strongly  concave,  faintly  several- 
nerved,  persistently  clasping  the  rachis,  narrowly  scari- 
ous-margined; style  3-cleft;  bristles  6,  equalling  the 
achene  and  tubercle,  retrorsely  barbed;  achene  obovoid, 
light  brown,  biconvex  or  very  obtusely  angled  on  the 
back,  somewhat  longer  than  the  conic-subulate  flattened 
tubercle,  which  has  a  raised  ring  around  its  base. 

In  shallow  water,  New  Brunswick  to  Michigan,  south  to 
Florida.  Aug.-Sept. 

4.    Eleocharis  ochreata  (Nees)  Steud.     Pale  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  580.) 

Eleogenus  ochreatus  Nees  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  2:  Part  i, 

102.      1842. 
Eleocharis  ochreata  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  79.      1855. 

Perennial  by  very  slender  rootstocks,  culms  very 
slender,  or  filiform,  erect,  pale  green,  3-angled,  a'-io' 
tall.  Upper  sheath  with  a  white,  hyaline,  scarious 
limb;  spikelet  oblong  or  ovoid,  subacute,  2-3  times  as 
thick  as  the  culm,  about  2"  long,  \%ff  in  diameter, 
several-flowered ;  scales  pale  green,  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  thin,  hyaline  with  a  faint 
midvein;  style  2-cleft;  bristles  about  6,  slender,  re- 
trorsely barbed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  achene; 
achene  %'f  long,  lenticular,  obovate,  smooth,  brown, 
2-4  times  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  tubercle,  which 
is  often  constricted  at  the  base. 

In  wet  soil,  southern  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Missis- 
sippi. Also  in  Wyoming  and  Montana  and  in  tropical 
America.  Aug.-Sept. 


250 


CYPERACEAE. 


5.    Eleocharis  olivacea  Torr.     Bright  green  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  581.) 

Eleocharis  olivacea  Torr.  Ann.  I,yc.  N.  Y.  3:  300.      1836. 

Perennial  by  running  rootstocks,  often  tufted  and 
matted,  culms  very  slender,  bright  green,  erect  or  re- 
clining, flattened,  i'-4'  long.  Upper  sheath  with  a 
white  hyaline  limb;  spikelet  ovoid,  acute  or  obtuse, 
much  thicker  than  the  culm,  several-many-flowered, 
about  i"  long,  \"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  thin, 
acute,  reddish-brown,  with  a  green  midvein  and  nar- 
row, scarious  margins;  stamens  3;  style  2-cleft;  bris- 
tles 6-8,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than  the 
achene  and  tubercle;  achene  obovoid,  similar  to  that 
of  the  preceding  species  but  twice  as  large,  3-4  times 
the  length  of  the  conic  acute  tubercle. 

In  wet  soil,  Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Pennsylva- 
nia, south  to  South  Carolina,  mostly  near  the  coast. 
Aug.-Sept. 


6.   Eleocharis  atropurpurea  (Retz)  Kunth.    Purple  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  582.) 


Scirpus  atropurpureus  Retz,  Obs.  5:  14.      1789. 
Eleocharis  atropurpurea  Kunth,  Knum.  2:  151. 


1837- 


Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted,  very  slender, 
l/-3^/  high.  Upper  sheath  i-toothed;  spikelet  ovoid, 
many-flowered,  subacute,  i%"-2"  long,  i"  in  diam- 
eter or  less;  scales  minute,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or 
the  upper  acute,  persistent,  purple-brown  with  green 
midvein  and  very  narrow  scarious  margins;  stamens 
2  or  3;  style  2-3 -cleft;  bristles  2-4,  fragile,  white, 
minutely  downwardly  hispid,  about  as  long  as  the 
achene;  achene  jet  black,  shining,  %ff  long,  smooth, 
lenticular;  tubercle  conic,  minute,  depressed  but 
rather  acute,  constricted  at  the  base. 

In  moist  soil,  Nebraska  and  eastern  Colorado  to  Central 
America,  east  to  Florida;  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America.  July-Sept. 


7.    Eleocharis  capitata  (I,.)  R.  Br.     Capitate  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  583.) 

Scirpus  capitatus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  48.      1753. 

Eleocharis  capitata  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  225. 
1810. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  densely  tufted,  nearly 
terete,  almost  filiform,  rather  stiff,  2/-io/  tall.  Upper 
sheath  i-toothed;  spikelet  ovoid,  obtuse,  much  thicker 
than  the  culm,  iX//-2J^//long,  \"-\]^"  thick,  many- 
flowered;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  firm,  pale  or 
dark  brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  narrowly  scari- 
ous-margined,  persistent;  stamens  mostly  2;  style  2- 
cleft;  bristles  5-8,  slender,  downwardly  hispid,  as 
long  as  the  achene;  achene  obovate,  jet  black, 
smooth,  shining,  nearly  ^"long;  tubercle  depressed, 
apiculate,  constricted  at  the  base,  very  much  shorter 
than  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Maryland  to  Florida,  west  to  Indiana  and 
Texas.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions.  July-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


251 


8.    Eleocharis  ovata  (Roth)  R.  &  S.     Ovoid  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  584.) 


Scirpus  ovatus  Roth,  Catal.  Bot.  i:  5. 
Eleocharis  ovata  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  152. 


1797. 
1817. 


Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted,  slender  or 
filiform,  rather  deep  green,  nearly  terete,  mostly 
erect,  2/-i6/  tall.  Upper  sheath  i -toothed;  spike- 
let  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered,  2//-5// 
long,  i//-i/^//  in  diameter;  scales  thin,  oblong-or- 
bicular, very  obtuse,  brown  with  a  green  midvein 
and  scarious  margins ;  bristles  6-8  (sometimes  fewer 
or  wanting),  deciduous,  usually  longer  than  the 
achene;  stamens  2  or  3;  style  2-3 -cleft;  achenepale 
brown,  shining,  lenticular,  obovate-oblong,  smooth, 
y2"  long  or  more;  tubercle  deltoid,  acute,  com- 
pressed, scarcely  constricted  at  the  base,  about 
one-fourth  as  long  as  the  achene  and  narrower. 

In  wet  soil.  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Oregon,  Nebraska  and 
Texas.  Also  in  Europe.  Variable.  July-Sept. 

9.  Eleocharis  Engelmanni  Steud.     Engelmann's  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  585.) 

Eleocharis  Engelmanni  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  79.     1855. 
Eleocharis  ovata  var.  Engelmanni  Britton,  Journ.  N. 
Y.  Micros.  Soc.  5: 103.      1889. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
culms  commonly  taller,  sometimes  i87  high.  Up- 
per sheath  obliquely  truncate  or  i-toothed;  spike- 
let  oblong-cylindric  or  ovoid-cylindric,  obtuse  or 
subacute,  2//-8//  long,  i//-i^//  in  diameter,  many- 
flowered;  scales  pale  brown  with  a  green  midvein 
and  narrow  scarious  margins,  ovate,  obtuse,  de- 
ciduous; style  2-cleft;  bristles  about  6,  not  longer 
than  the  achene;  achene  broadly  obovate,  brown, 
smooth,  lenticular;  tubercle  broad,  low,  covering 
the  top  of  the  achene,  less  than  one-fourth  its 
length. 

In  wet  soil,  Massachusetts  to  southern  New  Jersey, 
west  to  Indiana,  Arkansas,  Texas  and  California. 
July-Sept. 

10.  Eleocharis  palustris  (I,.)  R.  &  S.     Creeping  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  586.) 

Scirpus  palustris  L,.  Sp.  PI.  47.      1753. 
Eleocharis  palustris  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  151.     1817. 
Eleocharis  palustris  var.  vigens  Bailey;  Britton,  Journ. 
N.  Y.  Micros.  Soc.  5:  104.      1889. 

Perennial  by  horizontal  rootstocks,  culms  stout, 
terete  or  somewhat  compressed,  striate,  i°-5°  tall. 
Basal  sheaths  brown,  rarely  bearing  a  short  blade,  the 
upper  one  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  ovoid-cylin- 
dric, 3//-i2//  long,  iJ^//-2//  in  diameter,  many-flow- 
ered, thicker  than  the  culm;  scales  ovate-oblong  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  purplish- brown  with  scarious  mar- 
gin and  a  green  midvein,  or  pale  green  all  over;  bris- 
tles usually  4,  slender,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than 
the  achene  and  tubercle,  sometimes  wanting;  sta- 
mens 2-3;  style  2-3-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  smooth, 
yellow,  over  yz"  long;  tubercle  conic-triangular, 
constricted  at  the  base,  flattened,  one-fourth  to  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  ponds,  swamps  and  marshes,  Labrador  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Texas  and 
California.     Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.     Aug.-Sept. 


252  CYPERACEAE. 

Eleocharis  paliistris  glaucescens  (Willd.)  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  558.      1867. 
Scirpus  glaucescens  Willd.  Enum.  76.      1809. 

Culms  slender  or  nearly  filiform,  8'-i8'  tall;  spikelet  oblong,  2" -5"  long;  achene  smaller; 
tubercle  narrower.  In  wet  meadows  and  marshes,  range  nearly  of  the  type  in  North  America. 
Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

The  so-called  variety  calf  a  is  a  form  without  bristles. 

Eleocharis  paliistris  Watsoni  Clarke,  Britten's  Journ.  Bot.  25:  268.     1887. 
Eleocharis  Watsoni  Bab.  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (II.)  5:  10.      1852. 

Culms  stout,  6'-io'  tall;  spike  ovoid;  scales  dark  purple-brown.  Labrador  and  Prince  Edward 
Island  to  Hudson  Bay. 

ii.    Eleocharis  acicularis  (I,.)  R.  &  S.     Needle  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  587.) 

Scirpus  acicularis  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  48.     1753. 
Eleocharis  acicularis  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  154.     1817. 

Perennial  by  filiform  stolons  or  rootstocks, 
culms  tufted,  finely  filiform  or  setaceous, 
obscurely  4-angled  and  grooved,  weak,  erect 
or  reclining,  2/-8/  long.  Sheaths  truncate; 
spikelet  compressed,  narrowly  ovate  or  lin- 
ear-oblong, acute,  broader  than  the  culm,  3- 
lo-flowered,  !%"-$"  long,  yzff  wide;  scales 
oblong,  obtuse  or  the  upper  subacute,  thin, 
pale  green,  usually  with  a  narrow  brown 
band  on  each  side  of  the  midvein,  deciduous, 
many  of  them  commonly  sterile;  bristles  3- 
4,  fragile,  fugacious,  shorter  than  the  achene; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid- 
oblong,  pale,  obscurely  3-angled  with  a  rib 
on  each  angle  and  6-9  lower  intermediate 
ribs  connected  by  fine  ridges;  tubercle  conic, 
acute,  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  throughout  North  America,  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  Sometimes  entirely  sterile.  July-Sept. 


12.    Eleocharis  Wolfii  A.  Gray. 

Spike-rush.     (Fig.  588.) 


Wolf's 


Scirpus  Wolfii  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  77.     1874. 

Eleocharis    Wolfii  A.    Gray;    Britton,    Journ.   N.   Y. 
Micros.  Soc.  5:  105.     1889. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  culms  very  slen- 
der, erect,  flattened  and  2-edged,  S'-iS'  tall.  Upper 
sheath  oblique,  scarious,  hyaline-tipped;  spikelet 
oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  terete,  acute,  thicker  than 
the  culm,  2//~3//  long,  nearly  \"  in  diameter; 
scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  thin,  pale 
green  with  purplish-brown  bands,  tardily  decidu- 
ous; bristles  none  (or  perhaps  early  deciduous); 
style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  obscurely  3-angled, 
longitudinally  g-ribbed,  the  ribs  transversely  con- 
nected by  minute  ridges;  tubercle  depressed-conic, 
much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

In  wet  meadows,  Illinois  and  Iowa.     June- Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  253 

13.    Eleocharis  tortilis  (Link)  Schultes.     Twisted  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  589.) 

Scirpus  tortilis  Link,  Jahrb.  3:  78.     1820. 
Eleocharis  tortilis  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  92.     1824. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted,  filiform,  sharply 
3-angled,  pale  green,  erect  or  reclining,  twisting  when 
old,  i°-i)4°  long.  Sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  i- 
toothed;  spikelet  ovoid  or  oblong,  subacute,  several- 
flowered,  2//-3//  long,  about  i"  thick,  much  thicker 
than  the  culm;  scales  firm,  pale,  ovate,  mostly  obtuse; 
bristles  4-6,  rigid,  retrorsely  barbed,  about  equalling 
the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  obovoid,  obscurely  3-angled,  strongly  reticu- 
lated, longitudinally  about  i8-ribbed;  tubercle  cap-like 
or  conic,  truncate  at  the  base,  one-fourth  to  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achene. 


In 
coast 


14. 


wet  soil,  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas,  near  the 
July-Sept. 

Eleocharis  tuberculosa  (Michx.)  R.  &  S. 

(Fig.  590.) 


Large-tubercled  Spike-rush. 


Scirpus  tuberculosus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  30.     1803. 
Eleocharis  tuberculosa  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  152.     1817. 

Annual,  culms  tufted,  slightly  compressed,  very 
slender,  rather  stiff,  striate,  bright  green,  S'-a0  tall. 
Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate  or  i -toothed;  spike- 
let  ovoid,  obtuse  or  subacute,  many-flowered,  3//-6// 
long,  nearly  2//  in  diameter;  scales  broadly  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, pale  greenish-brown  with  a  darker  midvein, 
broadly  scarious-margined,  firm,  tardily  deciduous; 
bristles  6,  rigid,  downwardly  or  rarely  upwardly 
barbed,  about  as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  pale,  trigon- 
ous, strongly  reticulated,  longitudinally  about  18- 
ribbed;  tubercle  cap-like  or  conic,  nearly  or  quite  as 
large  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Texas,  near 
the  coast.  July-Sept. 

15.    Eleocharis  microcarpa  Torr.     Small-fruited  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  591.) 

Eleocharis  microcarpa   Torr.  Ann.   Lye.  N.  Y.  3:    312. 

1836. 
Eleocharis  Torreyana  Boeckl.  L,innaea,  36:  440.      1870. 

Annual,  culms  finely  filiform,  densely  tufted,  some- 
what 4-sided,  erect  or  reclining,  often  proliferous  by 
developing  secondary  culms  in  the  axils  of  the  spike- 
let,  sometimes  rooting  at  the  summit,  2/-8/  long. 
Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate;  spikelet  oblong, 
subacute,  terete  or  nearly  so,  much  thicker  than  the 
culm,  many-flowered,  iX//~2K//  l°ng'>  scales  ovate, 
acute,  brownish-red  with  a  green  midvein  and  lighter 
margins,  early  deciduous  except  the  lowest  which  is 
commonly  larger  than  the  others,  persistent  and 
bract-like;  bristles  3-6,  slender,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
white,  3-angled,  obovoid,  smooth,  minute;  tubercle 
conic-pyramidal,  much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

In  wet  sandy  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas,  mostly  near  the  coast.      Also  in 
Cuba.    June-Aug. 


254  CYPERACEAE. 

16.    Eleocharis  melanocarpa  Torr.     Black-fruited  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  592.) 

Eleocharis  melanocarpa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  311.      1836. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  culms  flattened,  striate, 
tufted,  slender,  erect,  wiry,  io/-2o/  tall.  Upper  sheath 
truncate,  i -toothed;  spikelet  oblong  or  cylindric-oblong, 
obtuse,  3//-6//  long,  \y2"-i"  in  diameter,  many-flow- 
ered, thicker  than  the  culm;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  brown, 
with  a  lighter  mid  vein  and  scarious  margins;  bristles  3- 
4,  fragile,  downwardly  hispid,  equalling  or  longer  than 
the  achene,  fugacious  or  perhaps  sometimes  wanting; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  obpyramidal, 
black,  smooth,  its  superficial  cells  nearly  quadrate;  tu- 
bercle depressed,  covering  the  summit  of  the  achene, 
light  brown,  pointed  in  the  middle. 

In  wet  sandy  soil,  eastern  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island  to  Florida,  near  the  coast.  Also  in  northern  Indiana. 
July-Sept. 


17.    Eleocharis  albida  Torr.     White  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  593.) 


Eleocharis  albida  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  304.     1836. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  very  slender,  tufted, 
nearly  terete,  striate,  erect,  4/-8/  tall.  Upper  sheath 
very  oblique  and  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ovoid- 
globose  or  oblong,  obtuse,  2//-4//  long,  i^'-a"  in 
diameter,  many-flowered,  thicker  than  the  culm; 
scales  pale  green  or  nearly  white,  rather  firm,  ovate, 
obtuse,  deciduous;  bristles  about  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  persistent,  as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  broadly  obovoid,  nearly  black 
when  ripe,  3-angled,  smooth;  tubercle  ovoid-conic, 
contracted  or  truncate  at  the  base,  about  one-fourth 
as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  Maryland  to  Florida,  Texas  and  eastern 
Mexico,  near  the  coast.    June-Aug. 


Eleocharis  tricostata  Torr.     Three-ribbed  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  594.) 


Eleocharis  tricostata  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  310.     1836. 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  culms  very  slender, 
erect,  compressed,  striate,  i°-2°  tall.  Upper  sheath 
obliquely  truncate,  toothed  on  one  side;  spikelet  ob- 
long, becoming  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  many-flow- 
ered, 5//-9//  long,  \"-\%"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate, 
thin,  deciduous,  obtuse,  brown  with  a  green  midvein 
and  scarious  margins;  bristles  none;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled,  brown,  dull,  papil- 
lose, strongly  ribbed  on  each  of  its  angles;  tubercle 
conic,  acute,  light  brown,  constricted  at  the  base, 
minute,  very  much  shorter  than  the  achene. 

In  wet  soil,  southern  New  York  to  Florida.    July-Sept. 


ig. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  255 

Eleocharis  tenuis  (Willd.)  Schultes.     Slender  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  595.) 


Scirpus  tennis  Willd.  Enuni.  i:  76.      180 
Eleocharis  tenuis  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  92. 


1824. 


Perennial  by  rootstocks,  culms  tufted,  filiform, 
mostly  erect,  4-angled  with  concave  sides,  8/-i6/  tall. 
Upper  sheath  obliquely  truncate,  toothed  on  one 
side;  spikelet  narrowly  oblong,  mostly  acute,  many- 
flowered,  thicker  than  the  culm,  3//-5//  long,  about 
i//  in  diameter;  scales  thin,  obovate  or  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  the  mid  vein  greenish,  the  margins  scarious; 
bristles  2-4,  shorter  than  the  achene,  fugacious  or 
wanting;  achene  obovoid,  obtusely  3-angled,  yellow- 
ish-brown, papillose;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  tubercle 
conic,  short,  acute. 

In  wet  soil,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  Ontario  and  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  The  achenes  are  more 
•or  less  persistent  on  the  rachis  of  the  spikelet  after  the 
fall  of  the  scales.  May-July. 

20.    Eleocharis  acuminata  (Muhl. )  Nees.     Flat-stemmed  Spike-rush. 

(Fig.  596.) 

Scirpus  acuminatus  Muhl.  Gram.  27.      1817. 
Eleocharis compressa  Sulliv.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  42:  50.     1842. 
Eleocharis  acuminata  Nees,  Linnaea,  9:  294.      1835. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding species  but  stouter,  culms  flattened,  striate, 
slender  but  rather  stiff,  tufted,  8x-2°  tall.  Upper 
sheath  truncate,  sometimes  slightly  i -toothed;  spike- 
let  ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse,  thicker  than  the  culm, 
many-flowered,  3//-6//  long;  scales  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  the  lower  obtusish,  purple-brown 
with  a  greenish  midvein  and  hyaline  white  margins, 
deciduous;  bristles  1-5,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
achene,  fugacious,  orwanting;  stamens3;  style  3-cleft, 
exserted;  achene  obovoid,  very  obtusely  3-angled, 
light  yellowish  brown,  papillose,  much  longer  than 
the  depressed-conic  acute  tubercle. 

In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Georgia, 
Louisiana  and  Missouri.  Achenes  persistent  on  the 
rachis  as  in  E.  tenuis.  June-Aug. 

21.  Eleocharis  intermedia  (Muhl.)  Schultes.   Matted  Spike-rush.    (Fig.  597.) 

.Scirpus  intermedius  Muhl.  Gram.  31.      1817. 
Eleocharis  intermedia  Schultes,  Mant.  2:  91.      1824. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  filiform,  densely 
tufted,  diffusely  reclining  or  ascending,  usually 
matted,  grooved,  4/-i2/  long.  Upper  sheath  ob- 
liquely truncate,  toothed  on  one  side ;  spikelet 
ovoid-oblong,  acute,  8-2o-flowered,  thicker  than 
the  culm;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  subacute,  light  purple-brown  with  a  green 
midvein,  tardily  deciduous  or  the  lower  one  per- 
sistent; bristles  persistent,  downwardly  barbed, 
longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  3-augled,  obovoid,  light  brown, 
finely  reticulated;  tubercle  conic-subulate,  very 
acute,  slightly  constricted  at  the  base,  one-fourth 
to  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  marshes,  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  Ohio,  Illinois  and  Iowa.  July-Sept. 

17 


256 


CYPERACEAE. 


22.    Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.     Beaked  Spike-rush.     (Fig.  598.) 

Scirpus  rostellatus  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  318.     1836. 
Eleocharis  rostellata  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  347.      1843. 

Perennial  by  a  short  caudex,  culms  slender, 
wiry,  the  fertile  erect  or  ascending,  the  sterile 
reclining  and  rooting  at  the  summit,  grooved, 
i°-5°  long.  Upper  sheath  truncate;  spikelet 
oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  thicker  than 
the  culm,  io-2o-flowered,  3//-6//  long,  about 
\"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  the 
upper  acute,  green  with  a  somewhat  darker  mid- 
vein,  their  margins  slightly  scarious;  bristles 
4-8,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than  the  achene  and 
tubercle;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong- 
obovoid,  obtusely  3-angled,  its  surface  finely  re- 
ticulated; tubercle  conic-subulate,  about  one-half 
as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter,  capping  its  sum- 
mit, partly  or  entirely  falling  away  at  maturity. 

In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  Vermont  and  western 
New  York  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida, 
Texas,  Mexico  and  California.  Also  in  Cuba.  Aug.- 
Sept. 


5.    DICHROMENA  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  37.       1803. 

Leafy-stemmed  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  spikelets  crowded  in  a  terminal  head 
involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves,  which  are  often  white  at  the  base.  Spikelets  compressed, 
several-many-flowered.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  several  of  them  with  imper- 
fect flowers,  or  empty.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft,  its  branches  subulate. 
Achene  lenticular,  transversely  rugose,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  base  of  the  style 
(tubercle).  [Greek,  alluding  to  the  two-colored  involucral  leaves.] 

About  8  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southwest- 
ern United  States. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  linear;  tubercle  truncate  at  the  base.  i.  D.  colorata. 

Leaves  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  long-acuminate;  tubercle  decurrent  on  the  edges  of  the  achene. 

2.  D.  latifolia. 


i.  Dichromena  colorata  (L,.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock. 

(Fig.  599-) 

Schoenus  coloratus  L-  Sp.  PI.  43.      1753. 

Dichromena  leucocephala  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 
1:37.      1803. 

Dichromena  colorata  A.  S.  Hitchc.  Ann.  Rep. 
Mo.  Bot.  Card.  4:  141.      1893. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  erect,  rather 
sharply  triangular,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  dis- 
tant, narrowly  linear,  about  i//  wide,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre 
4-6,  reflexed  when  mature,  yellowish  white 
at  the  base;  head  globose,  6//-io//  in  diame- 
ter; spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  acute;  scales 
membranous,  lanceolate,  nearly  white,  i- 
nerved,  subacute  at  the  apex;  achene  ob- 
ovate,  brown,  papillose  or  wrinkled  trans- 
versely, nearly  truncate  at  the  summit,  com- 
pressed, covered  by  the  tubercle  which  is  not 
decurrent  on  its  edges. 

In  moist  sandy  soil,  pine-barrens  of  New 
Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in  tropical 
America.  June-Sept. 


Narrow-leaved  Dichromena. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  257 

2.    Dichromena  latifolia  Bakhv.     Broad-leaved  Dichromena.      (Fig.  600.) 


Dichromena  latifolia  Baldw.;  Kll.  Bot.  S.  C.  & 
Ga.  i:  90.      1816. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the 
culm  stouter,  obtusely  triangular  or  nearly 
terete,  the  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lance- 
olate, tapering  gradually  to  a  long-acumi- 
nate apex  from  a  broad  base,  i^//-4//  wide, 
sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  but  the 
lowest  much  shorter,  those  of  the  involucre 
7-10,  strongly  reflexed  when  old.  Head 
globose,  6//-g//  in  diameter;  spikelets  ob- 
long, subacute;  scales  ovate-lanceolate, 
nearly  white,  rather  obtuse;  achene  nearly 
orbicular  in  outline,  pale  brown,  faintly 
wrinkled  transversely  and  longitudinally, 
so  asxto  appear  reticulated;  tubercle  decur- 
rent  on  the  margins  of  the  achene. 

In  wet  pine  barrens,  Virginia  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  June-Aug-. 


6.    PSILOCARYA  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  359.       1836. 

Annual  sedges,  with  fibrous  roots,  slender  leafy  stems  and  ovoid  or  oblong,  many-flow- 
ered terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary,  mostly  compound  umbels,  the  rays  and  raylets 
bracted  at  the  base.  Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  all  fertile, 
deciduous.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  i  or  2.  Style  2-cleft,  enlarged  at 
the  base.  Achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the 
persistent  base  of  the  style  (tubercle),  or  nearly  the  whole  style  persistent  as  a  beak. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  absence  of  perianth-bristles.] 


About  10  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  America, 
occurs  in  the  southeastern  United  States. 

Achene  strongly  wrinkled,  much  longer  than  the  subacute  tubercle. 
Achene  smooth  or  but  little  wrinkled;  tubercle  subulate. 


Besides  the  following,  another 

1.  P.  nitens 

2.  P.  scirpoides. 


i.    Psilocarya  nitens  (Vahl)  Wood.     Short-beaked  Bald-rush.     (Fig.  601.) 

Scirpus  nitens  Vahl,  Emim.  2:  272.      1806. 

Psilocarya  rhvnchosporoides  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 
3: 361.      1836. 

Rhynchospora  nitens  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  568. 
1867. 

Psilocarya  nitens  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  364.      1870. 

Glabrous,  culms  tufted,  slightly  angled,  3'- 
15'  tall.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  about  \"  wide, 
smooth,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
sheathing  at  the  base,  the  midvein  prominent; 
umbels  mostly  loose;  spikelets  ovoid,  2//~3// 
long,  rather  less  than  i"  in  diameter;  scales 
brown,  broadly  ovate,  thin,  i-nerved,  obtuse, 
acute  or  apiculate;  achene  lenticular,  nearly 
orbicular,  light  brown,  strongly  wrinkled  trans- 
versely; tubercle  shorter  than  the  acheue,  sub- 
acute,  2-lobed  at  the  base. 

In  wet  soil,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  and  Delaware  to 
Florida  and  Texas,  near  the  coast.  July-Oct. 


258  CYPERACEAE. 

2.    Psilocarya  scirpoides  Torr.     Long-beaked  Bald-rush.     (Fig.  602.) 


Psilocarya  scirpoides  Torr.  Ann.  I<yc.  N.  Y.  3:  360. 
1836. 

Rhynchospora  scirpoides  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  568. 

r^  Similar  to  the  preceding  species  and  perhaps 
not  specifically  distinct.  Umbels  commonly 
more  numerous;  spikelets  oblong  or  ovoid-ob- 
long; achene  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  bicon- 
vex, not  as  flat  as  that  of  P.  nitens,  dark  brown, 
faintly  transversely  wrinkled  or  smooth,  some- 
times longitudinally  striate,  slightly  contracted 
at  the  base  into  a  short  stipe;  tubercle  subulate, 
as  long  as  or  sometimes  longer  than  the  achene, 
its  base  decurrent  on  the  edges. 


In  wet  soil,  eastern  Massachusetts  and  Rhode 
Island.     July-Sept. 


7.    STENOPHYLLUS  Raf.  Neog.  4.       1825. 

Mostly  annual  sedges,  with  slender  erect  culms,  leafy  below,  the  leaves  narrowly  linear 
or  filiform,  with  ciliate  or  pubescent  sheaths.  Spikelets  umbellate,  capitate  or  solitary,  sub- 
tended by  a  i-several-leaved  involucre,  their  scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  mostly 
deciduous.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  glabrous, 
its  base  much  swollen  and  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene  as  in  Eleocharis.  Achene 
3-angled,  turgid  or  lenticular.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  narrow  leaves.] 

A  genus  of  some  20  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  warm  regions.  Besides  the  following, 
5  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 


i.    Stenophyllus  capillaris  (L.)  Britton. 

(Fig.  603.) 

Scirpus  capillaris  L,.  Sp.  PI.  49.      1753. 
Fimbristylis   capillaris    A.    Gray,    Man.    530. 

1848. 
Stenophyllus  capillaris  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

21 :  30.      1894. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  filiform, 
densely  tufted,  erect,  grooved,  smooth,  2/-io/ 
tall.  Leaves  filiform,  roughish,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm,  their  sheaths  more  or  less 
pubescent  with  long  hairs;  involucral  leaves 
1-3,  setaceous,  shorter  than,  or  one  of  them 
exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets  nar- 
rowly oblong,  somewhat  4-sided,  2^//~4// 
long,  less  than  i//  thick,  several  in  a  termi- 
nal simple  or  sometimes  compound  umbel, 
or  in  depauperate  forms  solitary;  scales  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  emarginate,  puberulent,  dark 
brown  with  a  green  keel;  stamens  2;  style  3- 
cleft;  achene  yellow-brown,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  very  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  summit, 
%ff  long,  3-angled,  transversely  wrinkled; 
tubercle  minute,  depressed. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  throughout  North  Amer- 
ica except  the  extreme  north.  Also  in  tropical 
America.  July-Sept. 


Hair-like  Stenophyllus. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


259 


8.    FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  285.       1806. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  leafy  below.  Spikelets  umbellate  or  capitate, 
terete,  several  to  many- flowered,  subtended  by  a  i-many-leaved  involucre,  their  scales  spirally 
imbricated  all  around,  mostly  deciduous,  all  fertile.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style 
2-3-cleft,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  its  base  much  enlarged,  falling  away  from  the  summit  of 
the  achene  at  maturity.  Achene  lenticular,  biconvex,  or  3-angled,  reticulated,  cancellate,  or 
longitudinally  ribbed  or  striate  in  our  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  style  of 
some  species.] 

A  large  genus,  the  species  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  the 
following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex. 

Culms  8' -3°  tall;  spikelets  umbellate;  style  mostly  pubescent. 
Perennial;  leaves  involute. 

Scales  coriaceous,  shining,  glabrous. 
Scales  membranous,  dull,  puberulent. 
Annual;  roots  fibrous;  leaves  flat. 

Culms  i '-4'  tall,  very  slender;  spikelets  capitate;  style  glabrous  below. 
Style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled. 


1.  F,  spadicea. 

2.  F.  castanea, 
T,.  F.  lax  a. 

4.  F.  Vahlii. 

5.  F.  autumnalis. 


i.    Fimbristylis  spadicea  (I,.)  Vahl.     Stiff  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  604.) 

Scirpus  spadiceus  L.  Sp.  PI.  51.      1753. 
Fimbrislylis  spadicea  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  294.      1806. 

Perennial  by  a  thickened  base,  glabrous, 
culms  stiff,  slender,  3-angled,  wiry,  i°-3°  tall, 
usually  longer  than  the  strongly  involute  rigid 
leaves.  Leaves  about  i//  wide  when  unrolled, 
their  sheaths  dark  brown;  leaves  of  the  involu- 
cre 3-6,  erect,  the  longer  sometimes  exceeding 
the  usually  compound  umbel;  umbel  several- 
rayed,  the  rays  nearly  erect,  2/-6/  long;  cen- 
tral spikelets  of  the  umbels  and  umbellets  ses- 
sile, the  others  pedicelled;  spikelets  ovoid  or 
ovoid -cylindric,  acute,  2X/X-0//  long,  about  \" 
in  diameter;  scales  oval,  obovate,  or  orbicular, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  coriaceous,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing, dark  brown  with  a  green  midvein;  stamens 
2;  style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  obovate, 
brown,  reticulated. 

In  marshes  and  shallow  water,  Virginia  to  Flor- 
ida, near  the  coast.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America.  July-Sept. 

2.  Fimbristylis  castanea  (Michx.)  Vahl.     Marsh  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  605.) 

Scirpus  castaneus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:31.     1803. 
Fimbristylis  castanea  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  292.      1806- 
Fimbristylis  spadicea  var.  castanea  A.  Gray,  Man. 
Ed.  5,  566.     1867. 

Perennial  by  a  thick  base,  culms  slender,  3- 
angled,  8/-2°  tall,  usually  exceeding  the  leaves. 
Leaves  involute,  less  than  i//  wide  when  un- 
rolled, their  sheaths  green  and  more  or  less 
pubescent;  leaves  of  the  involucre  2-4,  short; 
umbel  simple  or  compound,  the  rays  X/-2/ 
long;  central  spikelets  sessile;  spikelets  oblong, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  3//-5//  long,  \re-iW  in 
diameter;  scales  thin,  brown  with  a  lighter 
midvein,  broadly  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular, 
dull,  puberulent,  obtuse  or  mucronate;  stamens 
2-3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate  or  oblong, 
biconvex,  pale  brown,  longitudinally  striate 
and  reticulated. 

On  salt  meadows,  southern  New  York  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana.  Also  in  wet  soil  in  the  interior 
from  Michigan  and  Illinois  to  Kansas  and  Texas, 
and  in  tropical  America.  July-Sept. 


260 


CYPERACEAE, 


Fimbristylis  laxa  Vahl.     Weak  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  606.) 

Fimbristylis  laxa  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  292.      1806. 
Fimbristylis  Baldwiniana  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 

344.      1836. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  slender,  flattened, 
striate,  densely  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  2/-i5/ 
long,  usually  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  flat, 
about  l/2"  wide,  glabrous  or  sparingly  ciliate,  pale 
green  and  appearing  glaucous,  those  of  the  involu- 
cre 3-5,  one  of  them  often  exceeding  the  umbel; 
umbel  simple  or  slightly  compound,  the  central 
spikelet  sessile;  spikelets  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong, 
3//-6//  long,  about  \"  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  thin, 
pale  greenish-brown,  subacute  or  mucronulate;  sta- 
men i;  style  2-cleft,  pubescent;  achene  biconvex, 
obovoid,  light  brown,  longitudinally  ribbed,  the  ribs 
tubercled  and  connected  by  very  fine  cross-lines. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  Pennsylvania  to  Florida, 
west  to  Illinois,  Missouri  and  Texas.  Also  in  tropical 
America.  July-Sept. 

4.    FimbHstylis  Vahlii  (L,am.)  Link.     Vahl' s  Fimbristylis.      (Fig.  607.) 

Scirpus  Vahlii  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  139.      1791. 
Fimbristylis    Vahlii   Link,    Hort.   Berol.    i:    287. 

1827. 
Fimbristylis  congesta  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  345. 

1836. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  densely  tufted, 
compressed,  striate,  erect  or  ascending,  i'-4' 
high,  longer  than  or  equalling  the  leaves. 
Leaves  setaceous  or  almost  filiform,  rough, 
those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  erect,  much  exceed- 
ing the  simple  capitate  cluster  of  3-8  spikelets; 
spikelets  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  2//-4//  long, 
about  Yz"  thick,  many-flowered;  scales  lanceo- 
late, pale  greenish-brown,  acuminate;  stamen 
i;  style  2-cleft,  glabrous  below;  achene  minute, 
biconvex,  yellowish-white,  cancellate  by  longi- 
tudinal and  transverse  ridges. 

In  moist  soil,  Missouri  to  Texas,  east  to  North 
Carolina  and  Florida.  Also  in  ballast  about  the 
eastern  seaports.  July-Oct. 

Fimbristylis  autumnalis  (I,.)  R.  &S.     Slender  Fimbristylis.     (Fig.  608.) 

Scirpus  autumnalis  L-  Mant.  2:  180.      1771. 
Fimbristylis  autumnalis  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  97.      1817. 

Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  very  slender,  densely 
tufted,  flat,  roughish  on  the  edges  or  smooth,  erect, 
ascending  or  spreading,  s'-is'  long,  usually  much 
exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat, 
Yzff-\"  wide,  long-acuminate,  glabrous,  those  of 
the  involucre  2-3,  usually  all  shorter  than  the  um- 
bel; umbel  compound  or  decompound,  the  primary 
rays  X/~IX/  l°Bg>  tne  secondary  filiform;  spike- 
lets  linear-oblong,  acute,  2//-5//  long,  ]/?."  thick 
or  less,  several-many  flowered* scales  ovate-lanceo- 
late, subacute,  strongly  mucronate,  greenish-brown, 
the  midvein  prominent;  stamens  1-3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  obovoid,  nearly  white,  3-angled  with  a  ridge 
on  each  angle,  very  finely  reticulated  and  some- 
times roughened. 

In  moist  soil,  Maine  to  Michigan,  south  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana.  Also  in  tropical  America.  June-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  261 

g.    SCIRPUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  47.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  very  small  or  very  large  sedges,  with  leafy  culms  or  the  leaves  re- 
duced to  basal  sheaths.  Spikelets  terete  or  somewhat  flattened,  solitary,  capitate,  spicate  or 
umbellate,  subtended  by  a  i-several-leaved  involucre  or  the  involucre  wanting  in  some 
species.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  usually  all  fertile,  the  1-3  lower  sometimes 
empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  1-6,  slender  or  rigid,  short  or  elongated,  barbed, 
pubescent  or  smooth  bristles,  or  none  in  some  species.  Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  not 
swollen  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous  from  the  achene,  or  its  base  persistent  as  a  subulate 
tip.  Achene  triangular,  lenticular  or  plano-convex.  [Latin  name  of  the  Bulrush,  said  to 
be  from  sirs,  the  Celtic  word  for  rushes.] 

About  200  species  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  bractless  or  subtended  by  a  single  bract  or  short  leaf. 
No  involucral  bract. 

Culms  i '-2'  high;  achene  smooth;  plant  of  saline  soil.  i.  S.  nanus. 

Culms  3'-io'  high;  achene  reticulated;  plant  of  fresh-water  marshes.     2.  S.  pauciflorus. 
Involucral  bract  present,  erect. 

Bract  shorter  than  or  but  little  exceeding  the  spikelet;  plants  not  aquatic. 

Culm  terete;  leaf  of  upper  sheath  subulate;  bristles  smooth.  3.  S.  caespitosus. 

Culms  triangular;  leaf  of  upper  sheath  linear;  bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm;  scales  acute.  4.  5.  Clintoni. 

Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  culm;  scales  cuspidate.  5.  5.  planifolius. 

Bract  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelet;  plant  aquatic.  6.  5.  subterminalis. 

Spikelets  normally  more  than  i,  usually  several  or  numerous,  often  appearing  lateral;  involucral 

bract  only  i . 
Spikelets  few,  1-12,  appearing  lateral. 

Culms  not  sharply  3-angled;  achene  plano-convex;  annuals. 

Achene  strongly  transversely  rugose.  7.  S1.  Hallii. 

Achene  smooth  or  very  slightly  roughened. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed,  about  equalling  the  achene.  8.  5".  debilis. 

Bristles  minute  or  wanting.  9.  S.  Smithii. 

Culms  sharply  3-angled;  plants  perennial  by  rootstocks, 

Achene  plano-convex;  bristles  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene. 

Spikelets  acute,  much  overtopped  by  the  slender  involucral  leaf;  scales  awned. 

10.  S.  Americanus. 
Spikelets  obtuse;  involucral  leaf  short,  stout;  scales  mucronulate. 

11.  S.  Olneyi. 
Achene  3-angled,  ridged  on  the  back. 

Bristles  longer  than  the  achene;  involucral  leaf  erect.  12.  5".  Torreyi. 

Bristles  as  long  as  the  achene;  involucral  leaf  abruptly  bent.    13.  5.  mucronatus. 
Spikelets  several  or  numerous,  umbelled;  tall  sedges. 

Culm  sharply  triangular,  equalled  by  the  long  leaves.  14.  5.  cylindricus. 

Culm  terete;  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed;  achene  gray,  abruptly  mucronate.     15.  5.  lacustris. 
Bristles  short-plumose  below;  achene  nearly  white,  narrowed  above. 

16.  5".  Californicus. 

Spikelets  several,  spicate.  17.  5".  rufus. 

Spikelets  several,  capitate  or  umbellate,  large;  involucral  leaves  2  or  more. 
Achene  lenticular  or  plano-convex;  spikelets  capitate. 

Capitate  cluster  simple;  achene  obovate-oblong,  pale  brown.  18.  S1.  campestris. 

Capitate  cluster  often  compound;  achene  orbicular-obovate,  dark  brown. 

19.  S.  robustus. 

Achene  sharply  3-angled;  spikelets  umbellate.  20.  S.  fluviatilis. 

Spikelets  very  numerous  in  compound  umbels  or  umbelled  heads,  small;  involucral  leaves  sev- 
eral; tall  sedges. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed;  spikelets  in  umbelled  heads. 
Spikelets  ovoid  or  oblong,  ilA"-2%"  long. 

Bristles  equalling  or  slightly  exceeding  the  achene;  leaves  3" -8"  wide. 
Style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled;  bristles  6. 

Spikelets  3-8  in  each  head;  bristles  barbed  throughout;  scales  obtuse. 

21.  .S.  sylvaticus. 
Spikelets  8-20  in  each  head;  bristles  not  barbed  below;  scales  acute. 

22.  5.  atrovirens. 
Style  2-cleft;  achene  plano-convex;  bristles  4.                              23.  5".  microcarpus. 

Bristles  flexuous,  twice  as  long  as  the  achene;  leaves  2" '-3"  wide.    24.  S1.  polyphyllus. 

Spikelets  cylindric,  3" -5"  long.  •  25.  S.  Peckii. 
Bristles  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;  umbel  mostly  decompound. 
Bristles  shorter  than  or  scarcely  exceeding  the  scales. 

Bristles  about  as  long  as  the  achene;  scales  subacute.  26.  .S.  divaricatus. 

Bristles  much  longer  than  the  achene;  scales  mucronate.  27.  5.  lineatus. 

Bristles  much  exserted  beyond  the  scales  when  mature.  28.  5.  cyperinus. 


262  CYPERACEAE. 

i.    Scirpus  nanus  Spreng.     Dwarf  Club-rush.     (Fig.  609.) 

Scirpus  nanus  Spreng.  Pug.  i:  4.      1815. 
Eleocharis pygmaea  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  313. 


1836, 


Annual,  roots  fibrous,  culms  filiform,  flattened, 
grooved,  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  i/-2/  high,, 
bearing  a  scarious  bladeless  sheath  near  the  base. 
Spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  ovoid-oblong,  rather 
acute,  3-8-flowered,  \fr-\y2"  long,  not  subtended 
by  a  bract;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  pale  green, 
the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  subacute;  bristles  about 
6,  downwardly  barbed,  longer  than  the  achene; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong,  3-angled,. 
pale,  pointed  at  each  end,  smooth. 

Muddy  places  in  salt  marshes,  Cape  Breton  Island 
to  Florida  and  Texas,  and  about  salt  springs  in  New 
York  and  Michigan.  Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  of 
North  America  and  on  the  coasts  of  Europe.  July-Sept. 


2.    Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.     Few-flowered  Club-rush.     (Fig.  610.) 

Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.  Fl.  Scot.  1078.      1777. 
Eleocharis  pauciflorus Link,  Hort.  Berol.  i:  284.      1827. 

Perennial  by  filiform  rootstocks,  culms  very  slender, 
little  tufted,  3-angled,  grooved,  leafless,  3/-io/  tall,  the 
upper  sheath  truncate.  Spikelet  terminal,  solitary,  not 
subtended  by  an  involucral  bract,  oblong,  compressed, 
4-io-flowered,  a//-3//  long,  nearly  i//  wide;  scales 
brown  with  lighter  margins  and  midvein,  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  bristles  2-6,  hispid,  as  long  as  the  achene  or 
longer;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid-oblong, 
gray,  rather  abruptly  beaked,  its  surface  finely  re- 
ticulated. 

In  wet  soil,  Anticosti  and  Ontario  to  western  New  York, 
Minnesota  and  British  Columbia,  south  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Colorado,  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Also  in 
northern  Euope.  July-Oct. 

3.    Scirpus  caespitosus  L,.     Tufted  Club-rush.     (Fig.  6n.) 

Scirpus  caespitosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  48.      1753. 

Perennial,  culms  smooth,  terete,  densely  tuftedr 
light  green,  erect  or  ascending,  almost  filiform,  wiryr 
4/-I5'  long.  Basal  sheaths  numerous,  membran- 
ous, imbricated,  acuminate,  the  upper  one  bearing  a 
short  very  narrow  blade;  Spikelet  solitary,  terminal, 
few-flowered,  ovoid-oblong,  about  2"  long,  sub- 
tended by  a  subulate  involucral  leaf  of  about 
its  own  length;  scales  yellowish-brown,  ovate, 
obtuse  or  subacute,  deciduous;  bristles  6,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong,  smooth,  3-angled,  brown,  acute. 

In  bogs  and  on  moist  rocks,  Greenland  to  Alaska, 
south  to  the  mountains  of  New  England,  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  western  New  York,  Illinois,  Minnesota  and 
British  Columbia,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado, 
and  on  the  higher  summits  of  the  southern  Alleghe- 
nies.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  263 

4.    Scirpus  Clinton!  A.  Gray.     Clinton's  Club-rush.      (Fig.  612.) 

Scirpus  Clintoni  A.   Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  38:  290. 
1864. 

Perennial,  culms  tufted,  triangular,  very  slender, 
erect,  4/-i5/  tall,  roughish  on  the  angles.  Lower 
sheaths  imbricated,  one  or  more  of  them  bearing  short 
subulate  blades,  the  upper  one  bearing  a  flat,  narrowly 
linear  blade  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelet  solitary, 
terminal,  ovoid,  few-flowered,  i%"-2"  long,  sub- 
tended by  a  subulate  involucral  bract  of  less  than  its 
own  length  or  somewhat  longer;  scales  ovate,  pale 
brown,  acute;  bristles  3-6,  filiform,  upwardly  barbed, 
as  long  as  the  achene  or  longer;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
oblong,  brown,  sharply  3-angled,  smooth,  obtuse. 

In  dry  fields  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to  western 
New  York  and  Michigan,  south  to  North  Carolina.  Local. 
June-Aug. 

5.   Scirpus  planifolius  Muhl.     Wood  Club-rush. 


Scirpus  planifoHus}Axd&.  Gram.  32.      18,17. 

Perennial,  culms  triangular,  slender,  tufted,  rather 
weak,  roughish  on  the  angles,  6/-i5/  tall.  Lower 
sheaths  bearing  short  subulate  blades,  the  upper  with 
a  flat  narrowly  linear  rough-margined  leaf  about  as 
long  as  the  culm;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  ovoid- 
oblong,  acute,  several-flowered,  subtended  by  a  short 
involucral  bract;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  yellowish- 
brown  with  a  green  mjdvein,  which  is  extended  be- 
yond the  acute  apex  into  a  sharp  cusp;  bristles  4-6, 
upwardly  barbed,  about  equalling  the  achene;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft,  pubescent;  achene  oblong,  3-angled; 
smooth,  light  brown,  rather  obtuse. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Rhode  Island  to  Delaware, 
western  New  York  and  Missouri.  May -July. 


6.    Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.     Water  Club-rush.     (Fig.  614.) 

Scirpus  subterminalis  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S.  i:  47.      1824. 

Perennial  (?),  aquatic,  culms  slender,  terete,  nodu- 
lose, i°-3>2°  long.  Leaves  slender,  channeled,  6/-2° 
long,  %"-%"  wide;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  narrowed  at  each  end,  several-flow- 
ered, 3//-5//  long,  subtended  by  a  subulate  erect  invo- 
lucral leaf  J/z'-i'  long,  thus  appearing  lateral ;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  membranous,  light  brown 
with  a  green  midvein;  bristles  about  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  as  long  as  the  achene  or  shorter;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft  to  about  the  middle;  achene  obovoid,  3- 
angled,  dark  brown,  smooth,  rather  more  than  \" 
long,  obtuse,  abruptly  beaked  by  the  slender  base  of 
the  style. 

In  ponds  and  streams  or  sometimes  on  their  borders, 
New  Brunswick  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  Wash- 
ington, south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan. 
The  so-called  variety  terrestris  is  an  emersed  form  with 
erect  culms  and  shorter  spikelets.  July-Aug. 


264  CYPERACEAE. 

7.    Scirpus  Hallii  A.  Gray.     Hall's  Club-rush.     (Fig.  615.) 

Scirpus  Hallii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  Add.     1863. 
Scirpus  supinus  var.  Hallii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  563. 
1867. 

Annual,  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  tufted,  ob- 
tusely triangular,  erect,  striate,  5'-!  2X  tall.  I/ower 
sheaths  oblique,  and  acuminate  or  mucronate  on  one 
side,  the  upper  one  commonly  bearing  a  filiform 
blade  ^'-2^'long;  spikelets  capitate  in  clusters  of 
1-7,  oblong-cylindric,  obtuse,  many-flowered,  j/f- 
6//  long,  about  i//  thick,  appearing  lateral  by  the 
extension  of  the  solitary  involucral  leaf  which  is 
i/~4/  long;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  light  greenish 
brown,  acuminate,  keeled,  cuspidate  by  the  ex- 
current  tip  of  the  mid  vein;  bristles  wanting; 
stamens  mostly  2;  achene  obovate-orbicular  or 
slightly  broader  than  high,  black,  plano-convex, 
mucronulate  strongly  wrinkled  transversely,  about 
y2"  in  diameter. 

In  wet  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Florida,  west  to  Illinois,  Colorado,  Texas  and  Mexico.     The  lowest 
sheaths  occasionally  subtend  a  flower  with  very  long  styles.    July-Sept. 

8.    Scirpus  debilis  Pursh.     Weak-stalked  Club-rush.     (Fig.  616.) 

Scirpus  debilis  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  55.      1814. 

Annual,  smooth,  culms  slender,  terete  or  nearly 
so,  tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  6/-2°  high.  Sheaths 
obliquely  truncate,  the  upper  one  rarely  bearing  a 
short  subulate  blade;  spikelets  capitate  in  clusters 
of  1-12,  ovoid-oblong,  subacute,  many-flowered, 
appearing  lateral,  the  solitary  involucral  leaf  nar- 
rowly linear,  \}4.'-tf  long,  erect  or  divergent; 
scales  light  yellowish-brown  with  a  green  midvein, 
broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute;  bristles  4-6, 
downwardly  barbed,  somewhat  unequal  and  about 
as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  2-3;  style  2-cleft  or 
rarely  3-cleft;  achene  plano-convex,  broadly  ob- 
ovate  or  orbicular,  smooth  or  slightly  roughened, 
dark  brown,  shining,  obtuse,  mucronulate. 

In  wet  soil,  Maine  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Georgia, 
Alabama  and  Nebraska.  July-Sept. 

•*r 

g.    Scirpus  Smithii  A.  Gray.     Smith's 
Club-rush.     (Fig.  617.) 

Scirpus  Smilhii  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  563.      1867. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the 
culms  usually  lower  and  more  slender  or  nearly  fili- 
form, 3/-i2/  tall,  the  sheaths  oblique  and  acumi- 
nate or  the  upper  one  bearing  a  subulate  blade. 
Spikelets  1-4,  in  an  apparently  lateral  cluster, 
ovoid,  acute,  2//-3//  long,  the  involucral  leaf  very 
narrow,  elongated,  erect;  scales  oblong,  obtuse, 
mucronulate,  pale  brown  with  a  narrow,  green  mid- 
vein;  bristles  usually  wanting,  sometimes  1-3,  and 
very  much  shorter  than  the  achene;  style  2-cleft; 
achene  plano-convex,  obovate  or  orbicular,  brown, 
rather  dull,  smooth  or  minutely  roughened,  obtuse, 
mucronulate. 

In  wet  muddy  places,  Vermont  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Delaware,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.  Perhaps 
only  a  form  of  the  preceding.  July-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


265 


1805. 
1806. 


io.    Scirpus  Americanus  Pers.     Three-square.     Chair-maker's  Rush. 

(Fig.  618.) 

Scirpus  Americanus  Pers.  Syn.  i:  68. 
Scirpus  pungens  Vahl,  Fnum,  2:  255. 

Perennial  by  long  rootstocks,  culms  sharply  tri- 
angular with  concave  sides  or  one  of  the  sides 
nearly  flat,  erect,  stiff,  i°-4°  tall.  Leaves  1-3, 
narrowly  linear,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikelets  oblong-ovoid,  acute,  4//-6//  long,  capitate 
in  clusters  of  1-7,  appearing  as  if  lateral;  involucral 
leaf  solitary,  slender,  \l/2f-\'  long;  scales  broadly 
ovate,  brown,  often  emarginate  or  sharply  2-cleft 
at  the  apex,  the  midvein  extended  into  a  subulate 
awn  sometimes  \"  long,  the  margins  scarious, 
ciliolate  or  glabrous;  bristles  2-6,  downwardly 
barbed,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene; 
stamens  3;  style  usually  2-cleft;  achene  obovate, 
plano-convex,  smooth,  dark  brown,  mucronate. 

In  fresh  water  and  brackish  swamps  throughout 
North  America.  Also  in  Chile.  June-Sept. 

Scirpus  Americanus  longispicatus  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  n:  78.      1892. 
Spikelets  linear-cylindric,  5"-! 2"  long;  bristles  as  long  as  the  broadly  obovate  achene.     South 
shore  of  Lake  Ontario;  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

ii.    Scirpus  Olneyi  A.  Gray.     Olney's 
Bulrush.     (Fig.  619.) 

Scirpus  Olneyi  A.  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  238. 

1845- 

Similar  to  the  preceeding  species,  perennial  by  long 
stout  rootstocks,  culms  stout,  sharply  3-angled  with 
concave  sides,  2°-7°  tall.  Leaves  1-3,  I'-s'  long, 
or  sheaths  sometimes  leafless;  spikelets  capitate  in 
dense  clusters  of  5-12,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, 2>£//-4//  long,  the  solitary  involucral  leaf  short, 
stout,  erect,  %'-!%'  l°ng;  scales  oval  or  orbicular, 
dark  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  emarginate  or  mu- 
cronulate,  glabrous;  bristles  usually  6,  slightly  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  achene,  downwardly  barbed; 
stamens  2-3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate,  plano- 
convex, brown,  mucronate. 

In  salt  marshes,  Rhode  Island  to  Florida,  Texas, 
Mexico  and  California,  extending  north  along  the  Pacific 
Coast  to  Oregon.  Also  in  Arkansas.  June-Sept. 

12.    Scirpus  Torreyi  Olney.     Torrey's 
Bulrush.     (Fig.  620.) 

Scirpus  Torrevi  Olney,  Proc.  Providence  Frank.  Soc. 
i:  32.      1847. 

Perennial  by  short  or  slender  rootstocks,  culms 
sharply  3-angled,  rather  slender,  nodulose,  2°-4° 
tall.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  elongated,  nodulose, 
light  green,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikelets  1-4,  in  an  apparently  lateral  capitate  clus- 
ter, oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  5//-8//  long; 
involucral  leaf  2/-6/  long,  erect;  scales  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  shining,  chestnut-brown,  glabrous, 
obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  mucronulate;  bristles 
about  6,  downwardly  barbed,  longer  than  the 
achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid, 
smooth,  shining,  light  brown,  3-angled,  one  of  its 
sides  broader  and  flatter  than  the  others. 

In  swamps,  Vermont  to  Rhode  Island  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, west  to  Minnesota  and  Manitoba.  July-Sept. 


266  CYPERACEAE. 

13.   Scirpus  mucronatus  I,.    Bog  Bulrush. 
(Fig.  621.) 

Scirpus  mucronatus  L-  Sp.  PI.  50.      1753. 

Perennial,  culms  stout,  somewhat  tufted,  sharply 
3-angled,  smooth,  i°-3°  tall.  Spikelets  5-12  in  a 
capitate  cluster,  oblong,  obtuse,  many-flowered, 
4//_9//  long,  rather  more  than  \"  in  diameter,  sub- 
tended by  the  solitary  linear  abruptly  spreading  in- 
volucral  leaf;  scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  light 
brown  with  a  narrow  green  midvein,  mucronate; 
bristles  6,  stout,  rigid,  downwardly  barbed,  as  long 
as  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  ob- 
ovoid,  smooth,  shining,  dark  brown,  3-angled,  two- 
of  the  sides  narrower  and  more  convex  than  the 
third. 

In  a  swamp  in  Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Probably  adventive  or  fugitive  from  Europe.  Widely 
distributed  in  the  Old  World.  July-Sept. 

14.    Scirpus  cylindricus  (Torr.)  Britton.     Canby's  Bulrush.     (Fig.  622.) 

Scirpus  maritimus  var.   cylindricus  Torr.   Ann. 

Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  325.      1836. 

Scirpus  leptolepis  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  520.     1860. 
Scirpus  Canbyi  A.  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  38: 

289.      1864. 
Scirpus  cylindricus  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 

11:79.      1892. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culm  stout, 
sharply  3-angled  above,  3°-6°  high,  the  linear 
nodulose  keeled  and  channeled  dark  green 
leaves  nearly  or  quite  as  long.  Involucral  leaf 
solitary,  4/-io/  long,  erect;  spikelets  in  an  appa- 
rently lateral  simple  or  compound  umbel,  droop- 
ing, oblong-cylindric,  acutish,  6//-io//  long; 
primary  rays  of  the  umbel  \'-\'  long,  bracted 
by  i  or  more  subulate-linear  leaves;  scales  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  pale  brown  with  scarious 
margins,  acute,  mucronulate;  bristles  6,  stout, 
rigid,  about  as  long  as  the  achene,  serrate;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled, 
light  brown,  smooth,  abruptly  subulate-pointed. 

In  ponds  and  swamps,  Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  near  the  coast.    July-Sept. 

15.    Scirpus  lacustris  L,.     Great  Bulrush.     Mat-rush.     (Fig.  623.) 

Scirpus  lacustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  48.      1753. 
Scirpus  validus  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  268.      1806. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culm  stout,  terete, 
smooth,  erect,  3°-9°  tall,  sometimes  nearly  i'  in  di- 
ameter, sheathed  below,  the  upper  sheath  occasion- 
ally extended  into  a  short  leaf.  Involucral  leaf  soli- 
tary, erect,  shorter  than  the  umbel,  appearing  as  if 
continuing  the  culm;  umbel  compound,  appearing 
lateral,  its  primary  rays  slender,  spreading,  i'-4' 
long,  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  scarious;  spikelets  ob- 
long-conic, becoming  oblong-cylindric,  sessile  or  some 
of  them  peduncled,  in  capitate  clusters  of  1-5,  obtuse 
or  acute,  2>^//-8//  long,  i>^//-2//  in  diameter;  scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  with  a  rather  strong  midvein  which 
is  sometimes  excurrent  into  a  short  tip;  bristles  4-6, 
downwardly  barbed,  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
achene  ;  stamens  3  ;  style  2-cleft;  achene  plano-con- 
vex, obovate,  gray,  abruptly  mucronate,  dull. 
In  ponds  and  swamps,  throughout  North  America.  Also  in  the  Old  World.  June-Sept 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


267 


California  Bulrush. 


16.    Scirpus  Californicus  (C.  A.  Meyer)  Britton. 

(Fig.  624.) 

Elytrospennum    Californicum    C.    A.    Meyer,    Mem. 

Acad.  St.  Petersb.  (V.)  i:  201.    pi.  2.      1831. 
Scirpus  Tatora  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  166.      1837. 
Scirpus  Californicus  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 

ii :  79.      1892. 

Perennial,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the 
leaves  reduced  to  basal  sheaths.  Involucral  leaf 
very  short,  stoutly  subulate,  umbel  compound; 
spikelets  3//~5//  long,  acute,  peduncled  or  some  of 
them  sessile;  scales  brown,  ovate,  awn-pointed  by 
the  excurrent  mid  vein;  bristles  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  achene,  short-plumose  below;  sta- 
mens 2-3;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate,  plano-con- 
vex, nearly  white,  narrowed  above  into  a  short 
point,  contracted  at  the  base,  its  surface  finely  cel- 
lular-reticulated. 

In  swamps,  Florida  to  Louisiana,  New  Mexico  and 
California,  and  widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Not  certainly  known  within  our  area.  June-Aug. 

17.    Scirpus  rufus  (Huds. )  Schrad.     Red  Clubrush.     (Fig.  625.) 

Schoenus  rufus  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2,  15.      1778. 
Scirpus  rufus  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ,  i:  133.      1806. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  tufted, 
smooth,  slender,  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  3'- 
15'  tall.  Leaves  half-terete,  smooth,  shorter  than 
the  culm,  channeled,  >2/~3/  long,  less  than  i/ 
wide,  the  lowest  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths; 
spikelets  red-brown,  few-flowered,  narrowly  ovoid- 
oblong,  subacute,  about  3"  long,  erect  in  a  termi- 
nal 2-ranked  spike  Yzf-\f  long;  involucral  leaf  soli- 
tary, erect,  narrowly  linear,  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  spike;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  i-nerved; 
bristles  3-6,  upwardly  barbed,  shorter  than  the 
achene,  deciduous;  stamens  3;  style  2-cleft;  achene 
oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  light  brown,  plano- 
convex or  slightly  angled  in  front,  i%ff-2"  long. 

In  marshes,  New  Brunswick  and  Quebec  to  the  North- 
west Territory.  Also  in  northern  Europe.  Summer. 

18.    Scirpus  campestris  Britton.     Prairie  Bulrush.     (Fig.  626.) 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culm  slender, 
smooth,  sharply  triangular,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves 
usually  pale  green,  smooth,  shorter  than  or  over- 
topping the  culm,  i//-2//  wide,  those  of  the  invo- 
lucre 2  or  3,  the  longer  much  exceeding  the  inflor- 
escence; spikelets  3-10  in  a  dense  terminal  simple 
head,  oblong-cylindric,  mostly  acute,  8//-i2//  long, 
2>^//-4//  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  membranous, 
puberulent  or  glabrous,  pale  brown,  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  an  ascending 
or  spreading  awn  about  \"  long;  bristles  1-3,  much 
shorter  than  the  achene  or  none;  style  2-cleft 
(sometimes  3-cleft?);  achene  lenticular,  obovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  mucronulate,  yellow-brown,  its  sur- 
face strongly  cellular-reticulated. 

On  wet  prairies  and  plains,  Manitoba  and  Minnesota 
to  Nebraska,  Kansas  and  Mexico,  west  to  Nevada. 
May- Aug. 


268 


CYPERACEAE. 


ig.    Scirpus  robustus  Pursh.     Salt  Marsh  Bulrush.     (Fig.  627.) 

Scirpus  robustus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  56.      1814. 
Scirpus    maritimus  var.    macrostachyus  Michx.    Fl. 

Bor.  Am.  i:  32.      1803.     Not  5.  macrostachyus  Lam. 

Perennial  by  large  rootstocks,  culm  stout,  stiff, 
sharply  3-angled  with  flat  sides,  smooth,  2°-5° 
tall.  Leaves  equalling  or  overtopping  the  culm, 
dark  green,  smooth,  2^//~5//  wide,  the  midvein 
prominent;  involucral  leaves  2-4,  elongated,  erect, 
similar  to  those  of  the  culm,  often  i/  long;  spike- 
lets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  stout,  8//-i2// 
long,  4//-5//  in  diameter,  6-20  together  in  a  dense 
often  compound  terminal  cluster;  scales  ovate, 
brown,  puberulent,  thin,  lacerate  or  2-toothed  at 
the  apex,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  an,  at  length, 
reflexed  awn  iX//-25^//  long;  bristles  1-6,  fragile, 
shorter  than  the  achene  or  none;  stamens  3;  style 
3-cleft;  achene  compressed,  very  flat  on  the  face, 
convex  or  with  low  ridge  on  the  back,  obovate- 
orbicular,  dark  brown,  shining,  i^//long. 

In  salt  marshes,  Nova  Scotia  to  Texas.    July-Oct. 

20.    Scirpus  fluviatilis  (Torr.)  A.  Gray.     River  Bulrush.     (Fig.  628.) 

Scirpus  maritimus  var.  fltiviatilis  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N. 

Y.  3:  324.      1836. 
Scirpus  fluviatilis  A.  Gray,  Man.  527.      1848. 

Perennial  by  large  rootstocks,  culm  stout,  smooth, 
sharply  triangular  with  nearly  flat  sides,  3°-6°  tall. 
Leaves  4//-8//  wide,  smooth,  equalling  or  overtopping 
the  culm,  attenuate  to  a  very  long  tip,  the  midvein 
prominent;  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  erect  or  spread- 
ing, some  of  them  5/-io/  long;  spikelets  in  a  terminal 
umbel,  solitary,  or  2-3  together  at  the  ends  of  its  long 
spreading  or  drooping  rays,  or  the  central  spikelets 
sessile,  oblong-cylindric,  acute,  8//-i2//  long,  about 
3^x/  in  diameter;  scales  ovate,  scarious,  puberulent, 
the  midvein  excurrent  into  a  curved  awn  i^//-2// 
long;  bristles  6,  rigid,  downwardly  barbed,  about  as 
long  as  the  achene;  style  3-cleft;  achene  sharply 
3-angled,  obovoid,  rather  dull,  short-pointed,  2/x  long. 

In  shallow  water  along-  lakes  and  streams,  Quebec  to 
Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  Illinois  and  Kansas.  June-Sept. 

21.    Scirpus  sylvaticus  L.     Wood  Bulrush.     (Fig.  629.) 

Scirpus  sylvaticus  L-  Sp.  PI.  51.      1753. 

Perennial  by  long  rootstocks,  culm  triangular, 
stout,  smooth,  4°-6°  tall,  often  overtopped  by  the 
upper  leaves.  Leaves  flat,  5//-8//  wide,  rough  on 
the  margins,  more  or  less  rugulose,  the  midvein 
prominent,  those  of  the  involucre  5-8,  the  larger 
similar  to  those  of  the  culm  and  often  i°  long  or 
more;  umbel  terminal,  very  large,  sometimes  8' 
broad,  about  3  times  compound,  the  spikelets  ovoid 
or  ovoid-oblong,  mostly  acute,  i^//-2^//  long, 
borne  in  capitate  clusters  of  2-8  at  the  ends  of  the 
raylets;  bractlets  of  the  involucels  small,  scarious, 
linear  or  lanceolate;  scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse, 
brown  with  a  green  centre;  bristles  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  slightly  exceeding  the  achene;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft;  achene  oblong,  3-angled,  obtuse, 
nearly  white,  mucronulate,  not  shining. 

In  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina.  Also 
in  Europe  •  June-Aug.  - 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


269 


22.    Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl.  Gram.  43.      1817. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  triangu- 
lar, rather  slender,  leafy,  2°-4°  high.  Leaves 
elongated,  nodulose,  rough  on  the  margins,  dark 
green,  3//-6//  wide,  one  or  two  of  them  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  inflorescence;  umbel  i-2-compound  or 
simple;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  densely  capi- 
tate in  6's-2o's  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  or  raylets; 
involucels  short;  scales  greenish-brown,  oblong, 
acute,  the  midvein  excurrent;  bristles  usually  6, 
downwardly  barbed  above,  naked  below,  about  as 
long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
oblong-obovoid,  3-angled,  pale  brown,  dull. 

In  swamps,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Geor- 
gia and  Louisiana.  June-Aug. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  pallidus  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad. 

Sci.  9:  14.      1889. 

Whole  plant  pale  green;  scales  awned;  spikelets  ob- 
long-cylindric,  very  numerous  in -the  capitate  clusters. 
Minnesota  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  Colorado. 


Dark  green  Bulrush.     (Fig.  630.) 


23.    Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl.      Small- 
fruited  Bulrush.     (Fig.  631.) 

Scirpus  microcarpus  Presl,  Rel.  Haenk.  i:  195.      1828. 
Scirpus  sylvaticus  var.  digynus  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  36: 

727.      1870. 

Perennial,  the  culms  3°-5°  tall,  often  stout, 
overtopped  by  the  rough-margined  leaves.  Longer 
leaves  of  the  involucre  usually  exceeding  the  inflor- 
escence; spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  i^//-2// 
long,  3-25  together  in  capitate  clusters  at  the  ends 
of  the  usually  spreading  raylets;  scales  brown  with 
a  green  midvein,  blunt  or  subacute;  bristles  4, 
barbed  downwardly  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  achene;  stamens  2;  style 
2-cleft;  achene  oblong-obovate,  nearly  white,  plano- 
convex or  with  a  low  ridge  on  the  back,  pointed. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Quebec 
and  Alaska,  south  to  New  Hampshire,  northern  New 
York,  Minnesota,  Nevada  and  California.  July-Sept. 


24.    Scirpus  polyphyllus  Vahl. 

Scirpus  polyphyllus  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  274.      1806. 

Perennial  by  slender  rootstocks,  culms  slender, 
sharply  triangular,  i^°-4°  tall,  very  leafy,  the 
leaves  2//-3//  wide,  exactly  3-ranked,  inconspicu- 
ously nodulose,  rough -margined,  the  upper  rarely 
overtopping  the  culm;  leaves  of  the  involucre  3-6, 
the  longer  commonly  somewhat  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  more  or  less  compound;  spike- 
lets  ovoid,  about  \l/zfr  long,  capitate  in  3's-io's  at 
the  ends  of  the  raylets;  scales  ovate,  bright  brown, 
mostly  obtuse,  mucronulate;  bristles  6,  flexuous  or 
twice  bent,  downwardly  barbed  above  the  middle, 
twice  as  long  as  the  achene;  stamens  3;  style  3- 
cleft;  achene  obovoid,  3-angled  with  a  broad  face 
and  narrower  sides,  short-pointed,  dull. 

In  swamps,  wet  woods  and  meadows,  Massachusetts 
to  Minnesota,  south  to  Alabama  and  Arkansas.  Some 
of  the  scales  of  the  spikelets  occasionally  develop  into 
linear  leaves.  July-Sept. 


L-eafy  Bulrush.     (Fig.  632.) 


CYPERACEAE. 


25.    Scirpus  Peckii  Britton.     Peck's  Bul- 
rush.    (Fig.  633.) 

Scirpus  Peckii  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  u-  82 
1892. 

Perennial  by  rootstocks,  culms  slender,  trian- 
gular, i^°-3^°  tall,  leafy.  Leaves  elongated, 
2"-5"  wide,  rough-margined,  the  upper  overtop- 
ping the  culm,  those  of  the  involucre  3-5,  the 
longer  of  them  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  umbel 
i-2-compound,  large;  spikelets  cylindric,  obtusish, 
3//~5//  long,  in  capitate  clusters  of  2-10  at  the  ends 
of  the  raylets  or  some  of  them  distinctly  pedun- 
cled;  scales  dark  brown,  keeled,  mucronate,  falling 
early;  bristles  4-6,  downwardly  barbed  from  be- 
low the  middle  to  the  summit,  longer  than  the 
achene;  style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  }£"  long, 
oblong,  narrowed  at  each  end,  slender-beaked. 

In  swamps,  Connecticut  and  New  York.    July-Sept. 

26.    Scirpus  divaricatus  Ell.     Spreading  Bulrush.     (Fig.  634.) 

Scirpus  divaricatus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  88.    pi.  2. 
f.  4.      1816. 

Perennial  (?).  Roots  fibrous,  culms  obtusely 
triangular,  smooth,  rather  slender,  2^°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  2//-4//  wide,  rough-margined,  the  upper 
and  those  of  the  involucre  not  exceeding  the  in- 
florescence; umbel  decompound,  the  primary  rays 
very  slender,  sometimes  6'  long,  widely  spreading 
or  drooping;  raylets  filiform;  involucels  setaceous; 
spikelets  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets, 
sessile  or  peduncled,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  3//-6// 
long,  YZ"  thick;  scales  ovate,  greenish-brown,  sub- 
acute  or  obtuse,  with  a  prominent  midvein  and 
scarious  margins;  bristles  6,  flexuous,  longer  than 
the  achene,  somewhat  pubescent,  not  barbed, 
shorter  than  the  scales;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  sharply  3-angled,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  apiculate,  nearly  white,  not  shining. 

In  swamps,  Kentucky  to  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.     The  spikelets  sometimes 
partially  develop  into  tufts  of  leaves.    June-Aug. 

27.    Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.     Reddish  Bulrush.      (Fig.  635.) 

Scirpus  lineatus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  32.      1803. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  rather 
slender,  triangular,  erect,  i°-3°  high,  leafy,  the 
upper  leaves  and  those  of  the  involucre  not  exceed- 
ing the  inflorescence.  Leaves  2//-4//  wide,  light 
green,  flat,  rough-margined;  umbels  terminal  and 
commonly  also  axillary,  decompound,  the  rays 
very  slender,  becoming  pendulous ;  spikelets  mostly 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  slender  raylets,  oblong, 
obtuse,  3x/-5/x  long,  about  i//  in  diameter;  scales 
ovate  or  oblong,  reddish-brown  with  a  green  mid- 
vein,  their  tips  slightly  spreading;  bristles  6, 
weak,  smooth,  entangled,  much  longer  than  the 
achene,  equalling  the  scales  or  slightly  protruded 
beyond  them  at  maturity;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft; 
achene  oblong  or  oblong-obovoid,  pale  brown,  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  3-angled,  short-beaked. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Ontario  to  Georgia, 
west  to  Oregon  and  Texas.  June-Sept. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


271 


Wool-grass.     (Fig.  636.) 


28.    Scirpus  cyperinus  (I,.)  Kunth. 

Eriophorum  cyperinum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  77.      1762. 
Scirpus  cyperinus  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  170.      1837. 
Scirpus  Eriophorum  var.  cyperinus  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

2,  501.      1856. 

Perennial  by  stout  rootstocks,  culms  stout  or  slen- 
der, smooth,  obtusely  triangular  or  nearly  terete, 
stiff,  leafy,  2°-6°  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  z"-^"  wide, 
rough-margined,  the  upper  often  overtopping  the 
culm,  those  of  the  involucre  3-6,  the  longer  much  ex- 
ceeding the  inflorescence;  umbel  terminal,  com- 
pound, the  rays  at  length  somewhat  drooping;  spike- 
lets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  i>^//-2^//  long,  in  capitate 
clusters  of  3-15  at  the  ends  of  the  raylets;  scales  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  subacute;  bristles  6,  entangled, 
smooth,  much  longer  than  the  achene,  much  exserted 
beyond  the  scales  and  grayish-brown  at  maturity; 
stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene  3-angled,  oblong, 
slender-beaked,  nearly  white. 

In  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario,  Virginia  and 
Kentucky.  Aug.-Sept. 

.    Scirpus  cyperinus  Eriophorum  (Michx. )  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  n:  82. 
Scirpus  Eriophorum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  33.      1803. 


1892. 


Eriophorum  cyperinum  var.  laxtim  Wats.  &  Coult.  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  582.      1890. 

Spikelets  mostly  peduncled.     Range  of  the  type,  but  extending  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

10.    ERIOPHORUM  L>  Sp.  PI.  52.       1753. 

Bog  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  culms  erect,  triangular  or  nearly  terete,  the 
leaves  linear,  or  i  or  2  of  the  upper  ones  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths.  Spikelets  terminal, 
solitary,  capitate  or  umbelled,  subtended  by  a  i-several-leaved  involucre,  or  naked.  Scales 
spirally  imbricated,  usually  all  fertile.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  6  or  numerous  filiform 
smooth  soft  bristles,  which  are  white  or  brown,  straight  or  crisped,  and  exserted  much 
beyond  the  scales  at  maturity.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  3-cleft.  Achene  3-angled,  oblong,  ellip- 
soid or  obovoid.  [Greek,  signifying  wool-bearing,  referring  to  the  soft  bristles.] 

About  10  species,  in  the  northern  hemisphere.     Besides  the  following,  one  occurs  in  Alaska. 
Spikelet  solitary;  involucral  leaf  short  or  none. 

Bristles  only  6,  white,  crisped,  very  long.  i.  E.  alpinum. 

Bristles  numerous,  straight  or  slightly  crisped. 
Bristles  bright  white. 

Culm  with  2  inflated  bladeless  sheaths;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse.       2.  E.  vaginatum. 
Only  the  upper  sheath  bladeless,  or  all  blade-bearing;  achene  linear-oblong,  acute. 

3.  E.  Scheuchzeri. 

Bristles  reddish-brown.  4.  E.  russeolum. 

Spikelets  several,  umbellate  or  capitate;  involucre  i-4-leaved. 

Achene  obovoid,  obtuse;  spikelets  umbellate.  5.  E.  polystachyon. 

Achene  linear-oblong,  acute ;  spikelets  capitate  or  some  of  them  peduncled. 

Leaves  channeled;  bristles  4-6  times  as  long  as  the  scale,  bright  white.  6.  E.  gracile. 
Leaves  flat;  bristles  3  times  as  long  as  the  scale,  brown  (rarely  white).  7.  E.  Virginicum. 

Eriophorum  alpinum  L,.     Alpine  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  637.) 

Eriophorum  alpinum  L-  Sp.  PI.  53.      1753- 

Perennial  by  short  rootstocks,  sending  up  numer- 
ous filiform  triangular  roughish  culms,  6/-io/  high. 
Leaves  subulate,  3//-io//  long,  triangular,  chan- 
neled, borne  very  near  the  base  of  the  culm,  the 
lower  sheaths  often  scarious  and  bladeless;  spikelet 
solitary,  terminal,  small,  erect;  involucral  bract  sub- 
ulate, mostly  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  sometimes 
wanting;  young  spikelet  ovoid-oblong,  subacute; 
scales  oblong  lanceolate,  yellowish-brown,  firm,  ob- 
tuse or  subacute,  the  midvein  slender;  bristles  6, 
white,  crisped,  4-7  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  achene 
narrowly  obovoid-oblong,  brown,  apiculate,  dull. 

In  bogs  and  on  high  mountains,  Newfoundland  to 
Hudson  Bay  and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Ver- 
mont, northern  New  York  and  Minnesota.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

18 


I. 


272  CYPERACEAE. 

2.    Eriophorum  vaginatum  L,.     Sheathed  Cotton-grass.      (Fig.  638.) 

Eriophorum  vaginatum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  52.      1753. 

Culms  tufted,  stiff,  obtusely  triangular,  smooth, 
slender,  8/-i6/  tall,  leafless,  except  at  the  base, 
bearing  two  distant  inflated  sheaths,  the  upper  one 
usually  above  the  middle.  Leaves  stiff,  filiform, 
triangular,  channeled,  slightly  rough,  shorter  than 
or  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm;  involucral 
leaf  wanting;  spikelet  solitary,  ovoid,  erect;  scales 
ovate-lanceolate  or  the  lowest  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, purple-brown,  thin;  bristles  numerous,  white, 
straight,  glossy,  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  an- 
thers linear;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  brown,  dull, 
minutely  apiculate. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, Pennsylvania  and  Minnesota.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

3.  Eriophorum  Scheuchzeri  Hoppe.    Scheuchzer's  Cotton-grass.    (Fig.  639. ) 

Eriophorum  Scheuchseri  Hoppe,  Taschenb.  1800:    104. 
1800. 

Eriophorum  capitatum  Host,  Gram.  Aust.  i:  30.  pi.  j8. 
1801. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the  sheaths  all 
blade-bearing  or  only  the  upper  one  bladeless,  culms 
slender,  smooth,  nearly  terete,  lo'-sc/  tall.  Leaves 
filiform,  channeled,  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
culm;  spikelet  solitary,  terminal,  erect;  involucre 
none;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  pur- 
ple-brown, membranous;  bristles  numerous,  white 
or  slightly  yellowish,  weak,  nearly  straight,  4-5, 
times  as  long  as  the  scale;  "anthers  cordate-ovate;" 
achene  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  brown,  dull,  subu- 
late-beaked. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Manitoba, 
Alaska  rind  Oregon.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

4.  Eriophorum  russeolum  Fries.     Russet  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  640.) 

Eriophorum  russeolum  Fries,  Novit.  Mant.  3:  67.      1842. 

Culms  solitary  or  little  tufted,  triangular,  erect, 
smooth,  8/-i8/  tall,  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Upper  sheath  inflated,  bladeless,  mucronate,  rarely 
with  a  short  subulate  blade,  usually  borne  below  the 
middle  of  the  culm;  leaves  filiform,  triangular-chan- 
neled, mucronate,  i/-4/long;  spikelet  solitary,  erect; 
involucre  none;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
thin,  purplish-brown  with  nearly  white  margins; 
bristles  numerous,  bright  reddish-brown,  3-5  times 
as  long  as  the  scale;  achene  oblong,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  apiculate. 

Scarcely  differs  from  the  preceding  species  except  in 
the  color  of  the  bristles  and  the  shorter-pointed  achene. 
In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Quebec.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


273 


5.  Eriophorum  polystachyon  L,.     Tall  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  641.) 

Eriophorum  polystachyon  L.  Sp.  PI.  52.      1753. 

Kriufiliontm  lafifolium  Hoppe,  Taschenb.  1800:  103.    1800. 

Culin  stiff,  smooth,  obtusely  triangular  above, 
nearly  terete  below,  i^°-3°  tall,  all  the  sheaths  blade- 
bearing.  Leaves  flat,  roughish-margined,  iX//-4// 
wide,  tapering  to  a  triangular  channeled  rigid  point, 
the  upper  shorter  than  or  rarely  overtopping  the 
culm,  those  of  the  involucre  2-4,  the  longer  commonly 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  inflorescence;  spikelets 
3-12,  ovoid,  or  oblong,  drooping,  in  a  terminal  simple 
or  more  or  less  compound  umbel;  rays  filiform,  smooth 
or  rough;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
purple-green  or  brown;  bristles  numerous,  bright 
white,  about  i/  long,  4-5  times  as  long  as  the  scale; 
achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  light  brown. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey, 
Georgia  and  Nebraska.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June- 
Aug. 

6.  Eriophorum  gracile  Koch.     Slender  Cotton-grass.     (Fig.  642.) 

Eriophorum  gracile  Koch;    Roth,   Catal.  Bot.   2:  259. 
1800. 

I'.riophorum  triquetrum  Hoppe,    Taschenb.    1800:  106. 
1800. 

Culm  slender,  obtusely  triangular,  rough  on  the 
angles,  i°-2°  tall,  the  sheaths  all  blade-bearing. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  \"  wide  or  less,  triangular- 
channeled,  rough-margined,  the  upper  not  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  involucral  leaf  commonly  only  i, 
stiff,  erect;  spikelets  3-8,  capitate  or  subumbellate, 
the  longer-peduncled  ones  drooping;  scales  ovate  or 
oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  greenish  brown,  the  mid- 
vein  rather  strong,  often  with  a  weaker  nerve  on 
each  side;  bristles  numerous,  bright  white,  8//-i2// 
long,  4  6  times  as  long  as  the  scale;  achene  linear- 
oblong,  acute,  pointed. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska, 
south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Missouri.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Sept. 

7.    Eriophorum  Virginicum  L/.     Virginia 
Cotton-grass.      (Fig.  643.) 

Eriophorum  I'irginicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  53.     1753. 

Culm  stiff,  rather  slender,  obtusely  triangular 
above,  terete  below,  smooth,  i^°-4°  tall,  rather 
leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat,  i//-2^//  wide, 
rough-margined,  somewhat  channeled  toward  the 
apex,  the  upper  often  overtopping  the  culm,  those 
if  the  involucre  2-4,  spreading  or  deflexed,  2/-6/ 
long,  i  or  2  of  them  much  longer  than  the  spikelets; 
spikelets  several  or  numerous  in  a  dense  terminal 
capitate  cluster  usually  broader  than  high,  erect  or 
the  outer  ones  spreading;  scales  ovate,  acute,  brown 
with  a  green  centre,  about  5-nerved;  bristles  numer- 
ous, dingy  brown,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  scale; 
achene  linear-oblong,  acute,  apiculate,  light  brown. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida 
and  Nebraska.  June-Sept. 

Eriophorum  Virginicum  album  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  566.      1867. 
Bristles  white.     Northern  New  York. 


274 


CYPERACEAE. 


ii.    FUIRENA  Rottb.  Descr.  &  Ic.  70.  pi.  19.  f.  3.       1773. 

Perennial  sedges,  with  leafy  triangular  culms  (in  a  southern  species  the  leaves  reduced 
to  inflated  sheaths),  and  many-flowered  terete  spikelets  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  or 
rarely  solitary.  Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  awned,  the  i  or  2  lower  commonly 
empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  3  ovate  oblong  or  cordate-ovate,  stalked,  often  awned 
sepals,  usually  alternating  with  as  many  downwardly  barbed  bristles.  Stamens  3.  Style  3- 
cleft,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Achene  stalked  or  nearly  sessile,  sharply  3-angled, 
acute  or  mucronate,  smooth.  (In  honor  of  Georg  Fuiren,  1581-1628,  Danish  physician.) 

About  20  species,  natives  of  warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  i  or 
2  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 


Sepals  awned  from  the  apex  or  awnless. 
Sepals  awned  on  the  back  below  the  apex. 


1.  F.  squarrosa. 

2.  F.  simplex. 


i.    Fuirena  squarrosa  Michx.     Squarrose  Fuirena.     (Fig.  644.) 

Fuirena  squarrosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  37. 

1803. 
Fuirena  squarrosa  var.  pumila  Torr.  Fl.  U.  S. 

1:68.      1824. 

Rootstock  short,  stout,  sometimes  tuber- 
bearing;  culms  tufted,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  2/-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous  or  the  lower  sheaths  pubescent; 
spikelets  sessile  and  i-io  together  in  ter- 
minal and  usually  also  lateral  capitate 
clusters,  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  acute  or 
obtuse,  3//-6//  long,  about  2/J^//  in  dia- 
meter; scales  ovate  or  oblong,  brown, 
pubescent,  mostly  obtuse,  3-nerved,  tipped 
with  a  stout  spreading  or  recurved  awn  of 
nearly  their  own  length;  sepals  oblong, 
long-stalked,  usually  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  tapering  into  a  slender  terminal 
downwardly  barbed  or  sometimes  smooth 
awn;  bristles  mostly  longer  than  the 
achene,  sometimes  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

In  wet  meadows  and  marshes,  Massachusetts 
to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  near  the  coast.  Also 
in  Michigan  and  Nebraska.  July-Sept. 

Fuirena  squarrosa  hispida  (Ell.)  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  514.      1860. 
Fuirena  hispida  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  579.      1821. 

Sheaths  and  leaves  hirsute;  sepals  ovate,  cordate  at  the  base  or  abruptly  narrowed  into  the 
stalk,  awnless  or  very  short-awned  at  the  apex;  bristles  usually  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
achene;  plant  usually  taller.  New  York  to  Florida,  west  to  Alabama  and  Texas.  Perhaps  a  dis- 
tinct species. 

2.    Fuirena  simplex  Vahl.    Western 
Fuirena.      (Fig.  645.) 

Fuirena  simplex  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  384.      1806. 
Fuirena  squarrosa  var.  aristulata  Torr.  Ann. 
Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  291.      1836. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  root- 
stock  short,  thick;  culms  slender,  $'-2°  tall, 
glabrous.  Leaves  flat,  glabrous  or  ciliate; 
scales  tipped  with  a  spreading  or  reflex ed 
awn;  sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  and  usually 
notched  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  longer  or  shorter  than 
their  stalks,  awned  on  the  back  from  below 
the  apex,  the  awn  varying  in  length,  smooth 
or  downwardly  barbed;  bristles  retrorsely 
hispid,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sessile  or 
short-stalked  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Kansas  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 
June-Sept. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


275 


12.    HEMICARPHA  Nees  &  Am.  Edinb.  New  Phil.  Journ.  17:  263.     1834. 

Low  tufted  mostly  annual  sedges,  with  erect  or  spreading,  almost  filiform  culms  and 
leaves,  and  terete  small  terminal  capitate  or  solitary  spikelets  subtended  by  a  i-3-leaved  in- 
volucre. Scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  deciduous,  all  subtending  perfect  flowers. 
Perianth  of  a  single  hyaline  sepal  (bract?)  between  the  flower  and  the  rachis  of  the  spike- 
let;  bristles  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-cleft,  deciduous,  not  swollen  at  the  base.  Achene 
oblong,  turgid  or  lenticular.  (Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  single  sepal.) 

About  3  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another 
occurs  in  the  southwestern  United  States.  The  genus  differs  from  Scirpus,  with  which  it  is  united 
by  some  authors,  mainly  in  the  presence  of  the  perianth-scale. 

i.    Hemicarpha    micrantha    (Vahl) 
Britton.     Hemicarpha,      (Fig.  646.) 

Scirpus  micranthus  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  254.      1806. 
Hemicarpha  siibsquarrosa  Nees,  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras. 

2:  Part  i,  61.      1842. 
Hemicarpha  micrantha  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

15:  104.      1888. 

Annual,  glabrous,  culms  densely  tufted,  com- 
pressed, grooved,  diffuse  or  ascending,  i/-5/ 
long,  mostly  longer  than  the  setaceous  smooth 
leaves.  Spikelets  ovoid,  many-flowered,  ob- 
tuse, about  i/x  long,  capitate  in  2's-4's  or  soli- 
tary; involucral  leaves  or  one  of  them  usually 
much  exceeding  the  spikelets;  scales  brown, 
obovate,  with  a  short  blunt  spreading  or  re- 
curved point;  sepal  inconspicuous;  stamen  i; 
achene  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate, 
little  compressed,  light  brown,  its  surface  min- 
utely cellular-reticulated. 

In  moist,  sandy  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  Pennsylva- 
nia, Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico.  July-Sept. 

Hemicarpha  micrantha  aristulata  Coville,   Bull. 

Torr.  Club,  21:  36.      1894. 

Scales  pale,  cuneate-obovate,  tapering  into  squar- 
rose  awns  about  their  own  length.  Kansas  to  Texas. 

13.    LIPOCARPHA  R.  Br.  App.  Tuckey  Exp.  Congo,  459.       1818. 

Low  annual  sedges,  with  slender  tufted  culms  leafy  at  the  base,  and  terete  many-flow- 
ered spikelets  in  a  terminal  head,  subtended  by  a  i-several-leaved  involucre.  Scales  firm, 
spirally  imbricated  all  around,  all  fertile  or  several  of  the  lower  ones  empty,  at  length  de- 
ciduous. Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  two  small  sepals  (bracts?)  one  on  each  side  of  the 
flower;  bristles  none.  Stamens  1-2.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous,  its  base  not  swollen. 
Achene  plano-convex  or  3-angled.  (Greek,  alluding  to  the  thick  sepals  in  some  species.) 

About  7  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

i.  Lipocarpha  maculata  (Michx.)Torr. 
American  L/ipocarpha.     (Fig.  647.) 

Kyllingia  maculata  Michx.  Fl.    Bor.   Am.   i:  29. 

1803. 
Lipocarpha  maculata  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  288. 

1836. 

Annual,  glabrous,  roots  fibrous,  culms  tufted, 
grooved,  compressed,  smooth,  longer  than  the 
narrowly  linear  somewhat  channeled  leaves,  3'- 
ic/  tall.  Leaves  of  the  involucre  2-4,  the  larger 
i  '-5'  long;  spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  2^//- 
3X/  long,  \ff  in  diameter,  2-6  together  in  a  termi- 
nal capitate  cluster;  scales  rhombic  or  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  the  apex,  curved,  the  sides  nearly 
white,  or  flecked  with  reddish-brown  spots,  the 
midvein  green;  exterior  sepal  convolute  around 
the  achene,  nerved,  hyaline;  stamen  i;  achene 
oblong,  yellowish,  contracted  at  the  base. 

In  wet  or  moist  soil,  eastern  Virginia  to  Florida. 
Also  near  Philadelphia,  where  it  is  probably  adven- 
tive.  July-Sept. 


276 


CYPERACEAE. 


14.    RYNCHOSPORA  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  229.       1806. 

Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial  by  rootstocks,  with  erect  3-angled  or  terete  culms,  nar- 
row flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  ovoid  oblong  or  fusiform,  variously  clustered  spikelets. 
Scales  thin,  i-nerved,  imbricated  all  around,  usually  mucronate  by  the  excurrent  midvein, 
the  lower  empty.  Upper  flowers  imperfect,  the  lower  perfect.  Perianth  of  1-20  (mostly  6) 
upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed  or  scabrous  bristles,  wanting  in  some  species  (no.  2).  Sta- 
mens commonly  3.  Style  2-cleft,  2-toothed  or  rarely  entire.  Achene  lenticular  or  swollen, 
not  3-angled,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the  persistent  base  of  the  style 
(tubercle),  or  in  some  species  by  the  whole  style.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  beak-like  tubercle.] 

About  200  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  warm  regions.  Besides 
the  following,  some  27  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 

Style  entire  or  2-toothed,  persistent  as  a  long-exserted  subulate  beak.  i.  R.  corniculata. 

Style  deeply  2-cleft,  only  its  base  persistent  as  a  tubercle. 

Bristles  minute  or  wanting.  2.  R.  pallida. 

Bristles  plumose.  3.  R.  oligantha. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed  or  rarely  smooth. 

Scales  white  or  nearly  so;  bristles  9-15.  4.  R.  alba. 

•    Scales  brown ;  bristles  6. 

Leaves  filiform;  achene  oblong.  5.  R.  capillacea. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat;  achene  obovate. 

Bristles  equalling  the  achene;  tubercle  one-half  as  longer  less.  6.  R.  Knieskernii. 
Bristles  reaching  or  exceeding  the  end  of  the  tubercle,  which  is  as  long  as  the  achene. 
Spikelets  few-several  in  numerous  rather  loose  clusters.        7.  R.  glomerata. 
Spikelets  very  numerous  in  2-6  very  dense  globose  heads.     8.  R.  axillaris.    • 
Bristles  upwardly  barbed. 

Spikelets  very  numerous  in  2-6  very  dense  globose  heads.  8.  R.  axillaris. 

Spikelets  few-several  in  rather  loose  clusters. 
Achene  smooth. 

Leaves  setaceous;  achene  obovate,  shining.  9.  R.fusca. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat;  achene  broadly  oval,  dull.  10.  R.  gracilenta. 

Achene  transversely  wrinkled. 

Spikelets  ovoid,  in  erect  cymose  clusters;  achene  longer  than  the  bristles. 
Leaves  flat;  spikelets  nearly  or  quite  sessile.  n.  R.  cymosa. 

Leaves  involute ;  spikelets  distinctly  pedicelled.  12.  R.  Torreyana. 

Spikelets  spindle-shaped,  in  drooping  panicles;  achene  shorter  than  the  bristles. 

13.  R.  inexpansa. 


i.    Rynchospora  corniculata  (Lam.)  A.  Gray.     Horned  Rush.     (Fig.  648.) 

Schoenuscorniculatus'Lam. Tabl.  Encycl.  i:  137.  1791. 
Rhynchospora  corniculata  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 
205.  1835. 

Culm  obtusely  triangular,  stout  or  rather  slender, 
smooth,  3°-7°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  broadly  linear, 
6/-i8/  long,  3//-8//  wide,  rough-margined;  umbels 
terminal  and  axillary,  sometimes  i°  broad,  usually 
compound;  spikelets  spindle-shaped,  4/x-6x/  long 
in  flower,  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  rays  and  ray- 
lets;  primary  rays  slender,  sometimes  6/  long; 
scales  lanceolate,  thin,  acute,  light  brown;  bristles 
about  6,  subulate  or  filiform,  rigid,  upwardly 
scabrous,  shorter  than,  equalling  or  exceed- 
ing the  achene;  style  subulate,  entire  or  min- 
utely 2-toothed  at  the  apex,  2-4  times  longer 
than  the  achene,  upwardly  scabrous,  %'-\r  long, 
persistent  and  much  exserted  beyond  the  scales 
when  mature;  achene  obovate,  flat  on  both  sides, 
2"  long,  dark  brown,  smooth,  its  surface  minutely 
cellular-reticulated.. 

In  swamps,  Delaware  to  Florida,  west  to  Ohio,  Mis- 
souri and  Texas.  July-Sept. 


Rhynchospora  corniculata  macrostachya  (Torr. )  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  n:  84.      1892. 
Rhynchospora  macrostachya  Torr.  Ann.  L}rc.  N.  Y.  3:  206.      1835. 

Bristles  about  twice  as  long  as  the  achene.     Range  of  the  type,  but  extending  north  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  Rhode  Island. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 
2.    Rynchospora  pallida  M.  A.  Curtis.     Pale  Beaked-rush. 

Rhynchospora  pallida  M.  A.  Curtis,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.) 
7: 409.      1849. 

Rootstocks  slender,  culms  sharply  triangular,  i%°- 
2%°  tall.  Leaves  l/2."-\"  wide,  flattish,  nearly 
smooth,  the  lowest  reduced  to  many-nerved  lanceo- 
late acuminate  scales;  spikelets  numerous,  spindle- 
shaped,  narrow,  2//~3//  long,  aggregated  in  a  com- 
pound convex  terminal  head,  or  occasionally  also  in 
a  filiform-stalked  cluster  from  the  upper  axil;  upper- 
most leaves  subulate,  little  exceeding  the  spikelets; 
scales  pale  greenish  brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
bristles  minute  and  early  deciduous,  or  wanting; 
style  2-cleft;  achene  lenticular,  obovate-oblong, 
smooth,  brown,  somewhat  shining,  y?."  long,  tipped 
by  a  short  tubercle. 

In  pine  barren  bogs,  New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina. 
Aug.-Sept. 

3.  Rynchospora  oligantha  A.  Gray.    Few-flowered  Beaked-rush.    (Fig.  650.) 

Rhynchospora  oligantha  A.   Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3: 
212.      1835. 

Rootstocks  short,  culms  tufted,  almost  thread-like, 
leafy  only  toward  the  base,  6/-i6/  tall.  Leaves  fili- 
form, resembling  and  shorter  than  the  culm  or  some- 
times equalling  it;  spikelets  1-4,  terminal,  narrowly 
oblong,  acute,  3//-4//  long,  sessile  or  peduncled,  sub- 
tended by  i  or  2  filiform  bracts;  scales  ovate,  pale 
brown,  acute,  cuspidate;  bristles  usually  6,  densely 
plumose  below  the  middle,  upwardly  scabrous  above, 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  achene;  style  2-cleft; 
acherie  obovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  turgid-lenticular, 
pale  brown,  dull,  transversely  .wrinkled;  tubercle 
with  a  flat  depressed  border  and  a  flattened  conic 
acute  central  projection  about  one-fifth  as  long  as 
achene. 

In  wet  sandy  soil,  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas, 
near  the  coast.  June-Aug. 

4.    Rynchospora  alba  (L,.)  Vahl.     White  Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  651.) 

Schoenus  albus  L.  Sp.  PI.  44.      1753. 
Rynchospora  alba  Vahl,  Unum.  2:  236.      1806. 

Pale  green,  rootstocks  short,  culms  slender  or 
almost  filiform,  glabrous,  6/-2O/  tall.  Leaves  bris- 
tle-like, W~W  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
lower  very  short;  spikelets  several  or  numerous,  in 
1-4  dense  corymbose  terminal  and  axillary  clusters, 
narrowly  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  2//~3//  long; 
scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  white,  acute;  bris- 
tles 9-15,  downwardly  barbed,  slender,  about  as 
long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle;  style  2-cleft; 
achene  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  pale  brown,  lentic- 
ular; tubercle  triangular-subulate,  flat,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  achene. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Florida- 
Kentucky,  Minnesota  and  Oregon.  Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 


278 


CYPERACEAE. 


5.    Rynchospora  capillacea  Torr.     Capillary  Beaked-rush.      (Fig.  652.) 

Rhynchospora  capillacea  Torr.  Comp.  41.      1826. 

Culms  filiform,  tufted,  glabrous,  6/-2o/  tall. 
Leaves  filiform,  less  than  y±"  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm,  the  lower  very  short;  spikelets  few, 
in  1-3  terminal  and  axillary  loose  clusters,  oblong, 
acute  at  both  ends,  2//~3//  long;  scales  ovate- oblong, 
chestnut-brown,  keeled,  mucronate;  bristles  6,  slen- 
der, downwardly  barbed,  about  equalling  or  becom- 
ing longer  than  the  achene  and  tubercle;  achene 
narrowly  oblong,  short-stalked,  light  brown,  nri- 

'//     //  \  \  \\lll //    /       nutely  wrinkled,  lenticular;  style  2-cleft;  tubercle 

compressed,  triangular-subulate,  dark  brown,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  bogs,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.  July- Aug. 

Rynchospora  capillacea  laeviseta  E.  J.  Hill,  Am.  Nat. 

2  \J         ^^^^  »:37o.     1876. 

3  tl  /WTCT"'^  Bristles  smooth.     Northern  Indiana  and  Michigan. 


6.  Rynchospora  Knieskernii  Carey.     Knies- 
kern's  Beaked-rush.    (Fig.  653.) 

Rhynchospora  Knieskernii\Q.a.rzy,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.) 

4:  25.      1847. 

Culms  slender,  tufted,  smooth,  S'-iS'  tall.  Leaves 
narrowly  linear,  flat,  about  y2"  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm;  spikelets  numerous,  in  several  distant 
compact  clusters,  oblong,  acute,  about  ix/  long; 
scales  chestnut-brown,  ovate;  bristles  6,  downwardly 
barbed,  equalling  the  achene;  achene  obovate,  lenticu- 
lar, brown,  minutely  wrinkled;  style  2-cleft;  tubercle 
triangular-subulate,  pale,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
achene  or  le*ss  and  slightly  decurrent  on  its  edges. 

Pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Virginia.    July-Aug. 


7.  Rynchospora  glomerata  (L,.)  VahL 
Clustered  Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  654.) 

Schoenus  glomeratus  L.  Sp.  PI.  44.      1753. 
Rynchospora  glomerata  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  234.     1806. 

Rootstocks  slender,  culms  smooth,  triangular, 
slender  or  rather  stout,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves 
flat,  i//-2//  wide,  rough-margined,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  spikelets  several  or  numerous,  in  3-7 
corymbose- capitate  axillary  rather  loose  clusters, 
oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  i^'-a"  long; 
scales  lanceolate,  rich  dark  brown;  bristles  6, 
downwardly  barbed,  longer  than  or  equalling  the 
achene  and  tubercle;  achene  obovate,  lenticular, 
smooth,  dark  brown;  tubercle  subulate,  about 
as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Michigan, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  July-Sept. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  paniculata  (A.? Gray)  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  528.  1860. 
Rhynchospora  paniculata  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  211.      1835. 

Culm  stouter,  sometimes  4^°  tall;  leaves  usually  wider;  spikelets  very  numerous  in  compound 
clusters.     Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  minor  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  n:  90.      1892. 

Culms  very  slender,  5-10'  tall;  leaves  IA"  wide  or  less;  clusters  2  or  3,  small,  with  3-10  spike- 
lets.     Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 

Rynchospora  glomerata  discutiens  Clarke;  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  n:  89.      1892. 
Bristles  smooth,  or  barbed  at  the  apex  only.     New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


279 


8.   Rynchospora  axillaris  (Lam.)  Brit- 
ton.    Capitate  Beaked-rush.    (Fig.  655.) 

Schoenns  a.villaris  Lam.  Tabl.  Encycl.  i :  137.     1791. 
Rhvnchospora  cepJialantlia  \.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  X. 

V.  3:  218.      1835. 
Rhvnchospora  a.villaris  Britton,   Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

15:  104.      1888. 

Culms  stout,  3-angled,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  keeled,  i//-i^//  wide;  spikelets  spindle- 
shaped,  2jj£//-3//  long,  exceedingly  numerous, 
in  several  short-peduncled  axillary  and.  terminal 
very  dense  globose  heads  sometimes  lo"  in  di- 
ameter; scales  dark  brown,  ovate-oblong,  acute; 
bristles  usually  6,  longer  than  or  equalling  the 
achene  and  tubercle,  downwardly  or  upwardly 
barbed;  acheue  broadly  obovate,  brown,  smooth, 
lenticular;  tubercle  subulate,  about  as  long  as 
the  achene,  somewhat  decurrent  on  its  edges. 

In  swamps,  Long-  Island  to  Florida  and  Louisi- 
ana, near  the  coast.  July-Sept. 

Rynchospora  axillaris  microcephala  Britton,  Trans.  X.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  n:  89.      1892. 
Heads  only  4" -5"  in  diameter;  spikelets  i  K"  long;  achene  one-half  as  large  as  that  of  the  type. 
Xew  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 

9.    Rynchospora  fusca  (L,. )  R.  &S.    Brown 
Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  656.) 


Schoenusfnscus  L-  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1664. 
Rhvnchospora  fusca  R.  &  S.  Syst.  2:  Si 


1763. 
1817. 


Rootstocks  short,  culms  slender,  3-angled,  smooth, 
tufted,  6/-i8/  tall.  Leaves  setaceous,  channeled, 
scarcely  y?."  wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spikelets  spindle-shaped,  acute,  about  -2^/2"  long, 
several,  or  rather  numerous,  in  1-4  loose  clusters; 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  brown,  shining,  concave; 
bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed,  often  unequal,  the  longer 
ones  usually  exceeding  the  achene  and  tubercle; 
achene  narrowly  obovate,  turgid-lenticular,  smooth, 
shining;  tubercle  triangular-subulate,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  achene,  its  margins  serrulate  or  nearly  smooth. 

In  bogs,  Xew  Brunswick  to  Delaware,  west  along  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  Great  Lakes  to  Michigan.  Also  in 
Europe.  July-Aug. 


10.    Rynchospora  gracilenta  A.  Gray. 

Slender  Beaked-rush.     (Fig.  657.) 

RJivnchospora  gracilenta  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  X.  Y.  3: 
216.      1835. 

Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  smooth,  obtusely 
triangular,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat  or  becoming  invo- 
lute in  drying,  rather  less  than  i/x  wide,  elongated 
but  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikelets  narrowly  ovoid, 
acute,  2/r  long,  few,  in  1-4  loose  clusters,  the  lower 
clusters  borne  on  filiform  stalks;  scales  ovate,  brown, 
mucronate;  bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed,  equalling  the 
achene  and  tubercle;  achene  broadly  oval  or  nearly 
orbicular,  dark  brown,  lenticular,  dull,  smooth;  tu- 
bercle narrowly  subulate,  flat,  widened  at  the  base, 
pale,  about  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  pine  barren  swamps,  Xew  Jersey  to  Florida  and 
Texas,  near  the  coast.  June-Aug. 


280 


CYPERACEAE. 


ii.    Rynchospora  cymosa  Ell.     Grass-like  Beaked-rush.      (Fig.  658.) 

Rhynchospora  cymosa  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  58.     1816. 
Schoenus  cymosns  Muhl.  Gram.  8.      1817. 

Light  green,  culms  tufted,  sharply  3-angled, 
smooth,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  narrowly  linear, 
grass-like,  i%"-2"  wide  or  the  basal  ones  broader, 
the  uppermost  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikelets  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  iXx/  l°ng.  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  capitate  in  2's~7's  on  the  ultimate 
branches  of  the  axillary  and  terminal  clusters; 
bracts  setaceous;  scales  dark  brown,  broadly  ovate 
or  suborbicular;  bristles  6,  upwardly  barbed, 
shorter  than  the  achene;  achene  broadly  obovate 
or  oblong,  lenticular,  transversely  wrinkled;  style 
2-cleft;  tubercle  conic,  one-fourth  to  one-third  as 
long  as  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  New  Jersey  to  Kentucky  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in  Cuba.  June-Aug. 


12.     Rynchospora   Torreyana   A. 

Gray.     Torrey's  Beaked-rush. 
(Fig.  659.) 

Rhynchospora   Torreyana  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  3:  197.      1835. 

Culms  terete  or  obscurely  3-angled,  smooth, 
slender,  i^°-3°  tall.  Leaves  involute,  the 
lower  i^//-2// wide  at  the  base  and  elong- 
ated, the  upper  bristle-like,  distant;  spike- 
lets  ovoid,  \l/iff  long,  peduncled,  numerous, 
in  1-4  loose  distant  clusters;  scales  brown, 
ovate,  mucronate;  bristles  6,  upwardly 
barbed,  shorter  than  the  oblong-obovate 
transversely  wrinkled  lenticular  achene; 
style  2-cleft;  tubercle  flat,  conic,,  one-fourth 
to  one-third  as  long  as  the  achene. 

In  wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  South 
Carolina.  July-Aug. 


13.    Rynchospora  inexpansa 
(Michx.)  Vahl.     Nodding  Beaked- 
rush.     (Fig.  660.) 

Schoenus  inexpansus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  35. 

1803. 
Rhvnchospora   inexpansa  Vahl,  Enum.  2:  232. 

i"8o6. 

Rootstocks  slender,  culms  tufted,  smooth, 
slender,  3-angled,  2°-3°  tall.  Leaves  smooth, 
\"  wide  or  less,  flat,  the  lower  elongated, 
the  upper  bristle-like,  remote;  spikelets 
spindle-shaped,  acute  at  both  ends,  about  3" 
long,  numerous,  in  1-4  narrow  finally  droop- 
ing panicles;  scales  brown,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate; bristles  6,  upwardly  hispid,  very  slen- 
der, about  twice  as  long  as  the  achene; 
achene  narrowly  oblong,  transversely  wrin- 
kled; style  2  cleft;  tubercle  flat,  triangular- 
subulate,  one-half  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Moist  soil,  Virginia  to  Louisiana.     June-Aug. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


281 


15.    CLADIUM  P.  Br.  Civ.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Jam.  114.       1756. 

Perennial  leafy  sedges,  similar  to  the  Rynchosporas,  the  spikelets  oblong  or  fusiform, 
few-flowered,  variously  clustered.  Scales  imbricated  all  around,  the  lower  empty,  the  mid- 
dle ones  mostly  subtending  imperfect  flowers,  the  upper  usually  fertile.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  2  or  sometimes  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the  achene,  its 
branches  sometimes  2-3-parted.  Achene  ovoid  or  globose,  smooth  or  longitudinally  striate. 
Tubercle  none.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  branched  inflorescence  of  some  species.] 

About  30  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another  oc- 
curs in  the  southern  United  States  and  one  in  California. 

i.    Cladium    mariscoides    (Muhl.)    Torr. 
Twig-rush.     (Fig.  66 1.) 

Schoenus  mariscoides  Muhl.  Gram.  4.      1817. 

Cladium  mariscoides  TOTT.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  372.     1836. 

Culm  slender,  erect,  rather  stiff,  obscurely  3-angled, 
smooth,  ij^°-3°  tall.  Leavesabout  \"  wide,  concave, 
with  a  long  compressed  tip,  nearly  smooth;  umbels 
2  or  3,  compound,  the  I  or  2  axillary,  slender  stalked; 
spikelets  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  acute,  2j^//f 
long,  capitate  in  3's-io's  on  the  raylets;  scales  chest- 
nut-brown, ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  the  mid- 
vein  slightly  excurrent;  upper  scale  subtending  a 
perfect  flower  with  2  stamens  and  a  filiform  3-cleft 
style,  the  next  lower  one  with  2  stamens  and  an  ab- 
ortive ovary;  achene  ovoid,  acute,  finely  longitudi- 
nally striate,  about  \ff  long. 

In  marshes,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Iowa.  July-Sept. 

16.    SCLERIA  Berg,  Kongl.  Acad.  Sv.  Handl.  26:  142.  pi.  4,5.       1765. 

Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial  by  rootstocks,  the  spikelets  small,  clustered  in  terminal, 
or  terminal  and  axillary  fascicles,  or  sometimes  interruptedly  spicate.  Flowers  monoecious, 
the  staminate  and  pistillate  spikelets  separated  or  borne  in  the  same  clusters.  Fertile  spike- 
lets  i-flowered.  Staminate  spikelets  many-flowered.  Scales  imbricated  all  around,  the 
1-3  lower  and  sometimes  also  the  upper  ones  of  the  fertile  spikelets  empty.  Perianth  none. 
Style  3-cleft,  slender  or  sometimes  swollen  at  the  base,  deciduous.  Ovary  supported  on  a 
disk  (hypogynium),  or  this  wanting.  Stamens  1-3.  Achene  globose  or  ovoid,  obtuse,  crus- 
taceous  or  bony,  white  in  our  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  hard  fruit.] 

About  100  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.     Besides  the  following,  some  4 
others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 
Spikelets  in  terminal,  or  terminal  and  lateral  clusters;  achene  supported  on  a  hypogynium. 

Achene  smooth. 


Hypogynium  supporting  8  or  9  small  tubercles  under  the  achene. 

Hypogynium  covered  with  a  rough  white  crust. 
Achene  reticulated  or  irregularly  rugose. 

Culms  erect  or  ascending;  achene  reticulated;  leaves  i"-ilA"  wide. 

Culms  spreading;  achene  irregularly  rugose;  leaves  2" -4"  wide. 
Achene  papillose. 
Spikelets  interruptedly  glomerate-spicate;  no  hypogynium. 


1.  S.  oligantha. 

2.  S1.  triglomerata. 

3.  5".  reticularis. 

4.  S.  Torreyana. 

5.  S.  pauciflora. 

6.  .S.  verticillata. 


i.  Scleria  oligantha  Michx.     Few-flowered 
Nut-rush.     (Fig.  662.) 

Scleria  oligantha  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  167.     1803. 

Rootstocks  thick,  hard,  clustered.  Culms  slender, 
erect,  sharply  3-angled,  nearly  smooth,  i^°-2^° 
tall,  the  angles  somewhat  winged.  Leaves  smooth  or 
slightly  rough  at  the  apex,  2//~3//  wide,  the  lower 
short,  acute,  the  upper  elongated;  clusters  terminal, 
usually  also  i  or  2  axillary,  and  filiform-stalked; 
bracts  slightly  ciliate  or  glabrous;  achene  ovoid,  ob- 
tuse but  sometimes  pointed,  bright  white,  smooth, 
shining;  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely  triangular 
border  supporting  8  or  9  small  tubercles  under  the 
achene. 

In  moist  soil,  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas,  near  the 
coast.  June-Aug. 


282 


CYPERACEAE. 


2.    Scleria  triglomerata  Michx.     Tall  Nut-rush.     (Fig.  663.) 

Scleria  triglomerata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  168.  1803. 
Rootstocks  hard,  short,  clustered,  culms  3- 
angled,  slender  or  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending, 
rough  or  nearly  smooth  on  the  angles,  i^°-3°  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  smooth  or  slightly  rough-margined, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  iJ^//-2^//  wide,  the  lower 
short,  acute,  the  upper  tapering  to  a  long  tip,  rarely 
exceeding  the  culm;  flower-clusters  terminal,  and 
usually  also  i  or  2  smaller  ones  from  the  axils; 
bracts  glabrous  or  slightly  ciliate;  achene  ovoid  or 
ovoid  globose,  obtuse  but  somewhat  pointed,  bony, 
obscurely  3-angled,  smooth,  bright  white,  shining, 
about  \"  high,  supported  on  a  low  obtusely  trian- 
gular, papillose-crustaceous  hypogynium. 

In  meadows  and  thickets,  Vermont  to  Wisconsin, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.    July-Sept. 

Scleria  triglomerata  minor  Britton. 
Scleria  triglomerata  var.  gracilis  Britton,  Ann.  N.  Y. 
Acad.  Sci.  3:  230.     1885.     Not  5.  gracilis  Ell.      1824. 
Culms  very  slender,   i°-2°  long;  flower  clusters  smaller;  achene  ovoid,  subacute,  one-half  as 
large  as  that  of  the  type.     Southern  New  Jersey. 

3.    Scleria  reticularis  Michx.     Reticulated 
Nut-rush.      (Fig.  664.) 

Scleria  reticularis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  167.     1803. 

Rootstocks  small,  culms  very  slender,  erect,  3- 
angled,  i°-2^°  tall.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  smooth, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  i//-iX//  wide,  not  overtopping 
the  culm;  spikelets  in  a  terminal  cluster  and  1-3  re- 
mote short-stalked  axillary  rather  loose  ones;  bracts 
glabrous;  achene  globose,  crustaceous,  dull  white 
when  mature,  reticulated  by  longitudinal  and  trans- 
verse ridges,  l/zff  in  diameter,  glabrous;  hypogynium 
3-lobed,  its  lobes  appressed  to  the  base  of  the  achene. 

In  moist  meadows,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  Florida, 
west  to  Missouri.  Also  in  Cuba.  July-Sept. 

Scleria  reticularis  pubescens  Britton,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 

3:  232.     1885. 

Reticulations  on  the  achene  pubescent;  lateral  clusters 
usually  longer  stalked.  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Cuba. 

Scleria  reticularis  obscura  Britton,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  3:  232.     1885. 
Reticulations  very  obscure,  the  top  of  the  achene  almost  smooth.    Rhode  Island  to  North  Carolina. 

4.    Scleria  Torreyana  Walp.     Torrey's  Nut-rush.     (Fig.  665.) 

Scleria  Torreyana  Walp.  Ann.  3:  696.     1852-53. 

Scleria  laxa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  376.     1836.     Not 

R.  Br.      1810. 

Culms  weak  but  rather  thick,  spreading  or  dif- 
fuse, 3-angled,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  i°-2}4°  long. 
Leaves  linear,  nearly  flat,  smooth,  glabrous,  i>^//-4// 
wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm;  spikelets  in  a  loose 
terminal  cluster,  and  1-3  filiform -stalked  smaller  ax- 
illary ones;  bracts  glabrous;  achene  globose,  some- 
what pointed,  nearly  \"  in  diameter,  irregularly  ru- 
gose with  low  ridges  somewhat  spirally  arranged,  the 
ridges  usually  pubescent,  and  connected  by  shorter 
longitudinal  ones,  the  surface  thus  indistinctly  reticu- 
lated; hypogynium  3-lobed,  the  lobes  appressed  to 
the  base  of  the  achene. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  Texas 
and  Mexico.  Also  in  Cuba.  Forms  of  this  species  with 
obscurely  reticulate  achenes  and  narrow  leaves  are  with 
difficulty  separated  from  the  preceding.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  283 

5.    Scleria  pauciflora  Muhl.     Papillose  Nut-rush.     (Fig.  666. ) 

Scleria  pauciflora  Muhl. ;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  318.     1805. 

Rootstocks  thick,  hard,  clustered,  culms  slender, 
rather  stiff,  erect,  usually  tufted,  glabrous  or 
sparingly  pubescent,  3-angled,  9/-2°  tall.  Leaves 
very  narrowly  linear,  erect,  less  than  \"  wide,  the 
lower  short,  the  upper  elongated  and  often  over- 
topping the  culm,  their  sheaths  often  densely  pu- 
berulent;  spikelets  in  a  small  terminal  cluster  and 
sometimes  also  in  i  or  2  axillarj*  short-stalked 
ones;  bracts  ciliate  or  glabrous;  achene  oblong  or 
globular,  %"  in  diameter  or  rather  more,  crusta- 
ceous,  papillose,  the  lower  papillae  elongated  and 
reflexed;  hypogynium  a  narrow  obtusely  triangu- 
lar border  supporting  6  very  small  tubercles  some- 
what approximate  in  pairs. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Hampshire  to  Ohio  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in  Cuba.  June-Sept. 


6.    Scleria  verticillata  Muhl.     L,ow  Nut-rush.     (Fig.  667.) 

Scleria  verticillata   Muhl. ;   Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4.  317- 
1805. 

Hypoporum  verticillatum  Nees,  Linnaea,  9:   303. 
1835- 

Annual  (?)  roots  fibrous,  culms  very  slender 
or  filiform,  3-angled,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  erect, 
4/-2°  tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  %"- 
}/}."  wide,  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
lower  very  short;  sheaths  sometimes  pubescent; 
spikelets  in  several  separated  clusters,  the  in- 
florescence simple  or  sparingly  branched; 
bracts  bristle-like;  scales  glabrous;  achene  glo- 
bose, y?.ff  in  diameter,  crustaceous,  usually 
tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style,  marked  by 
sharp  distinct  transverse  ridges,  or  somewhat 
reticulated  by  additional  longitudinal  ridges ; 
hypogynium  none. 

In  moist  meadows,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  On- 
tario and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida,  Texas  and 
Mexico,  and  in  the  West  Indies.  Plant,  especially 
the  roots,  fragrant  in  drying.  July-Sept. 


17.    ELYNA  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ,  i:  155.       1806. 

Low  tufted  arctic  and  mountain  sedges,  with  erect  slender  mostly  leafless  culms,  the 
narrowly  linear  leaves  clustered  at  the  base,  and  small  2-flowered  spikelets  in  a  narrow  ter- 
minal cylindric  spike.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  3  or  4,  distinct,  usually  only  one  of  them 
flower-bearing;  the  staminate  flower  of  3  stamens,  the  pistillate  of  a  single  pistil.  Bristles 
or  perianth  wanting.  Style  slender,  3-cleft,  not  jointed  to  the  oblong  ovary.  Achene 
obtusely  3-angled,  sessile.  [Greek,  signifying  covering,  perhaps  in  allusion  to  the  overlap- 
ping scales.] 

Four  or  five  species,  the  following  occurring  in  the  arctic  and  alpine  regions  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  the  others  in  the  mountains  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


284  CYPERACEAE. 

i.    Elyna  Bellardi  (All.)  C.  Koch.     Arctic  Elyna.     (Fig.  668.) 


Carex  Bellardi  All.  Fl.  Fed.  2:  264.    pi.  92.  f.  2.     1785. 
Kobresia  scirpina  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  205.      1805. 
Elyna  spicata  Schrad.  Fl.  Germ,  i:  155.      1806. 
Elyna  Bellardi  C.  Koch,  lyinnaea,  21:  616.      1848. 

Densely  tufted,  culms  very  slender,  4/-i8/  tall, 
longer  than  the  very  narrow  leaves.  Old  sheaths 
fibrillose,  brown;  margins  of  the  leaves  more  or 
less  revolute;  spike  subtended  by  a  short  bract,  or 
bractless,  densely  flowered  or  sometimes  inter- 
rupted below,  8"- 1 5"  long,  i^//-2//  in  diam- 
eter; achenes  rather  less  than  t/x  long,  l/tff  thick, 
appressed. 


In  arctic  America  from  Greenland  to  Bering  Sea, 
south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


18.    KOBRESIA  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  205.       1805. 

Slender  arctic  and  mountain  sedges,  with  erect  culms  leafy  below,  and  few-several- 
flowered  spikelets  clustered  in  a  terminal  spike.  Scales  of  the  spikelets  i-flowered,  the 
lower  usually  pistillate,  and  the  upper  staminate.  Stamens  3.  Perianth-bristles  or  peri- 
gynium  wanting.  Ovary  oblong,  narrowed  into  a  short  style;  stigmas  3,  linear.  Achene 
obtusely  3-angled,  sessile.  [Name  in  honor  of  Von  Kobres,  a  naturalist  of  Augsburg.] 

Three  or  four  species,  the  following  widely  distributed  in  arctic  and  mountainous  regions, 
the  others  Himalayan. 


i.    Kobresia  bipartita  (All.)  Britton. 
Arctic  Kobresia.      (Fig.  669.) 

Carex  bipartita  All.  Fl.  Fed.  2:  265.  pi.  89.  f.  5.      1785. 
Kobresia  caricina  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  206.     1805. 

Kobresia  bipartita  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  101. 
1894. 

Culms  solitary  or  tufted,  smooth  or  very  nearly 
so,  4/-i2/  tall.  Leaves  about  yzff  wide,  infolded  at 
least  in  drying,  usually  shorter  than  the  culm,  the 
old  sheaths  becoming  fibrillose;  spike  i/  long  or 
less,  composed  of  several  or  numerous  linear  ap- 
pressed or  ascending  spikelets;  scales  somewhat 
serrulate  on  the  keel,  rather  more  than  }/2'f  long; 
mature  achenes  slightly  longer  than  the  scales. 

Greenland  to  the  Canadian  Rocky  Mountains.  Also 
in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


19.  UNCINIA  Pers.  Syn.  2:  534.       1807. 

Culms  erect,  leafy,  or  the  leaves  all  basal.  Spike  simple,  erect,  terminal,  the  scales  im- 
bricated, i-flowered,  the  lower  pistillate,  the  upper  staminate.  Scales  ovate  or  oblong,  con- 
cave, not  keeled,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute.  Stamens  3,  rarely  I  or  2.  Pistil  enclosed  in  a 
utricle  (perigynium),  borne  at  the  base  of  a  slender  axis,  which  is  usually  exserted  beyond 
the  orifice  of  the  perigynium,  at  least  in  fruit,  and  sometimes  hooked.  Stigmas  mostly  3. 
Achene  3-angled.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  hooked  projecting  axis  of  the  southern  species.] 

About  30  species,  all  but  the  following  natives  of  the  southern  hemisphere.  Our  species  dif- 
fers from  Carex  only  in  the  elongation  of  the  subulate  axis  within  the  perigynium;  those  of  the 
southern  hemisphere  are  very  different  in  habit. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


i.    Uncinia  microglochin  (Wahl.)  Spreng.     Northern  Uncinia. 


285 
670.) 


Carex  microglochin  Wahl.  Kongl.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 

24:  140.      1803. 

Care.v  oligantha  Boott,  111.  174.    pi.  580.      1867. 
Uncinia  microglochin  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  830.      1826. 

Perennial  by  short  stolons,  culms  very  slender, 
weak,  4/-i2/  long.  Leaves  }&ff-iff  wide,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  4//-8//  long,  usually 
pistillate  for  more  than  one-half  its  length;  scales 
oblong-lanceolate,  i-nerved,  deciduous;  perigynia 
very  narrowly  lanceolate,  3" -4."  long,  less  than 
yi"  thick,  strongly  reflexed  in  fruit;  achene  ob- 
long, obtusely  3-angled,  much  shorter  than  the 
perigynium;  axis  of  the  pistillate  flower  bristle- 
like,  long-exserted  beyond  the  orifice  of  the  peri- 
gynium. 

Greenland  to  James  Bay  and  British  Columbia.  Also 
in  the  arctic  and  mountainous  parts  of  Europe  and 
Asia  and  at  the  Strait  of  Magellan.  Plant  with  the 
aspect  of  Carex  pauciflora.  Summer. 

20.    CAREX  1^.  Sp.  PI.  972.      1753. 

Grass-like  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Culms  mostly  3-angled.  Leaves  3-ranked, 
the  upper  elongated  or  very  short  (bracts)  and  subtending  the  spikes  of  flowers,  or  wanting. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  (scales).  Spikes  either  wholly 
pistillate,  wholly  staminate,  or  bearing  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  (androgynous). 
Perianth  none  Stamiuate  flowers  of  3  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform.  Pistillate  flowers 
of  a  single  pistil  with  a  style  and  2  or  3  stigmas,  borne  on  a  very  short  axis  in  the  axil  of  a 
sac -like  bractlet  or  second  bract  called  the  perigynium  (utricle),  which  completely  encloses 
the  achene.  Achene  3-angled,  lenticular  or  plano-convex. 

A  vast  genus,  of  more  than  1000  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  the  temperate 
zones.  Besides  the  following  about  an  equal  number  occur  in  the  western  and  southern  parts  of 
North  America.  Specimens  can  only  be  satisfactorily  determined  when  nearly  or  quite  mature. 
The  genus  is  divided  into  the  two  subgenera,  EUCAREX  (nos.  1-142)  and  VIGNEA  (nos.  143-205). 

I.  Staminate  flowers  numerous,  in  one  or  more  terminal  spikes,  which  are  sometimes  pistillate  at 
the  base  or  summit ;  or  the  spike  solitary  and  the  staminate  flowers  uppermost  or  basal,  rarely  dioe- 
cious;  stigmas  mostly  3  and  the  achene  3-angled  or  swollen  (stigmas  2  and  the  achene  lenticular 
or  compressed  in  nos.  12-16 ;  49-59 ;  67-72);  pistillate  spikes  stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  commonly 
stalked.  Nos.  1-142.  EUCAREX. 

A.    PERIGYNIA  MOSTLY  LONG-BEAKED,  i^"-io"  LONG,  OFTEN  INFLATED,  THE  BEAK  USUALLY 

AS  LONG   AS   THE   BODY   OR   LONGER  (SHORT-BEAKED  IN  NOS.   II-l6,  34  AND  35);   PISTILLATE  SPIKES 
MOSTLY  LARGE  (SMALL  IN  NOS.   I,   13  AND  14),  GLOBOSE,  OVOID,  OBLONG  OR  CYLINDRIC.      NOS.  1-35. 

(a)     Perigynia  membranous  or  papery.     Nos.  1-31. 

1.  Spike  solitary,  few-flowered,  staminate  above;  perigynia  strongly  reflexed,  subulate.     PAUCI- 

FLORAE.  i.   C.  pauciflora. 

2.  Spikes  normally  several,  the  staminate  uppermost;  if  solitary,  staminate  at  the  base.     (See  no. 

30.)     Nos.  2-31. 

*  Perigynia  ovoid,  conic  with  a  narrowed  base,  or  subulate,  tapering  into  the  beak.    Nos.  2-28. 
t  Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  slender,  short  or  none;  not  stiff  nor  awned.     Nos.  2-24. 
i  Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  lanceolate  or  subulate.     Nos.  2-10.     LUPULINAE. 

Pistillate  spikes  ovoid  or  globose,  few-many-flowered. 
Perigynia  subulate,  reflexed  when  mature. 
Perigynia  conic  or  ovoid,  not  reflexed. 

Plants  yellow  or  yellowish;  perigynia  little  inflated. 
Leaves  i"-2"  wide;  staminate  spikes  sessile. 
Leaves  2" -6"  wide;  staminate  spike  mostly  stalked. 
Plants  green;  perigynia  much  inflated;  staminate  spike  stalked. 
Leaves  2" '-3"  wide;  heads  loosely  flowered. 
Leaves  3" -5"  wide;  heads  globose,  dense. 
Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered. 
Pistillate  spikes  oblong;  achene  longer  than  thick. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved,  shining;  leaves  i"-2"  wide. 


2.  C.  Collinsii. 


3.  C.  abacta. 

4.  C.  folliculata. 

5.  C.  intumescens. 

6.  C.  Asa-Grayi. 


C.  Louisianica. 
C.  lupulina. 


Perigynia  many-nerved,  dull;  leaves  2" -5    wide. 
Pistillate  spikes  cylindric;  achene  not  longer  than  thick. 

Perigynia  yellowish,  tapering  into  a  beak  twice  as  long  as  the  body.        9.  C.  lupuliformis. 
Perigynia  greenish-brown,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  beak  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  body. 

10.  C.  grandis. 


286  CYPERACEAE. 

Jt  Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  short  or  almost  wanting  (long  in  no.  17)  nos.  11-24.    VESICARIAE. 

Spikes  small,  i'  long  or  less,  oblong  or  subglobose;  stigmas  often  2. 
Spikes  green  or  greenish  yellow. 

Leaves  involute ;  perigynia  ovoid ;  pistillate  spikes  few-several-flowered.  11.  C.  oligosperma. 
Leaves  flat;  perigynia  oblong-elliptic;  pistillate  spikes  many-flowered.    12.  C.  Raeana. 
Spikes  dark  brown  or  purple ;  arctic  species, 
leaves  flat. 

Perigynia  little  inflated,  papery. 

Beak  of  perigynium  nearly  or  quite  entire.  13.  C.  miliaris. 

Beak  of  perigynium  sharply  and  minutely  2-toothed.  14.  C.  saxatilis. 

Perigynia  much  inflated,  very  fragile.  15.   C.  membranopacta. 

Leaves  involute  when  dry.  16.  C.  ambusta. 

Spikes  large,  i'-6'  long,  cylindric  or  oblong-cylindric;  stigmas  3. 

Scales  acute,  acuminate  or  smooth-awned,  or  the  lower  slightly  roughened. 
Perigynia  ascending  or  spreading,  not  reflexed. 

Spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  i'-6'  long,  3" -4"  thick. 

Leaves  2" -6"  wide;  culm  stout.  17.  C.  utriculata. 

Leaves  i"-2%"  wide;  culm  slender.  18.  C.  monile. 

Spikes  cylindric  or  oblong  cylindric,  i'-a'  long,  6"  thick. 

Scales  smooth-awned.  19.  C.  Tuckermani. 

Scales  acute,  acuminate  or  the  upper  obtuse.  20.  C.  bullata. 

Perigynia,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  reflexed  when  mature. 

Spikes  all  clustered  at  the  summit  or  the  lower  i  or  2  separated;  perigynia  all  reflexed 
,     when  old.  21.  C.  retrorsa. 

Spikes  scattered;  only  the  lower  perigynia  reflexed.  22.  C.  Hartii. 

Scales  tapering  into  rough  awns,  or  subulate  and  scabrous. 

Spikes  cylindric,  about  6"  thick;  perigynia  tapering  into  the  beak.         23.   C.  lurida. 
Spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  3" -4"  thick;  perigynia  abruptly  narrowed  into  the  beak. 

24.  C.  Bailey  i. 

ft  Teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  stiff;  setaceous  or  awned.     Nos.  25-28.     PSEUDOCYPERAE. 

Spikes  all  erect  or  ascending.  25.  C.  Schweinitzii. 

Spikes,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  slender-stalked  and  drooping. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  ^'-2' long;  perigynia  ascending.       26.   C.  hystricina. 
Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  i'-2IA'  long;  perigynia  reflexed. 

Teeth  of  the  beak  erect  or  little  spreading.  27.  C.  Pseudo-cyperus. 

Teeth  of  the  beak  recurved-spreading.  28.   C.  comosa. 

**  Perigynia  obovoid,  very  abruptly  contracted  into  the  beak;  spikes  exceedingly  dense.     Nos.   29- 

31.    SQUARROSAE. 

Scales  linear-subulate,  longer  than  the  perigynia.  29.  C.  Frankii. 

Scales  lanceolate,  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

Spikes  1-3,  subglobose  or  oval,  staminate  below;  achene  linear-oblong.       30.  C.  squarrosa. 

Spikes  2-6,  oblong-cylindric,  usually  staminate  at  both  ends;  achene  ovoid.  31.  C.  typhinoides. 

(b)  Perigynia  firm,  hard  or  leathery.     Nos.  32-35.     PALUDOSAE. 

Leaves  bright  green,  not  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  slender,  conspicuous. 

Scales  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  leaves  glabrous.  32.  C.  trichocarpa. 

Scales  ovate-lanceolate,  rough-awned;  leaves  often  pubescent.  33.  C.  aristata. 

Leaves  pale  green,  glaucous;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  short. 

Pistillate  spikes  about  4"  thick;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  manifest.      34.   C.  riparia. 

Pistillate  spikes  about  2"  thick;  teeth  of  the  perigynium-beak  minute.        35.  C.  acutiformis. 

B.     PERIGYNIA  SHORT-BEAKED  OR  BEAKLESS,  LITTLE  OR  NOT  AT  ALL  INFLATED,    y2"-2lA" 

LONG,  THE  BEAK  COMMONLY  NOT  MORE  THAN  ONE-HALF  AS  LONG  AS  THE  BODY  ( LONG-BEAKED 
IN  NOS.  43,  82,  83,  96);  SPIKES  SMALL,  AND  OBLONG  OR  GLOBOSE;  OR  ELONGATED,  LINEAR  OR 
NARROWLY  CYLINDRIC.  NOS.  36-142. 

(a)  Spikes  2  or  more,  the  staminate  one  always  uppermost,  sometimes  partly  pistillate.     (No.  140 
may  be  looked  for  here).     Nos.  36-132. 

1.  Pistillate  spike  or  spikes  many-flowered,  mostly  i'  long  or  more  (or  shorter  in  nos.  44,  48,  53-55, 
61,  63-65,  73,  75,  76,  85,  89-92),  linear,  narrowly  cylindric  or  oblong.     Nos.  36-92. 

*   Perigynia  with  a  straight  short  beak  (long-beaked  in  no.  43  ;  nearly  beakless  in  no.  36),  firm  or  leathery 
in  texture  ;  pistillate  spikes  erect  (or  nodding  in  no.  37);  stigmas  3.     Nos.  36-43. 

Uppermost  spike  staminate  from  the  base  to  about  the  middle.    SHORTIANAE.   36.  C.  Shortiana. 
Upper  one  or  more  spikes  entirely  staminate,  or  occasionally  pistillate  at  the  base. 

Perigynia  papillose;  beak  very  short,  nearly  or  quite  entire.     ANOMALAE.    37.  C.  scabrata. 
Perigynia  pubescent  (sometimes  glabrous  in  no.  39),  the  beak  sharply  2-tO3thed.     HIRTAE. 
Staminate  spike  or  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so.  38.   C.  vestita. 

Staminate  spike  or  spikes  distinctly  stalked. 
Leaves  glabrous;  native  species. 

Leaves  flat  or  their  margins  slightly  revolute. 

Scales  only  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  southern  coast  species. 

39.  C.  Walteriana. 
Scales  equalling  or  but  slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  northern  species. 

Leaves  2"-$%"  wide;  perigynia  \Vz"  thick,  the  nerves  prominent, 

40.  C.  Houghtonii, 
Leaves  i"-a"  wide;  perigynia  i"  thick,  the  nerves  obscured  by  the  dense 

pubescence.  41.   C.  lanuginosa. 

Leaves  strongly  involute,  i"  wide  or  less.  42.   C.  filiformis. 

Leaves  or  their  sheaths  pubescent;  introduced  species;  beak  long.  43.   C.  hirta. 


SEDGE   FAMILY.  287 

=**  Perigynia   beakless  or  very  short-beaked  (see  no.  36),  and  with  orifices  nearly  or  quite  entire,  thin 

in  texture,  not  inflated,  closely  investing  the  achene;  pistillate  spikes  erect  or 

drooping,  often  brown  or  purple  ;  stigmas  often  2.      Nos.  44-72. 

t  Pistillate  spikes  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  (drooping  when  mature  in  no.  45).     Nos.  44-58. 

Terminal  spike  staminate  below,  pistillate  above  (rarely  all  staminate   in   no.  47);    stigmas  3. 

ATRATAE. 

.Scales  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia;  arctic  and  alpine  species. 
Orifice  of  the  perigynium  minutely  2-toothed;  scales  obtuse  or  acutish. 

Pistillate  spikes  2"-s"  long,  erect.  44.  C.  alpina. 

Pistillate  spikes  4"-i2"  long,  drooping  when  old.  45.  C.  atratiformis. 

Orifice  of  the  perigynium  entire;  scales  acute  or  awned. 

Perigynium  ovate,  the  style  usually  protruding.  46.   C.  stvlosa. 

Perigynium  obovate,  the  style  not  protruding.  47.  C.  Parryana. 

Scales  manifestly  longer  than  the  perigynia;  bog  species.  48.  C.  fusca. 

'Terminal   spike   staminate  throughout  (occasionally  pistillate  at   the  top  in  no.  53);   stigmas   2, 

rarely  3  in  No.  55.     RIGIDAK. 

Lower  sheaths  becoming  very  fibrillose;  tufted  bog  species.  49.  C.  stricta. 

Lower  sheaths  not  at  all  fibrillose,  or  slightly  so. 

Scales  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia  (or  longer  in  no.  50). 
Culms  i°-2lA°  tall;  scales  acute  or  acuminate. 

Pistillate  spikes  linear-cylindric.  50.  C.  Haydeni. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric.  51.  C.Nebraskensis. 

Culms  8' -4°  tall;  scales  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute. 
.Scales  green. 

Leaves  2" -3"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  2" -3"  thick;  perigynia  nerveless. 

52.  C.  aquatilis. 
Leaves  i"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  i"-2"  thick;  perigynia  faintly  few-nerved. 

53.  C.  lenticularis. 
Scales  purple  or  brown. 

Scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  marsh  and  meadow  species. 

54.  C.  Goodenovii. 
Scales  equalling  or  longer  than  the  perigynia;  arctic  and  alpine  species. 

55.  C.  Bigeloi'ii. 
Culms  only  I'-f  tall;  arctic  species.                                                         56.  C.  subspathacea. 

Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  perigynia;  northern  salt  marsh  species. 

Basal  leaves  i "  wide  or  less;  scales  little  longer  than  the  perigynia.    57.   C.  salina. 
Basal  leaves  i"~3"  wide;  scales  much  longer  than  the  perigynia.     58.  C.  cuspidata. 

1 1  Pistillate  spikes  drooping,  mostly  on  slender  or  filiform  stalks  (erect  in  nos.  66  and  71 . )  Nos.  59-72 

•Culms  slender;  pistillate  spikes  %' -2%'  long;  stigmas  3  (2  in  no.  59). 

Pistillate  spikes  linear;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     PRASINAE. 

Perigynia  twisted  toward  the  top;  scales  purple-brown.  59.  C.  lorta. 

Perigynia  straight;  scales  green.  60.  C.  prasina. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong,  globose  or  cylindric;  scales  equalling  the  perigynia  or  longer. 

Bracts  manifestly  sheathing;  arctic  species.     FERRUGINEAE.  61.   C.  misandra. 

Bracts  sheathless;  scales  mostly  dark.     PENDULINAE. 

Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric;  southern  coast  species.  62.   C.  littoralis. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong  or  globose;  northern  species. 
Scales  not  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Pistillate  spikes  3" -6"  long,  few-flowered;  scales  obtuse.    63.   C.  rariflora. 
Pistillate  spikes  5"-io"  long,  several-flowered;  scales  acute. 

64.   C.  limosa. 
Scales  distinctly  longer  than  the  perigynia. 

Perigynia  oval  or  suborbicular.  65.   C.  Magellanica. 

Perigynia  elliptic-lanceolate.  66.   C.  podocarpa. 

•Culms  tall,  usually  stout;  pistillate  spikes  i'~4'  long;  scales  1-8  times  as  long  as  the  perigynia; 

stigmas  2  (or  3  in  nos.  70  and  71 ).     CRYPTOCARPAE. 
Perigynia  smooth. 

Scales  purple-brown;  arctic  species.  67.   C.  cryptocarpa. 

Scales  green;  plants  not  arctic. 

Perigynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved,  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Perigynia  nearly  orbicular,  biconvex.  68.   C.  maritima. 

Perigynia  obovoid,  obtuse.  69.  C.  crinita. 

Perigynia  oblong  or  elliptic,  acute.  70.  C.  gynandra. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved,  about  equalling  the  scales.          71.  C.  macrokolea. 
Perigynia  granular  or  papillose.  72.   C.  glauca. 

**#  Perigynia  tapering  to  a  distinct  beak  (nearly  or  quite  beakless  in  nos    73-77),  membranous  in 

texture  (firm  in  no.  88),  inflated  or  loosely  investing  the  achene;  pistillate  spikes 

mostly  drooping,  often  narrowly  linear.      Nos.  73-92. 

t  Terminal  spike  staminate  below,  pistillate  above;  beak  of  the  perigynium  short  or  none.     Nos. 

73-81- 
J  Spikes  all  erect  or  nearly  so.     VIRESCENTES. 

Perigynium  densely  pubescent. 

Pistillate  spikes  oblong-cylindric,  4"-io"  long;  perigynia  oval  or  ovoid,  few-nerved. 

73.  C.  virescens. 
Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  cylindric,  6"-i8"  long;  perigynia  oblong,  strongly  several-nerved. 

74.  C.  costellata. 
Perigynium  nearly  glabrous,  at  least  when  mature. 

Spikes  2^"-3^     thick;  perigynia  imbricated,  flattened;  top  of  the  achene  not  bent. 

75.  C.  triceps. 
Spikes  2"  thick;  perigynia  not  imbricated,  swollen;  top  of  the  achene  bent,  or  tipped  with  a 

bent  style.  76.   C.  CarOliniana. 

19 


288 


CYPERACEAE. 


|  J  Pistillate  spikes  drooping  or  spreading  (erect  or  little  spreading  in  no.  78).     GRACILLIMAE. 

Perigynia  i"-a"  long,  slightly  swollen;  spikes  linear  or  linear-cylindric. 

Plant  glabrous;  perigynia  obtuse.  77.   C.  gracillima, 
Sheaths  pubescent;  perigynia  pointed  at  both  ends. 

Perigynia  i"  long;  spikes  erect  or  somewhat  spreading.  78.   C.  aestivalis. 

Perigynia  2"  long;  spikes  drooping,  at  least  when  old.  79.  C.  oxylepis. 
Perigynia  2"-2lA"  long,  manifestly  swollen;  spikes  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric. 

Perigynia  faintly  few-nerved;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  short-awned.  80.   C.  formosa. 

Perigynia  strongly  many-nerved;  scales  lanceolate,  long-awned.  81.  C.  Davisii. 

It  Terminal  spike  entirely  staminate,  or  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base.    Nos.  82-92.    ( See  no.  140.  > 

Perigynia  manifestly  beaked,  nerved  or  nerveless;  pistillate  spikes  drooping,  at  least  when  old. 
Beak  of  the  perigynium  cylindric  or  subulate,  1-2  times  as  long  as  the  body.     SYLVATICAE. 
Perigynia  broadly  oval,  smooth,  spreading.  82.   C.  longirostris. 

Perigynia  narrowly  conic,  tuberculate-hispid,  appressed.  83.   C.  Assiniboinensis. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  not  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body. 

Leaves  pubescent.    FLEXILES.  84.  C.  caslanea. 

Leaves  glabrous. 

Pistillate  spikes  narrowly  oblong,  2" -6"  long;  perigynium  i"  long;  arctic  and  alpine 

species.     CAPILLARES.  85.  C.  capillaris. 

Pistillate  spikes  linear,  i'~3'  long;  perigynium  2" -3"  long.     DEBILES. 
Perigynia  membranous,  few-nerved;  pistillate  spikes  slender. 

Leaves  2 %"-$'  wide;  scales  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

86.  C.  arctata. 
Leaves  i"-2%"  wide;  scales  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

87.  C.  tennis. 
Perigynia  coriaceous,  strongly  many-nerved;  pistillate  spikes  thicker. 

88.  C.  oblita. 
Perigynia  beakless  or  minutely  beaked,  finely  many-striate ;  spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.     GRISEAE. 

Leaves  slightly  or  not  at  all  glaucous. 

Perigynia  little  longer  or  shorter  than  the  scales. 

Pistillate  spikes  dense,  usually  many-flowered;  leaves  2" -3"  wide,  spreading,  soft. 

89.  C.  grisea, 
Pistillate  spikes  loosely  several-flowered;  leaves  i"-2"  wide,  mostly  erect  and  rigid. 

90.  C.  amphibola. 
Perigynia  2-3  times  longer  than  the  scales.                                                   91.  C.flaccosperma. 

Plant  very  glaucous  all  over.  92.  C.  glaucodea. 

2.  Pistillate  spikes  small,  few-many-flowered,  mostly  3"-! 2"  long  (sometimes  longer  in  nos.  IO3»- 
104,  116).    Nos.  93-132.     (See  also  nos.  44,  48,  53-55,  61,  63-65,  68,  73,  75,  80,  84,  85  and  89-92.) 

*  Perigynia  glabrous.     Nos.  93-120.      (See  no.  123.) 
t  Pistillate  spikes  many-flowered,  #'-i'  long,  usually  dense.     Nos.  93-99. 

Pistillate  spikes  scattered,  distant,  long-stalked  or  the  2  upper  ones  close  together  and  nearly  ses- 
sile.   GRANULARES. 
Bracts  elongated,  mostly  overtopping  the  spikes;  perigynia  strongly  many-nerved. 

93.   C.  granularis. 

Bracts  short,  rarely  overtopping  the  spikes ;  perigynia  obscurely  few-nerved.  94.   C.  Craicei. 
Pistillate  spikes  close  together  and  nearly  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  or  the  lowest  distant 

and  stalked. 
Beak  of  the  perigynium  stout,  2-toothed;  plants  glabrous.     EXTENSAE. 

Leaves  strongly  involute;  perigynia  brown,  the  beak  shorter  than  the  body. 

95.  C.  extensa. 
Leaves  flat,  i"-2l/4"  wide;  perigynia  yellow  when  mature,  2" -3"  long,  the  beak  about  as 

long  as  the  body.  96.  C.  flava. 

Leaves  flat,  i"  wide  or  less;  perigynia  dark  green,  i"  long,  the  beak  one-half  as  long  as  the 

body.  97-   C.  viridula. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  short,  entire  or  none;  leaves,  or  their  sheaths,  more  or  less  pubescent. 
PALLESCENTES. 

Perigynia  faintly  few-nerved,  beakless.  98.  C.  pallescens. 

Perigynia  strongly  many-nerved,  cylindric-beaked.  99.  C.  abbreviate. 

tt  Pistillate  spikes  few-several-flowered,  often  loose.     Nos.  100-120;  136-138. 
t  Scales  of  the  spike  normal,  not  elongated  and  leaf -like.     Nos.  100-120. 
\  Leaves  i"-i8"  wide;  bracts  leafy,  usually  large.    Nos.  100-119. 
O  Perigynia  green  (yellow  or  purple  in  no.  116).     Nos.  100-117. 

Perigynia  finely  many-striate.    OLIGOCARPAE. 
Sheaths  glabrous. 

Perigynia  narrowed  at  both  ends,  beakless. 
Perigynia  with  a  short  entire  beak. 
Sheaths  pubescent. 
Perigynia  with  few  or  many,  mostly  strong  nerves.     LAXIFLORAE. 
Plants  not  at  all  glaucous,  or  very  slightly  so. 
Beak  of  the  perigynium  straight,  slender. 

Culms  slender,  spreading;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  stalked,  spreading. 

103.  C.  altocaulis. 

Culms  stout,  erect;  pistillate  spikes  i  or  2,  erect.  104.   C.  polymorpha. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  bent,  short  or  none. 
Leaves  mostly  narrow,  i"-6"  wide. 
Scales,  at  least  the  upper,  obtuse. 

Bracts  elongated;  spikes  loosely  flowered;  culms  slender.  105.  C.  tetanica. 
Bracts  short;  spikes  densely  flowered;  culms  stout.  106.  C.  Meadii. 


100.  C.  conoidea. 

101.  C.  oligocarpa. 

102.  C.  Hitchcockiana. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


289 


Scales  acute,  cuspidate,  acuminate,  or  awned. 
Perigynia  obtusely  3-angled. 

Perigynia  obovoid,  i^"-i}4"  long. 
Perigynia  oblong,  narrow,  about  2"  long. 
Perigynia  sharply  3-angled. 

Spikes  drooping  or  spreading;  leaves  i"-2"  wide,  or  wider  in  the  variety. 

109.  C.  digitalis. 
Spikes  erect;  leaves  3" -6"  wide. 
Leaves  broad,  6"-i8"  wide. 

Bracts  leafy,  the  upper  usually  overtopping  the  spikes. 
Bracts  mostly  reduced  to  purple  leafless  sheaths. 
Plants  distinctly  glaucous. 

Pistillate  spikes  drooping  on  hair-like  stalks. 
Pistillate  spikes  erect. 

Basal  leaves  much  longer  than  the  culm. 
Basal  leaves  shorter  than  the  culm  or  equalling  it. 
Leaves  6" -12"  wide. 
Leaves  i"-2"  wide. 

Scales  acute;  perigynia  yellow,  purple  or  mottled. 


107.  C.  laxiflora. 

1 08.  C.  styloflexa. 


no.  C.  Careyana. 

in.  C.  Albursina. 

112.  C.  plantaginea. 

113.  C.  laxiculmis. 

114.  C.  ptychocarpa. 

115.  C.  platyphylla. 


116.  C.  panicea. 
Scales  obtuse,  or  the  lower  acute;  perigynia  pale  green.     117.  C.  livida. 

OO  Perigynia  white,  yellow  or  becoming  brown.     BICOLORES. 

Perigynia  beakless.  118.   C.  aurea. 

Perigynia  with  a  short  cylindric  beak;  arctic  species.  119.  C.  bicolor. 

%  Leaves  and  culms  almost  capillary;  bracts  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths.     DIGITATAE. 

120.  C.  setifolia. 

%  %  Scales  of  the  spikes  leaf-like,  elongated.    PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
Lower  scales  i"  wide  or  less,  not  concealing  the  perigynia. 

Body  of  the  perigynium  oblong;  beak  flattened. 

Body  of  the  perigynium  globose;  beak  subulate. 
Lower  scales  i"-2"  wide,  concealing  the  perigynia. 


136.  C.  Willdenovii. 
:37-  C.  Jamesii. 
138.  C.  durifolia. 


**  Perigynia  more  or  less  pubescent  (becoming  glabrous  in  no.  123)-     Nos.  121-132. 
Culm-leaves  present,  often  short;  bracts  mainly  reduced  to  bladeless  purplish  sheaths.     PEDUX- 

CULATAE. 

Staminate  spike  short-stalked  or  sessile. 

Perigynia  about  twice  as  long  as  the  scales.  121.   C.  concinna. 

Perigynia  not  longer  than  the  scales.  122.  C.  Richardsoni. 

Staminate  spike  long-stalked,  commonly  with  some  pistillate  flowers  at  its  base. 

123.  C.  pedunculata. 
Leaves  all  basal;  bracts  short  or  long,  not  sheathing. 

Neither  the  culm  nor  the  leaves  pubescent;  perigynia  rounded.     MONTANAE. 

Plant  not  stoloniferous.  124.  C.  pedicellata. 

Plants  stoloniferous,  the  stolons  sometimes  short. 
Culms,  or  some  of  them,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Scales  smooth  or  very  nearly  so. 

Staminate  spike  conspicuous,  3"-q"  long. 
Staminate  spike  stout,  ^"-i1/^"  thick. 

Plant  dark  green;  Staminate  spike  very  prominent;  perigynia  broadly 
oval.  125.   C.  Pennsyli>anica. 

Plant  light  green;  Staminate  spike  shorter;  perigynia -oblong. 

126.  C.  varia. 

Staminate  spike  very  slender,  not  over  %"  thick.     127.   C.  Novae- Angliae. 
Staminate  spike  inconspicuous,  rarely  over  2"  long  (longer  in  the  variety. ) 

128.  C.  deflexa. 

Scales,  at  least  the  lower,  rough-awned.  129.  C.  praecox. 

Culms,  or  most  of  them,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Scales  light  green  with  purple  margins;  perigynia  oblong.  130.  C.  nigromarginaia. 
Scales  green  with  lighter  scarious  margins;  perigynia  oval.      131.  C.  umbellata. 
Plant  pubescent  all  over;  perigynia  sharply  3-angled.    TRIQUETRAE.  132.  C.  pubescens. 

(b)  Spike  solitary  (except  in  no.  140),  sometimes  dioecious.     Nos.  133-142. 

saves  i'-a'  wide,  thick,  spreading.     PHYSOCEPHALAE.  133.  C.  Fraseri. 

eaves  ^"-3"  wide. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  spikes  on  different  culms.     SCIRPINAE. 

Leaves  longer  than  the  culm;  perigynia  obovoid;  southern  species.     134.  C.  picta. 
Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm;  perigynia  oval;  northern  species.  135.  C.  scirpoidea. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  spike. 

Scales  of  the  spike  leaf-like,  elongated.     PHYLLOSTACHYAE. 
Lower  scales  i"  wide  or  less,  not  enclosing  the  perigynia. 

Body  of  the  perigynium  oblong,  its  beak  flattened.  136.  C.  Willdenovii. 

Body  of  the  perigynium  globose,  its  beak  subulate.  137.  C.  Jamesii. 

Lower  scales  i"-2lA"  wide,  enclosing  the  perigynia.  138.  C.  durifolia. 

Scales  of  the  spike  short,  normal. 

Leaves  ^    -i"  wide;  arctic  and  western  species.     RUPESTRES. 

Spike  solitary,  androgynous;  perigymum-beak  stout,  long.      139.  C.  rupestris. 
Spikes  2-4,  the  Staminate  uppermost;  perigynium-beak  short.  140.  C.  supina. 
Leaves  }<"  wide  or  less. 

Perigynia  obtuse,  beakless;  swamp  species.     LEPTOCEPHALAE. 

141.  C.  leptalea. 
Perigynia  obovoid-oval,  beaked;  prairie  species.     FILIFOLIAE. 

142.  C.  filifolia. 


290  CYPERACEAE. 

II.  Staminate  flowers  few,  at  the  summits  or  bases  of  the  always  sessile  spikes,  or  sometimes 
forming  whole  spikes,  or  variously  intermixed  with  the  pistillate ;  stigmas  always  2 ;  achene  lenti- 
cular, compressed,  ellipsoid  or  plano-convex.  Nos.  143-205.  VIGNEA. 

1.  STAMINATE  FLOWERS  AT  THE  SUMMITS  OF  THE  SPIKES.    Nos.  143-173. 
(a)  Spike  solitary,  terminal,  mostly  brown,  plants  often  dioecious.     Nos.  143-146.     DIOICAE. 

Perigynia  nerveless,  or  faintly  few-nerved. 

Perigynia  with  a  short  nearly  entire  beak.  143.  C.  capitata. 

Perigynia  beakless,  the  orifice  2-toothed.  144.   C.  nardina. 
Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  very  short.  145.   C.  Redpwskyana. 

Beak  slender,  rough,  about  half  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  perigynium.  146.   C.  exilis. 

(b)  Spikes  several  or  many,  clustered,  separated  or  sometimes  panicled.    Nos.  147-151. 
*  Spikes  densely  aggr.  gated  into  a  globose  or  ovoid  head,  often  appearing  like  a  solitary  terminal  spike. 

Scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  not  awned.     FOETIDAE. 

Perigynia  strongly  many-nerved.  147.   C.  chordorhiza. 

Perigynia  faintly  several-nerved. 

Culms  and  leaves  usually  curved;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     148.  C.  incni'va. 
Culms  mostly  straight,  erect;  scales  equalling  the  perigynia.  149.  C.  stenophylla. 

Scales  lanceolate,  awned,  or  long-acuminate.     ARENARIAE. 

Scales  2-4  times  longer  than  the  perigynia;  western  species.  150.  C.  Douglasii. 

Scales  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  introduced  sea-coast  species.  151.   C.  arenaria. 

'•'•'•'•  Clusters  of  spikes  looser,  often  compound    or  the  spikes  distinctly  separated  (more  or  less 
aggregated  in  nos.  170-173).    Nos.  152-173. 

t  Spikes  yellowish  or  brown  at  maturity,  often  in  compound  or  panicled  clusters.     Nos.  152-163. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved,  especially  on  the  outer  face.     Nos.  152-154.     VULPINAE. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  shorter  than  the  body.  152.   C.  co njun eta. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  equalling  or  longer  than  the  body. 

Spikes  crowded  in  an  oblong  cluster;  beak  1-2  lengths  of  the  body.     153.   C.  stipata. 
Spikes  in  a  large  branching  cluster;  beak  3-4  lengths  of  the  body.        154.   C.  Crus-corvi. 
Perigynia  nerveless  or  faintly  nerved.     Nos.  155-163.     MULTIFLORAE. 

Spikes  very  numerous  in  a  branched  decompound  cluster,  small.  155.   C.  decomposita. 

Spikes  several  or  many  in  an  oblong  or  narrow,  simple  or  somewhat  compound  cluster. 
Leaves  i"  wide  or  less. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  shorter  than  the  body;  western  species.    156.   C.  marcida. 
Beak  as  long  as  the  body;  northern  marsh  species.  157.  C.  teretiusciila. 

Leaves  i"-3"  wide. 

Scales  acuminate,  cuspidate  or  awned. 
Perigynia  i^"-2^"  long. 

Perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  the  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body. 

158.  C.  alopecoidea. 
Perigynia  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  the  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 

body.  159.  C.  gravida. 

Perigynia  i^"  long  or  less. 

Leaves  as  long  as  the  culm  or  longer.  160.  C.  vulpinoidea. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm. 

Perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  the  base  narrowed.  161.  C.  xanthocarpa. 

Perigynia  lanceolate,  the  base  truncate.  162.  C.  setacea. 

Scales  blunt,  scarious-tipped.  163.  C.  Sartwellii. 

~\  f  Spikes  green  or  greenish  when  mature,  aggregated  or  separated,  in  simple  clusters.    Nos.  164- 

173.       MUHLENBERGIANAE. 

Perigynia  ellipsoid,  nearly  terete;  spikes  i-5-flowered,  widely  separated,  or  the  upper  close  together. 

164.   C.  tenet  la. 

Perigynia  lanceolate,  ovate  or  roundish,  compressed  or  plano-convex;  spikes  several-many-flowered. 
Spikes  separated  or  the  upper  close  together;  perigynia  mostly  radiating,  or  reflexed. 
Leaves  V^'-iYi"  wide. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  native  woodland 

species. 
Perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  i"-i%"  long. 

Perigynia  stellately  radiating.  165.   C.  rosea. 

Perigynia  reflexed  when  mature.  166.   C.  retroflexa. 

Perigynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  i^"-2"  long.  167.   C.  Texensis. 

Beak  of  the  perigynium  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body;  introduced  field  species. 

1 68.  C.  muricata. 

Leaves  2^"-4^"  wide.  169.  C.  sparganioidcs. 

Spikes  all  aggregated  or  the  lower  separated;  perigynia  spreading  or  ascending. 

Leaves  thin,  lax,  2"-^"  wide;  perigynia  about  2"  long.  170.  C.  cephaloidea. 

Leaves  stiffer,  lA"-2"  wide. 

Perigynia  i"  long  or  less,  nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved. 

Leaves  i "-2    wide;  perigynia  ovate.  171.  C.  cephalophora. 

Leaves  lA"-i"  wide;  perigynia  orbicular-ovate;  southern.      172.   C.  Leavenworthii. 
Perigynia  \%"  long,  strongly  nerved  (except  in  var.  Xalapensis). 

173.  C.  Muhlenbergii. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  291 

2.  STAMINATE  FLOWERS  VARIOUSLY  MINGLED  WITH  THE  PISTILLATE  IN  THE  SPIKKS  OR 
OCCASIONALLY  FORMING  WHOLE  SPIKES.    (See  HOS.  143-146.) 

Perigynia  radiately  spreading  or  re  flexed.  174.   C.  sterilis. 
Perigynia  erect  or  appressed_. 

Perigynia  wingless,  the  inner  face  flat.  187.   C.  bromoides. 

Perigynia  winged,  the  inner  face  concave.  190.  C.  siccata. 

3.  STAMINATE  FLOWERS  AT  THE  BASES  OF  THE  SPIKES.    Nos.  174-205. 

(a)  Perigynia  without  a  marginal  wing.     Nos.  174-187.     ELONGATAE. 

Perigynia  radiately  spreading,  or  reflexed  when  old. 

Perigynia  distinctly  nerved  on  both  faces,  the  beak  rough. 

Perigynia  lanceolate;  beak  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body.  174.  C.  sterilis. 

Perigynia  ovate;  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  body,  abrupt.       175.  C.  Atlantica. 
Perigynia  faintly  nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  nearly  so  on  the  inner;  beak  smoothish. 

176.   C.  interior. 

Perigynia  ascending,  appressed  or  somewhat  spreading  when  old,  not  radiating. 
Perigynia  ovate,  oval,  oblong  or  elliptic. 

Bracts  short,  scale-like  or  none,  the  lowest  occasionally  longer  than  its  spike. 
vSpikes  distinctly  separated  or  the  upper  close  together. 

Heads  silvery  green  or  nearly  white.  177.  C.  canescens. 

Heads  brown  or  brownish. 

Spikes  few-flowered,  2" -3"  long;  perigynia  less  than  i"  long,  the  beak  manifest. 

178.  C.  brunnescens. 
Spikes  dense,  many-flowered;  perigynia  about  i"  long,  the  beak  very  short. 

179.  C.  Norvegica. 
Spikes  densely  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  culm,  or  the  lower  separated. 

Spikes  green  or  greenish  brown. 

Spikes  several  in  an  ovoid  cluster;  perigynia  ovate,  rough-beaked. 

1 80.  C.  arc/a. 
Spikes  only  2-4;  perigynia  elliptic,  beakless.                        181.  C.  tenuiflora. 

Spikes  dark  brown;  arctic  species. 
Culms  slender,  stiff,  erect. 

Leaves  involute;  scales  about  equalling  the  perigynia.  182.  C.  Heleonastes. 

Leaves  flat;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia.     "  183.  C.  lagopina. 

Culms  weak,  spreading  or  reclining.  184.  C.  glareosa. 

Bracts  bristle-form,  much  elongated,  much  exceeding  the  2-4  oblong  nerved  perigynia. 

185.  C.  trisperma. 
Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Perigynia  nerveless;  spikes  oblong  or  subglobose.  186.  C.  Deweyana. 

Perigynia  strongly  several-nerved;  spikes  narrowly  oblong-cylindric.  187.  C.  bromoides. 

(b)  Perigynia  with  a  narrow  or  broad  marginal  wing.    Nos.  188-205.     OVALES. 

Perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-5  times  as  long  as  wide. 

Top  of  the  culm  nodding;  arctic  and  northwestern  species.  188.  C.  pratensis. 

Culms  strictly  erect,  mostly  stiff. 

Perigynia  nerveless,  broadly  winged;  northwestern  species.  189.  C.  xerantica. 

Perigynia  several-nerved  on  both  faces. 

Perigynia  broadly  winged;  staminate  flowers  intermixed  with  the  pistillate. 

190.  C.  siccata. 
Perigynia  narrowly  winged ;  staminate  flowers  all  basal. 

Spikes  %' -\'  long;  perigynia  about  4"  long.  191.   C.  Muskingnmensis. 

Spikes  2" -8"  long;  perigynia  2" -3"  long. 

Spikes  oblong  or  oval;  perigynia  ascending  or  erect. 

Spikes  green-brown,  blunt.  192.  C.  tribuloides. 

Spikes  bright  brown,  pointed;  perigynia  lanceolate.    193.  C.  scoparia. 
vSpikes  rather  dark  brown,  blunt;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate. 

194.  C.  leporina. 

Spikes  subglobose;  perigynia  spreading,  at  least  when  old.  195.  C.  cristateUa. 
Perigynia  ovate,  not  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide  (longer  in  some  forms  of  no.  198. ) 

Perigynia  narrowly  winged  above;  heads  greenish  brown.  196.   C.  adiista. 

Perigynia  broadly  wing-margined. 
Perigynia  spreading  or  ascending. 

Spikes  silvery  green.  197.  C.  foenea. 

Spikes  yellowish  brown  or  greenish.  198.  C.  straminea. 

Perigynia  erect  or  appressed. 

Heads  silvery  green  or  nearly  white;  sea-beach  species.  199.  C.  silicea. 

Heads  brown-green ;  meadow  or  marsh  species.  200.   C.  tenera. 

Perigynia  orbicular,  very  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  obovate,  sometimes  wider  than  long. 
Heads  green-brown. 

Perigynia  spreading  or  ascending;  achene  sessile.  201.   C.  festucacea. 

Perigynia  erect,  2"-2V2"  broad;  achene  short-stalked.  202.  C.  alata. 

Heads  silvery  green,  yellowish  or  whitish. 

Perigynium-wing  firm;  achene  sessile.  203.  C.  albolutescens. 

Perigynium-wing  membranous;  achene  stalked.  204.   C.  Bicknellii. 

Perigynia  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  subulate  beak  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  body. 
CYPEROIDEAE.  205.  C.  sychnocephala. 


292  CYPERACEAE. 

i.  Carex  pauciflora  Lightf.    Few-flowered 
Sedge.     (Fig.  671.) 

Carex  pauciflora  L,ightf.  Fl.  Scot.  543.  pi.  6.      1777. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect  or  assurgent,  very  slender, 
3/-2°  high.  Leaves  very  narrow,  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  lowest  reduced  to  toothed  sheaths;  spike 
solitary,  androgynous,  the  staminate  and  pistillate 
flowers  each  2-5,  the  staminate  uppermost;  peri- 
gynium  green,  narrow,  scarcely  inflated,  3//-4// 
long,  about  yzff  in  diameter,  several-nerved,  taper- 
ing from  below  the  middle  into  a  slender  or  almost 
subulate  beak,  strongly  reflexed  and  readily  de- 
tachable when  mature,  2-3  times  longer  than  the 
deciduous  lanceolate  or  ovate  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Massa- 
chusetts, Pennsylvania,  Michigan  and  Washington. 
June-Aug. 

2.  Carex  Collinsii  Nutt.     Collins'  Sedge.     (Fig.  672.) 

Carex  subulata   Michx.   Fl.    Bor.   Am.  2:   173.      1803.     Not 

Gmel.  1791. 

Carex  Collinsii  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  205.      1818. 
Carex  Michauxii  Dewey,  Am.   Journ.  Sci.  10:  273.     1826. 

Not  Schwein.  1824. 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  6/-2° 
long.  Leaves  narrow,  the  broadest  about  2^/x  wide,  the 
uppermost  not  exceeding  the  culm;  staminate  spike  ter- 
minal, stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant,  2-8-flowered, 
short-stalked,  or  the  stalk  of  the  lowest  sometimes  i^' 
long;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves, "elongated;  peri- 
gynium  light  green,  scarcely  inflated,  subulate,  5//~7// 
long,  tapering  from  below  the  middle  into  an  almost  fili- 
form beak,  faintly  many-nerved,  strongly  reflexed  when 
mature,  about  3  times  as  long  as  the  hyaline  lanceolate- 
acuminate  persistent  scale,  its  teeth  reflexed  at  maturity; 
stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Rhode  Island  to  eastern  Pennsylvania,  south  to 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. Attributed  to  Canada  by  Michaux.  June-Aug. 

3.  Carex  abacta  Bailey.     Yellowish  Sedge.     (Fig.  .673.) 

Carex  rostrata  Michx.  Fl.   Bor.  Am.  2:  173.     1803. 

Stokes,  1787. 
Carex  xanthophysa  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  14:  353.  f.  57, 

58.     1828.     Not  Wahl.  1803. 
Carex  Michauxiana  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  40:  336.     1877.     Not 

C.  Michauxii  Schwein.  1824. 
Carex  abacta  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  427.      1893. 

Glabrous,  whole  plant  yellowish,  culm  erect  or  slightly 
assurgent  at  the  base,  rather  stiff,  slender,  i°-2°  high. 
Leaves  narrow,  the  broadest  about  2"  wide,  the  upper- 
most often  exceeding  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  termi- 
nal, closely  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  several-flow- 
ered, the  upper  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  and  closely 
approximated,  the  lowest,  when  present,  remote  and 
borne  on  a  stalk  yzf-if  long;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 
usually  erect  and  overtopping  the  culm ;  perigynia  slen- 
der, narrow,  scarcely  inflated,  erect  or  spreading,  taper- 
ing into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak,  5//-7//  long,  less 
than  i"  thick  at  the  base,  rather  strongly  many-nerved, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs  and  wet  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  New  Hampshire,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania, 
west  to  Michigan.     Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.     Also  in  Japan.     July-Sept. 


Not 


293 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 
4.  Carex  folliculata  L,.   Long  Sedge.   (Fig.  674.) 

Carex  folliculata  L.  Sp.  PI.  978.      1753. 

Glabrous,  light  green  or  yellowish,  culm  stout  or  slen- 
der, erect  or  reclining,  i^°-3°  long.  Leaves  broad  and 
-elongated,  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  often  %' 
wide;  staminate  spike  stalked  or  nearly  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  usually  distant,  all  except  the  uppermost  slen- 
der-stalked, several -many-flowered,  the  lower  often  nod- 
ding on  a  stalk  2/~3/  long;  bracts  commonly  overtopping 
the  spikes;  perigynia  ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,  ascending 
or  spreading,  green,  rather  prominently  many-veined, 
-6//-8//  long,  \"  or  a  trifle  more  in  diameter  near  the  base, 
tapering  from  below  the  middle  into  a  slender  2-toothed 
beak,  one-third  to  one-half  longer  than  the  awned  broadly 
scarious-margined  persistent  scale;  teeth  of  the  peri- 
gynium  nearly  erect;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Maryland, 
Avest  to  Michigan  and  West  Virginia.  May-Sept. 

5.    Carex  intumescens  Rudge.     Bladder  Sedge.     (Fig.  675.) 

Carex  intumescens  Rudge,  Trans.   Linn.  Soc.  7:  97. 
pi.  9.  f.  j.      1804. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  commonly  tufted,  erect 
or  slightly  reclined,  i^°-3°  high.  Leaves  elon- 
gated, dark  green,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  equal- 
ling the  culm,  roughish,  iX//~3//  wide;  bracts  simi- 
lar, overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spike  narrow, 
mostly  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  (1-3)  ses- 
sile or  very  short-stalked,  globose  or  ovoid;  peri- 
gynia 1-30,  spreading  or  the  upper  erect,  6//-io// 
long,  much  inflated,  about  3"  in  diameter  above 
the  base,  many-nerved,  tapering  from  below  the 
middle  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth 
somewhat  spreading  at  maturity;  scales  narrowly 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  aristate,  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  bogs  and  wet  woods,  Newfoundland  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  May-Oct. 

Carex  intumescens  Fernaldi  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  418.      1893. 
Perigynia  narrower,  1-5  in  each  spike,  all  erect  or  slightly  spreading.     Maine  to  New  York. 

6.    Carex  Asa-Grayi  Bailey.     Gray's  Sedge.     (Fig.  676.) 

Carex  intumescens  var.  globularis  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.  3:  236.     1834.     Not  C.  globularis  L,.  1753. 
Carex  Grayi  Carey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  4:  22.     1847. 

Not  C.  Gray  ana  Dewey,  1834. 

Carex  Asa-Grayi  Bailey,  Bull. Torr.  Club,  20: 427.    1893. 
Carex  Asa-Grayi  hispidula  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

20:  427.      1893. 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  erect  or  slightly  assur- 
.gent  at  the  base,  2°-3°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
dark  green,  3" -4%"  wide,  the  upper  commonly 
overtopping  the  culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper 
leaves,  usually  much  overtopping  the  culm;  stami- 
nate spike  mostly  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  I  or 
2,  globose,  dense,  about  i/  in  diameter;  perigynia 
10-30,  ovoid,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  much  inflated, 
many-nerved,  about  4"  in  diameter  above  the  base, 
tapering  to  a  sharp  a-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  scarious,  about 
one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Vermont  to  Michigan, 
:south  to  Georgia  and  Missouri.  June-Sept. 


294 


CYPERACEAE. 


7.   Carex  Louisianica  Bailey.     Louisiana 
Sedge.      (Fig.  677.) 

Carex  Halei  Carey;   Chaptn.   Fl.  S.  States,  543.      1860.. 

Not  Dewey,  1846. 
C.  Louisianica  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:428.      1893. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  i°-2a 
tall.  Leaves  i//-2//  wide,  roughish,  the  upper  over- 
topping the  spikes;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves, 
rough;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  oblong,  about  \f  long,  8/7- 
io//  thick,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked,  the  upper 
nearly  sessile;  staminate  spike  solitary,  long-stalked; 
perigynia  ovoid,  much  inflated,  smooth,  strongly  sev- 
eral-nerved, shining  when  mature,  $"-6"  long,  about 
2}£//  in  diameter  at  the  rounded  base,  tapering  gradu- 
ally into  the  long  2-toothed  beak,  the  small  teeth 
slightly  spreading;  scales  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3.. 

Swamps,  Missouri  to  Texas  and  Florida.    June-Aug. 

8.    Carex  lupulina  Muhl.     Hop  Sedge.     (Fig.  678.) 

Carex gigantea  Rudge,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  7:  99.  pi.  10. 

f.  2.        1804.  ? 

Carex  lupulina  Muhl. ;  Schk.  Riedg.  2: 54.  f.  123,     1806. 
Carex  lupulina  var.  pedunculata   Dewey  in  Wood, 

Bot.  &  Flor.  376.      1870. 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  erect  or  reclining,  i°-4° 
tall.  Leaves  elongated,  nodulose,  2j^//-6//  wide, 
the  upper  ones  and  the  similar  bracts  much  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spike  solitary  or  rarely 
several,  nearly  sessile  or  slender-peduncled,  rather 
stout;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  densely  many-flowered, 
sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked,  oblong,  \Yz'- 
•2.y2'  long,  often  i/  in  diameter;  perigynia  ascending 
or  spreading,  often  short-stalked,  much  inflated, 
many-nerved,  6//-9//  long,  about  \W  in  diameter 
just  above  the  base,  tapering  from  much  below  the 
middle  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak;  achene  longer 
than  thick;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  aristate, 
one-third  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  ditches,  Hudson  Bay  to  western 
Ontario,  Florida  and  Texas.  June-Aug. 

Carex  lupulina  Bella-villa  (Dewey)  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  12.      1889. 
Carex  Bella-villa  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  41:  229.      1866. 

Culm  slender;  pistillate  spikes  remote,  slender-stalked,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  summit, 
the  perigynia  widely  spreading  at  maturity,  the  staminate  spike  sometimes  branched  and  with  i  or 
2  perigynia  at  its  base.  Eastern  New  York  to  southern  Ontario. 

A  hybrid  with  C.  retrorsa  is  described  by  Professor  Dudley  (Cayuga  Fl.  119.      1886). 

9.    Carex    lupuliformis   Sartwell.     Hop-like 
Sedge.     (Fig.  679.) 

Carex  lupulina  var.  polystachya   Schw.  &  Torr..  Ann.- 

Lyc.  i:  337.      1825.      Not  C.  polystachya  Sw. 
Carex  lupuliformis  Sartw. ;  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.> 

9:  29.      1850. 

Glabrous,  culm  stout,  erect,  I  >£0-3°  tall.  Leaves  and 
bracts  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  species,  much 
elongated;  staminate  spike  solitary,  stalked  or  nearly- 
sessile,  sometimes  4'  long;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  stalked 
or  the  upper  sessile,  densely  many-flowered,  2/-3/  long, 
6//-io//  in  diameter,  often  staminate  at  the  top;  peri- 
gynia yellowish,  at  first  appressed,  later  ascending,  ses- 
sile, much  inflated,  several-nerved,  5//-8//  long,  about 
2"  in  diameter  above  the  base,  tapering  from  below  the 
middle  to  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak;  achene  as  long  as 
thick,  its  angles  mamillate;  scales  lanceolate,  awnedr 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia. 

Swamps,  Rhode  Island  to  Del.  and  Minnesota.  June-Aug- 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


10.    Carex  grandis  Bailey.     Large  Sedge.     (Fig.  680.) 

Carex  gigantea  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  n:  164.     1826. 

Not  Rudge,  1804. 
Care.r  grandis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  13.      1889. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  2°-3° 
high.  Leaves  rather  dark  green,  elongated,  4//-6// 
wide,  the  uppermost  sometimes  surpassing  the 
culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  much  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spike  sessile  or  pedun- 
cled,  sometimes  bearing  perigynia  at  its  base;  pis- 
tillate spikes  3-5,  all  stalked  or  the  upper  sessile, 
cylindric,  \f-^'  long,  sometimes  staminate  at  the 
summit;  perigynia  much  swollen  at  the  base,  and 
about  2"  in  diameter,  5//-6//  long,  many-nerved, 
spreading  at  maturity,  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  sca- 
rious  lanceolate  acuminate  or  aristate  scale,  abruptly 
contracted  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  2-3  times 
as  long  as  the  inflated  portion;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  Delaware  to  Kentucky  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  June-Aug. 

ii.    Carex  oligosperma  Michx.     Few-seeded  Sedge.     (Fig.  68 1.) 

Carex  oligosperma  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  174.  1803. 
Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect,  rather  stiff, 

i  ^°-3°  tall.  Leaves  about  i  y^"  wide,  not  exceed- 
ing the  culm,  involute  when  old;  bracts  similar, 
overtopping  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  stalked,  nar- 
rowly linear;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2,  globose  or  ob- 
long, 5//-io//  long,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 
stalked,  few-several-flowered,  the  upper  some- 
times reduced  to  i  or  2  perigynia  and  with  a 
staminate  summit;  perigynia  ovoid,  erect,  in- 
flated, strongly  few-nerved,  yellowish  green,  2//- 
2^/x  long,  about  \}£"  in  diameter,  tapering  from 
the  middle  into  a  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  scales 
acute  or  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south 
to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.  June- 
Sept.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks. 

12.    Carex  Raeana  BoDtt.     Rae's  Sedge.     (Fig.  682.) 

Care.r  miliaris  var.  aurea  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

i:  37.     1889.     Not  C.  aurea  Nutt.  1818. 
Care.r  pulla  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  602.     1867.     Not 

Gooden.  1797. 
Carex  Raeana  Boott;   Richards.  Arct.  Exp.  2:  344. 

1851. 

Culm  stouter  than  that  of  C.  miliaris,  very 
rough  above,  i^°-3°  tall.  Leaves  i//-i>^//  wide, 
flat,  shorter  than  the  culm,  nodulose,  somewhat 
scabrous  on  the  margins,  the  lower  bracts  narrower, 
about  equalling  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-4, 
slender-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  cylin- 
dric or  oblong,  6//-i2//  long,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-stalked;  perigynia  oblong-elliptic,  yellowish- 
green,  few-nerved,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  rather 
conspicuous  2-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  yellowish  or  brown-margined, 
slightly  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

On  lake  and  river  shores,  northern  Maine  to  Lab- 
rador. Summer. 


2g6  CYPERACEAE. 

13.    Carex  miliaris  Michx.     Northeastern  Sedge.     (Fig.  683.) 

Carex  miliaris  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  174.      1803. 
Carex  miliaris  var.  maif>°-  Baile}',  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 
1:36.      1889.? 

Glabrous,  culm  very  slender,  erect,  roughish 
above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  about  \"  wide, 
elongated,  nodulose,  the  upper  about  equalling  the 
culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  often  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  I  or  2,  stalked, 
narrowly  linear;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  many-flowered,  4//-i/  long,  the  up- 
per sessile,  the  lowest,  when  three,  stalked;  peri- 
gynia  inflated,  ovoid,  faintly  few-nerved,  i//- 
\W  long,  dark  brown  or  brown-tipped,  tapering 
into  a  short,  nearly  entire  beak,  slightly  longer 
than  the  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  wholly  or 
partly  brown,  obtuse  or  acute  scale;  stigmas  2. 

Borders  of  lakes  and  streams,  Labrador  and  northern 
Quebec.  Reported  from  northern  Minnesota.  Summer. 


14.    Carex  saxatilis  I,. 

(Fig.  684.) 


Russet  Sedge. 


Carex  saxatilis  L-  Sp.  PI.  976.      1753. 
Carex pulla  Gooden.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  3:  78. 


1797. 


Glabrous,  culms  erect,  slender,  3/-i2/  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  \"-\y2"  broad,  the  upper  not  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  bracts  short;  staminate  spike  soli- 
tary, short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  all  stalked 
or  the  upper  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  oblong,  densely 
many-flowered;  perigynia  dark  purple-brown,  as- 
cending, ovoid,  slightly  inflated,  nerveless  or  very 
faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  short  minutely  2- 
toothed  beak;  scales  oblong,  subacute,  greenish 
purple,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas 
usually  2. 

Greenland  to  James  Bay  and  Alaska.  Also  in  arctic 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

15.    Carex  membranopacta  Bailey.     Fragile  Sedge.     (Fig.  685.) 

Carex  compacta  R.    Br.   in   Ross'   Voy.   App.  cxliii. 

1819.      Not  Krock.  1814. 
Carex  membranacea  Hook.  Parry's  2d  Voy.  App.  406. 

1825.     Not  Hoppe. 
Carex  membranopacta  Bailey,   Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20: 

428.      1893. 

Similar  to  C.  saxatilis  but  stouter  and  taller, 
6/-i8/  high.  Leaves  flat,  not  exceeding  the  culm, 
i%/f  wide;  bracts  short,  the  lower  commonly 
longer  than  its  spike,  the  upper  subulate ;  stannnate 
spikes  1-3,  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3  (com- 
monly 2),  sessile  or  the  lower  short -peduncled, 
narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered, 
about  \'  long  and  \ff  in  diameter;  perigynia  spread- 
ing, brown-purple,  ovoid,  fragile,  much  inflated, 
about  \y2"  long,  tipped  with  a  short  nearly  entire 
beak,  little  nerved,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate-ob- 
long greenish-purple  or  white-margined  scales. 

Greenland,  through  arctic  America  to  Kamptchatka. 
Summer. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


297 


16.    Carex  ambusta  Boott. 

Care*  ambusta  Boott,  111.    64.  pi.  172.     1858. 

Similar  to  C.  saxatilis,  culms  slender,  erect,  8'- 
i8x  tall,  nearly  or  quite  smooth.  Leaves  nearly  or 
quite  smooth,  elongated,  mostly  less  than  i"  wide, 
involute  in  drying,  nearly  erect,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  sometimes 
equalling  or  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2,  oblong, 
erect,  obtuse,  densely  many-flowered,  slender- 
stalked  or  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  6//-9//  long, 
about  $Yzf'  in  diameter;  perigynia  oblong-lanceo- 
late, \Y2"  long,  rather  more  than  y2"  wide,  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  biconvex,  smooth,  firm,  not  at  all 
inflated,  dull,  faintly  few-nerved  at  the  base,  green 
below,  dark  brown  at  the  summit,  tapering  into  a 
short  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
dark  brown,  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Labrador,  British  Columbia  to  Alaska.     Summer. 


Blackened  Sedge.      (Fig.  686.) 


17 


Carex  utriculata  Boott.     Bottle  Sedge.     (Fig.  687.) 

Carex  utriculata  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  221. 

1840. 
Carex  utriculata  var.  minor  Boott,  loc.  cit.      1840. 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  erect,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves 
elongated,  nodulose,  the  upper  mostly  exceeding 
the  culm,  2/x-6r/  wide,  the  midvein  prominent; 
bracts  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  2-4, 
linear,  stalked,  the  lower  occasionally  pistillate  at 
the  top  and  usually  subtended  by  a  very  slender 
bract;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4,  nearly  erect,  cylin- 
dric,  densely  many-flowered  or  sometimes  looser 
near  the  base,  2/-6/  long,  the  lower  short-stalked, 
the  upper  sessile,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  sum- 
mit; perigynia  spreading  when  old,  ovoid,  light 
green,  somewhat  inflated,  few-nerved,  2//-2^// 
long,  narrowed  into  a  sharp  2-toothed  beak;  scales 
lanceolate,  the  lower  awned  and  slightly  longer 
than  the  perigynia,  the  upper  acute;  stigmas  3. 

Marshes,  Anticosti  to  British  Columbia,  Delaware, 
Ohio,  Minnesota,  Nevada  and  California.  June-Sept. 

Carex  monile  Tuckerm. 


Necklace  Sedge.     (Fig.  688.) 


1843. 


Carex  monile  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  20. 
Carex  Olneyi  Boott,  111.  15.    pi.  42.      1858. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  i>£°-3° 
ill.  Leaves  elongated,  rather  light  green,  i>^//-2^// 
wide,  sometimes  exceeding  the  culm,  little  or  not  at 
all  nodulose;  bracts  similar,  often  overtopping  the 
culm;  staminate  spikes  1-4,  usually  2  or  3,  slender- 
stalked,  commonly  subtended  by  short  bracts;  pistil- 
late spikes  1-3,  erect-spreading,  cylindric,  i/-3/  long, 
about  4/r  in  diameter,  many-flowered,  rather  loose  at 
maturity,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  one,  when  3, 
slender-stalked  and  usually  remote;  perigynia  yellow- 
ish green,  ascending  or  spreading,  ovoid,  inflated, 
about  2^"  long,  rather  strongly  8-io-nerved,  tapering 
into  a  sharp  2-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate or  awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Missouri,  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado,  and  to  California.  June-Aug. 


298  CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  monile  monstrosa  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  40.  1889.  A  form  with  the  terminal  spike 
more  or  less  pistillate,  the  pistillate  spikes  very  small  and  loosely  flowered,  usually  on  very  long 
stalks,  found  several  years  ago  along  the  Concord  River,  Mass.,  has  not  since  been  collected. 

19.  Carex  Tuckermani  Qpwey.    Tuck- 

erman's  Sedge.  (Fig.  689.) 
C.  Tuckermani  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  49:48.  1845. 
Glabrous,  culm  very  slender,  usually  roughish 
above,  erect  or  reclining,  2°-3^°  long.  Leaves 
and  bracts  much  elongated,  commonly  much 
overtopping  the  culm,  i>^//-2>^//  wide,  some- 
times sparingly  nodulose;  staminate  spikes  2  or 
3;  pistillate  spikes  stout,  cylindric,  i/-2/  long, 
about  %'  in  diameter;  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  the  lower  stalked  and  usually  spreading; 
perigynia  very  much  inflated,  yellowish -green, 
ovoid,  prominently  few-nerved,  ascending, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  subulate  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  lanceolate,  smooth-awned,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs  and  meadows,  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario, 
New  Jersey,  Michigan  and  Minnesota.     June-Aug. 

20.    Carex  bullata  Schk.     Button  Sedge. 
(Fig.  690.) 

Carex-  bullata  Schk.  Riedg.  Nachtr.  85.  /.  166.      1806. 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect,  i°-2^°  high,  rough- 
ish above.  Leaves  and  bracts  very  narrow  and  elongated, 
rather  stiff,  commonly  overtopping  the  culm,  rarely  more 
than  I2."  wide,  rough-margined,  sparingly  nodulose;  stamin- 
ate spikes  mostly  2,  long  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  usually 
2,  light  green,  varying  from  almost  sessile  to  long-stalked 
and  spreading,  many-flowered,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric , 
i/-i^/  long,  4^//-6//  in  diameter;  perigynia  much  inflated, 
ovoid,  2^//~3//  long,  spreading  when  mature,  tapering  into 
a  subulate  rough  2-toothed  beak,  shining,  strongly  nerved, 
2-3  times  longer  than  the  lanceolate  acuminate  or  acute 
scale,  or  the  uppermost  scales  obtuse;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  North  Carolina.    June-Aug. 

Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.     Retrorse  Sedge. 


21. 


(Fig.  691.) 


Carex  retrorsa  Schwein.  Ann.  I,yc.  N.  Y.  i:  71. 
1824. 

Glabrous,  culm  stout,  erect,  smooth  or  slightly 
rough  above,  i°-3^°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
thin,  rough-margined,  sparingly  nodulose,  2^"- 
Z%f/  wide,  the  upper  commonly  exceeding  the 
culm,  the  bracts  similar,  usually  much  overtop- 
ping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  short- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  ascending  or 
spreading,  all  close  together  at  the  summit  and 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so  or  the  lowest  distant 
and  stalked,  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
i/-2/  long,  about  l/2'  in  diameter;  perigynia 
ovoid,  membranous,  strongly  few-nerved,  yel- 
lowish green,  about  •$"  long,  reflexed  at  ma- 
turity, tapering  into  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak; 
scales  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  one-third  to 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan  and  Minnesota.     Also  in  Oregon  (according  to  Bailey).    Aug.-Sept. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


299 


22.    Carex  Hartii  Dewey.     Hart  Wright's 
Sedge.     (Fig.  692.) 

Carex  Hartii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  41:  226.     1866. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  nearly  smooth  il/2°-2l/2°  long. 
Leaves  elongated,  rough  on  the  margins  and  lower  side  of 
the  midvein,  2//-3//  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar  bracts 
much  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  I  or  2,  the 
lower  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base,  borne  on  a  stalk 
Y2'-\'  long;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  scattered,  rather  loosely 
many -flowered,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower  slender- 
stalked,  i '-2'  long,  about  y2'  thick,  all  erect  or  ascending; 
perigynia  inflated,  ovoid-conic,  spreading  or  the  lower 
slightly  reflexed,  prominently  few-nerved,  about  3"  long) 
gradually  tapering  into  the  long  2-toothed  beak,  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the  lanceolate  acute  or  acuminate  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  marshes,  Ontario  and  New  York  to  Michigan.  Appa- 
rently intergrades  with  the  preceding  species.  June-Aug. 

23.   Carex  lurida  Wahl.     Sallow  Sedge. 
(Fig.  693.) 

C.  lurida  Wahl.  Kongl.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.)  24:  153.      1803. 
Carex  tentaculata  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  266.      1805. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  erect,  smooth  or  slightly 
scabrous  above,  i  %°-$°  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  rough, 
rarely  more  than  -2"  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar 
bracts  usually  much  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate 
spike  usually  solitary,  short-stalked,  elongated;  pistil- 
late spikes,  1-4,  cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  i'- 
2'  long,  about  y2'  in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower  peduncled  and  spreading  or  drooping;  peri- 
gynia inflated,  ovoid,  tapering  into  a  long  subulate 
beak,  ascending  or  the  lower  spreading,  \"  long,  thin, 
yellowish  green,  rather  conspicuously  nerved,  longer 
than  the  rough-awned  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minne- 
sota, Florida  and  Texas.  June-Oct. 

C.  tentaculata  altior  Boott,  is  a-liybrid  with  C.  lupulina. 

Carex  lurida  flaccida  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  73.      1889. 

Pistillate  spikes  *A'-i'  long,  brown,  all  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  clustered  at  the  summit,  rather 
more  loosely  flowered.     Northern  New  York  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 

Carex  lurida  parvula  (Paine)  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  2p:  418.      1893. 
Carex  tentaculata  var.  parvula  Paine,  Cat.  PI.  Oneida,  105.      1865. 

Culm  6'-i8'  high;  pistillate  spikes  only  i  or  2,  scarcely  more  than  %'  long,  globose  or  oblong, 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  perigynia  3"  long.     New  Hampshire  to  Pennsylvania  and  Iowa. 

Carex  lurida  exundans  Bailey. 

Culms  long  and  spreading;  pistillate  spikes  i5^'-2^'  long,  on  very  long  stalks;  scales  subulate, 
the  lower  often  much  longer  than  the  perigynia.     Occasional  with  the  typical  form. 

24.    Carex  Baileyi  Britton.     Bailey's  Sedge. 
(Fig.  694.) 

Carex  tentaculata  var.  gracilis  Boott,  111.  94.      1860.    Not 

C.  gracilis,  R.  Br.  1810. 
Carex  Baileyi  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  220.      1895. 

Glabrous,  culms  erect  or  reclining,  very  slender,  mi- 
nutely scabrous  above,  i°-2°  long.  Leaves  roughish, 
elongated,  \y2"-2f'  wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar 
bracts  exceeding  the  culm;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
short-peduncled;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric, very  densely  many-flowered,  all  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, 9//-2/  long,  about  4r/  in  diameter,  the  upper  ses- 
sile, the  lower  more  or  less  stalked;  perigynia  inflated, 
ovoid,  2^//-3//  long,  ascending,  abruptly  contracted 
into  the  subulate  2-toothed  beak,  prominently  several- 
nerved,  the  lower  about  equalling,  the  upper  longer  than 
the  linear-subulate  ciliate-scabrous  scale;  stigmas  3. 

Bogs,  Vermont  to  Virginia  and  Tennessee.    June-Aug. 


300  CYPERACEAE. 

Carex   Schweinitzii  Dewey.     Schweinitz's  Sedge.      (Fig.  695.) 

Carex  Schweinitzii  Dewey;  Schwein.  Ann.  L,yc.  N. 

Y.  i:  71.      1824. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culm  erect,  roughish 
above,  i°-2>£0  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  2^//-4// 
wide,  the  basal  ones  and  the  similar  bracts  com- 
monly overtopping  the  culm,  those  of  the  culm 
mostly  shorter;  staminate  spike  solitary  or  some- 
times 2,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  or  in  the  mid- 
dle; pistillate  spikes  3-5,  ascending,  linear-cylin- 
dric,  not  very  densely  flowered,  1%'-$'  long, 
about  4//  thick,  the  upper  usually  sessile,  the  lower 
stalked;  perigynia  thin,  somewhat  inflated,  ovoid- 
conic  or  oblong,  tapering  into  the  subulate,  2- 
toothed  beak,  about  2^"  long  and  \"  in  diameter, 
ascending,  rather  prominently  few-nerved,  equal- 
ling or  the  upper  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or 
linear,  usually  ciliate-scabrous  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  bogs,  Massachusetts  to  Ontario, 
Michigan,  New  Jersey  and  Missouri.  June-Aug. 

26.    Carex  hystricina  Muhl.     Porcupine  Sedge.     (Fig.  696.) 
Carex  hystricina  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  282.      1805. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
somewhat  rough  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
minutely  scabrous,  i^'-a^"  wide,  the  upper  and  the 
similar  bracts  overtopping  the  culm ;  staminate  spike  slen- 
der-stalked, sometimes  pistillate  at  the  summit;  pistil- 
late spikes  1-4,  oblong-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
yi'-ity  long,  about  4%"  in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  the  lower  slender-stalked  and  drooping; 
perigynia  ascending,  somewhat  inflated,  ovoid-conic, 
2>£//-3//  long,  strongly  many-nerved,  tapering  into  the 
subulate  2-toothed  beak,  equalling  or  the  upper  longer 
than  the  narrow  rough  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  low  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  south  to  Georgia  and  Nebraska.  June-Aug. 

Carex  hystricina  Dudleyi  Bailey.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  54. 
1889. 

Culms  often  reclining,  2°-3°  long;  leaves  2^"~4"  wide: 
staminate    spike    long-stalked;    pistillate    spikes    iVz '-2% 
long,  5"  in  diameter,  filiform-stalked.   Maine  to  Connecticut, 
western  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan. 

27.    Carex  Pseudo-Cyperus  L,.     Cyperus-like  Sedge.     (Fig.  697.) 

Carex  Pseudo-Cyperus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  978.      1753- 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  rough  on  the  sharp 
angles,  at  least  above,  2°-3°  high.  Leaves  elon- 
gated, rough  on  the  margins,  nodulose,  2>^//-5// 
wide,  the  upper  and  the  similar  bracts  overtopping 
the  culm;  staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  2-5,  linear-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered, 
all  slender-stalked  and  spreading  or  drooping,  i'- 
2*4'  long,  3X/-4X/  in  diameter,  the  stalk  of  the  low- 
est one  sometimes  2'  long;  perigynia  light  green, 
slightly  inflated,  conic,  prominently  many-ribbed, 
somewhat  flattened,  at  length  reflexed,  tapering 
into  a  short  2-toothed  beak,  the  short  teeth  slightly 
spreading;  scales  linear  with  a  broad  base,  ciliate- 
scabrous,  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  Maine,  New  York, 
and  Michigan.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 

28.    Carex  comosa  Boott.     Bristly  Sedge. 
(Fig.  698.) 

Carex  comosa  Boott,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  20:  117.      1846. 
Carex  Pseitdo-Cyperus  var.  comosa  W.   Boott,  in  S. 
Wats.  Bot.  Cal.  2:  252.      1880. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  commonly 
stouter,  the  leaves  sometimes  y^r  wide.  Staminate 
spike  short-stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
summit;  pistillate  spikes  2-6,  usually  3-5,  stalked 
or  the  uppermost  nearly  sessile,  all  spreading  or 
drooping,  stouter  and  bristly,  about  l/2'  in  diameter; 
perigynia  more  slender,  little  inflated,  strongly  re- 
flexed  when  mature,  tapering  into  a  slender,  prom- 
inently 2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  subulate  and 
recurved-spreading;  scales  mostly  shorter  than 
the  perigynia,  very  rough;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  along  the  borders  of  ponds,  Nova 
Scotia  to  southern  Ontario  and  Washington,  south  to 
Georgia,  Louisiana  and  California.  May-Oct. 

Carex  Frankii  Kunth.     Frank's  Sedge.     (Fig.  699.) 

Carex  Frankii  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  498.      1837. 
Carex  stenolepis  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  420. 
Not  Less.  1831. 


301 


1836, 


30.    Carex  squarrosa  I,. 

Carex  squarrosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  973.      1753. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  rough 
above  on  the  angles,  2°-3°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
rarely  more  than  2/x  wide,  rough-margined,  the 
bracts  similar  and  somewhat  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikes  1-3,  erect,  stalked,  oblong  or  globose,  ex- 
ceedingly dense,  rarely  over  i'  long,  6//-io//  in 
diameter,  the  upper  one  club-shaped,  staminate  at 
the  base  or  sometimes  for  one-half  its  length  or 
more;  perigynia  yellowish  green,  becoming  tawny, 
spreading  or  the  lowest  reflexed,  somewhat  inflated 
but  firm,  obovoid,  i"-i  j^"  in  diameter,  few-nerved, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  the  subulate  minutely  2- 
toothed  beak,  twice  as  long  as  the  scarious  lanceo- 
late acuminate  or  awn-tipped  scale;  achene  linear- 
oblong,  tapering  into  the  stout  style;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  bogs,  Connecticut  to  Indiana,  Michi- 
gan and  Nebraska,  south  to  Georgia,  Louisiana  and 
Arkansas.  June-Sept. 


Glabrous,  much  tufted,  culms  stout,  smooth,, 
erect,  very  leafy,  i°-2^°  tall.  Leaves  elongated, 
roughish,  2-^//-4//  wide,  the  upper  ones  and  the 
similar  bracts  commonly  overtopping  the  culm; 
staminate  spike  stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
summit;  pistillate  spikes  3-6,  exceedingly  dense, 
cylindric,  erect,  J^'-i^'  long,  about  4"  in  diam- 
eter, the  upper  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  the  lower 
slender-stalked;  perigynia  green,  slightly  inflated, 
about  i//  in  diameter,  few-nerved,  obovoid  with  a 
depressed  summit  from  which  arises  the  subulate 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  linear -subulate,  longer  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  eastern  Pennsylvania 
to  eastern  Virginia  and  Georgia,  west  to  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, Louisiana  and  Texas.  June-Sept. 

Squarrose  Sedge.     (Fig.  700.) 


302 


CYPERACEAE. 
31.  Carex  typhinoides  Schwein.     Cat-tail  Sedge.     (Fig.  701.) 

Career  typhinoides  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  i:  66.      1824. 
Carex  squarrosa  var.  typhinoides  Dewey,  Am.  Journ. 

Sci.  n:  316.     1826. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  darker 
green,  the  leaves  much  broader,  often  \"-*>"  wide, 
the  similar  bracts  much  overtopping  the  culm; 
spikes  2-6,  cylindric,  very  dense,  i/-i^/  long,  4"- 
1ff  in  diameter,  often  staminate  at  both  ends,  the 
terminal  one  commonly  tapering  to  a  conic  sum- 
mit; basal  staminate  flowers  much  less  numerous 
than  in  C.  squarrosa;  perigynia  dull  straw-color, 
obovoid,  ascending  or  the  lowest  spreading  or  re- 
flexed,  inflated,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  slender 
2-toothed  beak,  which  is  of  ten  upwardly  bent;  scales 
oblong-lanceolate,  obtusish;  achene  ovoid-elliptic, 
sharply  3-angled  with  concave  sides,  tipped  with 
the  subulate  straight  style. 

In  swamps,  Quebec  to  Virginia,  Louisiana  and  Mis- 
souri. July- Aug. 


32.    Carex  trichocarpa  Muhl.     Hairy-fruited  Sedge. 

Carex  trichocarpa  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  302.      1805. 
Carex  trichocarpa  var.  imberbis  A.  Gray.  Man.  Ed.  5, 

597.      1867. 
Carex  laeviconica  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  24:  47.     1857. 

Culm  usually  stout  and  tall,  smooth  below,  very 
rough  above.  Leaves  elongated,  glabrous,  rough- 
margined,  2//-3//  wide,  the  upper  ones  and  the  similar 
bracts  commonly  overtopping  the  culm;  staminate 
spikes  2-6,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  cylindric, 
densely  flowered  except  at  the  base,  i/-4/  long,  5x/-8/x 
in  diameter,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect, 
the  lower  slender-stalked  and  sometimes  spreading  or 
drooping;  perigynia  ovoid-conic,  pubescent  or  gla- 
brous, prominently  many-ribbed,  4//-5//  long,  i//-i^// 
in  diameter,  tapering  gradually  into  the  stout  con- 
spicuously 2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  somewhat  spread- 
ing; scale  hyaline,  acute  or  acuminate,  one-half  as  long 
as  the  perigynia  or  longer;  stigmas  3. 

In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  Quebec  to  Michigan, 
south  to  Georgia,  Missouri  and  Kansas.  June-Aug. 

Carex   aristata  R.  Br. 


(Fig.  702.) 


Awned  Sedge.      (Fig.  703.) 

Carex  aristata  R.  Br.  Frank.  Journ.  751.      1823. 
Carex  trichocarpa  var.  aristata  Bailey,  Coult.   Bot. 

Gaz.  10:  294.      1885. 

Culms  stout  erect,  smooth  or  roughish  above, 
sharp-angled,  2°-5°  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  2^"- 
5//  wide,  more  or  less  scabrous,  often  pubescent 
beneath  and  on  the  sheaths;  bracts  similar,  the 
lower  often  overtopping  the  culm ;  staminate  spikes 
as  in  the  preceding  species;  pistillate  spikes  3-5, 
remote,  cylindric,  sessile  or  the  lower  short -stalked, 
loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  dense  above,  \'-\' 
long,  sometimes  8"  in  diameter;  perigynia  ascend- 
ing, conic,  glabrous,  conspicuously  many-ribbed, 
4//_6//  long,  gradually  tapering  into  the  conspicu- 
ously 2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  divergent;  scales 
oblong-lanceolate,  rough-awned,  thin-margined, 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

In  bogs,  Ontario  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  New 
York,  Michigan,  Utah  and  Oregon.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


303 


34-    Carex  riparia  Curtis.     River-bank  Sedge.     (Fig.  704.) 

Carex  riparia  Curtis,  Fl.  Lond.  4:  pi.  60.      1821. 

Glabrous,  pale  green,  culms  stout  or  rather  slender, 
smooth,  or  somewhat  rough  above,  erect,  2°-3^°  tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  sometimes  nodulose,  slightly  sca- 
brous, somewhat  glaucous,  3//-6//  wide,  about  equal- 
ling the  culm;  lower  bract  similar  to  the  leaves,  the 
upper  mostly  narrower  and  shorter;  stamiuate  spikes 
1-5;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  cylindric,  i^/~4/  long,  about 
.4"  in  diameter,  the  upper  erect,  sessile  or  nearly  so, 
the  lower  more  or  less  stalked  and  sometimes  spread- 
ing or  drooping;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid,  firm, 
scarcely  inflated,  ascending,  tapering  gradually  into  a 
short  2-toothed  beak,  the  teeth  divergent;  scales 
lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  long-aristate  or  acute,  the 
lower  longer,  the  upper  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  James'  Bay  and  Manitoba, 
south  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  Texas  and  Idaho.  Also  in 
Europe.  May-Aug. 

Carex  acutiformis  Ehrh.     Swamp  Sedge.     (Fig.  705.) 

Carex  acutiformis  Ehrh.  Beitr.  4:  43.      1789. 
Carex  paludosa  Gooden.  Trans.   Linn.    Soc.  2:  202. 

1794. 

Culms  stout,  erect,  sharp-angled,  2°-3°  tall, 
smooth  below,  often  rough  above.  Leaves  2^//- 
6"  wide,  flat,  pale  green,  equalling  or  sometimes 
exceeding  the  culm;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves,  the  upper  short  and  narrow;  staminate 
spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  nar- 
rowly linear-cylindric,  i^/-3/long,  2//-2X//  thick, 
the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so  and  erect,  the  others 
slender-stalked,  spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia 
ovoid,  iX//  long,  not  inflated,  strongly  many- 
nerved,  tapering  into  a  very  short  and  minutely 
2-toothed  beak ;  scales  awn-tipped,  longer  than  the 
perigynia  or  the  upper  equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  eastern  Massachu- 
setts. Naturalized  from  Europe.  June-Aug. 


36.    Carex  Shortiana  Dewey.     Short's  Sedge. 

•Carex  Shortiana  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  30: 60.  1836. 
Glabrous,  culms  rather  slender,  erect,  rough 
above,  i°-3°  tall,  usually  overtopped  by  the  upper 
leaves.  Leaves  elongated,  roughish,  2//-2^// 
wide;  bracts  short,  narrow,  rarely  much  exceed- 
ing the  spikes;  spikes  3-7,  linear-cylindric,  densely 
many-flowered,  ^'-i^'  long,  i^//-2//  in  diam- 
eter, erect,  the  lower  stalked,  the  uppermost 
staminate  below  for  about  one-half  its  length; 
perigynia  dark  brown  at  maturity,  compressed,  2- 
edged,  orbicular  or  obovate,  nerveless,  slightly 
wrinkled,  abruptly  and  minutely  beaked,  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  scales,  which  are  hyaline, 
scarious-margiued,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute  or  obtuse  and  persistent;  orifice  of  the  peri- 
gynium  entire  or  very  nearly  so;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Pennsylvania  to 
Virginia  and  Tennessee,  west  to  Illinois,  Missouri 
and  the  Indian  Territory.  May-July. 

20 


(Fig.  706.) 


304 


CYPERACEAE. 


37.    Carex  scabrata  Schwein.     Rough  Sedge.     (Fig.  707.) 

Carex  scabrata  Schwein.  Ann.  l,yc.  N.  Y.    i:  69. 
1824. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
rough  above,  leafy,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  rough, 
much  elongated,  2j^//-7//  wide,  the  bracts  sim- 
ilar but  narrower  and  usually  exceeding  the 
culm;  staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  3-6,  erect,  the  upper  short-stalked,  the 
lower  sometimes  spreading  or  drooping,  all 
liuear-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  i/-2/ 
long,  2^//-4//  in  diameter;  perigynia  greenish- 
brown,  ovoid,  somewhat  inflated,  strongly 
nerved,  papillose,  tipped  with  a  short  rough 
minutely  2-toothed  or  entire  beak;  scales  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  short-awned,  prominently  i-nerved, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  New  Hampshire 
and  Ontario  to  Michigan,  South  Carolina  and  Ten- 
nessee. Ascends  to  4200  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- Aug. 

38.    Carex  vestita  Willd.     Velvet  Sedge. 
(Fig.  708.) 

Carex  vestita  Willd.  Sp.  PL  4:  263.      1805. 

Culms  strict  and  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  i%°-2^° 
tall,  rough  above.  Leaves  distant,  ij^//-2^//  wide, 
not  overtopping  the  culm;  bracts  similar,  but  nar- 
rower, short,  rough-ciliate  on  the  margins;  stamiuate 
spike  solitary,  rarely  2,  almost  sessile;  pistillate  spikes 
1-5,  oblong,  5//-io//  long,  3//-4//  in  diameter,  erect, 
commonly  staminate  at  the  summit,  sessile  or  the 
lower  very  short-stalked;  perigynia  ovoid,  ascending 
or  the  lower  spreading,  densely  pubescent,  less  than 
i//  in  diameter,  prominently  few-ribbed,  tapering 
gradually  into  a  short  conic  2-toothed  whitish  beak, 
slightly  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  ovate  acute 
membranous  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  sandy  woods,  Massachusetts  to  eastern  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  south  to  Georgia.  June-July. 

39.    Carex  Walteriana  Bailey.     Walter's  Sedge.     (Fig.  709.) 

Carex  striata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  174.      1803.      Not 

Gilib.  1792. 

Carex  Walteriana  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  429.    1893. 
Carex  Walteriana  var.  brevis  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20: 

429.      1893. 

Culms  slender,  strict,  erect,  usually  rough  above, 
i°-2}4°  tall.  Leaves  narrow  and  elongated,  smooth 
or  roughish,  i//-2//  wide,  nodulose,  not  overtopping 
the  culm;  lowest  bract  similar,  very  long,  the  upper 
smaller  and  often  almost  filiform;  staminate  spikes 
2-5,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  I  or  2,  when  2  the 
lower  remote  from  the  upper,  sessile  or  very  short- 
stalked,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  i/-i^/  long,  about 
4//  in  diameter,  rather  loosely  many-flowered;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  purple-brown,  many-nerved,  slightly  in- 
flated, ascending,  glabrous,  or  partly  or  wholly  pubes- 
cent, i^x/in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed 
beak,  the  teeth  short;  scales  ovate,  acute,  short-aristate 
or  obtuse,  membranous,  one-half  the  length  of  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 
In  pine-barren  bogs,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  near  the  coast.  May-July. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


305 


(Fig.  710.) 


40.    Carex   Houghtonii  Torr.     Houghton's  Sedge. 

Care.r  Iloughtonii  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  413.  1836. 
Culms  rather  stout,  rough  above,  erect,  i°-2^° 
tall,  exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  and  lowest 
bract  2//-3^//  wide,  rough,  their  margins  more  or 
less  re  volute;  upper  bracts  much  shorter;  stami- 
nate  spikes  1-3,  stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the 
base;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong-cylindric,  ]/%'- 
\y^f  long,  3//-4//  in  diameter,  erect,  rather  loosely 
several-many-flowered,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
stalked;  perigynia  broadly  ovoid,  \}/2"  in  .diam- 
eter, light  green,  ascending,  densely  pubescent, 
prominently  many-ribbed,  narrowed  into  a  short 
conspicuously  2-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
short-awned,  hyaline-margined,  strongly  i-nerved, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Maine,  Ontario,  Michigan  and  Min- 
nesota. June-Sept. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.     Woolly  Sedge.     (Fig.  711.) 

Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  175.      1803. 
Cttrenefiliformisvas.  lalifolia  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  41:  309. 

1876. 
Carex filiformis  var.  lanuginosa  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y. 

63.      1888. 

Culm  slender,  but  usually  rather  stouter  than  that 
of  C.  filiformis,  sharp-angled  and  rough  above. 
Leaves  and  lower  bracts  elongated,  flat,  not  involute, 
i//-2//  wide,  more  or  less  nodulose,  sometimes  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  long-stalked, 
sometimes  pistillate  at  the  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3 
usually  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  slender-stalked, 
cylindric,  9//-i8//  long,  2^//-3//  in  diameter;  peri- 
gynia like  those  of  C.  filiformis;  but  rather  broader; 
scales  acuminate  or  aristate. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia,  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Kansas, 
New  Mexico  and  California.  June-Aug. 

Carex  lanuginosa  Kansana  Britton. 
Plant  pale;  leaves  %"-i"  wide,  very  rough;  perigynia  yz"  in  diameter,  the  ribs  conspicuous. 
Missouri  and  Kansas. 

42.    Carex  filiformis  L,.     Slender  Sedge.     (Fig.  712.) 

Carex  filiformis  L-  Sp.  PI.  976.      1753. 

Culms  very  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  rather 
stiff,  smooth,  obtusely  angled,  2°-3°  long.  Leaves 
very  narrow,  involute,  about  \ff  wide,  rough  on  the 
inrolled  margins,  not  overtopping  the  culm;  lower 
bract  similar,  often  equalling  the  culm;  upper  bracts 
filiform;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  commonly  2,  stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  cylindric,  9//-i5//  long,  about 
3X/  in  diameter,  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  distant 
and  short- peduncled;  perigynia  green,  ascending, 
oval,  densely  pubescent,  faintly  nerved,  about  i// 
in  diameter,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak ; 
scales  ovate,  membranous,  sometimes  purplish, 
acute  or  short-awned,  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan  and  Minnesota.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  the 
Adirondacks.  Also  in  Europe.  June-Aug. 


306 


CYPERACEAE. 
43.    Carex  hirta  L,.     Hairy  Sedge.     (Fig.  713.) 

Carex  hirta  L.  Sp.  PI.  975.      1753. 

Rootstocks  extensively  creeping,  culms  rather 
slender,  erect,  nearly  smooth,  6/-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
pubescent,  especially  on  the  sheaths,  rough,  i^//- 
lYz"  wide,  the  basal  ones  much  elongated,  often  ex- 
ceeding the  culm,  the  upper  and  the  similar  bracts 
shorter;  staminate  spikes  2  or  3,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  2  or  3,  remote,  erect,  oblong-cylindric,  g^-iS" 
long,  about  3"  in  diameter,  rather  loosely  many- 
flowered;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong,  green,  ascending, 
densely  pubescent,  i//  in  diameter,  2//  long,  few- 
ribbed,  tapering  into  a  stout  prominently  2-toothed 
beak;  teeth  often  as  long  as  the  beak;  scales  mem- 
branous, lanceolate,  aristate,  3-nerved,  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  fields  and  waste  places,  Massachusetts  to  eastern 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  Naturalized  or  adventive 
from  Europe.  June-Sept. 


44.    Carex  alpina  Sw. 

Carex  alpina  Sw.;  Lilj.  Sv.  Flora,  Ed.  2,  26. 
Carex  Vahlii  Schk.  Riedgr.  87.      1801. 


Alpine  Sedge. 
1798. 


(Fig.  714.) 


Culms  slender,  erect,  rough  above,  leafy  only 
below  the  middle,  6/-2°  tall.  Leaves  roughish, 
y^'-T.y^'  wide,  shorter  than  or  rarely  equalling 
the  culm;  spikes  2-4  (commonly  3),  clustered  at 
the  summit,  the  terminal  i  or  2  staminate  below, 
oblong  or  globose,  2//~5//  long,  sessile  or  the 
lower  peduncled;  perigynia  oval,  orbicular  or 
obovoid,  light  green,  about  \"  long,  tipped  with 
a  very  short  and  minutely  2-toothed  beak,  nerve- 
less or  with  a  few  very  faint  nerves,  equalling  or 
slightly  shorter  than  the  ovate  black  or  purple- 
brown  obtuse  or  acutish  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  rocky  places,  Quebec  to  James'  Bay  and  Atha- 
basca, western  Ontario  and  Isle  Royale,  Lake  Super- 
ior, south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also 
in  Europe.  Summer. 

45.    Carex  atratiformis  Britton. 


Black  Sedge.     (Fig.  715.) 

Carex  ovata  Rudge,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  7:  96.  pi.  9.      1804. 

Not  Burm.  1768. 

Carex  atrata  var.  ovata  Boott,  111.  114.      1862. 
Carex  atratiformis  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22: 222.    1895. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect,  sharp-angled,  rough 
above,  8x-2°  tall,  usually  leafy  only  below.  Leaves 
smooth  or  roughish,  i//-2//  wide,  rarely  over  6/  long, 
much  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes  2-5,  dense,  ob- 
long or  oblong-cylindric,  4//-i2//  long,  about  i1/^'  in 
diameter,  the  terminal  one  usually  staminate  at  the 
base  and  sessile,  or  nearly  so,  the  others  slender 
stalked,  drooping  when  mature;  lower  bracts  X/~IK/ 
long,  very  narrow,  the  upper  ones  subulate;  perigynia 
flattened,  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  puncticulate,  as- 
cending, about  i//  long,  tipped  with  a  very  short, 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  black  or  reddish-brown,  ob- 
long, obtuse  or  subacute,  slightly  narrower  than  the 
perigynia  and  about  equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

Newfoundland  to  the  mountains  of  New  England,  west 
to  the  Northwest  Territory.  Summer. 


SEDGE   FAMILY.  307 

46.    Carex  stylosa  C.  A.  Meyer.     Variegated  Sedge.      (Fig.  716.) 

Care.v  stvlosa  C.  A.  Meyer,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb. 
Div.  Sav.  i:  222.  pi.  12.      1825-31. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  i°-i>£0  tall,  rough  and 
leafless  above.  Leaves  i^//  wide,  shorter  than  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  culm;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  nearly  sessile,  often  pistillate  for  one-half 
its  length  or  more;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong- 
cylindric,  erect,  4//-6//  long,  about  i%"  in  diam- 
eter, the  lowest  slender-stalked  and  subtended  by 
a  linear-subulate  bract;  perigynia  ovate,  slightly 
inflated,  brown,  minutely  granulate  all  over,  less 
than  \"  long,  nerveless  and  beakless,  the  orifice 
entire  and  closed  by  the  usually  protruding  style; 
scales  black  with  white  veins,  obtusish,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Labrador  and  Greenland  to  Alaska.     Summer. 

47.    Carex  Parryana  Dewey.     Parry's  Sedge.     (Fig.  717.) 

Carex  Parryana   Dewey,    Am.   Journ.    Sci.   27:    239. 
1835- 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  smooth,  erect,  stiff, 
8/-2o/  tall,  leafless  above.  Leaves  about  ~iff  wide, 
much  shorter  than  the  culm,  their  margins  some- 
what involute;  spikes  1-4,  dense,  erect,  linear-cyl- 
indric,  5//-i2//  long,  i^/x  in  diameter,  the  upper 
sessile  and  staminate  below  or  throughout,  the  low- 
est stalked  and  subtended  by  an  almost  filiform 
bract;  perigynia  plano-convex,  obovate,  pale,  less 
than  \"  long,  minutely  papillose,  faintly  few- 
nerved,  very  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire; 
scales  ovate,  acute  or  mucronulate,  dark  brown 
with  lighter  margins,  about  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3. 

Hudson  Bay  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Summer. 

Carex  fusca  All.     Brown  Sedge.     (Fig.  718.) 

Care.v  fusca  All.  Fl.  Fed.  2:  269.      1785. 
Carex  BuxbaumiiVfahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 
24:  163.      1803. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  stiff,  erect,  sharp-angled, 
rough  above,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  rough,  erect,  i//-2// 
wide,  shorter  than  or  sometimes  equalling  or  exceed- 
ing the  culm;  spikes  2-4,  oblong  or  cylindric,  erect,  all 
sessile  and  close  together  or  the  lowest  sometimes 
distant  and  very  short-stalked,  4//-i8//  long,  about 
47/  in  diameter  when  mature,  the  terminal  one  stam- 
inate at  the  base  or  rarely  throughout;  perigynia  el- 
liptic or  somewhat  obovate,  flat,  ascending,  \"  long, 
very  light  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  beakless,  the 
apex  minutely  2-toothed;  scales  ovate,  awn-tipped, 
black  or  dark  brown  with  a  green  midvein,  longer 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Georgia, 
Kentucky,  Utah  and  California.  Also  in  Europe.  May- 
July. 


308 


CYPERACEAE. 


49.    Carex  stricta  L,am.     Tussock  Sedge.     (Fig.  719.) 

Carex  stricta  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  387.      1789. 

Glabrous,  rather  dark  green,  culms  slender,  stiff,  erect, 
usually  in  dense  clumps,  sharply  3-angled,  rough  above, 
i^°-4°  tall.  Leaves  long,  rarely  overtopping  the  culm, 
very  rough  on  the  margins,  i//-2//  wide,  their  sheaths 
becoming  prominently  fibrillose;  lower  bract  similar, 
sometimes  equalling  the  culm;  staminate  spikes  solitary 
or  sometimes  2,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  linear-cyl- 
indric,  often  staminate  at  the  top,  very  densely  flowered, 
or  loose  at  the  base,  %f-2f  long,  about  2/x  thick,  erect 
or  somewhat  spreading,  all  sessile  or  the  lower  stalked; 
perigynia  ovate- elliptic,  ascending,  acute,  faintly  few- 
nerved,  \"  long  or  less,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  en- 
tire or  nearly  so;  scales  brown-purple  with  green  margins 
andmidvein,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  appressed;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario,  south  to  Georgia 
and  Texas.     Hybridizes  with  C.fMformis.    July-Sept. 
Carex  stricta  angustata  (Boott)  Bailey  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  600.      1890. 
Carex  angustata  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  218.      1840.  ? 

Pistillate  spikes  longer,  2' -4'  long,  erect;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  often  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia.    Range  apparently  nearly  that  of  the  type. 

Carex  stricta  xerocarpa  (S.  H.  Wright)  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  222.      1895. 
Carex  xerocarpa  S.  H.  Wright,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  42:  334.      1866. 

Pistillate  spikes  almost  filiform,  about  i"  in  diameter,  erect.     New  York  to  Illinois. 

50.    Carex  Haydeni  Dewey.     Hay  den's  Sedge.     (Fig.  720.) 
Carex  aperta  Carey  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  547.      1848.      Not 

Boott,  1840. 

C.  Haydeni  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  (II.)  18:  103.      1854. 
C.  stricta  var.  decora  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  85.      1888. 

Glabrous,  similar  to  C.  stricta  but  smaller,  culm 
slender,  rough  above,  seldom  over  2°  high.  Leaves 
\/f-\Yzfr  wide,  rough-margined,  shorter  than  or  some- 
times a  little  overtopping  the  culm,  their  sheaths 
slightly  or  not  at  all  fibrillose;  lower  bract  foliaceous, 
about  equalling  the  culm;  pistillate  spikes  linear-cy- 
lindric,  6//-i5//  long,  about  zff  in  diameter,  erect  or 
somewhat  spreading,  all  sessile  or  nearly  so,  some- 
times with  a  few  staminate  flowers  at  the  summit; 
perigynia  orbicular,  obtuse,  about  ]/2."  broad,  faintly 
2-4-nerved,  minutely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire; 
scales  lanceolate,  purplish,  spreading,  very  acute, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Swamps,  New  Brunswick  to  Rhode  Island  and  Nebraska. 

51.  Carex  Nebraskensis  Dewey.     Nebraska  Sedge.     (Fig.  721.) 

Carex  Nebraskensis  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  18: 
102.      1854. 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  erect,  sharp-angled, 
smooth,  or  rough  above,  i°-2j4°  tall.  Leaves  pale 
green,  i/^//-2>^//  wide,  rough-margined,  not  ex- 
ceeding the  culm,  their  sheaths  more  or  less  nodu- 
lose; lower  bract  foliaceous,  sometimes  equalling 
the  culm,  the  upper  much  shorter  and  narrower; 
staminate  spikes  commonly  2,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  erect,  9//-i5// 
long,  about  3"  in  diameter,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short- stalked;  perigynia  ascending,  elliptic  or 
somewhat  obovate,  prominently  several-ribbed 
when  mature,  short-beaked,  the  beak  2-toothed; 
scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  mucronate, 
brown  with  a  green  midvein  or  green  all  over,  the 
upper  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 
Nebraska  to  Oregon  and  New  Mexico.  May-Aug. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


309 


52.    Carex  aquatilis  Wahl.     Water  Sedge.     (Fig.  722.) 

Carex  aquatilis  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.)  24: 

165.      1803. 

Glabrous,  glaucous  and  pale  green,  culms  rather 
stout,  erect,  sharp-angled  above,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  elongated,  sometimes  equalling 
the  culm,  2//-3j^// wide,  their  sheaths  nodulose;  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves,  the  lower  much  overtopping  the 
culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
narrowly  linear-cylindric,  often  staminate  at  the  sum- 
mit, erector  slightly  spreading,  i/-2^/  long,  2//-3//in 
diameter,  sessile  and  dense,  or  the  lower  narrowed 
and  loosely  flowered  at  the  base  and  short- stalked; 
perigynia  elliptic,  green,  nerveless,  minutely  beaked, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales  oblong,  shorter  than  or  equal- 
ling the  perigynia  and  much  narrower;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  along  streams,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska, 
south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Minnesota 
and  British  Columbia.  Also  in  Europe.  June-Aug. 

A  hybrid  between  this  species  and  C.  stricta  is  described  by  Professor  I,.  H.  Bailey. 

53.    Carex  lenticularis  Michx.     Lenticular  Sedge.     (Fig.  723.) 

Carex  lenticularis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  172.  1803. 
Glabrous,  pale  green,  culms  very  slender,  erect, 
sharp-angled,  slightly  rough  above,  i°-2°  tall. 
Leaves  elongated,  rarely  over  \"  wide,  shorter 
than  or  rarely  overtopping  the  culm,  slightly 
rough-margined,  their  sheaths  not  fibrillose;  lower 
bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  usually  much  overtop- 
ping the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  solitary  or  rarely 
2,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  often  pistillate  above; 
pistillate  spikes  2-5,  clustered  at  the  summit  or 
the  lower  distant,  sessile  or  the  lower  short-stalked, 
erect,  linear-cylindric,  4//-i/  long,  i^//-2//  in  di- 
ameter; perigynia  ovate  or  elliptic,  acute,  minutely 
granulater-_faintly  few-nerved,  appressed,  tipped 
with  a  minute  entire  beak;  scales  green,  appressed, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

On  shores,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Territory, 
south  to  Maine,  yermont,  Ontario  and  Minnesota.  As- 
cends to  4500  ft.  in  the  White  Mountains.  June-Aug. 

54.    Carex  Goodenovii  J.  Gay.     Goodenough's  Sedge.     (Fig.  724.) 

Carex  caespitosa  Gooden.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  2:  195.  pi. 

21.     1794.     NotL.      1753- 

C.  Goodenomi].  Gay,  Ann.Sci.  Nat.  (II.)  n:  191.     1839. 
Care.r  vulgaris  E.  Fries,  Mant.  3:  153.      1842. 
Carex   rigida    var.     strictiformis    Bailey,    Britten's 

Journ.  Bot.  28:  172.      1890. 

Glabrous,  culms  stiff,  erect,  sharp-angled,  smooth 
or  sometimes  rough  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves 
elongated,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  glaucous,  i//-2// 
wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm,  their  sheaths  not 
fibrillose;  lower  bracts  usually  foliaceous,  some- 
times equalling  the  culm;  staminate  spike  sessile 
or  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  all  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  erect,  densely  many-flowered,  narrowly  cylin- 
<3ric,  2//-2^//  in  diameter,  5//-i2//  long;  perigynia 
flattened,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  faintly  few-nerved, 
green,  appressed,  less  than  i"  long,  minutely 
beaked,  the  orifice  nearly  entire;  scales  purple- 
brown  to  black  with  a  green  midvein,  very  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  wet  grounds,  Newfoundland  to  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania.    June-Aug. 


3io 


CYPERACEAE. 


55.    Carex  Bigelovii  Torr.     Bigelow's  Sedge.     (Fig.  725.) 

Carex  Bigelovii  Torr.;  Schwein.  Ann.  l,yc.  N.  Y.  i: 

67.      1824. 

Carex  hyperborea  Drej.  Rev.  Crit.  Car.  43.      1841. 
Carex  vulgaris  var.  hyperborea  Boott,  111.  167.     1867. 

Glabrous  and  smooth  throughout  or  very  nearly 
so,  culms  sharp-angled,  erect,  S'-iS7  tall.  Leaves 
i^//-2//  wide,  not  exceeding  the  culm,  the  lower 
bracts  similar,  but  shorter;  sheaths  slightly  or  not 
fibrillose;  staminate  spike  stalked,  sometimes  pis- 
tillate at  the  base,  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  linear- 
cylindric,  loosely  flowered  at  the  base,  dense  above, 
6//-ia//  long,  i^//-2//  thick,  the  upper  sessile, 
the  lower  often  slender -stalked;  perigynia  oval, 
ascending,  about  \"  long,  very  faintly  nerved, 
scarcely  beaked,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  purple- 
brown  with  a  narrow  green  midvein  and  often 
with  green  margins,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute, 
equalling  or  a  little  exceeding  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2,  rarely  3. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  the  higher  mountains  of  northern  New  England  and  New  York. 
Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 


56.    Carex    subspathacea    Wormsk. 
Hoppner's  Sedge.     (Fig.  726.) 

Carex  subspathacea  Wormsk.  Fl.  Dan.  9:  4.  pi.  1530. 

1818. 
Carex  Hoppneri  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  219.  pi. 

220.      1840. 

Glabrous,  culm  stiff,  smooth,  i/-7/  tall.  Leaves 
rigid,  smooth,  about  \"  wide,  often  overtopping 
the  culm;  lower  bracts  foliaceous;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  sessile 
or  very  short-stalked,  3//-6// long,  about  \l/t"  in 
diameter;  perigynia  oval  or  ovoid,  very  short 
beaked,  pale  green,  faintly  few-nerved,  about  i" 
long;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Greenland  to  Hudson  Bay.     Summer. 


57.    Carex  salina  Wahl.     Salt-marsh  Sedge.      (Fig.  727.) 


Carex  salina  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 
24:165.      1803. 

Glabrous,  culm  slender,  smooth,  erect,  6/-i8/ 
tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  ^"-i"  wide, 
sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  the  lower  bract 
similar;  staminate  spikes  I  or  2,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  slender-stalked  or  the  upper  sessile^ 
erect,  loosely  few-several-flowered,  ^/-i/  long, 
\y2"--2."  thick;  perigynia  ovate-elliptic,  pale, 
faintly  few-nerved,  ascending,  \yz"  long,  tapering 
into  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  brown 
with  a  green  midvein,  acute  or  cuspidate,  some- 
what longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  salt  marshes,  Greenland  to  Hudson  Bay.  Also  in 
arctic  Europe.  Summer. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


58.    Carex  cuspidata  Wahl.     Cuspidate  Sedge.     (Fig.  728.) 

Carex  cuspidata  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 

24:  164.      1803. 
Carex   salina    var.   cuspidata  Wahl.    Fl.   Lapp.    246. 

1812. 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  smooth  or  rough 
above,  erect,  i°-2^°  tall.  Basal  leaves  often 
equalling  the  culm,  i^//-3//  wide,  smooth,  their 
sheaths  more  or  less  nodulose;  leaves  of  the  culm 
shorter,  similar  to  the  lower  bracts,  which  usually 
overtop  the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  narrowly  cylindric,  often  stami- 
nate at  the  summit,  erect,  the  upper  often  sessile, 
the  lower  stalked;  perigynia  elliptic,  green,  2-4- 
nerved,  with  a  very  short  entire  beak ;  scales 
lanceolate,  pale,  acuminate  or  abruptly  contracted 
into  a  serrate  awn,  much  longer  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  marshes,  Labrador  to  the  coast  of  Massachusetts. 
Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

Carex  torta  Boott.     Twisted  Sedge.     (Fig.  729.) 

Carex  torta  Boott;  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  n.  1843. 
Glabrous,  rather  light  green,  culm  very  slender, 
erect  or  reclining,  smooth  or  slightly  scabrous 
above,  1)4°-^°  long.  Leaves  about  2X/  wide,  the 
basal  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  those 
of  the  culm  very  short;  sheaths  not  fibrillose; 
lower  bract  commonly  foliaceous;  staminate 
spikes  1-3,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  all  but 
the  upper  spreading  or  drooping,  linear,  i/~3/ 
long,  about  2X/  in  diameter,  sometimes  com- 
pound, often  loosely  flowered  toward  the  base; 
perigynia  oblong  or  narrowly  ovate,  green,  nerve- 
less, narrowed  and  more  or  less  twisted  above, 
\ff-\Y^"  long;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute, 
purple-brown  with  a  green  midvein,  shorter  and 
mostly  narrower  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  marshes  and  wet  thickets,  Maine  and  Vermont 
to  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  2600  ft. 
in  Virginia.  June-July. 

60.    Carex  prasina  Wahl.     Drooping  Sedge.     (Fig.  730.) 

Carex prasina  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.)  24: 

161.      1803. 
Carex  miliacea  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  290.      1805. 

Glabrous,  rather  light  green,  culm  slender,  smooth 
or  nearly  so,  reclining,  sharply  3-angled,  i°-2^° 
.long.  Leaves  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm, 
flaccid,  roughish,  i>^//-2X//  wide;  lower  bract  simi- 
lar, commonly  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
spike  solitary,  short-stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the 
summit;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  narrowly  linear-cylin- 
dric,  drooping,  the  lower  filiform-stalked,  the  upper 
sometimes  nearly  sessile,  if-2%'  long,  2/x  in  diam- 
eter, rather  loosely  many-flowered;  perigynia  light 
green,  lanceolate,  very  obscurely  nerved,  tapering 
into  a  slender  minutely  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
acute,  acuminate,  or  short-awned,  pale  green,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows  and  moist  thickets,  Vermont  and  Ontario 
to  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  south  in  the  Allegha- 
nies  to  Georgia.  Ascends  to  4200  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- 
July. 


312  CYPERACEAE. 

61.    Carex  misandra  R.  Br.     Short-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  731.) 

Carex  misandra  R.  Br.  Suppl.  Parry's  Voy.  cclxxxiii. 

1824. 

Glabrous  arid  smooth,  culms  very  slender,  erect, 
i/-i5/  tall.  Leaves  \"-iy2ff  wide,  clustered  at  the 
base,  usually  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  seldom 
over  2^x  long;  bracts  narrowly  linear,  sheathing,  not 
overtopping  the  spikes;  terminal  spike  often  partially 
pistillate  at  base  or  summit,  slender-stalked;  pis- 
tillate spikes  i  or  2,  filiform-stalked,  3//-7//  long, 
about  2X/  thick,  rather  few-flowered,  drooping;  peri- 
gynia  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  i%"  long,  ascending,  dark 
brown,  denticulate  above;  scales  oval,  obtuse,  purple- 
black  with  narrow  white  margins,  somewhat  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

Throughout  arctic  America,  extending  south  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  higher  summits  of  Colorado. 
Also  in  arctic  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


62.    Carex  littoralis  Schwein. 


(Fig.  732.) 


Barratt's  Sedge. 

Carex  littoralis  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  70.     1824. 
Carex  Barrattii  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i: 
361.      1825. 

Glabrous,  pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous, 
culms  erect,  slender,  smooth,  i°-2°  tall,  leafless 
above.  Leaves  i^//-2//  wide,  smooth,  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  sheaths 
fibrillose;  bracts  not  sheathing,  the  lower  usually 
short  and  narrow,  sometimes  elongated  and  over- 
topping the  culm;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  usually 
rather  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  drooping 
or  the  upper  ascending,  slender-stalked,  linear- 
cylindric,  y2f-if  long,  3"  in  diameter,  mostly 
staminate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong,  green, 
faintly  few-nerved,  i"-!^"  long,  tipped  with  a 
minute  entire  beak;  scales  brown-purple  with 
lighter  margins,  obtuse,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  pine-barren  swamps,  eastern  Long  Island  and 
New  Jersey  to  North  Carolina.  May-July. 

63.  Carex  rariflora  J.  E.  Smith.     Loose-flowered  Alpine  Sedge.     (Fig.  733.) 

Carex  rariflora  J.  E.  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  pi.  2516.  1813. 
Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect, 
4/-i2/  tall,  smooth,  or  roughish  above.  Leaves  \" 
wide  or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  very 
short;  bracts  subulate,  purple  at  the  base;  staminate 
spike  solitary,  long-stalked,  sometimes  with  a  few 
pistillate  flowers  at  the  base;  pistillate  spikes  i  or  2, 
narrowly  oblong,  few-flowered  3//-6//  long,  2"  in  di- 
ameter, nodding  on  filiform  stalks;  perigynia  pale, 
oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  \l/2'f  long,  Y^"  wide,  mi- 
nutely beaked,  few-nerved,  the  orifice  entire;  scales 
oval,  purple-brown  with  a  greenish  midvein,  obtuse 
or  mucronate,  equalling  or  a  little  longer  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  wet  places,  Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay, 
south  to  Mt.  Katahdin,  Maine,  and  to  northern  Minne- 
sota. Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


313 


64.    Carex  limosa  I,.     Mud  Sedge. 
(Fig.  734.) 

Carex  limosa  L,.  Sp.  PI.  977.      1753. 

Glabrous,  rather  light  green,  culms  slender, 
rough  above,  erect,  lo'-a0  tall.  Leaves  \"  wide  or 
less,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  midvein  promi- 
nent, the  margins  somewhat  involute  in  drying; 
bracts  linear-filiform,  the  lower  Y^'-^Y^  long; 
staminate  spike  solitary,  long-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  I  or  2,  filiform -stalked  and  drooping,  ob- 
long, 5//-io// long,  about  3X/  thick;  perigynia  pale, 
oval,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  \Y*ff  long,  ascending, 
tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak,  several-nerved, 
about  as  long  as  the  oval  green  or  purplish-brown 
cuspidate  or  acute  scale;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south 
to  Maine,  New  Jersey,  Ohio,  Minnesota  and  Idaho. 
Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  the  White  Mountains.  Also  in 
Europe.  Summer. 


65- 


1789. 
1826. 


Carex  Magellanica  L,am.     Magellan  Sedge.     (Fig.  735.) 

Carex  Magellanica  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  385. 
Carex  irrigua  Smith;  Hoppe,  Caric.  72. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
erect  or  reclining,  6/-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  i//-2// 
wide,  somewhat  rough  on  the  margins,  commonly 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  similar  and 
usually  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  or  rarely  2,  often  partially  pistillate;  pis- 
tillate spikes  1-3,  oblong,  filiform-stalked  and 
drooping,  4//-8//  long,  about  3"  in  diameter;  peri- 
gynia biconvex,  oval,  pale,  minutely  granulate-pa- 
pillose, oval  or  suborbicular,  few-nerved,  i//-i^// 
long,  tipped  with  a  very  minute  beak,  the  orifice 
entire;  scales  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  or  awned, 
dark  green  or  purplish-brown,  i_^-2  times  as  long 
as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  Manitoba, 
south  to  Maine,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.  Also  in 
the  Uinta  Mountains,  Utah,  in  Europe,  and  in  south- 
ern South  America.  Ascends  to  4600  ft.  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks.  Summer. 

66.    Carex  podocarpa  R.  Br.     L,ong-awned  Arctic  Sedge.     (Fig.  736. ) 

Carex  podocarpa  R.  Br.  Frank..Jourii.  App.  Ed.  2,  36. 
1823. 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
rough  above,  io/-2°  long.  Leaves  a  little  rough 
on  the  margins,  i^//-2//  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  lowest  reduced  to  short  sheaths;  lower 
bract  similar  to  the  upper  leaves,  the  upper  much 
shorter  and  narrower;  staminate  spikes  i  or  2, 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  cylindric,  dense, 
many-flowered,  ty-ity  long,  3"  in  diameter, 
stalked  or  sessile,  the  lower  often  nodding;  peri- 
gynia elliptic-lanceolate,  flat,  about  2/'/£//  long, 
acute  at  both  ends,  appressed,  faintly  nerved,  the 
orifice  entire;  scales  purple-black,  ovate,  acuminate, 
longer  than  the  perigynia,  the  midvein  produced 
into  a  subulate  awn  2//-6//  long;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

Arctic  America.  Closely  related  to  C.  alrofusca 
Schk.  Summer. 


314 


CYPERACEAE. 


67.    Carex  cryptocarpa  C.  A.  Meyer. 
Hidden-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.   737.) 

Carex   cryptocarpa    C.   A.   Meyer,    Mem.   Acad.   St. 
Petersb.  i:  226.  pi.  14.     1825-31. 

Glabrous,  culm  stout,  erect,  sharply  3-angled, 
rough  above,  i^0-30  tall.  Leaves  smooth,  2//~3//' 
wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm, 
the  upper  ones  and  the  lower  bract  shorter;  stami- 
nate  spikes  2-4,  stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-5,  all 
filiform-stalked  and  drooping,  densely  flowered,  \f- 
3'  long,  3//-4//  in  diameter;  perigynia  oblong  or 
oval,  green,  faintly  several-nerved,  \Yz'f  long, 
tipped  with  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  purple- 
brown,  ascending,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  2  or  3 
times  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Arctic  America  from  Greenland  to  Alaska.    Summer. 
Carex  cryptocarpa  variegata  (Drejer)  Britton,  Mem. 

Torr.  Club,  5:  76.      1894. 
Carex  filipendula  var.  variegata   Drejer,  Rev.  Crit. 

Car.  46.      1841. 

Lower  than  the  type,  seldom  over  i°tall;  pistillate  spikes  about  2,  ovoid  or  short  oblong,  6" -9" 
long;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  little  longer  than  the  perigynia.     Range  of  the  species. 

68.    Carex  maritima  Muller.     Seaside  Sedge.     (Fig.  738.) 

C.  maritima  Muller,  Fl.  Dan.  4:  12:  6.  pi.  yoj.      1777. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  slender,  or  rather 
stout,  erect,  sharply  3-angled,  smooth,  or  roughish 
above,  i°-2*4°  tall.  Leaves  1"-$"  wide,  roughish 
on  the  margins  and  midvein,  rarely  overtopping 
the  culm,  the  lower  bracts  similar;  staminate  spikes 
1-3,  slender-stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  ; 
pistillate  spikes  2-4,  cylindric,  often  staminate  at 
the  summit,  densely  many-flowered,  I'-s'  long, 
4"-6//  thick,  drooping  on  filiform  stalks;  perigynia 
oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  ascending,  pale,  biconvex, 
rather  less  than  \"  long,  nerveless  or  with  a  few 
faint  nerves,  tipped  with  a  very  short  and  nearly 
or  quite  entire  beak;  scales  ascending,  green,  lin- 
ear-subulate, ciliate-scabrous,  3-8  times  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  salt  meadows,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to 
Massachusetts.  Also  in  Europe.  June-Aug. 

69.    Carex  crinita  Lam.     Fringed 
Sedge.     (Fig.  739.) 

Carex  crinita  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  393.      1789. 

Glabrous,  culms  stout,  3-angled,  rough  or  very 
nearly  smooth,  erect  or  somewhat  recurving,  2°- 
5°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  rough-margined,  3//-5//  wide, 
the  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm,  the 
lowest  very  short  and  sheathing;  staminate  spikes 
i  or  2,  stalked,  often  pistillate  at  the  base  or  in 
the  middle;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  narrowly  cylin- 
dric, densely  many-flowered,  i/~4/4/  long,  3v/-4//r 
in  diameter,  all  stalked,  drooping  and  commonly 
secund;  perigynia  obovoid,  obtuse,  about  i//  long 
and  nearly  as  thick,  nerveless,  abruptly  tipped  by 
the  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  green,  subulate, 
ciliate-scabrous,  spreading,  2-6  times  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  to  Florida  and  Texas.    June-Aug. 

A  hybrid  with  C.  torta,  occurring  in  New  Hampshire,  is  described  by  Prof.  L-  H.  Baile3\ 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 
Carex  crinita  minor  Boott.  111.  18.      1858. 


315 


Culms  slender,  io'-2o'  tall;  leaves  ilA  "-2%"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  i'-i]4'  long,  2"  thick,  spread- 
ing or  slightly  drooping;  perigynia  little  more  than  ^     in  diameter.     Maine  to  southern  New  York. 

70.    Carex  gynandra  Schwein.     Nodding  Sedge.     (Fig.  740.) 

Carex  gynandra  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  70.  1824. 
Care.r  crinita  var.  gynandra  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Ann. 

Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  360.     1825. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  stout, 
2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  3//-6//  wide,  glabrous  or  their 
sheaths  often  finely  pubescent;  pistillate  spikes 
i '-4'  long,  narrowly  cylindric,  stalked,  drooping; 
perigynia  oblong  or  elliptic,  faintly  few-nerved  or 
nerveless,  compressed,  not  at  all  or  slightly  in- 
flated, ij^//-2//  long,  and  about  one-half  as  broad, 
tapering  gradually  to  an  acute  entire  orifice;  scales 
subulate,  rough,  ascending,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2,  rarely  3. 

In  swamps,  Nova  Scotia  (according  to  Macoun)  to 
northern  New  York,  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Ascends 
to  5000  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.  June-Aug. 

Carex  gynandra  Porteri  (Olney)  Britton. 
Carex  Porteri  Olney,  Car.  Bor.  Am.  12.     1871.  ^       /7\\\       //^!P' 

Smaller,  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the  species 
that  minor  does  to  C.  crinita.  Maine. 

71.    Carex  macrokolea  Steud.     Southern 
Glaucous  Sedge.     (Fig.  741.) 

Carex  macrokolea  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  223.     1855. 
Carex  verrucosa  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  2:  555.     1824.     Not 
Muhl.  1817. 

Glabrous,  light  green  and  glaucous,  culms  stout, 
erect,  slightly  rough  on  the  angles  above,  2°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  flat  or  in  drying  somewhat  involute,  rough, 
iX//~3//  wide,  often  equalling  the  culm,  tapering  to  a 
very  long  narrow  tip,  the  lower  bracts  similar,  shorter; 
staminate  spikes  i  or  2,  short-stalked,  often  pistillate 
at  the  summit;  pistillate  spikes  2-8,  cylindric,  dense, 
i/-2/  long,  erect,  sessile  or  the  lower  stalked;  peri- 
gynia dark  brown,  broadly  ovoid,  3-angled,  i^//  long, 
usually  several-nerved,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
sharp  beak  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
oblong,  scarious-margined,  rough-awned,  as  long  as 
the  perigynia  or  longer;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

In  swamps,  Missouri  to  Florida  and  Texas.    June-Aug. 

72.    Carex  glauca  Scop.     Glaucous  Sedge.     (Fig.  742.) 

Carex  glauca  Scop.  Fl.  Carn.  Ed.  2,  2:  223.     1772. 

Glabrous,  pale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  slender, 
erect,  smooth  or  roughish  above,  i°-2°  tall,  the 
Tootstocks  long  and  stout.  Leaves  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  culm,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  about  2/7 
wide;  lower  bract  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  nar- 
rower; staminate  spikes  mostly  2,  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  2  or  3,  ascending  or  at  length  drooping, 
slender-stalked,  linear-cylindric,  i/-2/  long,  3X/ 
thick,  densely  many-flowered,  commonly  staminate 
at  the  summit;  perigynia  brown,  ellipsoid,  faintly 
few-nerved,  or  nerveless,  minutely  granulate  or 
papillose,  nearly  i//  long,  minutely  beaked,  the 
orifice  entire;  scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  brown 
with  a  green  midvein,  acute  or  obtusish,  about  as 
long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  June-Aug. 


74-    Carex  costellata 


CYPERACEAE. 

73.    Carex  virescens  Muhl.      Downy  Green 
Sedge.     (Fig.  743.) 

Carex  virescens  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  251.     1805. 

Culms  very  slender,  erect  or  somewhat  reclining, 
rough  above,  6/-i8/  tall.  Leaves  light  green,  pubes- 
cent, especially  on  the  sheaths;  spikes  2-5,  very  short- 
stalked,  erect  or  nearly  so,  oblong-cylindric,  densely 
many- flowered,  4//-io//  long,  about  i*&"  in  diameter, 
the  terminal  one  staminate  below;  perigynia  3-sided, 
broadly  oval  or  ovoid,  rather  less  than  \"  long,  as- 
cending, densely  pubescent,  few-nerved,  green,  beak- 
less,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  oblong-ovate,  cuspidate 
by  the  excurrent  midvein,  scarious-margined,  slightly 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Michi- 
gan, south  to  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to 
2000  ft.  in  Pennsylvania.  June-July. 

Britton.     Ribbed  Sedge.      (Fig.  744.) 
1824. 


Carex  costata  Schwein.  Ann.  L,yc.  N.  Y.  i:  67. 

Net  Presl.  1819. 
Carex  virescens  var.  costata  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 

9: 260.      1825. 
C.  costellata  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  223.      1895. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  taller  and 
more  spreading;  culms  slender,  i°-2)4°  long. 
Leaves  i^//-2//  wide,  pubescent,  especially  on 
the  sheaths,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  upper  one 
and  the  similar  lower  bract  sometimes  overtop- 
ping the  spikes;  spikes  2-5,  narrowly  cylindric, 
many-flowered,  rather  loose,  )4/-^)4/  long,  i^// 
in  diameter,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  the  termi- 
nal one  staminate  below,  the  lower  one  commonly 
filiform-stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  densely  pu- 
bescent, narrowed  at  each  end,  strongly  several- 
ribbed,  i"  long,  rather  more  than  yz/f  thick, 
beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  scarious- 
margined,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  North  Carolina,  where  it  ascends  to  4000  ft. 

Carex  triceps  Michx. 


June-Aug. 

(Fig.  745.) 

1803. 


Hirsute  Sedge. 

Carex  triceps  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  170. 

Carex  hirsuta  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  252.      1805. 

Carex  triceps  var.  hirsuta  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i: 

35;      1889. 

Light  green,  culms  slender,  rough  above,  erect 
or  reclining,  6/-3-^°  long.  Leaves  i//-2//  wide, 
pubescent,  at  least  on  the  sheaths,  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  lower  bract  similar;  spikes  2-5,  oblong 
or  oblong-cylindric,  dense,  erect,  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  3//-8//  long,  2%"-$%"  in  diameter, 
usually  clustered  at  the  summit,  the  terminal  one 
staminate  at  the  base;  perigynia  oval  or  obovoid, 
flattened,  not  inflated,  green  or  greenish-brown, 
few-nerved,  imbricated,  usually  pubescent  when 
young,  when  mature  YZ"-\"  long,  beakless,  the 
orifice  minutely  notched  or  entire;  scales  ovate, 
scarious-margined,  cuspidate  or  short-awned,  rather 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  acheneelliptic-obovoid, 
its  summit  not  bent;  stigmas  3. 
In  woods,  fields  and  swamps,  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario  and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  April-Aug. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


317 


76.  Carex  Caroliniana  Schwein.    Carolina 
Sedge.     (Fig.  746.) 

Carc.r  Caroliniana  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  i:  67.     1824. 
Carex  Smithii  Porter;  Olney,  Car.  Bor.  Am.  2,  name 

only.     1871.     Not  Tausch.  1821. 
C.  triceps  var.  Smilhii  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  88.      1888. 

Culms  very  slender,  erect,  rough  above,  i°-2-J^° 
tall.  Leaves  \"-\y2"  wide,  rather  dark  green, 
glabrous  except  on  the  sheaths,  the  upper  and  the 
similar  but  narrower  bracts  usually  much  overtop- 
ping the  spikes;  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  dense,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  4//-6//  long,  2//  in  diameter;  erect, 
clustered  at  the  summit,  the  upper  one  staminate  at 
the  base;  perigynia  subglobose  or  obovoid,  swollen, 
not  imbricated,  about  y^."  in  diameter,  nerveless 
or  faintly  nerved,  brown,  beakless,  glabrous  at  least 
when  mature,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  brown,  ovate, 
mucronate;  achene  pyriform,  bent  at  the  summit 
or  tipped  with  the  bent  style. 

In  meadows,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  North  Carolina  and  Arkansas.     May-July. 

77.    Carex  gracillima  Schwein.     Graceful  Sedge.     (Fig.  747.) 

Carex  gracillima  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  1:66.    1824. 
Carex  gracillima  var.   humilis  Bailey,  Mem.   Torr. 
Club,  1:71.      1889. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  spreading, 
roughish  above,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  dark  green, 
i^//-3//  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  basal 
ones  wider  than  the  upper;  lower  bract  foliaceous, 
sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes;  spikes  3-5,  nar- 
rowly cylindric,  usually  densely  flowered  except  at 
the  base,  i/-2X/  long,  about  2/x  thick  or  some- 
times much  smaller,  filiform-stalked  and  drooping, 
the  upper  one  partly  or  wholly  staminate;  peri- 
gynia ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  slightly  swollen,  few- 
nerved,  glabrous,  i//  long;  scales  thin,  ovate-ob- 
long, very  obtuse  or  the  lower  cuspidate,  pale, 
scarious-margiued,  one-half  as  long  as  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3. 

In  moist  woods  and  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Mani- 
toba, North  Carolina,  Ohio  and  Michigan.  May-July. 

Professor  Bailey  has  described  a  hybrid  with  C.  hirsuia,  occurring-  at  Phillipstown,  N.  Y. 
Carex  Sullivantii  Boott,  is  a  hybrid  of  this  species  with  C.  pubescens. 

78.    Carex  aestivalis  M.  A.  Curtis.     Summer  Sedge.      (Fig.  748.) 

Carex aesiivalis~Nl.  A.  Curtis;  A.  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci. 
42:  28.      1842. 

Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
smooth,  or  roughish  near  the  summit,  i°-2°  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  i//-iX//  wide,  elongated  but  usually 
shorter  than  the  culm,  their  sheaths  usually  pubes- 
cent, the  blades  sometimes  slightly  so;  lower  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves  but  narrower;  spikes  3-5,  nar- 
rowly linear,  erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  i/-2/ 
long,  about  i^"  thick,  loosely  many-flowered  or 
the  upper  ones  dense,  the  terminal  one  staminate  at 
the  base  or  also  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oblong, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  3-sided,  glabrous,  few-nerved, 
\"  long,  Yz"  thick,  beakless,  the  orifice  entire; 
scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  or  the  lower  cuspidate 
or  short-awned,  green,  thin,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
perigynia  or  more;  stigmas  3. 

In  mountain  woods,  Massachusetts  and  northern 
New  York  to  Georgia.  June-Aug. 


3i8  CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  oxylepis  Torr.  &  Hook.     Sharp-scaled  Sedge.     (Fig.  749.) 

Carex  oxylepis  Torr.  &  Hook.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  409. 
1836. 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  \W-$ff  wide,  pubescent,  especially  on  the 
sheaths,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  the 
lower  bract  similar  but  narrower;  spikes  4  or  5, 
linear- cylindric,  i/-2/  long,  about  2/x  in  diameter, 
rather  densely  many-flowered,  filiform -stalked  and 
at  maturity  spreading  or  drooping,  the  terminal 
one  staminate  at  the  base  or  sometimes  wholly 
staminate;  perigynia  oblong,  sharply  3-angled, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  slightly  swollen,  2X/  long, 
less  than  \"  thick,  several -nerved,  the  orifice  en- 
tire; scales  ovate-lanceolate  with  broad  white  scar- 
ious  margins,  short-awned,  about  one-third  shorter 
than  the  perigynia,  the  awn  scabrous;  stigmas  3. 

Southern  Missouri  to  Tennessee  and  South  Carolina, 
south  to  Texas  and  Florida.  April-May. 

80.    Carex  formosa  Dewey.     Handsome  Sedge.     (Fig.  750.) 

Carex  formosa  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  8:  98.      1824. 

Culms  slender,  smooth,  erect,  i°-2^°  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  pubescent,  especially  on  the  sheaths,  the  basal 
2//~3//  wide,  often  as  long  as  the  culm;  lower  bract 
similar  to  the  shorter  culm -leaves;  spikes  3-5,  oblong- 
cylindric,  dense,  X/-iX/  l°ng,  nearly  3"  in  diameter, 
filiform-stalked,  spreading  or  drooping,  the  lower 
distant,  the  upper  one  staminate  at  the  base;  peri- 
gynia ovoid,  glabrous,  ascending,  swollen,  faintly 
few-nerved,  2"  long,  i"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  and  slightly  notched  beak;  scales  lanceolate  or 
ovate,  green,  with  scarious  margins,  acute,  cuspidate 
or  the  lower  short-awned,  shorter  than  the  perigynia 
or  the  lower  equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Massachusetts  and  Vermont 
to  southern  Ontario,  New  York  and  Michigan.  June-July. 

81.    Carex  Davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr.     Davis'  Sedge.     (Fig.  751.) 

Carex  Davisii  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i: 

326.     1825. 
Carex  Torreyana  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  10:47.    1826. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  stouter, 
iX°-3°  tall.  Leaves  1%''-$"  wide,  flat,  pubescent, 
especially  on  the  sheaths,  the  basal  ones  often  as 
long  as  the  culm ;  lower  bract  foliaceous,  commonly 
overtopping  the  spikes;  spikes  3-5,  clustered  near 
the  summit  or  the  lower  one  distant,  dense,  y2'- 
\Yzf  long,  3//  in  diameter,  all  filiform-stalked  and  at 
length  spreading  or  drooping,  the  terminal  one  stam- 
inate at  the  base;  perigynia  ovoid,  much  swollen, 
glabrous,  strongly  several-nerved,  2//-2^//  long, 
rather  more  than  i//  thick,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  but  conspicuously  2-toothed  beak;  scales  lan- 
ceolate or  oval,  long-awned,  spreading,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  thickets  and  meadows,  Massachusetts  to 
New  York  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Georgia,  Kentucky 
and  the  Indian  Territory.  May-July. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


319 


82.    Carex  longirostris  Torr.     Long-beaked  Sedge.     (Fig.  752.) 

Carex  longirostris  Torr.;  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i: 

71.      1824. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  very  slender,  rough- 
ish  above,  erect  or  reclining,  lo'-^0  long.  Leaves 
flat,  slightly  scabrous,  i//-i^//  wide,  usually  not  ex- 
ceeding the  culm,  the  bracts  similar,  shorter,  some- 
times overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  1-3, 
slender-stalked,  rarely  pistillate  at  the  base;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  oblong-cylindric,  loosely  flowered,  X/-2/ 
long,  $"-\'f  in  diameter,  all  filiform-stalked  and  nod- 
ding or  the  upper  one  nearly  sessile;  perigynia  broadly 
oval,  spreading,  smooth,  slightly  inflated,  pale, 
strongly  i-nerved  on  each  side,  the  body  about  ix/ 
long,  contracted  into  a  very  slender  beak  of  nearly 
twice  its  length;  scales  lanceolate,  spreading,  long- 
acuminate,  scarious-margined,  3//~4//  long;  stigmas  3. 

On  banks  and  in  moist  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to 
Ontario  and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Massachu- 
setts, Pennsylvania,  Michigan  and  Nebraska.  June-Sept. 

Carex  longirostris  minor  Boott,  seems  to  be  but  a  dwarf  form  of  the  species. 

83.    Carex  Assiniboinensis  W.  Boott. 
Assiniboia  Sedge.     (Fig.  753.) 

Carex  Assiniboinensis  W.  Boott,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  9:91. 
1884. 

Glabrous  and  nearly  smooth,  culms  filiform,  re- 
clining, 2°-2^°  long,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  and  bracts  \"  or  less  wide,  the  lower  re- 
duced to  short  purplish  sheaths;  staminate  spike 
long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  distant,  loosely 
few-flowered,  7//-i5//  long,  drooping  on  filiform 
stalks;  the  flowers  alternate;  perigynia  very  nar- 
rowly conic,  appressed,  obtusely  3-angled,  subulate- 
beaked,  above  T>//  long  and  \'f  thick  above  the  base, 
densely  tuberculate-hispid,  narrowed  into  a  short 
stalk;  scales  lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  awned, 
about  the  length  of  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  wet  soil,  northern  Minnesota  and  Manitoba. 
Summer. 


84.    Carex  castanea  Wahl. 

Carex  castanea  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 

24:  155.      1803. 
Carex  flexilis  Rudge,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  7:  98.  pi.  10. 

1804. 

Culms  slender  or  filiform,  nearly  erect,  rough 
above,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  iX//~2X//  wide,  pubes- 
cent, shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  linear-filiform, 
%'-!%'  long;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-4,  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  rather 
loosely  flowered,  %'-i'  long,  about  3"  thick, 
drooping  on  filiform  stalks,  sometimes  close  to- 
gether at  the  summit;  perigynia  glabrous,  pale 
brown,  ascending,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3- 
angled,  few-nerved,  tapering  gradually  into  a  2- 
toothed  beak  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  scales 
thin,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
lacerate  or  entire,  rather  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  dry  thickets  and  on  banks,  Newfoundland  to 
Connecticut,  west  to  Minnesota.  June-July. 


Chestnut  Sedge. 

I 


(Fig.  754.) 


320 


CYPERACEAE. 

85.  Carex  capillaris  L.     Hair-like  Sedge. 

(Fig.  755-) 

Carex  capillaris  L,.  Sp.  PI.  977.      1753. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender  or  filiform,  smooth  or 
roughish  above,  erect,  2/-i4/  tall.  Leaves  Y^"-\fr 
wide,  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  flat  or  somewhat 
involute  in  drying,  roughish;  lower  bract  similar,  the 
upper  much  narrower,  all  sheathing;  spikes  all  fili- 
form-stalked, the  terminal  one  stamiuate;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  narrowly  oblong,  2//-6//  long,  \ff  thick, 
nodding,  2- 12- flowered;  perigynia  oblong,  3-angled, 
light  green,  almost  nerveless,  about  \ff  long,  rather 
less  than  ]/?"  thick,  the  slender  beak  about  one-third 
as  long  as  the  body;  scales  oval,  scarious-margined, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Greenland  to  Alaska,  Maine,  the  White  Mountains, 
northern  New  York,  Michigan,  and  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Colorado  and  Utah.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

86.    Carex  arctata  Boott.     Drooping  Wood 

Sedge.      (Fig.  756.) 
Carex  arctala  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  227.      1840. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  i°-2%° 
long,  roughish  above.  Leaves  flat,  roughish-mar- 
gined,  much  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  basal  ones 
3//-5// wide;  staminate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  2-5,  linear,  I'-T/  long,  \y2ff  thick, 
loosely  many-flowered,  erect,  ascending,  or  at  length 
drooping  and  filiform-stalked,  the  lower  one  usually 
remote;  perigyuia  oblong,  or  thickest  below  the  mid- 
dle, rather  strongly  few-nerved,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  about  2/x  long,  less  than  \"  thick,  3-angled, 
tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
cuspidate  or  short-awned,  about  one-third  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to  Minne- 
sota, south  to  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.  May-June. 

Carex  Knieskerni  Dewey,  is  probably  a  hybrid  with  C.  castanea  or  C.  formosa. 

Carex  arctata  Faxoni  Bailey,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  87.     1888. 

Spikes  nearly  erect,  2-4  of  them  clustered  near  the  summit,  usually  shorter,  the  staminate  one 
very  short;  perigynia  2"-2W'  long.     Quebec  to  New  Hampshire,  Minnesota  and  Michigan. 

87.    Carex  tenuis  Rudge.     Slender-stalked  Sedge.     (Fig.  757.) 

Carex  tenuis  Rudge,  Trans.  L,inn.  Soc.  7:  97.  pi.  9. 
Carex  debilis  Boott,  111.  pi.  272.      1860.     Not  Michx. 
C.  debilis  var.  Rudgei  Bailey,  Mem.Torr.  Club,  1:34. 

Culms  slender,  rough  above,  erect  or  commonly  re- 
clining, 4x-3°  long.  Leaves  shorter  than  the  culm  or 
equalling  it,  light  green,  i^//-2^// wide;  lower  bracts 
similar  to  the  culm-leaves,  sometimes  overtopping  the 
spikes;  staminate  spike  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
2-5,  linear,  i/-3/  long,  \l/2"  thick,  filiform-stalked 
and  spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia  spindle-shaped, 
glabrous  or  puberulent,  faintly  few-nerved,  obtusely 
3-angled,  3"  long,  less  than  \"  thick,  tapering  into  a 
short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  acute, 
cuspidate  or  obtuse,  scarious-margined,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Michigan,  Virginia,  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky.  May-Aug. 

A  hybrid  with    C.  virescens  occurs  at  Revere,    Mass. 

Carex  tenuis  interjecta  (Bailey)  Britton. 
Carex  debilis  var.  interjecta  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  418.      1893. 

Pistillate  spikes  very  slender,  often  compound  at  the  base,  erect  or  nearly  so,  filiform-stalked, 
very  loosely  flowered,  the  perigynia  alternate,  only  about  2"  long.     New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 


1804. 
1803. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


321 


Carex  tenuis  erectior  Britton. 
Carex  debilis  var.  strictior  Bailej',  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  34. 


Not  C.  strictior  Dewey,  1846. 
dilate  spikes  ere< 
White  Mountains. 

Carex  oblita  Steud.     Dark-green  Sedge.     (Fig.  758.) 
1855. 


Mostly  taller  and  stouter  than  the  type,  and  erect;  leaves  about  2"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  erect 
or  but  slightly  spreading;  perigynia  2^     long,  one-third  longer  than  the  scales,     wmi-e  luvuinfainG 

88. 


i 


Carex  oblita  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  231. 

Carex  glabra  Boott,  111.  93.      1860. 

Carex  venustavar.  minor Boeckl.  Linnaea,  41:  255.      1876. 

Glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining,  sharply 
3-angled,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  i°-3°  long. 
Leaves  2//-2^//  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  slightly 
rough;  lower  bract  similar  to  the  culm-leaves  but  nar- 
rower, sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
spike  solitary,  filiform-stalked,  sometimes  partially 
pistillate;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  narrowly  cylindric,  i'- 
zy2'  long,  about  2^"  thick,  loosely  flowered,  slender- 
stalked,  the  upper  mostly  close  together  and  spreading 
or  ascending,  the  lower  distant,  drooping;  perigynia 
dark  green,  3-angled,  glabrous,  3"  long,  less  than  i/x 
thick,  ascending,  rather  strongly  many-nerved,  taper- 
ing into  a  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  obtuse,  about 
one-third  the  length  of  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  central  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  New  Jersey  and  North  Carolina.    June-Ang. 

89.    Carex  grisea  Wahl.     Gray  Sedge.     (Fig.  759.) 

Carex  grisea  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.   Handl.  (II.) 

24:  154.      1803. 

Glabrous,  culms  rather  stout,  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading,  smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout,  i°-2^° 
long.  Leaves  light  green  and  sometimes  slightly 
glaucous,  flat,  2//-3^//  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves, 
spreading,  much  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
spikes  solitary,  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  dense, 
oblong,  several-many-flowered,  4//-i2//long,  about 
•2"  thick,  the  upper  usually  sessile  and  close  to- 
gether, the  lower  slender-stalked  and  distant;  peri- 
gynia oblong,  i}/?."  long,  ix/  thick,  nearly  terete  or 
irregularly  angled  by  overlapping,  subacute  but 
beakless,  finely  many-striate,  longer  or  the  lower 
equalling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate  scarious-mar- 
giued  cuspidate  or  awned  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  North  Carolina  and  Kansas.  May-July. 

90.    Carex  amphibola  Steud.     Narrow-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  760.) 

Carex  amphibola  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  234.      1855. 
Carex  grisea  var.  angustifolia  Boott,  111.  34.      1858. 
Carex  grisea  var.  (?)  rigida  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i: 
56.      1889. 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender,  slightly  scabrous 
above,  erect,  or  spreading,  i°-2°  long.  Leaves  \'f- 
i"  wide,  mostly  erect  and  somewhat  rigid,  the  basal 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  similar  to  the  upper 
leaves,  erect,  not  over  \"  wide,  overtopping  the 
spikes;  staminate  spike  solitary,  short;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  erect,  >^/-i/  long,  less  than  2"  thick, 
loosely  several-flowered,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
on  long  filiform  stalks;  perigynia  oblong  or  obovoid, 
firm,  pointed  but  beakless,  3-angled,  many-striate, 
more  or  less  2-ranked,  2"  long,  about  \"  thick, 
longer  than  or  the  lower  equalling  the  ovate  scarious- 
margined  awned  spreading  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio  and 
lissouri,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.     April-June. 


322  CYPERACEAE. 

91.    Carex  flaccosperma  Dewey.     Thin-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  761.) 

Carex  laxiflora  var.  (?)  mutica  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y. 

3:  414.     1836.     Not  C.  mutica  R.  Br.  1823. 
Carex  flaccosperma  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  2: 

245.      1846. 

Similar  to  Carex  grisea  and  C.  glaucodea ; 
slightly  glaucous,  rather  deep  green,  culms  erect, 
i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  thin  and  flat,  the  basal  ones 
3//-6//  wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm; 
the  bracts  leafy,  much  overtopping  the  spikes; 
staminate  spike  sessile  or  nearly  so;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  oblong,  erect,  the  lower  slender-stalked; 
perigynia  oblong,  3-angled,  striate-nerved,  sub- 
acute,  2^//r  long;  scales  broadly  ovate,  green,  not 
at  all  or  very  slightly  scarious-margined,  acute, 
cuspidate  or  the  upper  obtuse,  2-3  times  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Southern  Missouri  to  Texas,  east  to  North  Carolina 
and  Florida.  June-July. 

92.    Carex  glaucodea  Tuckerm.     Glauces- 
cent  Sedge.     (Fig.  762.) 

Carex  grisea  var.  mutica  Carey  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  552. 

1848.     Not  C.  mutica  R.  Br.  1823. 
Carex  glaucodea  Tuckerm. ;  Olney,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  7: 

395.      1868. 

Similar  in  habit  to  Carex  grisea,  but  pale  and  very 
glaucous  all  over,  culms  smooth,  erect  or  spreading, 
6/-i8/  long.  Leaves  2//-4//  wide,  the  basal  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  culm;  bracts  foliaceous,  over- 
topping the  spikes;  staminate  spike  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  3-5,  erect,  densely  several-many  flowered,  the 
lower  slender-stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  many-striate, 
l^//-2//  long,  sub-acute,  beakless,  mostly  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  scarious-margined  acute 
cuspidate  or  short-awned  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  open  fields  and  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, Illinois,  Virginia  and  Arkansas.  May-July. 

93.    Carex  granularis  Muhl.     Meadow  Sedge.      (Fig.  763.) 

Carex  granularis  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  279.      1805. 

C.  granularis  recta  Dewey;  Wood's  Class-book,  763.  1860. 
Glabrous,  light  green  and  slightly  glaucous,  culms 
slender,  erect  or  spreading,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  6/- 
2^°  long.  Leaves  flat,  roughish  or  smooth,  i^//-3// 
wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  similar 
to  the  culm-leaves  and  usually  much  exceeding  the 
spikes;  staminate  spike  solitary,  sessile  or  short- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  3-5,  distant  or  the  upper 
two  contiguous,  erect  or  slightly  spreading,  narrowly 
oblong  or  cylindric,  J^'-iX'  long,  2"  thick,  densely 
many-flowered,  slender-stalked  or  the  upper  sessile 
perigynia  ovoid,  brown,  somewhat  swollen,  strongly 
many-nerved,  ascending,  about  \"  long,  tipped  with 
a  short,  usually  entire,  bent  or  nearly  straight  beak; 
scales  ovate,  thin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In   moist   meadows,  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario  and 
Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.     May-July. 

Carex  granularis  Shriveri  Britton. 
Carex  Haleana  Olney,  Car.  Bor.  Am.  6.     1871.     Not  C.  Halei,  Dewey,  1846. 

Basal  leaves  broader,  2^"-8"  wide,  glaucous;  perigynia  about  one-half  the  size  of  the  type,  the 
more  conspicuous  point  slightly  bent.     Pennsylvania  to  Wisconsin  and  Virginia. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


323 


94.    Carex  Crawei  Dewey.     Crawe's 
Sedge.     (Fig.  764.) 

Carex  Craivei  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  2:  246.  1846. 
Carex  hcterostachya  Torr.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  2:  248. 

1846. 

Glabrous,  culms  low,  stiff,  erect,  3/-i5/  tall. 
Leaves  rather  stiff,  flat,  i//-2//  wide,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  bracts  similar,  rarely  over- 
topping the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  1-3,  long-stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  1-4,  distant,  cylindric,  erect,  y^'-\' 
long,  2//-3//  thick,  densely  many- flowered,  stalked  or 
the  upper  sessile,  the  lowest  often  borne  near  the  base 
of  the  culm;  perigynia  ovoid,  ascending,  nerved,  us- 
ually minutely  resinous  dotted,  i"-ij4"  long,  taper- 
ing into  a  very  short  entire  beak;  scales  obovate  or 
oval,  thin,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3. 

In  moist  meadows  and  on  banks,  Quebec  to  Manitoba, 
south  to  Pennsylvania  and  Tennessee.  May-July. 

95.    Carex  extensa  Gooden.     L/ong-bracted 
Sedge.     (Fig.  765.) 

Carex  extensa  Gooden.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  2:  175.  1794. 
Glabrous,  bright  green,  culms  stiff,  erect,  io'-2° 
tall.  Leaves  i//-2//  wide,  strongly  involute,  erect, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  similar,  much 
exceeding  the  spikes,  the  upper  shorter,  sometimes 
deflexed;  staminate  spike  sessile,  rarely  pistillate  at 
the  base;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  erect,  sessile  and  close 
together  or  the  lowest  short-stalked  and  distant,  ob- 
long, densely  many-flowered,  5//-8//  long,  about  3" 
thick;  perigynia  ovoid  or  ovoid-oblong,  brown,  i^x/ 
long,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slightly  swollen,  strongly 
many-ribbed,  tapering  into  a  short  stout  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  acute,  brown  with  a  greenish 
midvein,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Borders  of  salt  meadows,   Coney  Island,  N.  Y.,  and 
near  Norfolk,  Va.    Naturalized  from  Europe.    June-Aug. 

96.    Carex  flava  L,.     Yellow  Sedge.     (Fig.  766.) 

Carex  flava  L-  Sp.  PI.  975.     1753. 

Carex  flava  var.  graminis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i: 
30.      1889. 

Glabrous  yellow-green,  culms  very  slender  but  stiff 
and  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves 
i//-2-J^//  wide,  flat,  the  radical  shorter  than  or  some- 
times exceeding  the  culm,  the  lower  bract  elongated, 
spreading  or  ascending;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
stalked  or  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  oblong  or  glo- 
bose-oblong, erect,  sessile  and  close  together  or  the 
lower  one  distant  and  short -stalked,  densely  flowered, 
3//-6//  long,  about  $"  thick;  perigynia  narrowly  ovoid, 
yellow,  and  spreading  or  deflexed  when  mature,  2//- 
3"  long,  strongly  several-nerved,  the  subulate  2- 
toothed  beak  about  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceo- 
late or  oval,  acute  or  subacute,  shorter  and  narrower 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows, Newfoundland  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Rhode  Island, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  Montana.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Sept. 

Carex  Oederi  IJhrh.,  found  by  the  late  I.  C.  Martindale  at  Atco,  N.  J.  (according  to  Prof.  Bailey), 
is  a  waif  from  Europe,  otherwise  not  known  from  America. 


324 


CYPERACEAE. 


Carex  viridula  Michx.     Green  Sedge.     (Fig.  767.) 

Carex  viridula  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  170.      1803.. 
Carex flava  var.  viridula  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  T.I. 
1889. 

Glabrous,  bright  green,  culms  slender,  smooth,  erect, 
4/-i5/  tall,  often  exceeded  by  the  erect  narrow  basal 
leaves.  Leaves  \"  or  less  wide,  the  bracts  similar  us- 
ually strictly  erect  and  much  overtopping  the  spikes; 
stamiuate  spike  sessile,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  top; 
pistillate  spikes  2-5,  all  close  together  and  sessile  or  the 
lower  distant  and  short-stalked,  oblong-cylindric  or  ob- 
long, 2//-6//  long,  iff  or  less  in  diameter;  perigynia 
ovoid-oblong,  i//  or  less  long,  strongly  few-nerved,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia  and  about  as  wide;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs  and  on  wet  rocks,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Maine,  Pennsylvania, 
Minnesota,  Utah  and  Washington.  Summer. 

Carex  fulva  Gooden.,  a  species  of  this  group,  was  found  many  years  ago  at  Tewksbury,  Mass., 
evidently  a  waif  from  Europe,  and  is  reported  from  Newfoundland. 

Carex  distans  I,.,  a  related  species,  has  been  collected  on  ballast  at  Philadelphia. 

98.    Carex  pallescens  L,.     Pale  Sedge.      (Fig.  768.) 
Carex  pallescens  L.  Sp.  PL  977.      1753. 

Light  green,  culms  slender,  erect,  rough  above, 
4/-2o/  tall.  Leaves  flat,  \"-\Yzff  wide,  pubescent  at 
least  on  the  sheaths,  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower 
bract  similar  to  the  culm-leaves,  erect  or  nearly  so 
and  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  solitary, 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  erect  or  some- 
what speading,  slender  stalked  or  the  upper  one  ses- 
sile, densely  many-flowered,  \"-^'f  long,  -2"- 
•2.yi"  in  diameter  usually  clustered;  perigynia  short- 
oblong,  pale,  i//  long,  y2"  thick,  obtuse,  thin,  faintly 
few-nerved,  beakless,  the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate, 
membranous,  cuspidate  or  short-awned,  equalling  or 
the  upper  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  fields  and  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  western  On- 
tario, south  to  Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.  Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in 
Europe.  May-July. 

Carex  abbreviata  Prescott.     Torrey's  Sedge.     (Fig.  769.) 

Carex  Torreyi  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  21.  1843.  Not 
C.  Torreyana  Schwein.  1824. 

Carex  abbreviata  Prescott;  Boott,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 
20:  141.  1846. 

Pale  green,  culms  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect,  10'- 
2ox  tall,  finely  ciliate-pubesceut.  Leaves  about  \rf 
wide,  erect,  elongated  but  shorter  than  the  culm, 
finely  and  usually  densely  pubescent;  lower  bract 
YZ'-I'  long,  spreading  or  ascending,  pubescent; 
staminate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  short  oblong,  dense,  3//-5//  long,  about 
3"  thick,  sessile  or  the  lower  one  short  stalked, 
erect,  clustered;  perigynia  broadly  oblong  or  ob- 
ovoid,  glabrous,  about  \"  long  and  more  than  y2" 
thick,  strongly  many-nerved,  obtuse,  abruptly 
tipped  by  a  short  cylindric  beak,  scales  cuspi- 
date, shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  New  York  to  the  Northwest  Territory, 
south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  June-July. 


SKDGE   FAMILY. 


325 


ioo.    Carex  conoidea  Schk.  Field  Sedge. 
(Fig.  770.) 

Carex  conoidea  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  67.  f.  168.  1806. 
Glabrous,  culms  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect,  S'-iS' 
tall.  I/eaves  \f'-\y2"  wide,  the  basal  sometimes 
equalling  the  culm;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the  culm- 
leaves,  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate 
spike  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  distant,  erect, 
oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  5//-i2//  long,  2^/r  thick, 
not  densely  flowered,  the  upper  nearly  sessile,  the 
lower  slender-  stalked;  perigynia  oblong,  obtusely  3- 
angled,  narrowed  to  each  end,  acute,  finely  many- 
striate,  beakless,  i//-i/^//  long,  about  l/if'  thick,  the 
orifice  entire;  scales  broadly  ovate,  scarious  -margined, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  rough  awn,  the  lower 
longer  than  the  perigynia,  the  upper  shorter  than  or 
equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  south  to  Rhode 
Island,  New  Jersey,  Ohio  and  Illinois.     May-June. 


101.   Carex  oligocarpa  Schk. 


Few-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  771.) 

Riedg.    Nachtr.   58.  f.   170. 


c  '/in:r   oligocarpa   Schk. 
1806. 

Glabrous,  culms  very  slender  or  almost  filiform, 
spreading  or  reclining,  roughish,  8/-i8/  long. 
Leaves  about  \"  wide,  spreading,  soft,  the  basal 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  the  bracts  simi- 
lar, usually  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
solitary,  long-stalked  or  nearly  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  erect  or  nearly  so,  distant,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  4//-8//  long,  less  than  2X/  thick,  erect,  the 
lower  filiform-stalked,  the  upper  sessile;  perigynia 
oblong,  firm,  pale,  finely  many-striate,  ascending, 
i'f-\%"  long,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  short 
straight  or  oblique  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  tipped 
with  a  rough  spreading  awn,  longer  than  or  equal- 
ling the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to 
Michigan,  south  to  New  Jersey,  West  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky and  Missouri.  May-July. 


102.    Carex  Hitchcockiana  Dewey.     Hitchcock's  Sedge.     (Fig.  772.) 


Carex  Hitchcockiana  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  10:  274. 
1826. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  somewhat  rough,  i°-2°  tall. 
Leaves  i}4//~3//  wide,  the  basal  mostly  shorter  than 
the  culm,  the  upper  and  similar  bracts  much  over- 
topping the  spikes,  their  sheaths  pubescent,  their 
blades  somewhat  so;  staminate  spike  stalked  or 
nearly  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  erect,  rather  distant,  stalked  or  the  upper 
sessile;  perigynia  ovoid,  obtusely  3-angled,  finely 
many-striate,  ascending,  iX/x  l°ng.  nearly  i// 
thick,  tipped  with  a  short  stout  oblique  entire 
beak;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  scarious- 
margined,  rough-awned,  longer  than  or  equalling 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to 
Michigan,  south  to  New  Jersey,  West  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky and  Missouri.  May-July. 


326  CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  altocaulis  (Dewey)  Britton.     Sheathed  Sedge.     (Fig.  773.) 

Carex  vaginala  var.  altocaulis  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  ScL 

(11)41:227.      1866. 
Carex  Saltuensis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  7.     1889. 

Glabrous,  light  green  but  not  glaucous,  culms  very 
slender,  weak,  spreading  or  reclining,  i°-2°  long. 
Leaves  iX//-2//  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  up- 
per ones  and  the  bracts  usually  very  short;  staminate 
spike  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  distant, 
slender-stalked,  ascending,  spreading  or  recurved,  less 
than  ix  long,  loosely  several-flowered,  their  stalks 
partly  enclosed  by  the  long  sheaths;  perigynia  ob- 
long, 3-angled,  narrowed  at  the  base,  faintly  few- 
nerved  2X/  long,  nearly  i"  thick,  tipped  with  a  beak 
about  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  body,  the  orifice 
2-toothed,  oblique;  scales  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  the  upper  obtuse,  shorter  than  or  the  lower 
equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps,  Quebec  and  Vermont  to  Ontario,  New  York 
and  Minnesota.  Summer. 

104.    Carex  polymorpha  Muhl.     Variable  Sedge.     (Fig.  774.) 
Carex  polymorpha  Muhl.  Gram.  239.      1817. 

Glabrous,  rather  dark  green,  culms  stiff,  strictly 
erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
i^//-2//  wide,  nearly  erect,  the  basal  sometimes  as 
long  as  the  culm,  the  others  much  shorter;  bracts 
usually  little  longer  than  the  pistillate  spike;  stam- 
inate spikes  i  or  2,  long-stalked;  pistillate  spikes 
commonly  solitary,  sometimes  2,  erect,  short-stalked 
or  sessile,  densely  many-flowered  or  sometimes  looser 
at  the  base,  I'-i^'  long  and  4"  thick,  occasionally 
staminate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong, 
obscurely  3-angled,  fully  2"  long  and  i"  in  diameter, 
the  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body,  the 
orifice  oblique;  scales  red-brown,  obtuse  or  the  lower 
acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  or  wet  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  northern 
New  Jersey,  south  to  North  Carolina.  Local.  Ascends 
to  2000  ft.  in  Pennsylvania.  June-Aug. 

105.    Carex  tetanica  Schk.     Wood's  Sedge.     (Fig.  775.) 

Carex  tetanica  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  68.  figs.  100,  207 v 

1806. 
Carex  tetanica  var.  Woodii  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Clubr 

i:  53.      1889. 

Light  green  and  glabrous,  culms  slender,  erect 
or  nearly  so,  rough  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
!//_2//  wide,  the  basal  about  equalling  the  culm^ 
bracts  narrow,  elongated,  sometimes  overtopping 
the  spikes;  staminate  spike  stalked,  the  stalk 
sometimes  3'  long;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  erect, 
distant,  narrowed  at  the  base,  loosely  or  compactly 
several-many-flowered,  \'  long  or  less,  or  the  lower 
filiform-stalked  and  drooping;  perigynia  oblong, 
green,  prominently  many-nerved,  about  i^'long, 
less  than  i//  thick,  oblique,  the  summit  curved 
outwardly  and  tapering  to  an  entire  orifice,  beak- 
less;  scales  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  the  lower  mu- 
cronate,  shorter  than  the  perigynia  or  the  lower 
equalling  them;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows  and  wet  woods,  Ontario  to  Manitoba,. 
North  Carolina  and  Louisiana.  June-July. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


327 


Michigan, 
long  stalk 


106.    Carex  Meadii  Dewey.     Mead's  Sedge.     (Fig.  776.) 

Carex  Meadii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43:  90.      1842. 
Carex  tetanica  var.  Meadii  Bailey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  22: 

1 1 8.     1886. 
Carex  tetanica  var.  Carteri  Porter,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila. 

1887: 76.      1887. 
Carex  tetanica  var.  Canbyi  Porter,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila. 

1887: 76.      1887. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culm  stouter, 
very  rough  above,  la'-iS'  tall.  Basal  leaves  usually 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  short,  not  overtopping 
the  spikes;  staminate  spike  long-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  sometimes  staminate  at  the  summit,  occa- 
sionally compound  at  the  base,  oblong-cylindric, 
densely  flowered,  y?.'-\f  lorjg>  about  3"  in  diameter, 
erect,  stalked  or  the  upper  one  sessile;  perigynia 
broadly  oblong,  prominently  many-nerved,  green, 
\Yif'  long,  about  i//  in  diameter,  tipped  with  a  mi- 
nute slightly  bent  beak;  scales  ovate,  green  with 
purple-brown  margins,  acute,  mucronate  or  the  upper 
obtuse,  the  upper  short,  the  lower  sometimes  exceed- 
ing the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Rhode  Island  to  Pennsylvania  and  Georgia,  west  to 
Assiniboia,  Nebraska  and  Arkansas.  The  lowest  spike  is  sometimes  borne  on  a  very 
arising  from  the  axil  of  one  of  the  basal  leaves.  May-July. 

107.    Carex  laxiflora  Lam.     Loose-flowered  Sedge.     (Fig.  777.) 

Carex  laxiflora  L,am.  Encycl.  3:  392.      1789. 

Glabrous,  rather  pale  green,  culms  erect  or  reclin- 
ing, slender,  roughish  above,  6x-2°  long.  Leaves 

i^//-3// wide,  soft,  the  basal  mostly  shorter  than  the 
culm,  the  bracts  similar  to  the  culm-leaves  sometimes 
overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike  usually 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant,  linear-cylindric, 
loosely  several-many-flowered,  %f-if  long,  i%"-2" 
thick,  all  slender-stalked  and  spreading  or  drooping 
or  the  upper  one  erect  and  sessile;  perigynia  ascend- 
ing, obovoid,  more  or  less  oblique,  iX//~IX//  l°ng. 
rather  more  than  l/2'f  thick,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
strongly  many-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  stout 
outwardly  bent  entire  beak;  scales  ovate  with  broad 
white  scarious  margins,  acute,  cuspidate  or  awned, 
shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  meadows  and  thickets,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Florida,  Alabama  and  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory. Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  May-July. 

Carex  laxiflora  blanda  (Dewey)  Boott,  111.  37.      1858. 
Carex  blanda  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  10:  45.      1826. 
Carex  laxiflora  var.  striatula  Carey  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  524.      1856. 

Pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  mostly  densely  flowered,  the  upper  sessile  or  nearly  so,  erect,  con- 
tiguous to  the  usually  sessile  staminate  one,  the  lower  slender-stalked.  Range  of  the  type.  Per- 
haps distinct. 

Carex  laxiflora  varians  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  32.      1889. 

Stouter  and  taller  than  the  preceding;  leaves  2^"-354"  wide;  pistillate  spikes  sometimes  i^' 
long  and  2%"  thick,  dense,  often  compound  at  the  base,  the  upper  sessile  or  short-stalked  and  con- 
tiguous to  the  sessile  staminate  one,  the  lower  long-stalked.  New  Hampshire  to  southern  New 
York  and  Missouri.  Range  undetermined. 

Carex  laxiflora  patulifolia  (Dewey)  Carey  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  524.      1856. 
Carex  anceps  var.  patulifolia  Dewey,  Wood's  Bot.  423.      1845. 

Glaucous  or  pale  green;  basal  leaves  2^"-4^"  wide;  staminate  spike  usually  stalked;  pistillate 
spike  i'  long  or  more,  loosely  flowered,  scattered;  perigynia  oblong  or  ellipsoid,  the  beak  nearly 
straight.  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia  (according  to  Macoun),  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  south  to  Vir- 
ginia and  Tennessee. 

Carex  laxiflora  divaricata  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  33.      1889. 

Perigynia  larger  than  in  the  other  forms,  contracted  into  a  stipe  one-half  as  long  as  the  body. 
Washington,  D.  C. 


CYPERACEAE. 

108.    Carex  styloflexa  Buckley.     Bent 

Sedge.     (Fig.  778.) 

Carex  styloflexa  Buckley,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  45:  174.    1843. 
Carex  laxlflora  var.  styloflexa  Boott,  111.  37.      1858. 

Glabrous,  culms  leaning,  slender,  smooth,  i°-2°  tall. 
I/eaves  i^"-?,"  wide,  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  short,  rarely  exceeding  the  spikes;  staminate 
spike  solitary,  usually  long-stalked  but  sometimes 
nearly  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  distant,  loosely 
few-several-flowered,  less  than  8X/  long,  the  lower 
drooping  on  filiform  stalks;  perigynia  oblong,  trian- 
gular, many-nerved,  about  2"  long,  \ff  thick,  some- 
what oblique,  tapering  gradually  to  both  ends  and 
thus  slender-beaked;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
scarious-margined,  acute,  cuspidate  or  short-awned, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  southern  New  York  and  Penn- 
sylvania to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  May-July. 

109.    Carex  digitalis  Willd.     Slender  Wood  Sedge.     (Fig.  779.) 
Carex  digitalis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  298.      1805. 

Glabrous,  bright  green,  not  at  all  glaucous,  culms 
slender  or  almost  filiform,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  us- 
ually reclining,  4/-i8/  long.  Leaves  flat,  i//-2//  wide, 
the  basal  sometimes  exceeding  the  culm,  the  upper 
ones  and  the  bracts  similar  but  shorter,  the  latter  com- 
monly overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  linear,  loosely  alter- 
nately flowered,  X/-I/  l°ng>  the  upper  one  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  the  others  filiform-stalked  and  widely 
spreading  or  drooping;  perigynia  oblong,  sharply 
triangular,  many-nerved,  brown  when  ripe,  narrowed 
at  both  ends,  i"  long,  more  than  l/2"  thick,  the  very 
short  beak  slightly  oblique;  scales  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  acute,  acuminate  or 
short-awned,  shorter  than  or  the  lower  about  equal- 
ling the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  and  southern  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-July. 

Carex  digitalis  copulata  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  47.      1889. 

Larger  in  every  way,  culms  sometimes  2°  long,  reclining;  leaves  2^-4"  wide;  pistillate  spikes 
shorter  and  denser;  perigynia  larger.     Michigan  and  southern  Ontario. 

no.    Carex  Careyana  Torr.     Carey's  Sedge.     (Fig.  780.) 

Carex  Careyana  Torn;  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  30: 

60.  /  88.      1836. 

Glabrous,  bright  green,  culms  slender,  erect 
or  somewhat  reclining,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  i°- 
2°  tall.  Basal  leaves  flat,  3//-6//  wide,  much 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  linear-lanceolate 
with  very  long  sheaths,  the  blades  i/-3/  long; 
staminate  spike  usually  large,  long-stalked; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3  (commonly  2),  erect,  loosely 
few-several-flowered,  less  than  \'  long,  the 
upper  sessile  or  short-stalked,  the  lower  on  a 
long  filiform  stalk;  perigynia  ovoid-oblong, 
very  sharply  3-angled,  many-nerved,  fully  2" 
long  and  over  i"  thick,  brown,  the  short  beak 
slightly  oblique,  entire;  scales  ovate  with  white 
hyaline  margins,  cuspidate  or  awned,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods,  New  England  (according  to  Bailey); 
New  York  to  Michigan  and  Virginia.  May-June. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


329 


(Fig.  781.) 


in.    Carex  Albursina  Sheldon.     White  Bear  Sedge. 

Carex  laxiflora  var.  latifolia  Boott,  111.  38.     1858.     Not 

C.  latifolia  Moench. 
Carex  Albursina   Sheldon,    Bull.   Torr.  Club,  20:  284. 

1893- 

Glabrous,  rather  deep  green,  culms  stout,  nearly 
smooth,  flattened,  usually  spreading,  S'-a0  long. 
Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, shorter  than  the  culm,  Yz'-ity  wide;  bracts 
similar  to  the  narrower  culm-leaves,  the  upper  over- 
topping the  spikes;  staminate  spikes  sessile  or  nearly 
so;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  distant  and  narrowly  linear, 
stalked  or  the  upper  sessile  and  close  together,  ^/- 
i%f  loBg.  very  loosely  flowered;  perigynia  obovoid, 
obtusely  3-angled,  strongly  many-nerved,  2/x  long, 
i//  thick,  tipped  with  a  very  short  bent  entire  beak; 
scales  ovate-oblong,  scarious-margined,  obtuse  or  the 
lower  acute,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods,  Massachusetts  to  New  York,  Ohio  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Virginia  and  Michigan.  Ascends  to 
2300  ft.  in  Virginia.  June-Aug.  The  specific  name  is 
in  alhision  to  White  Bear  Lake,  Minn. 

112.    Carex  plantaginea  L,am.     Plantain- 
leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  782.) 

Carex  plantaginea  Lam.  Uncycl.  3:  392.      1789. 

Glabrous,  rather  dark  green,  culms  slender,  erect 
or  reclining,  6'-2°  long.  Leaves  y2f-if  wide,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  culm,  persistent  through  the 
winter  and  until  the  new  culms  develop  in  the  fol- 
lowing spring;  bracts  short,  usually  with  purple  or 
purplish  clasping  sheaths;  staminate  spike  long- 
stalked,  purple;  pistillate  spikes  3  or  4,  erect,  all 
slender-stalked,  i'  or  less  long,  loosely  flowered,  the 
stalks  of  the  upper  ones  enclosed  in  the  sheaths; 
perigynia  oblong,  outwardly  curved,  many-nerved, 
\Yz'f  long,  about  \"  thick,  longer  than  or  equalling 
the  ovate  cuspidate  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods,  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba, 
south  to  Virginia  and  Wisconsin.  Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in 
Virginia.  May-July. 

113.    Carex  laxiculmis  Schwein.     Spreading  Sedge.     (Fig.  783.) 

Carex laxiculmis  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  70.      1824. 
Carex  retrocurva  Dewey,  Wood's  Bot.  423.      1845. 

Glabrous,  blue-green  and  glaucous,  culms  filiform, 
smooth  or  very  nearly  so,  ascending  or  diffuse,  6/-2° 
long.  Basal  leaves  elongated,  3//-5//  wide,  often 
longer  than  the  culms;  bracts  similar  to  the  narrower 
culm-leaves,  usually  short;  staminate  spike  long- 
stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong,  loosely  few- 
flowered,  3//-6//  long,  about  2/x  thick,  drooping  on 
long  hair-like  stalks  or  the  upper  short-stalked  and 
erect;  perigynia  ovoid- oblong,  sharply  3-angled, 
many-nerved,  about  \ff  long  and  rather  more  than 
Yz"  thick,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  scarcely  beaked, 
longer  than  the  ovate  green  cuspidate  or  short-awned 
scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  southern  Ontario  to  Michigan, 
south  to  Rhode  Island  and  Virginia.  Ascends  to  5600  ft. 
in  Virginia.  May-June. 


330 


CYPERACEAE. 


114.    Carex  ptychocarpa  Steud.     Thicket 

Sedge.      (Fig.  784.) 
Carex  ptychocarpa  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  234.      1855. 

Glabrous,  pale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  erect, 
very  slender,  smooth,  only  2'-6'  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
the  basal  2//-4//  wide,  much  longer  than  the  culm; 
bracts  foliaceous,  usually  overtopping  the  spikes;: 
staminate  spike  small,  sessile;  pistillate  spikes  2  or 
3,  sessile  and  close  together  at  the  summit  or  the 
lower  one  slender-stalked  and  nearly  basal,  all 
erect,  loosely  few-flowered,  4//-8//  long;  perigynia 
oblong,  pale,  3-angled,  rather  strongly  many- 
nerved,  i"  long,  rather  more  than  }/2"  thick, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  minutely  straight-beaked, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  thin,  obtuse,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Massachusetts  and  New 
Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  June-Sept. 


115.    Carex  platyphylla  Carey. 

Am.    2 


Broad-leaved  Sedge. 

173- 


(Fig.  785-) 


Carex  plantaginea    Michx.   Fl.    Bor 

1803.     Not  Lam.  1789. 
Carex  platyphylla  Carey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  4:  23. 

1847. 

Glabrous,  pale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  slen- 
der, spreading  or  reclining,  4/-i5/  long.  Leaves 
flat  and  broad,  y^f-\f  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  linear-lanceolate  with  long  clasping  sheaths, 
i//-2^//  wide,  not  overtopping  the  spikes,  usually 
less  than  2'  long;  staminate  spike  stalked;  pistil- 
late spikes  2-4,  distant,  erect,  all  slender-stalked 
or  the  upper  one  nearly  sessile,  loosely  several- 
flowered,  5//-io//  long,  their  stalks  commonly  en- 
closed in  the  sheaths,  perigynia  oblong,  3-angled, 
many-nerved,  slightly  bent  at  the  narrowed  sum- 
mit, \"-\y2"  long,  rather  more  than  y*"  thick, 
equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  ovate-ob- 
long acute  cuspidate  or  short-awned  scales; 
stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  Michigan,  south  to  Virginia  and  Illinois, 
to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-June. 


Ascends 


116.    Carex  panicea 


L,.     Grass-like  Sedge.     Carnation-grass.     (Fig.  786.) 
Carex  panicea  L-  Sp.  PI.  977.      1753. 

Glabrous,  pale  bluish  green  and  glaucous,  culms 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  stiff,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
i//-2//  wide,  the  basal  ones  shorter  than  or  equalling 
the  culm,  those  of  the  culm  and  the  bracts  much  shorter 
and  narrower;  staminate  spikes  i  or  2,  stalked;  pistil- 
late spikes  2  or  3,  distant,  filiform-stalked  or  the  upper 
nearly  sessile,  erect,  \'  or  less  long,  about  2_^//  thick, 
rather  loosely  several-many-flowered,  the  upper  some- 
times stamiuate  at  the  summit;  perigynia  oval,  about 
i/^"  long  and  nearly  \'f  in  diameter,  slightly  swollen 
and  obscurely  3-angled,  yellow,  purple  or  mottled, 
faintly  few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  very  short  entire 
somewhat  oblique  beak;  scales  ovate,  acute,  purple  or 
purple-margined,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  fields  and  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Maine  and  Rhode 
Island.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  June-July. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


331 


117.    Carex  livida  (Wahl.)  Willd. 

limosa  var.  livida  Wahl.    Kongl.  Vet.  Acad. 
Handl.  (II.)  24:  162.      1803. 
Carex  livida  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  285.      1805. 

Glabrous,  pale  green  and  very  glaucous,  culms 
slender,  strictly  erect,  smooth,  i°-i^°  tall.  I/eaves 
z//_2//  wjde,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  sometimes 
about  equalling  the  culm,  involute  in  drying;  bracts 
narrow,  usually  short;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  5//-i2//  long, 
about  2X/  thick,  erect  and  clustered  at  the  summit 
of  the  culm,  narrowly  cylindric,  densely  several- 
flowered  or  looser  at  the  base,  the  third,  when  pres- 
ent, distant  or  sometimes  nearly  basal,  stalked; 
perigynia  oblong,  very  pale,  nearly  -2"  long,  less 
than  \"  thick,  finely  nerved,  straight,  beakless, 
narrowed  to  an  entire  orifice;  scales  ovate,  obtuse 
or  the  lower  subacute,  rather  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Connecticut,  the  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey,  central 
New  York  and  Michigan.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 


Livid  Sedge.     (Fig.  787.) 


118.    Carex  aurea  Nutt, 


Golden-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  788.) 

Carex  aurea  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  205.      1818. 

Glabrous,  light  green,  culms  very  slender,  erect  or 
reclining,  2/-i5/  long.  Leaves  flat,  i"-!^"  wide,  the 
basal  equalling  or  exceeding  the  culm;  bracts  similar 
to  the  culm-leaves,  commonly  much  overtopping  the 
spikes;  terminal  spike  short-stalked,  staminate  or  an- 
drogynous; pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong  or  linear-ob- 
long, erect  and  clustered  near  the  summit  or  the  lower 
one  distant,  filiform-stalked,  loosely  or  compactly 
few-flowered,  2//-io//  long,  about  i^//  thick;  perigy- 
nia obovoid  or  subglobose,  white  or  nearly  white  when 
young,  becoming  fleshy,  yellow  or  brown  and  about 
i//  in  diameter  when  mature,  many-nerved,  beakless, 
the  orifice  entire;  scales  ovate,  membranous  acute, 
blunt,  cuspidate  or  short-awned,  shorter  than  or  the 
lower  exceeding  the  perigynia;  stigmas  mostly  2. 

In  wet  meadows,  springs  and  on  wet  rocks,  New- 
foundland to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Michi- 
gan, Utah  and  Washington.  Summer. 


119.   Carex  bicolor  All.     Parti-colored 
Sedge.     (Fig.  789.) 

Carex  bicolor  All.  Fl.  Ped.  2:  267.      1785. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  somewhat 
glaucous;  culms  slender,  erect,  2/-i8/  tall.  Basal 
leaves  i//-2//  wide,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
culm;  spikes  2-4,  mostly  clustered  at  the  summit 
of  the  culm,  dense,  the  terminal  one  partially  stam- 
inate; perigynia  oblong,  white,  compressed,  few- 
nerved,  less  than  \"  long,  not  fleshy  at  maturity, 
abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  short  entire  nearly 
cyliudric  beak;  scales  brown-purple  with  white 
midvein  and  margins,  oval,  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  (according  to  Boott).  Also 
in  E/urope.  Summer. 


332 


CYPERACEAE. 


120.    Carex  setifolia  (Dewey)  Britton.     Bristle-leaved  Sedge.      (Fig.  790.) 

Carex  alba  var.  setifolia  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  n:  316. 

1826. 
Carex  eburnea  Boott. ;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  226.  pi.  225. 

1840. 

Glabrous,  pale  green,  culms  filiform,  smooth,  weak, 
4/-r5/  long.  Leaves  filiform,  shorter  than  the  culm, 
less  than  X/x  wide;  bracts  reduced  to  bladeless, 
sheaths  2//-5//  long;  staminate  spikes  solitary,  ses- 
sile or  very  nearly  so,  3//-4//  long;  pistillate  spikes 
2-4,  erect,  slender-stalked,  2//-4//  long,  rather  less 
than  \"  thick,  loosely  few-flowered,  the  upper  com- 
monly overtopping  the  staminate,  the  lower  one 
sometimes  distant;  perigynia  oblong,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  3-angled,  \ff  long,  ]/?."  or  less  thick, 
polished  and  nearly  black  when  mature,  very  faintly 
few-nerved,  tapering  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales 
ovate,  obtuse  or  the  lower  acute,  thin,  hyaline, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  preferring  limestone  rocks,  New  Brunswick  to  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, south  to  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky  and  Nebraska.     May-July. 

121.    Carex  concinna  R.  Br.     Low  North- 
ern Sedge.      (Fig.  791.) 

Carex  concinna  R.  Br.  Frank.  Journ.  763.      1823. 

Culms  filiform,  smooth,  2/-6/  tall.  Leaves  about 
\"  wide,  flat,  pale  green,  much  shorter  than  the 
culm;  bracts  reduced  to  green  bladeless  sheaths  or 
the  lower  one  with  an  erect  subulate  blade  3//-6// 
long;  staminate  spike  solitary,  sessile;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  sessile  and  clustered  or  the  lower  one 
somewhat  distant  and  short-stalked,  erect,  2//~4// 
long,  about  \"  thick,  compactly  few-flowered;  peri- 
gynia oblong-ovoid,  3-angled,  pubescent,  short- 
beaked,  few-nerved,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate 
obtuse  or  subacute  green  or  purplish  scales;  stigmas  3. 

In  rocky  places,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to  British  Colum- 
bia. Summer. 

122.    Carex  Richardsoni  R.  Br.     Richardson's  Sedge.     (Fig.  792.) 

Carex  Richardsoni  R.  Br.  Frankl.  Journ.  751.      1823. 

Culms  slender,  rough,  erect,  4/-i2/  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  about  \"  wide,  the  basal  shorter  than  or  some- 
times equalling  the  culms,  those  of  the  culm  very 
short;  bracts  bladeless,  sheathing,  %'-i'\ong,  usually 
brown-purple  with  a  white  hyaline  acute  summit; 
staminate  spike  solitary,  short-stalked;  pistillate 
spikes  i  or  2,  erect,  narrowly  cylindric,  short-stalked, 
4//_9//  long,  compactly  several -flowered,  close  to- 
gether, their  stalks  partly  or  wholly  enclosed  in  the 
sheaths;  perigynia  obovoid,  pubescent,  about  i//  long, 
minutely  beaked;  scales  mostly  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia, ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  purple,  conspicu- 
ously white-margined;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  Ontario  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and 
British  Columbia,  south  to  western  New  York,  Illinois 
Michigan  and  South  Dakota.  Summer. 


SEDGE  FAMILY. 


333 


123.    Carex  pedunculata  Muhl.     Long-stalked  Sedge.     (Fig.  793.) 

Carex pedunculata  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  222.  1805. 
Densely  matted,  rather  bright  green,  culms  very 
slender,  roughish  above,  diffuse  or  reclining,  3/-io/ 
long.  Leaves  flat,  i//-iX//  wide,  the  basal  com- 
monly longer  than  the  culms;  sheaths  green,  the 
upper  almost  bladeless,  the  lower  with  short  leaf-like 
blades;  staminate  spike  long-stalked,  usually  with 
some  pistillate  flowers  at  its  base;  pistillate  spikes  2- 
6,  3//-6//  long,  few-flowered,  filiform-stalked  and 
spreading  or  drooping,  scattered,  commonly  borne 
at  every  node,  some  of  them  appearing  basal;  peri- 
gynia  obovoid,  sharply  3-angled,  puberulent  or  be- 
coming glabrous,  2X/  long,  pale  green,  nerveless, 
narrowed  below  into  a  stipe,  tipped  with  a  minute 
and  somewhat  oblique  entire  beak;  scales  green  or 
purplish,  ovate,  abruptly  cuspidate  or  the  lower  sub- 
ulate-awned,  equalling  or  the  lower  considerably 
exceeding  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods,  Anticosti  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Virginia,  Pennsylvania  and  Minnesota.    May-July. 

124.  Carex  pedicellata  (Dewey)  Britton.     Fibrous-rooted  Sedge.     (Fig.  794.) 

Carex  varia  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.   n:  102.      1826.     Not 

Muhl.  1805. 

C.  varia  var. pedicellata  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  ii:  162.  1826. 
Carex  communis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  41.      1889. 
Carex  pedicellata  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  87.      1894. 

Light  green,  not  stoloniferous,  fibrous-rooted,  culms 
slender,  roughish  above,  erect  or  reclining,  6/-2o/  long. 
Leaves  i//-2//  wide,  shorter  than  the  culms;  lower  bract 
narrowly  linear  or  subulate,  X/-2/  l°ng>  staminate  spike 
short-stalked,  4//-i2//  long;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  short- 
oblong,  few-flowered,  sessile  and  usually  separated,  or 
the  lowest  short- stalked;  perigynia  oval  or  oblong, 
rather  less  than  ix/  long  and  a  little  more  than  y2f/  in 
diameter,  pale,  pubescent,  slightly  i-ribbed  on  each 
side,  tipped  with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body;  scales  green,  ovate,  acute,  about 
equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  Georgia,  Ohio  and 
Michigan.     Ascends  to  5700  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-July. 
Carex  pedicellata  Wheeleri  (Bailey)  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  88.      1894. 
Carex  communis  var.  Wheeleri  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  41.      1889. 

Usually  lower  than  the  species  and  the  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  staminate  spike  only 
2" -3"  long;  pistillate  spikes  closer  together.     Nova  Scotia  to  Connecticut  and  Michigan. 

125.    Carex  Pennsylvanica  L,am.     Pennsylvania  Sedge.     (Fig.  795.) 

Carex  Pennsylvanica  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  388.      1789. 

Dark  or  dull  green,  stoloniferous,  culms  slender,  erect, 
smooth  or  roughish,  6/-i5/  tall.  Leaves  Y^'-^/t"  wide, 
the  basal  shorter  than  or  sometimes  exceeding  the  culm, 
the  old  sheaths  persistent  andfibrillose;  lower  bract  sub- 
ulate or  scale-like,  rarely  over  yzr  long;  staminate  spike 
sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  Yzf-\'  long;  pistillate 
spikes  1-3,  short-oblong,  few-flowered,  sessile,  contigu- 
ous or  the  lower  somewhat  distant;  perigynia  broadly 
oval,  about  \"  long  and  more  than  y2"  in  diameter,  pu- 
bescent, i-ribbed  on  each  side,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
tipped  with  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  purplish,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
equalling  or  a  little  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba  and  the  North- 
west Territory,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Kan- 
sas. Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  May-June. 


334 


CYPERACEAE. 


126.    Carex  varia  Muhl. 


(Fig.  796.) 

Kongl.   Vet.    Acad.   Handl. 


Emmons'  Sedge. 

Carex  varia  Muhl.;   Wahl. 

(II.)  24:  159.      1803. 

C.  Emmonsii  Dewey;  Tprr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  411.     1836. 
C.  variavar.  colorata  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  1:41.     1889. 

Rather  bright  green,  stoloniferous,  culms  filiform, 
erect  or  somewhat  spreading,  roughish  above,  6/-i8/ 
long.  Leaves  elongated,  ^"-iX"  wide,  nearly  al- 
ways shorter  than  the  culms;  lower  bract  scale-like  or 
subulate,  rarely  i'  long;  staminate  spike  •2"-\"  long, 
sessile,  sometimes  scarcely  overtopping  the  upper  pis- 
tillate one,  but  usually  rather  prominent;  pistillate 
spikes  2-4,  mostly  close  together,  2//-3//  long,  few- 
flowered;  perigynia  oblong,  pubescent,  about  \"  long 
Yt"  thick,  narrowed  at  the  base,  tipped  with  a  subu- 
late minutely  2-toothed  beak  commonly  one-half  the 
length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  green  or  purplish- 
brown,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  western  Ontario  and  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Georgia  and  Texas.  May-July. 

127.    Carex  Novae-Angliae  Schwein. 

New  England  Sedge.  (Fig.  797.) 
C.  Novae-Angliae  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  67.  1824. 
Rather  dark  green,  stoloniferous,  culms  fiiliform, 
erect  or  reclining,  4/-8/  long.  Leaves  about  ffir 
wide,  soft,  elongated,  often  exceeding  the  culms; 
staminate  spike  short-stalked,  very  narrow  or  almost 
filiform,  3x/-8/x  long;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  distant, 
subglobose,  few-flowered,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 
stalked;  lower  bract  filiform,  short  or  sometimes 
overtopping  the  spikes;  perigynia  narrowly  obovoid 
or  oblong,  i/x  long,  Y*"  thick,  pubescent,  tipped  by 
a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth  the  length 
of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  greenish-brown,  acute  or 
cuspidate;  stigmas  2  or  3. 

In  wet  shaded  places,  New  Brunswick  to  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts and  northern  New  York.     Summer. 

128.    Carex  deflexa  Hornem.     Northern  Sedge. 

Carex  deflexa  Hornem.  Plantel.  Hd.  3,  i:  938.      1821. 
Carex  deflexa  var.  Deanei  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  x: 

42.      1889. 
Carex  Peckii  Howe;  Peck,  Ann.  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus. 

Nat.  Hist.  47:  166.      1894. 

Aspect  of  smaller  forms  of  the  preceding  species; 
culms  filiform,  erect  or  spreading,  i/-i2/  long,  shorter 
than  or  exceeding  the  narrow  bright  green  leaves. 
Bracts  subulate  or  very  narrowly  linear,  X/~2/  l°ng; 
staminate  spike  sessile,  i//-3//  long,  sometimes  ob- 
lique, inconspicuous;  pistillate  spikes  1-4,  2//~4// 
long,  oblong,  few-flowered,  the  upper  sessile,  the 
lower  slender-stalked  and  somewhat  separated,  com- 
monly also  i  or  2  nearly  basal  filiform-stalked  spikes 
from  the  lowest  sheaths;  perigynia  oblong,  much 
narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent,  \"  or  less  long, 
tipped  with  a  flat  2-toothed  beak  about  one-fourth 
the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, green,  acute  or  cuspidate;  stigmas  3  or  2. 

In  open  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  Maine,  Vermont  and  Pennsylvania,    mostly  at  high 
altitudes.     Summer.     Carex  Peckii  Howe  (C.  albicans  Willd.,  an  older  name)  may  be  distinct. 

Carex  deflexa  Farwellii  Britton. 
Carex  deflexa  var.  media  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  43.     1889.     Not  C.  media  R.  Br.  1823. 

Densely  tufted;  culms  stiff,  erect,  6'-is'  tall,  commonly  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  stam- 


(Fig.  798.) 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


335 


"mate  spike  conspicuous,  3" -5"  long,  sessile  or  short-stalked;  pistillate  spikes  2  or  3,  scattered,  the 
lower  slender-stalked  and  subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract  which  often  overtops  the  culm;  peri- 
gyniai"-i}4"  long.  Northern  Michigan  to  British  Columbia  and  Oregon,  south  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado.  Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

129.    Carex  praecox  Jacq.     Vernal  Sedge.     (Fig.  799.) 

•Carex praecox  Jacq.  Fl.  Austr.  5:  23.  pi.  446.      1778. 

Dark  green,  stoloniferous,  culms  very  slender,  erect 
or  reclining,  smooth,  3/-i2/  long.  Leaves  ^"-i^" 
wide,  almost  always  much  shorter  than  the  culm; 
lower  bract  subulate,  ]i'-\'  long;  staminate  spike 
sessile  or  very  short-stalked,  usually  large  and  con- 
spicuous; pistillate  spikes  1-3,  all  close  together  at 
the  summit,  oblong,  several-flowered,  3//-6//  long, 
about  T-Yz"  in  diameter,  sessile  or  the  lower  short- 
stalked,  sometimes  pistillate  at  the  summit;  peri- 
gynia  oblong  or  obovoid,  sharply  3-angled,  pubescent, 
brown,  about  \"  long;  tipped  with  a  very  minute 
beak;  scales  ovate,  purple-brown  with  a  lighter  mid- 
vein,  acute,  cuspidate  or  the  lower  rough-awned, 
about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Eastern  Massachusetts  to  New  York.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  May-June. 

130.    Carex  nigro-marginata  Schwein. 
Black-edged  Sedge.     (  Fig.  800. ) 

C.  nigro-marginata  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i :  68.  1824. 

Bright  green,  strongly  stoloniferous,  culms  fili- 
form, erect  or  spreading,  2/-8/  long.  Leaves  i//-a// 
wide,  very  much  longer  than  the  culms,  rather  stiff, 
often  12'  or  more  long;  bracts  very  short  and  subu- 
late or  wanting;  staminate  spike  sessile,  inconspicu- 
ous, 2//-3//  long,  purple;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  few- 
flowered,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  staminate,  about 
3/x  long;  perigynia  oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
a  short  stipe,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  i//-i^// 
long,  about  y2"  thick,  i-ribbed  on  each  side,  tipped 
with  a  cylindric-subulate  2-toothed  beak  one-third  to 
one-half  as  long  the  body;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, green  with  purple  margins  or  variegated,  rather 
longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Dry  soil,  New  York  to  North  Carolina.     May-July. 

131.    Carex  umbellata  Schk.     Umbel-like  Sedge.     (Fig.  801.) 

•Carex  umbellata  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  75.  f.  777.  1806. 
Carex  umbellata  var.  vicina  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  n: 

317-  pi.  D.  f.  fj.      1826. 

Rather  light  green,  closely  tufted  and  matted,  sto- 
loniferous, culms  filiform,  very  nearly  smooth,  i'-6' 
long,  erect  or  reclining.  Leaves  X""1/^"  wide,  usu- 
ally much  exceeding  the  culm,  sometimes  i°  long, 
the  old  sheaths  fibrillose;  staminate  spike  solitary, 
terminal,  %'  or  less  long,  commonly  conspicuous; 
pistillate  spikes  1-3,  all  filiform-stalked  from  the  basal 
sheaths  or  i  or  2  of  them  sessile  or  very  nearly  so  at 
the  base  of  the  staminate,  ovoid-oblong,  several-flow- 
ered, 2/x-4/x  long;  perigynia  oval,  finely  pubescent, 
pale,  obtusely  3-angled,  the  body  rather  less  than  \" 
long,  tipped  with  a  subulate  2-toothed  beak  of  nearly 
its  length;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  short- 
awned,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  New 
Jersey,  the  Indian  Territory  and  Oregon.  May-July. 

22 


336  CYPERACEAE. 

132.    Carex  pubescens  Muhl.     Pubescent  Sedge.     (Fig.  802.) 

Carex pubescens  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  281.      1805. 

Pubescent  all  over,  bright  green,  stoloniferous, 
culms  slender,  usually  reclining,  i°-2°  long. 
Leaves  flat,  soft,  elongated,  shorter  or  longer  than 
culm,  2//-3^//  wide;  lower  bracts  i/-3/  long,  oc- 
casionally overtopping  the  spikes;  staminate  spike 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  sometimes  with  pistillate 
flowers  at  its  base;  pistillate  spikes  2-4,  oblong- 
cylindric,  rather  loosely  several-many-flowered, 
erect,  4//-io//  long,  2//-2^//  thick,  the  upper  ses- 
sile, the  lower  somewhat  separated  and  short- 
stalked;  perigynia  sharply  3-angled,  obovoid,  nar- 
rowed to  a  stipe-like  base,  densely  pubescent,  and, 
including  the  subulate  straight  minutely  2-toothed 
beak,  about  2/x  long;  scales  ovate,  scarious-mar- 
gined,  rough-awned  or  cuspidate,  about  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  North  Dakota 
New  Jersey,  Kentucky  and  Missouri.    June-Aug. 


133.    Carex  Fraseri  Aiidr.     Fraser's  Sedge. 

Carex  Fraseri  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  pi.  6j$.      1811. 
Carex  Fraseriana  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  1391.      1811. 

Glabrous,  culms  smooth,  slender,  reclining,  10'- 
i8/  long.  Basal  leaves  8/-i6/  long,  i/-2/  wide,  per- 
fectly flat,  firm,  spreading,  finely  many-nerved  with 
no  midvein,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  their 
margins  usually  finely  crumpled  in  drying;  culm 
leaves  reduced  to  clasping  basal  sheaths;  spike  soli- 
tary, bractless,  terminal,  androgynous,  }/z'-\'  long, 
staminate  above,  pistillate  below,  the  pistillate  por- 
tion dense,  about  y?.'  in  diameter  in  fruit;  perigyuia 
ovoid,  pale  green,  diverging,  thin  and  somewhat 
swollen,  faintly  many  nerved,  fully  2"  long  and 
rather  more  than  i/x  in  diameter,  tipped  with  a 
short  nearly  truncate  beak;  scales  ovate,  obtuse, 
much  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3.  - 

In  rich  woods,  southwestern  Virginia,  West  Virginia, 
eastern  Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina.  Ascends  to 
4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Locally  abundant.  Our 
largest-leaved  species.  May-July. 

Carex  picta  Steud.     Boott's  Sedge. 


(Fig.  803.) 


(Fig.  804.) 

Carex  Boottiana   Benth.;  Boott,    Bost.    Journ.    Nat. 

Hist.  5:  112.     1845.     Not  H.  &  A.  1841. 
Carex  picta  Steud.  Syn.  PI.  Cyp.  184.      1855. 

Dioecious,  foliage  glabrous,  light  green,  culm 
slender,  smooth,  erect  or  reclining,  6/-i2'  long, 
usually  much  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaves 
flat,  \W-2>f  wide;  spike  solitary  and  terminal  or 
rarely  with  a  small  accessory  one  near  its  base, 
erect,  densely  many-flowered,  the  staminate 
about  i'  long,  the  pistillate  cylindric  but  narrowed 
at  the  base,  i/-2>^/  long,  3/x-4x/  thick,  subtended 
by  a  short  purple  sheath;  perigynia  obovoid, 
strongly  many-nerved,  pubescent  at  least  toward 
the  obtuse  summit,  about  i  j£"  long,  narrowed  at 
the  base;  scales  purple,  usually  with  green  mar- 
gins and  midvein,  shining,  obovate,  acute  or  cus- 
pidate, longer  and  wider  than  the  periygnia. 

In  woods,  Indiana  to  Alabama  and  Louisiana. 
Local.  Summer. 


SEDGE   FAMILY.  337 

135.    Carex  scirpoidea  Michx.     Scirpus- 
like  Sedge.     (Fig.  805.) 

Carex  scirpoidea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  171.      1803. 

Dioecious,  foliage  glabrous,  rather  bright  green, 
culms  erect,  slender  but  stiff,  f>'-i%'  tall,  slightly 
rough.  Leaves  X//~I//  wide,  nearly  erect,  usually 
much  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  solitary  or  rarely 
with  an  additional  and  very  small  one  near  its  base, 
linear-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  8//-i5// 
long,  rJ^//-2//  in  diameter,  subtended  by  a  short  or 
sometimes  subulate  bract;  perigynia  oval,  few- 
nerved,  densely  pubescent,  i//  long,  l/zff  thick,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak; 
scales  ovate-oval,  dark  purple  with  a  narrow  green 
midvein,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  rocky  soil,  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  higher 
mountains  of  New  England,  Lake  Huron,  Utah  and  Cali- 
fornia. Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

136.    Carex  Willdenovii  Schk.     Willdenow's  Sedge.     (Fig.  806.) 

Carex  Willdenovii  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  33.  f.  7^5. 
1806. 

Glabrous  and  pale  green,  culms  very  short,  erect, 
i '-4'  high.  Leaves  much  elongated,  nearly  erect, 
rather  stiff,  i//-i^//  wide,  often  i°  long,  very  much 
overtopping  the  spikes,  lowest  reduced  to  blade- 
less  sheaths;  spikes  1-5,  androgynous,  staminate 
above,  pistillate  below  or  sometimes  completely 
staminate,  about  ]/?.'  long,  appearing  nearly  basal, 
one  or  more  of  them  on  filiform  stalks  3/-7/  long, 
the  stalks  of  the  others  much  shorter;  body  of  the 
perigynium  oblong,  smooth,  i//-i^// long,  rather 
less  than  \"  thick,  narrowed  into  a  flattened  2- 
edged  rough  beak  of  about  its  own  length;  scales 
lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  awned,  finely  sev- 
eral-nerved, the  lower  i  or  2  commonly  bract-like, 
foliaceous  and  often  overtopping  the  staminate 
portion  of  the  spike;  stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Ohio,  Michigan  and  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida, 
Kentucky  and  Texas.     April-July. 

137.    Carex  Jamesii  Schwein.     James'  Sedge.     (Fig.  807.) 

Carex  Jamesii  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  67.      1824. 
Carex  Steudelii  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  480.      1837. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the  leaves 
rather  narrower,  soft,  spreading  or  ascending,  very 
much  surpassing  the  spikes,  the  lowest  mere 
clasping  sheaths.  Spikes  androgynous,  one  or 
more  of  them  filiform-stalked,  the  terminal  stami- 
nate portion  very  slender,  the  pistillate  flowers 
only  1-4  and  slightly  separated ;  body  of  the  peri- 
gynium subglobose,  \"  in  diameter,  contracted  at 
the  base,  abruptly  tipped  by  a  subulate  rough 
beak  of  more  than  its  own  length;  lower  scales 
bract-like,  foliaceous,  commonly  much  overtop- 
ping the  staminate  portion  of  the  spike,  the  upper 
shorter  and  sometimes  not  exceeding  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  3. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  southern  Ontario  and 
New  York  to  Indiana  and  Michigan,  south  to  West 
Virginia  and  Missouri.  April-May. 


338 


CYPERACEAE. 


138.    Carex  durifolia  Bailey.     Back's  Sedge.      (Fig.  808.) 

Carex  Backii  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  210.   pi.  209. 
1840.     Not  C.  Backana  Dewey,  1836. 

Carex  durifolia  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  428.   1893. 

Glabrous,  culms  scarcely  i/  high.  Leaves  as- 
cending or  spreading,  6/-i2/  long,  iX//~3//  wide, 
very  much  overtopping  the  spikes;  spikes  1-3, 
nearly  basal,  androgynous,  I  or  2  of  them  very 
slender-stalked,  the  staminate  flowers  few,  termi- 
nal, inconspicuous,  the  pistillate  2-6,  subtended  by 
leafy  bract-like  elongated  scales  which  nearly  en- 
close the  inflorescence;  perigynia  oval,  smooth, 
gradually  tapering  into  a  stout  subulate  beak 
nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  body,  which  is  about 
\Yz'f  long  and  ix/  thick;  stigmas  3. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Massachusetts,  New  York,  Ohio  and  Michigan.  Also 
in  Colorado  (according  to  Bailey).  May-June. 

L-^ 

139.    Carex  rupestris  All.     Rock  Sedge. 
(Fig.  809.) 

Carex  rupestris  All.  Fl.  Fed.  2:  264.  pi.  92.  f.  i.     1785. 
Carex  Drummondiana   Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  29: 
251.      1836. 

Culms  rather  stout,  obtusely  3-angled,  erect,  i'- 
6'  tall.  Leaves  X//~I//  wide,  involute  in  drying, 
often  curved,  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the  culm; 
bract  subulate,  erect,  shorter  than  the  terminal  soli- 
tary androgynous  spike  or  wanting;  spike  6//-i2// 
long,  the  pistillate  flowers  few,  basal;  perigynia 
erect,  smooth,  obovoid  or  elliptic,  firm,  faintly  few- 
nerved,  about  2"  long,  the  beak  stout,  cylindric, 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  purple- 
brown,  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  wider  and  longer 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  3. 

Labrador  and  Greenland  to  British  Columbia,  south 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

140.    Carex  supina  Willd.     Weak  Arctic  Sedge.     (Fig.  810. ) 

Carex  siipina  Willd. ;  Wahl,  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl. 

(II.)  24:  158.      1803. 

Glabrous,  densely  tufted,  culms  slender  or  nearly 
filiform  but  erect,  sharply  3-angled,  4/-io/  tall. 
Leaves  about  y2'f  wide,  rough-margined,  flat,  shorter 
than  the  culm,  erect  or  reclining;  lower  bract  short, 
subulate;  staminate  spike  solitary,  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  3//-6//  long;  pistillate  spikes  1-3,  sessile 
near  the  summit  of  the  culm,  subglobose  or  oblong, 
few-flowered,  2//-3//  long,  the  upper  one  sometimes 
consisting  of  only  1-3  flowers;  perigynia  ovoid, 
smooth,  hard,  nerveless,  about  \"  long,  less  than  l/^f 
thick,  3-angled,  tipped  with  a  very  short  beak;  scales 
ovate,  brown-purple  or  lighter-margined,  obtuse  or 
subacute,  equalling  or  rather  longer  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  3.  . 

Northern  Minnesota  (according  to  Bailey)  and  Mani- 
toba to  arctic  America  and  Greenland.  Also  in  northern 
Fyurope  and  Asia.  Summer. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


339 


141.    Carex  leptalea  Wahl. 


Carer  leptalea  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl 
24:  139.      1803. 

Carex  polytrichoides  Willd.;  Wahl.  loc.  cit.  as  syno- 
nym.     1803. 

Light  green  and  glabrous,  culms  filiform,  smooth, 
erect  or  spreading,  6/-i8/  long.  Leaves  not  over 
%"  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  soli- 
tary, terminal,  androgynous,  narrowly  linear,  2//- 
7//  long,  rather  less  than  i//  thick,  staminate 
above,  pistillate  below;  perigynia  few,  linear-ob- 
long, light  green,  many-nerved,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  obtuse  and  beakless  at  the  summit,  about  \y2" 
long  and  slightly  more  than  y2"  thick;  scales 
membranous,  the  upper  obtuse  and  shorter  than 
the  perigynia,  the  lower  acute,  the  lowest  some- 
times attenuated  into  a  subulate  awn  nearly  as 
long  as  the  spike;  stigmas  2-3. 

In  bogs  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  Texas,  Colorado 
and  Oregon.  Ascends  to  4300  ft.  in  North  Carolina. 
June-Aug. 


Bristle-stalked  Sedge. 

(ii.) 


(Fig-  811.) 


Carex  filifolia  Nutt.     Thread-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  812.) 


Carex filifolia  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  204.     1818. 

Densely  tufted,  pale  green  and  glabrous,  culms  very 
slender,  smooth,  erect,  3x-i4/  tall,  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  filiform,  rather  stiff,  about 
]^"  wide,  their  sheaths  persistent  and  ultimately 
fibrillose;  spike  solitary,  erect,  bractless,  staminate 
above,  pistillate  below,  3//-i5//  long,  the  pistillate 
part  about  2r/  in  diameter;  perigynia  obo  void -oval, 
triangular,  few-nerved  or  nearly  nerveless,  rough  or 
somewhat  pubescent  at  the  summit,  i//  long,  rather 
more  than  Y^"  thick,  abruptly  tipped  by  a  short  cyl- 
iudric  hyaline  entire  beak;  scales  broadly  oval,  con- 
cave with  wide  scarious  margins,  obtuse  or  cuspidate, 
about  as  long  as  the  perigynia  but  much  broader; 
stigmas  3. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Nebraska,  Colorado  and  California.  May-July. 


143.    Carex  capitata  L,.     Capitate  Sedge. 
(Fig.  813.) 

Carex  capitata  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1376.      1763. 

Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  stiff,  strictly  erect, 
2/-i8/  tall,  smooth  or  very  nearly  so.  Leaves  filiform, 
involute,  erect,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spike  solitary, 
terminal,  ovoid,  bractless,  2//~4//  high,  about  iff  in 
diameter,  staminate  above,  pistillate  below;  perigynia 
oblong-elliptic,  ascending  or  nearly  erect,  light  brown, 
nerveless  or  very  faintly  few  nerved,  i/r  long,  l/i'f 
thick,  tipped  with  a  nearly  entire  dark  brown  beak 
about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  broadly 
ovate,  membranous,  brown,  obtuse  or  acute,  shorter 
and  rather  broader  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and 
on  the  higher  summits  of  the  White  Mountains  of  New 
Hampshire.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 


340 


CYPERACEAE. 

144.    Carex  nardina  Fries.     Nard  Sedge. 
(Fig.  814.) 

Carex  nardina  Fries,  Mant.  2:  55.      1839. 

Culms  filiform,  smooth,  erect,  2/-5/  tall,  very 
densely  tufted.  Leaves  filiform,  erect,  about  as  long 
as  the  culms;  spike  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  ovoid- 
oblong,  3//-6//  long,  less  than  2r/  in  diameter,  bract- 
less,  staminate  above,  pistillate  below;  perigynia  ob- 
long-elliptic, yellowish  brown,  nerveless,  nearly  erect, 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  nearly  2//  long,  slightly  over 
YZ"  wide,  somewhat  hispid  above,  beakless,  the  ori- 
fice 2-toothed;  scales  ovate,  brown,  thin,  acute  or 
cuspidate  or  the  upper  obtuse,  rather  longer  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  to  British  Columbia.  Sum- 
mer. 

145.    Carex  Redowskyana  C.  A.  Meyer.     Redowsky's  Sedge.     (Fig.  815.) 

Carex  Redowskyana  C.  A.  Meyer,  Mem.  Acad.  St.  Petersb. 
Div.  Sav.  i:  207.  pi.  4.      1825-31. 

Carex gynocrates  Wormsk.;  Drejer,  Rev.  Crit.  Car.  16.  1841. 

Culms  very  slender,  stiff,  erect,  3/-8/  tall.  Leaves  al- 
most bristle-form,  erect,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the 
culm;  spike  solitary,  oblong,  terminal,  erect,  2//-8// 
long,  staminate  above,  pistillate  below,  the  pistillate 
part  2/x-3/x  thick,  or  sometimes  wholly  staminate  or  pis- 
tillate; perigynia  ovoid-ellipsoid,  stipitate,  dark  brown, 
i//-i^//  long,  spreading  or  reflexed  when  mature, 
strongly  several-nerved,  little  compressed,  rough  above, 
narrowed  into  a  very  short  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
light  brown  spreading,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  perigynia ;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to 
Vermont,  Pennsylvania  (according  to  Bailey),  Michigan  and 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  Summer. 

146.    Carex  exilis  Dewey.     Coast  Sedge.     (Fig.  816.) 

Carex  exilis  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  14:  351.      1828. 

Culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  stiff,  strictly  erect, 
nearly  or  quite  smooth,  io/-2°  tall.  Leaves  involute- 
filiform,  equalling  or  usually  shorter  than  the  culm; 
spike  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  bractless,  3//-i8// 
long,  staminate  below  and  pistillate  above  or  some- 
times staminate  above  and  pistillate  below,  occa- 
sionally quite  dioecious,  very  rarely  with  a  small 
auxiliary  spike  at  its  base;  perigynia  ovoid-ellip- 
soid, somewhat  impressed  at  the  base,  brown,  about 
i-W  long,  rather  strongly  several-nerved  on  the 
outer  face,  faintly  few-nerved  on  the  inner,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed  at  maturity,  narrowed  into  a  slender 
rough  2-toothed  beak  about  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  ovate,  acute,  equalling  or  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  to  southern 
New  Jersey,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Reported  from 
Minnesota.  May-July. 


SEDGE   FAMIIA.  341 

147.    Carex  chordorhiza  L,.  f.     Creeping  Sedge.     (Fig.  817.) 

Carex  chordorhiza  L,.  f.  Suppl.  414.      1781. 

Rootstocks  slender,  creeping,  culms  slender,  erect 
or  nearly  so,  S'-iS'  tall.  Leaves  i//-i^//  wide, 
shorter  than  the  culm,  somewhat  involute  in  drying, 
straight,  the  lower  ones  of  the  culm  reduced  to  short 
sheaths;  spikes  2-4,  aggregated  into  a  terminal  ovoid 
or  oblong  head  4//-6//  long;  staminate  flowers  termi- 
nal; perigynia  ellipsoid,  slightly  more  than  \"  long 
and  nearly  \'f  wide,  flat  on  the  inner  side,  convex  on 
the  outer,  strongly  many-nerved,  abruptly  tipped  by 
a  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  equalling  the  perigynia  or  a  little 
longer;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogs  and  shallow  water,  Anticosti  to  Hudson  Bay 
and  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Maine,  New  York, 
northern  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  Iowa.  Also  in  Eu- 
rope. Summer. 

Carex  incurva  L/ightf.     Curved  Sedge.     (Fig.  818.) 

Carex  incurva  I^ightf.  Fl.  Scot.  544.  //.  24.  f.  i.     1777. 

Densely  tufted,  culms  rather  stiff,  smooth,  often 
curved,  i/-6/  long.  Leaves  less  than  \ff  wide, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  culm,  usually  curved; 
spikes  2-5,  sessile  and  aggregated  into  an  ovoid  or 
globose  dense  head  5//-8//  in  diameter,  appearing 
like  a  solitary  spike;  staminate  flowers  few,  borne 
at  the  tops  of  the  spikes;  perigynia  ovate,  slightly 
swollen,  compressed,  \l/2"  long,  \"  wide,  con- 
tracted at  the  base  and  narrowed  above  into  a  short 
conic  entire  beak,  faintly  several-many-nerved, 
scales  ovate,  brown  or  brownish,  acute  or  subacute, 
membranous,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  British  Columbia, 
south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


149.    Carex  stenophylla  Wahl.     Invo- 
lute-leaved Sedge.     (Fig.  819.) 

Carex  stenophylla  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl. 
(II.)  24:  142.      1803. 

Densely  tufted  and  strongly  stoloniferous,  pale 
green,  culms  smooth,  stiff,  erect,  3/-8/  high. 
Leaves  involute,  about  ]/*"  wide,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  culm;  inflorescence  much  as  in  the 
preceding  species;  perigynia  ovate  or  ovate- oval, 
about  i"  long,  faintly  several-nerved,  flat  on  the 
inner  face,  low-convex  on  the  outer,  gradually 
narrowed  into  a  short  entire  beak;  scales  ovate, 
brownish,  membranous,  acute  or  acuminate,  about 
equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Iowa,  Nebraska  and  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  June-Aug. 


342 


CYPERACEAE. 


150. 


Carex  Douglasii  Boott.     Douglas'  Sedge.     (Fig.  820.) 

Carex  Douglasii  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  213.  pL 
214.      1840. 

Light  green,  rootstock  extensively  creeping,  culms- 
slender,  erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  4/-i2/  tall. 
Leaves  \"  wide  or  less,  somewhat  involute  in  drying, 
sometimes  longer  than  the  culm,  tapering  to  a  long 
point;  spikes  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  4//-6//  long, 
several  or  numerous  in  a  dense  terminal  oblong  or 
ovoid  cluster  i/-2/  long;  staminate  flowers  terminal 
or  variously  distributed,  whole  spikes  occasionally 
staminate  or  the  plants  even  dioecious;  perigynia 
ovate-lanceolate,  about  \y2"  long,  faintly  several  - 
nerved,  on  both  sides,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
slender  tapering  beak  more  than  one-half  as  long  as 
the  body;  scales  pale  greenish  brown,  lanceolate, 
scarious,  smooth-awued,  2-4  times  longer  than  the 
perigynia  and  completely  concealing  them;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  Nebraska  and  New  Mexico,, 
west  to  British  Columbia  and  California.  June-Aug. 

151.    Carex  arenaria  I,.     Sand  Sedge. 
Sand-star.      (Fig.  821.) 

Carex  arenariaJL,.  Sp.  PI.  973.      1753. 

Rootstock  extensively  creeping,  culms  erect,  slen- 
der, slightly  scabrous  above,  4/-i5/  high.  Leaves  \" 
or  less  wide,  very  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
lower  bract  subulate,  sometimes  \Y^.f  long;  spikes  ob- 
long, 3//-5//  long,  aggregated  into  a  terminal  ovoid 
cluster  i/-2/  long,  the  terminal  commonly  staminate, 
the  middle  ones  staminate  at  the  top,  the  lower  usu- 
ally wholly  pistillate;  perigyuia  lanceolate,  i^//-2// 
long,  strongly  several- nerved  on  both  sides,  the  flat 
strongly  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body 
and  decurrent  on  its  summit;  scales  lanceolate,  light 
brown,  long-acuminate  or  awned,  about  equalling  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Adventive  or 


On  sea  beaches  near  Norfolk,  Virginia, 
naturalized  from  Europe.    June-July. 

152.    Carex  conjuncta  Boott.     Soft  Fox  Sedge.     (Fig.  822.) 

Carex  vulpina  Carey,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  541.      1848. 

Not  L.  1753. 
Carex  conjuncta  Boott,  111.  122.      1862. 

Light  green,  culms  smooth  or  roughish  above, 
sharply  3-angled  when  fresh,  flat  when  pressed, 
soft,  erect,  i^°-3°  tall.  Leaves  shorter  than  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  culm,  soft,  flat,  rough - 
margined,  2^//-3^2'//  wide;  bracts  small  and 
bristle-like  or  wanting;  spikes  several  or  numer- 
ous, in  a  terminal  elongated  sometimes  branched 
cluster,  or  the  lower  separated,  the  staminate 
flowers  few,  terminal;  perigynia  ovate-lanceolate 
or  lanceolate,  pale,  \Yt"  long,  thickened  at  the 
base,  strongly  several-nerved,  tapering  into  a 
roughish  2-toothed  beak  shorter  than  the  body; 
scales  oblong-lanceolate,  cuspidate  or  short  awned, 
about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  New  Jersey  ( accord - 
ingto  Bailey),  southeastern  Pennsylvania  to  Kentucky,. 
Illinois  and  Minnesota.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


343 


(Fig.  823.) 


153.    Carex  stipata  Mithl.     Awl-fruited  Sedge 

Carex  stipata  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  233.      1805. 

Culms  smooth,  rather  weak,  erect  or  nearly  so, 
sharply  3-angled  before  drying,  i°-3^°  tall.  Leaves 
flat,  2" -4."  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  the  upper 
ones  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes;  bracts  short, 
bristle-form  or  wanting;  spikes  numerous,  yellowish 
brown,  crowded  into  a  terminal  oblong  cluster  i/I^/- 
4X  long,  the  lowest  sometimes  branched,  the  stami- 
nate  flowers  few,  always  terminal;  perigynia  lanceo- 
late, strongly  several-nerved,  2//-2^//  long,  about  \" 
wide  at  the  base,  gradually  tapering  into  a  rough 
flattened  2-toothed  beak  1-2  times  as  long  as  the 
body,  giving  the  clusters  a  peculiarly  bristly  aspect; 
scales  ovate  or  lanceolate,  thin,  hyaline,  acuminate, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario 
and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Tennessee,  Mis- 
souri, New  Mexico  and  California.  Ascends  to  4200  ft. 
in  Virginia.  May-July. 

154.    Carex  Crus-Corvi  Shuttlw.     Raven's- foot  Sedge.     (Fig.  824.) 

Carex  Crus-Corvi  Shuttlw.;  Kunze,  Riedg.  Suppl.  128. 

pi.  J2.      1844. 
Carex  Halei  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II. )  2: 248.     1846. 

Pale  green  and  glaucous,  culms  stout,  3-angled, 
rough  above,  erect,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  2j£//r- 
6r/  wide,  rough-margined,  sometimes  equalling  the 
culm,  usually  shorter;  spikes  yellowish  brown, 
staminate  above,  very  numerous  in  a  large  com- 
pound branching  terminal  cluster  4'-! 2X  long,  if- 
3'  thick;  perigynia  elongated-lanceolate,  strongly 
several-nerved,  about  4/y  long,  with  a  short  hard 
base  and  a  subulate  rough  2-toothed  beak  3  or  4 
times  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, thin,  very  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  swamps,  Indiana  to  southern  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida,  Louisiana  and  Texas.  May-July. 

155.    Carex  decomposita  Muhl.     L,arge- 
panicled  Sedge.     (Fig.  825.) 

Carex  decomposita  Muhl.  Gram.  264.     1817. 

Dark  green,  culms  smooth,  very  obtusely  angled 
or  terete  below,  rather  stout,  erect,  iX°~3°  ta^- 
Leaves  2//-4//  wide,  rough,  rather  stiff,  longer  than 
the  culm,  equitant  at  the  base;  spikes  yellowish 
brown,  staminate  above,  small  and  very  numerous 
in  a  terminal  decompound  cluster  2/-5/  long,  the 
lower  branches  ascending  and  i/-2/  long;  bracts 
subulate,  ciliate  or  wanting;  perigynia  short-ob- 
ovate,  less  than  i"  long,  hard,  somewhat  shin- 
ing, faintly  few-nerved,  abruptly  tipped  with  a 
very  short  slightly  2-toothed  beak;  scales  ovate, 
scarious-margined,  about  equalling  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  swamps,  New  York  to  Ohio  and  Michigan,  south 
to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  May-Aug. 


344  CYPERACEAE. 

156.  Carex  marcida  Boott.     Clustered  Field 
Sedge.      (Fig.  826.) 

Carex  marcida  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  212.  pi.  2ij. 

1840. 

Light  green,  culms  slender,  sharply  3-angled, 
rough,  at  least  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  \"  wide  or 
less,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  short,  subu- 
late from  a  broader  base,  or  wanting;  spikes  several, 
staminate  at  the  summit  or  some  of  them  wholly 
staminate,  clustered  in  a  terminal  oblong  or  oblong- 
cylindric  head  about  \l/2f  long,  the  lower  ones  some- 
times compound;  perigynia  ovate,  dark  brown,  about 
\"  long,  faintly  nerved,  tapering  into  a  flat  serrate 
beak  shorter  than  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  brownish,  membranous,  acute  or  cuspi- 
date, about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Nebraska,  Kansas,  New  Mexico  and  Nevada.  June-Sept. 

157.    Carex  teretiuscula  Gooden.     Lesser  Panicled  Sedge.     (Fig.  827.) 

Carex  teretiusctila  Gooden.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  2:  163. 

pi.  19.      1794. 

Rather  light  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  re- 
clining, very  rough,  at  least  above,  i°-2%°  long. 
Leaves  mostly  less  than  \"  wide,  shorter  than  or 
sometimes  equalling  the  culm;  bracts  very  small  or 
none;  spikes  several  or  numerous,  staminate  above, 
in  a  narrowly  oblong  compact  or  interrupted  ter- 
minal cluster  i/-2/  long;  perigynia  ovate-oval, 
smooth,  dark  brown,  hard,  shining,  few-nerved  on 
the  outer  side,  the  body  slightly  more  than  *£" 
long,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  short -stalked, 
tapering  into  a  flat  conic  beak  about  its  own  length; 
scales  thin,  ovate,  brownish,  acute  or  short-awned, 
about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Nova  Scotia  to  Hud- 
son Bay  and  British  Columbia,  Rhode  Island,  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Nebraska.  Also  in  Europe.  May-July. 

Carex  teretiuscula  prairea  (Dewey)  Britton. 
Carex  prairea  Dewey,  Wood's  Classbook,  578.      1855. 

Carex  teretiuscula  var.  ramosa  Boott,  111.  145.      1867.      Not  C.  ramosa  Schk. 
Cluster  of  spikes  compound,   branched,   the  top  commonly  nodding. 
Columbia,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Kentucky  and  Oregon. 

158.    Carex  alopecoidea  Tuckerm.     Foxtail  Sedge.     (Fig.  828.) 

Carex  cephalophora  var.  maxima  Dewey,  Am.  Journ. 

Sci.  43:  92.     1842.     Not  C.  maxima  Scop.     1772. 
Carex  alopecoidea  Tuckerm.  Bnum.  Meth.  18.      1843. 

Light  green,  culms  stout  but  soft,  sharply  3- 
angled,  erect  or  reclining,  2°-3°  long,  roughish 
above.  Leaves  flat,  iX//~3//  wide,  shorter  than  or 
equalling  the  culm;  bracts  almost  filiform,  com- 
monly short;  spikes  several  or  numerous  in  a  com- 
pact or  somewhat  interrupted  cluster  i/-2/  long, 
rarely  also  a  separated  cluster  subtended  by  a  leaf- 
like  bract;  staminate  flowers  terminal;  perigynia 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  short-stipitate,  i>^//-2// 
long,  pale  brown,  faintly  few-nerved  on  the  outer 
side,  the  tapering  rough  2-toothed  beak  nearly  as 
long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate  or  oval,  light  brown, 
cuspidate  or  short-awned,  about  as  long  as  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  meadows,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Michi- 
gan and  Manitoba  (according  to  Macoun).  Local. 


1806. 
Ontario 


to    British 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  345 

Carex  alopecoidea  sparsispicata  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  8:  350.      1849. 
Spikes  distinctly  separated.     Southeastern  Michigan. 

159.    Carex  gravida  Bailey.     Heavy  Sedge. 
(Fig.  829.) 

Carex  gravida  Bailey.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  5.      1889. 
Carex  gravida  var.  laxifolia  Bailey,  loc.  cit.  6.      1889. 

Light  green,  culms  slender,  i^°-3°  tall,  sharply 
3-angled,  erect,  rough  above.  Leaves  flat,  i%"- 3" 
wide,  spreading  or  ascending,  equalling  or  shorter 
than  the  culm;  bracts  filiform,  usually  very  short; 
spikes  several,  in  an  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong  dense 
heavy  head  i/-i^/  long,  pale,  subglobose,  thestami- 
nate  flowers  terminal;  perigynia  flat,  spreading, 
broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  i^//-2//  long,  at  least 
\ff  wide,  rounded  at  the  base,  sessile  or  short- stalked, 
narrowed  into  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one-third  as  long 
as  the  body,  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face  or  nerve- 
less; scales  ovate- lanceolate,  acute,  cuspidate  or  short- 
awued,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Illinois  to  South  Dakota  and  Nebraska.     May-July. 

160.    Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.     Fox  Sedge.     (Fig.  830.) 

Care.v  vulpinoidea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  169.  1803. 
Culms  slender,  stiff,  sharply  3-angled,  rough 
above,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  i//-2>^//  wide,  elon- 
gated, often  exceeding  the  culm;  bracts  bristle-like, 
short  or  sometimes  2/~3/  long;  spikes  ovoid-oblong, 
densely  flowered,  2//-4//  long,  very  numerous  in  a 
compactor  somewhat  interrupted  cluster,  i^/-5/ 
long,  the  lower  ones  sometimes  compound,  stami- 
nate  flowers  terminal;  perigynia  ovate  or  the  body 
broader  than  long,  less  than  i//  long,  rather  more 
than  Yz"  wide,  greenish  brown,  flat,  several-nerved 
on  the  outer  face,  nerveless  or  1-3  nerved  on  the 
inner,  ascending  or  spreading,  tipped  with  a  lanceo- 
late 2-toothed  beak  about  half  as  long  as  the  body; 
scales  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  awned,  about  as 
long  as  the  perigynia,  but  narrower;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  meadows,  New  Brunswick  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  Nebraska  and 
Texas.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  June- Aug. 

161.    Carex  xanthocarpa  Bicknell.      Yellow-fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  831.) 

Carex  xanthocarpa  Bicknell,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  22. 
1896. 

Culms  rather  stout,  rough  above,  i°-5°  tall, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaves  i^//-3// 
wide;  head  oblong  or  ovoid,  usually  dense,  }£f-il/tf 
long;  spikes  numerous,  ovoid,  many-flowered, 
short;  staminate  flowers  terminal;  bracts  mostly 
short  and  inconspicuous;  perigynia  bright  yellow, 
plano-convex,  ovate-elliptic,  about  i%"  long,  with 
a.  narrowed  or  cuneate  base  and  a  short  minutely 
2-toothed  beak,  nerveless,  or  obscurely  few-nerved 
on  the  outer  face;  scales  acuminate,  short-awned. 

In  fields,  Massachusetts  to  New  York  and  Ohio. 
June-Aug. 

Carex  xanthocarpa  annectens  Bicknell,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

23:  22.      1896. 

Lower  and  slender;  leaves  i"-2"  wide;  head  not  over 
i  %'  long;  bracts  usually  numerous  and  longer  than  the 
•globose  spikes;  perigynia  ovate  or  suborbicular.  Abun- 
dant in  the  vicinity  of  New  York. 


CYPERACEAE. 


162.    Carex  setacea  Dewey.     Bristly- 
spiked  Sedge.      (Fig.  832.) 

Carex  setacea  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  9:  61.      1825. 
Carex  scabrior  Sartw. ;  Boott,  111.  3:  125.      1862. 

Culms  i%°-4°  tall,  erect,  rough  above.  Leaves 
i°-2°  long,  i//-3//  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
head  narrowly  oblong,  il/t'-2y2'  long,  3//-5//  thick, 
sometimes  branched  at  the  base;  bracts  bristle-like, 
longer  than  the  spikes  or  shorter;  spikes  ovoid  or 
ovoid-oblong,  2^//~4//  long,  usually  close  together; 
perigynia  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering 
from  a  more  or  less  truncate  base  to  a  narrow  rough 
2-toothed  beak,  few-nerved,  \%"-il/2"  long. 

New  York  and  Massachusetts.  Probably  of  wider 
distribution.  June-Aug. 


(Fig.  833.) 


163.   Carex  Sartwellii  Dewey.     Sartwell's  Sedge. 

Carex  Sartwellii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  43:  go.  1842. 
Culms  slender,  stiff,  erect,  rough  above,  3-angled 
i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  i"-2"  wide,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  culm,  long-attenuate  at  the  apex;  bracts 
setaceous,  usually  very  small,  or  i  or  2  of  the  lower 
sometimes  elongated;  spikes  ovoid  or  oblong,  2X/- 
4/x  long,  usually  densely  aggregated  in  a  narrow 
cluster  i/-2/  long,  or  the  lower  somewhat  separated; 
staminate  flowers  terminal  or  whole  spikes  oc- 
casionally staminate;  perigynia  elliptic-lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  about  \"  long  and  rather  more 
than  yzf/  wide,  ascending,  strongly  several-nerved 
on  both  faces,  tapering  into  a  short  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute,  pale  brown, 
scarious-margined,  about  equalling  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  swamps,  Ontario  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
central  New  York,  Illinois,  Michigan,  Arkansas  and 
Utah.  May-July. 

164.    Carex  tenella  Schk.     Soft-leaved 
Sedge.     (Fig.  834.) 

Carex  tenella  Schk.  Riedgr.  23.  f.  104.      1801. 

Light  green,  rootstocks  very  slender,  culms  al- 
most filiform,  rough,  commonly  reclining,  6/-2° 
long.  Leaves  soft,  about  l/z"  wide,  spreading, 
shorter  than  or  sometimes  equalling  the  culm; 
spikes  very  small,  only  i-5-flowered,  distant  or  the 
upper  close  together,  the  staminate  flower  or  flow- 
ers uppermost;  perigynia  ovoid-ellipsoid,  nearly 
terete,  hard,  finely  many-nerved,  about  \"  long  and 
rather  more  than  yz"  thick,  tipped  with  a  very 
minute  entire  beak;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  acute, 
shorter  than  or  the  lower  equalling  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  Colorado  and 
California.  Also  in  Europe.  June-July. 

Carex  Eleocharis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  6,  a  very  slender  erect  species,  with  2  or  3  small 
brown  i-3-flowered  spikes  aggregated  in  a  terminal  head  i^"-2"  long,  ovoid  slightly  swollen  mar- 
ginless  plano-convex  short-beaked  perigynia,  collected  by  Prof.  Macoun  on  the  Saskatchewan 
Plains,  probably  occurs  within  the  northwestern  limits  of  our  area. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


347 


165.    Carex  rosea  Schk.     Stellate  Sedge. 
(Fig.  835.) 

Carex  rosea  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  15.  f.  179.      1806. 

Rather  bright  green,  culms  very  slender  or  filiform, 
erect  or  reclining,  rough  above,  i°-2}4°  long.  Leaves 
flat,  soft,  spreading,  i"  or  less  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  lower  bract  filiform  or  bristle-like,  Y^'-iY-i' 
long;  spikes  4-8,  subglobose,  2//~3//in  diameter,  5-15- 
flowered,  the  2  or  3  upper  close  together,  the  others 
distant;  staminate  flowers  few,  terminal;  perigynia 
ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  bright  green,  stellately  diverging, 
nerveless,  shining,  i//-i>^//  long,  rather  more  than  ]/?." 
wide,  tapering  into  a  stout  2-toothed  beak  about  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate-oblong, 
white,  hyaline,  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and 
Manitoba,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Nebraska  and  Mis- 
souri. Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  May-July. 

Carex  rosea  radiata  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  10:  276. 


1826. 


Culms  filiform,  spreading;  leaves  about  J/2"  wide;  spikes  only  2-6-flowered,  scattered;' perigynia 
ending,  lanceolate,  about  %"  wide.     Ontario  to  Massachusetts,  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky. 

166.    Carex  retroflexa  Muhl.     Reflexed  Sedge.     (Fig.  836.) 

Carex  retroflexa  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  235.  1805. 
C.  rosea  var.  retroflexa  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  3:  389.  1836. 
Culms  very  slender,  erect,  rather  stiff,  8/-i8/  tall, 
smooth  or  roughish  above.  Leaves  about  %"  in 
width,  mostly  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract 
bristle-form,  sometimes  2'  long,  usually  shorter; 
spikes  4-8,  subglobose,  4-9-flowered,  the  upper  all 
close  together,  the  lower  2  or  3  separated;  stami- 
nate flowers  terminal  or  rarely  variously  intermixed 
with  the  pistillate;  perigynia  oblong-lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  radiating  or  reflexed  at  maturity, 
about  \Yz"  long  and  a  little  more  than  ]^ff  wide, 
smooth,  green-brown,  compressed,  but  not  as  flat 
as  those  of  the  preceding  species,  somewhat  corky- 
thickened  at  the  base,  tapering  upwardly  into  a  2- 
toothed  beak  about  one-third  the  length  of  the 
body;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  perigyuia;  stigmas  2. 
In  woods  and  thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Ontario,  Michigan,  Florida,  and  Texas.  May-July. 

167.    Carex  Texensis  (Torr.)  Bailey.     Texas  Sedge.     (Fig.  837.) 

Carex  rosea  var.  Texensis  Torr. ;  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr. 

Club,  i:  57.      1889. 
Carex  Texensis  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  97.     1894. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  very 
slender,  erect,  smooth,  6/-i8/  tall.  Leaves  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  soft,  about  yzff  wide,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  lower  bract  commonly  filiform,  some- 
times elongated;  spikes  4-7,  4-io-flowered,  all  close 
together  in  a  narrow  head  %'-*%'  l°ng>  or  tne 
lower  ones  separated;  perigynia  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, green,  nerveless,  smooth,  radiating  or  widely 
spreading,  i^//-2//  long,  yz"  wide,  the  tapering 
beak  about  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  hyaline,  acute  or  acuminate, 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stig- 
mas 2. 

Southern  Illinois  (according  to  Bailey);  Alabama  to 
Texas.  April-May. 


348 


CYPERACEAE. 


168.   Carex  muricata  L,.     Lesser  Prickly 
Sedge.     (Fig.  838.) 

Carex  muricata  I,.  Sp.  PI.  974.      1753. 

Bright  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
roughish,  at  least  above,  i°-2^°  long.  Leaves  i"- 
\Yz'f  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  bracts  very  short 
and  subulate;  spikes  5-10,  4-io-flowered,  all  clus- 
tered into  an  oblong  head,  or  the  lower  i  or  2 
somewhat  distant;  perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, •2"  long,  \"  wide,  smooth,  shining,  nerveless, 
ascending  when  young,  spreading  or  radiating 
when  mature,  not  reflexed,  tapering  into  a  rough- 
edged  2-toothed  beak  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  green  or  brownish,  acute, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  meadows  and  fields,  eastern  Massachusetts  to 
southern  New  York,  Ohio  and  Virginia.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  June-Aug. 

169.    Carex  sparganioides  Muhl.     Bur-reed  Sedge.      (Fig.  839.) 

Carex  sparganioides  Muhl.;    Willd.    Sp.    PI.   4:   237. 

1805. 

Rather  dark  green  with  nearly  white  sheaths, 
culms  stout  or  slender,  rough,  sharply  3-angled,  2°- 
3°  tall.  I/eaves  broad  and  flat,  2^//-4^//  wide, 
shorter  than  or  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
the  lower  very  short;  spikes  6-12,  oblong  or  sub- 
globose,  2^//-4//  in  diameter,  several-many-flow- 
ered, the  upper  aggregated,  the  lower  2-4  com- 
monly separated,  sometimes  compound  and  sub- 
tended by  bristle-like  bracts;  perigynia  flat,  ovate, 
\Yzff  long,  \"  wide,  spreading  or  radiating,  pale, 
narrowly  wing-margined,  rounded  at  the  base,  usu- 
ally few- nerved  on  the  outer  face,  the  rough  2- 
toothed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  length  of 
the  body;  scales  ovate,  hyaline,  acute  or  cuspidate, 
about  one  half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Ontario  and 
Michigan,  south  to  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Missouri. 
Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia.  June-Aug. 

170.    Carex  cephaloidea  Dewey.     Thin-leaved  Sedge.     (Fig.  840.) 

Carex  muricata  var.  cephaloidea  Dewey,  Am.  Journ. 

Sci.  ii :  308.      1826. 
Carex  cephaloidea  Dewey,  Rep.  PI.  Mass.  262.      1840. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  culms  slender 
or  rather  stout,  erect  but  not  stiff,  rough  above,  2°- 
3°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  2//~4//  wide,  thin  and  lax, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  bristle- 
form,  usually  short,  sometimes  wanting;  spikes  4- 
8,  subglobose,  aggregated  but  commonly  distinct, 
in  an  oblong  cluster  9//-i5//  long,  the  staminate 
flowers  terminal;  perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, greenish  brown,  nearly  2"  long,  \"  wide,  as- 
cending, nerveless  or  faintly  few-nerved,  tapering 
into  a  rough  2-toothed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-third 
as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate,  white,  membran- 
ous with  a  green  midvein,  short-cuspidate  or  awned, 
about  one-half  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Massachusetts  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wyoming.  May-July. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  349 

171.    Carex  cephalophora  Muhl.     Oval- 
headed  Sedge.     (Kig.  841.) 

Carex  cephalophora  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  220.  1805. 
Pale  green,  culms  slender,  erect,  rough  above,  io/- 
2°  tall.  Leaves  i//-2//  wide,  sometimes  overtopping 
the  culm,  usually  shorter;  bracts  of  the  lower  spikes 
short,  bristle-form;  spikes  few,  subglobose,  densely 
clustered  in  a  terminal  short-oblong  head  4//-8//  long, 
the  staminate  flowers  terminal;  perigynia  broadly 
ovate,  \"  long  or  less,  pale,  nerveless  or  very  faintly 
few-nerved,  tipped  with  a  2-toothed  beak  about  one- 
fourth  the  length  of  the  body;  scales  ovate,  thin, 
rough- curpidate  or  awned,  equalling  or  a  little 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Florida,  Missouri  and  Texas.  Ascends  to 
2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  May-July. 

Carex  Leavenworthii  Dewey.     L,eaven worth's  Sedge.     (Fig.  842.) 

Carex  Leavemvorthii  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.)  2: 

246.      1846. 
Carex  cephalophora  var.    angustifolia    Boott,     111.    123. 

1862. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  smaller,  culms 
very  slender  or  almost  filiform,  erect,  roughish,  6/-i5/ 
tall.  Leaves  much  narrower,  i^//-iX//  wide,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  of  the  lower  spikes 
short,  bristle-form  or  wanting;  spikes  4-7,  densely 
crowded  in  an  oblong  head  4//-8//  long,  similar  to 
that  of  C.  cephalophora  but  usually  smaller,  the  lower 
sometimes  compound,  the  staminate  flowers  terminal; 
perigynia  orbicular-ovate,  rather  less  than  \"  long 
and  about  as  wide,  tipped  with  a  very  short  2-toothed 
beak;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate,  shorter  and 
narrower  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  meadows,  Missouri  to  Louisiana,  Arkansas  and 
Texas.  May-June. 

173.    Carex  Muhlenbergii  Schk.     Muhlenberg's  Sedge. 

Carex  Muhlenbergii  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  12.    f.  178. 
1806. 

Light  green,  culms  slender  but  stiff  and  erect, 
sharply  3-angled,  rough,  at  least  above,  i°-2>£0  tall. 
Leaves  i//-2//  wide,  usually  shorter  than  the  culm, 
somewhat  involute  in  drying;  bracts  bristle-form, 
usually  short;  spikes  4-10,  ovoid  or  subglobose,  dis- 
tinct but  close  together  in  an  oblong  head  9//-i5// 
long,  the  staminate  flowers  terminal;  perigynium 
broadly  ovate-oval,  \y2"  long,  \"  wide,  strongly 
nerved  on  both  faces,  ascending,  tipped  with  a  short 
2-toothed  beak;  scales  hyaline  with  a  green  mid  vein, 
ovate-lanceolate,  rough-cuspidate  or  short-awned, 
narrower  and  mostly  longer  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Massachusetts  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  May-July. 

1894: 


Carex  Muhlenbergii  Xalapensis  (Kunth.)  Britton,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  86. 
Carex  Xalapensis  Kunth,  Enum.  2:  380.      1837. 
Carex  Muhlenbergii  var.  enervis  Boott,  111.  124.      1862. 

Perigynia  nearly  or  quite  nerveless;  leaves  broader  and  longer.     Southern  New  York  to 
souri,  Texas  and  Mexico. 


Mis- 


350 


CYPERACEAE. 


174.    Carex  sterilis  Willd.     Little  Prickly  Sedge.      (Fig.  844.) 

Carex  sterilis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  208.      1805. 

C.  echinata  var.  microstachys  Boeckl.  Linnaea,  39: 125.    1875. 

Carex  sterilis  var.  angustata  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20: 

425.      1893. 
Carex  sterilis  var.  excelsior  Bailey,  loc.  cit.  424.      1893. 

Culms  slender,  stiff,  erect  or  rarely  spreading,  8'-i8' 
tall,  rough,  at  least  above.  Leaves  ^"-i"  wide,  shorter 
than,  the  culm;  bracts  very  short  or  sometimes  bristle- 
form;  spikes  3-5,  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  contigu- 
ous or  separated,  about  2_J^//  thick;  staminate  flowers 
basal,  usually  numerous  at  the  bottom  of  the  upper 
spike,  or  whole  spikes  occasionally  staminate,  or  plants 
rarely  quite  dioecious;  perigynia  pale,  lanceolate,  com- 
pressed, spreading  or  reflexed  when  old,  1%"  long,  yz" 
wide,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  thickened  at  the 
base,  tapering  into  a  sharp-edged  2-toothed  rough  beak 
more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate, 
hyaline,  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 
In  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana,  Colorado  and 
California.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Variable.  May-July. 

Carex  sterilis  cephalantha  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  425.      1893. 
Carex  echinata  var.  cephalantha  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  58.      1889. 

Stouter,  sometimes  2°  tall.     Spikes  4-8,  contiguous  or  separated;  flowers  more  numerous;  peri- 
gynia rather  larger ;  spikes  very  bristly.  Range  nearly  that  of  the  species ;  perhaps  merely  a  stout  form. 

175.    Carex  Atlantica  Bailey.     Eastern  Sedge.     (Fig.  845.) 

Carex  stellulata  var.  conferta  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  534. 

1860.     Not  C.  conferta  Koch. 
Carex  Atlantica  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  425.      1893. 

Similar  to  large  forms  of  the  preceding  species  but 
stouter,  culms  very  rough  above,  i°-2^°  tall.  Leaves 
\"-\Y2ff  wide,  stiff,  flat  or  in  drying  somewhat  invo- 
lute, the  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes; 
spikes  4-7,  spreading,  subglobose  or  short-cylindric, 
nearly  $"  in  diameter,  several-many-flowered,  the 
staminate  flowers  numerous  at  the  base  of  the  terminal 
one,  or  this  rarely  entirely  staminate;  perigynia  broadly 
ovate,  flat,  sharp-margined,  i//-i^//  long,  i//  wide, 
cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  strongly  several- 
nerved  on  the  outer  face,  few-nerved  on  the  inner, 
spreading  or  reflexed  at  maturity,  abruptly  tipped 
with  a  stout,  rough  2-toothed  beak  about  one-third  as 
long  as  the  body;  scales  shorter  than  the  perigynia. 

In  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Florida.     June-July. 

176.    Carex  interior  Bailey.     Inland  Sedge.     (Fig.  846.) 

Carex  interior  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  426.     1893. 

Similar  to  C.  sterilis,  culms  very  slender,  wiry, 
rather  stiff,  erect,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  only  about 
%"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bract  of  the  lower 
spike  very  short;  spikes  2-4,  nearly  globular, 
somewhat  separated,  several-flowered,  i"  in  dia- 
meter, the  terminal  one  staminate  at  the  base; 
perigynia  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  i//  or  less 
long,  about  ]/?."  wide,  faintly  few-nerved  on  the 
outer  face,  nearly  nerveless  on  the  inner,  thickened, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  spreading  or  re- 
flexed  when  old,  tapering  into  a  nearly  smooth 
2-toothed  beak  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  obtusish,  shorter  than 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Wet  soil,  Maine  to  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Kansas. 
Differs  from  C.  sterilis  in  its  shorter,  shorter-beaked 
and  weaker-nerved  perigynia.  May-July. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


351 


Brownish  Sedge.      (Fig.  848.) 


Carex  interior  capillacea  Bailey,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  426.      1893. 
Leaves  about  yt ' '  wide ;  perigynia  ovate,  cordate,  strongly  nerved.    Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania. 

177.    Carex  canescens  L,.     Silvery  Sedge.     (Fig.  847.) 

Carex  canescens  L.  Sp.  PI.  9/4.      i"53- 

Pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous,  culms  slender, 
erect,  roughish  above,  io'-2^°  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
Y2"-\"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  very  short 
or  none,  or  the  lowest  occasionally  bristle-form  and 
longer  than  its  spike;  spikes  4-9,  short-oblong  or  sub- 
globose,  sessile,  densely  many-flowered,  2^/x-5/x 
long,  about  2"  in  diameter,  scattered  or  the  upper 
close  together;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia 
oval  or  ovate-oval,  silvery  green  or  nearly  white, 
faintly  few-nerved,  ascending,  blunt-edged,  rather 
less  than  \"  long,  about  }/2"  wide,  rough  above, 
tipped  with  a  minute  entire  beak;  scales  hyaline, 
ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  slightly  shorter  than  or  as  long 
as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  British  Colum- 
bia, south  to  Virginia,  Michigan,  Colorado  and  Oregon. 
Ascends  to  4200  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  May-July. 

178.    Carex  brunnescens  (Pers.)  Poir. 

Carex  curta  var.  brunnescens  Pers.  Syn.  2:  539.      1807. 
C.  canescens  var.  alpicola  Wahl.  Fl.  Lapp.  232.      1812. 
C.  brunnescens  Poir.  in  Lam.  Encycl.  Suppl.  3:  286.     1813. 

Rather  dark  green,  not  glaucous,  culms  slender,  stiff, 
erect,  roughish  above,  8/-i8/  tall.  Leaves  \"  wide  or 
less,  shorter  than  the  culm;  lower  bract  bristle-form 
and  longer  than  its  spike,  or  short,  or  none;  spikes  4-8, 
subglobose  or  short-oblong,  few-flowered,  rarely  over 
2  yzff  long,  scattered,  or  the  upper  close  together;  stami- 
nate flowers  basal;  perigynia  ascending  or  spreading, 
brown,  smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species,  less 
than  i"  long,  tipped  with  a  manifest  beak  about  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate,  membranous, 
brownish,  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  wet  places,  mostly  at  high  altitudes,  Labrador  to 
British  Columbia,  New  York  and  New  England,  on  the 
southern  Alleghenies,  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Also  in 
Europe.  Ascends  to  6600  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Summer. 

Carex  brunnescens  gracilior  Britton. 
Carex  canescens  var.  vulgaris  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  13:  86.      1888.     Not  C.  vulgaris  Fries,  1842. 

Culms  nearly  filiform,  weak,  often  spreading;  spikes  4-S-flowered;  perigynia  spreading,  longer- 
beaked.     Range  of  type,  mostly  at  lower  altitudes.     Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 

179.    Carex  Norvegica  Willd.     Norway 
Sedge.     (Fig.  849.) 

Carex  Norvegica  Willd.;  Schk.  Riedgr.  50.      1801. 

Bright  green,  culms  slender  but  stiff  and  erect, 
slightly  scabrous  above,  6/-i6/  tall.  Leaves  \"  wide 
or  less,  shorter  than  the  culm ;  bracts  very  short  or 
wanting;  spikes  3-6,  brown,  oblong  or  subglobose, 
scattered  or  rather  close  together,  densely  many- 
flowered,  3//-6//  long,  about  2/x  in  diameter;  stami- 
nate flowers  basal,  very  numerous  at  the  bottom  of 
the  upper  spike;  perigynia  ascending,  about  \" 
long,  elliptic,  blunt-edged,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
brownish,  finely  many-nerved,  tipped  with  a  very- 
short  rough  beak;  scales  ovate  or  oval,  brown,  ob- 
tuse, rather  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Along  salt  meadows,  Maine  to  Anticosti.  Reported 
from  Minnesota.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

23 


352 


CYPERACEAE. 

180.  Carex  arcta  Boott.     Northern  Clustered  Sedge.     (Fig.  850.) 

Care.vcanescensvar. polystachya~Boott;  Richards.  Arct. 

Exp.  2:  344.     1851.     Not  C.  polystachya  Sw.  1803. 
Carex  arcta  Boott,  111.  155.  pi.  497.     1867. 

Rather  light  green  but  not  glaucous,  culms  slen- 
der, usually  strictly  erect,  i°-2%°  tall,  rough  above, 
longer  than  or  sometimes  overtopped  by  the  leaves 
which  are  flat  and  about  \"  wide.  Lower  bract 
bristle-form  and  longer  than  its  spike,  or  short,  or 
wanting;  spikes  oblong,  many-flowered,  3//~4// 
long,  about  2>£/x  in  diameter,  all  aggregated  into  a 
terminal  ovoid  cluster  about  \'  long,  the  staminate 
flowers  basal;  perigynia  pale,  ovate,  many-nerved, 
mostly  spreading,  tapering  into  a  rough  beak  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  membranous, 
pale  brown,  usually  acute,  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Maine  and  New  Bruns- 
wick to  Manitoba,  Minnesota  and  British  Columbia. 
"3"         June-July. 

181.  Carex  tenuinora  Wahl.     Sparse-flowered  Sedge.     (Fig.  851.) 


Carex  tenuiflora  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 
24:  147.      1803. 

Light  green,  culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect  or 
reclining,  rough  above,  8'-2°  long.  Leaves  %"  wide 
or  rather  more,  flat,  usually  much  shorter  than  the 
culm ;  spikes  only  2-4,  clustered  at  the  summit,  sub- 
globose,  few-flowered,  about  2>£x/  in  diameter,  bract- 
less  or  the  lowest  with  a  short  bract;  perigynia  pale, 
elliptic,  very  obscurely  few-nerved,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  \"-\]^/f  long,  more  than  y2"  wide,  narrowed 
at  both  ends,  beakless,  spreading;  staminate  flowers 
basal;  scales  nearly  white,  hyaline,  acute  or  obtusish, 
about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogs,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Maine, 
Vermont,  central  New  York  and  Michigan.  Local.  Also 
in  Europe.  Summer. 


182.    Carex   Heleonastes  Ehrh.     Hudson 
Bay  Sedge.     (Fig.  852.) 

Carex  Heleonastes  Ehrh. ;  I,,  f.  Suppl.  4H-  ^Si- 
Culms  slender,  stiff,  erect,  very  rough  above,  6'- 
18'  high.  Leaves  rigid,  erect,  becoming  involute, 
less  than  ix/  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts 
very  short  or  none;  spikes  3-5,  subglobose,  several- 
flowered,  brown,  about  2^x/  in  diameter,  clustered 
at  the  summit,  the  staminate  flowers  basal ;  perigynia 
broadly  ovate  or  ovate-elliptic,  blunt-edged,  faintly 
several-nerved,  about  i"  long,  more  than  y2"  wide, 
tipped  with  a  short  sharp  beak;  scales  ovate,  brown 
with  broad  hyaline  margins,  about  as  long  as  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Hudson  Bay  to  Manitoba  and  the  Canadian  Rocky 
Mountains.    Also  in  Europe.     Summer. 


353 


SEDGE    FAMILY 


183.  Carex  lagopina  Wahl.    Arctic  Hare's- 
foot  Sedge.     (Fig.  853.) 

Carex  lagopina  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 
24:  145.      1803. 

Culms  rough,  stiff,  erect,  6/-i6/  tall.  Leaves  flat, 
not  involute,  \'f  or  less  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm, 
bracts  very  short  or  wanting;  spikes  3-6,  oblong, 
dark  brown,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3//-4//  long, 
i^//-2//  thick,  densely  many-flowered,  clustered  at 
the  summit  or  the  lower  somewhat  separated,  the 
staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  elliptic  or  obo- 
vate,  rather  less  than  i//  long,  firm,  several-nerved, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  rather  abruptly  tipped  by  the 
beak;  scales  ovate,  brown,  hyaline-margined,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Labrador  and  Greenland  to  Alaska,  south  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Utah.  Also  in  northern  Europe 
and  Asia.  Summer. 


Carex  glareosa  Wahl.     Weak  Clustered  Sedge.     (Fig.  854.) 


Carex  glareosa  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.) 
24:  146.      1803. 

Closely  resembles  the  preceding  species,  but  has 
weak  spreading  or  reclining  culms  2/-i8/  long. 
Leaves  narrower,  flat,  about  y^"  wide;  spikes  2 
or  3,  oblong  or  subglobose,  several-flowered,  2//-4// 
long,  about  i^x/  in  diameter,  brown,  subtended  by 
very  small  scale-like  bracts,  the  staminate  flowers 
basal;  perigynia  oblong-oval,  strongly  several- 
nerved,  less  than  \"  long,  about  %"  wide, 
short  beaked;  scales  ovate,  acute  or  obtusish,  rich 
brown,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Greenland  and  Hudson  Bay  to  Gaspe,  Quebec,  west 
through  arctic  America  to  Alaska.  Also  in  northern 
Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

Carex  glareosa  ursina  (Dewey)  Bailey,  Carex  Cat.  3. 

1884. 
Carex  ursina  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  27:  240.      1835. 

Lower  densely  tufted;  spikes  smaller.  Perhaps  a 
mere  form  of  the  species.  Arctic  America. 


185.    Carex  trisperma  Dewey.     Three- 
fruited  Sedge.     (Fig.  855.) 

Carex  trisperma  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  9:  63.  1825. 
Bright  green,  culms  filiform,  weak,  usually  reclin- 
ing or  spreading,  very  slightly  roughened,  i°-2^° 
long.  Leaves  flaccid,  flat,  about  y^"  wide,  shorter 
than  the  culms;  spikes  2  or  3,  only  2-'4-flowered, 
widely  separated,  the  lowest  subtended  by  a  bristle- 
form  bract  Yz'-z'  long!  perigynia  oblong,  ascending, 
green,  i^//-2//  long,  rather  more  than  %"  wide, 
very  finely  many-nerved,  narrowed  at  both  ends  and 
tipped  with  a  very  short  nearly  entire  beak;  scales 
ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  hyaline  writh  a  green  mid- 
vein,  acute,  somewhat  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Ne\vfoundland  to  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Maryland,  Ohio,  Michigan  and  (accord- 
ing to  Webber)  to  Nebraska.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in 
Vermont.  June-Aug. 


354 


CYPERACEAE. 


186.    Carex  Deweyana  Schwein.    Dewey's 

Sedge.      (Fig.  856.) 

Carex  Deweyana  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  65.  1824. 
Pale  green,  culms  slender,  spreading,  nearly  or 
quite  smooth,  i°-2°  long.  Leaves  i//-i^//  wide, 
flat,  soft,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  bristle-form, 
the  lower  commonly  elongated;  spikes  3-6,  oblong 
or  subglobose,  few-flowered,  about  2^//  in  diam- 
eter, sessile,  distinctly  separated  or  the  upper  ones 
contiguous;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate-lanceolate,  thin,  nerveless,  2//-2^// 
long,  rather  less  than  i//  wide,  the  inner  face  flat, 
the  tapering  rough  strongly  2-toothed  beak  at  least 
one-half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  nearly  white, 
hyaline  with  a  green  midvein,  cuspidate  or  acute, 
equalling  the  perigynia,  or  shorter;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba  and  Oregon, 
south  to  Connecticut,  Pennsylvania,  Michigan,  New 
Mexico  and  Utah.  May-July. 


187.    Carex  bromoides  Schk.     Brome-like  Sedge. 
C.  bromoides  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  8.  f.  176.      1806. 

Bright  green,  culms  slender,  erect  or  reclining, 
roughish  above,  i°-2°  long.  Leaves  \"  wide  or 
less,  flat,  soft,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  subulate  or  bristle-form,  the  lowest  com- 
monly elongated,  sometimes  overtopping  the  spikes; 
spikes  3-7,  narrowly  oblong-cylindric,  4//-8//  long, 
about  il/2f/  thick,  erect  or  ascending,  mostly  close 
together,  loosely  several-many-flowered,  the  stam- 
inate flowers  either  basal,  basal  and  terminal,  or 
forming  whole  spikes,  the  plant  occasionally  quite 
dioecious;  perigynia  linear-lanceolate,  firm,  pale, 
strongly  several-nerved,  2//-2^//  long,  yz"  wide, 
the  inner  face  flat,  the  tapering  rough  2-toothed 
beak  at  least  one-half  as  long  as  the  body ;  scales  ob- 
long-lanceolate, green,  acute  or  acuminate,  shorter 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  bogs  and  swamps,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and 
Michigan,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  June-Aug. 


(Fig-  857-) 


188.    Carex  pratensis  Drejer. 


Northern  Meadow  Sedge.  (Fig.  858.) 
Carex  pratensis  Drejer,  Rev.  Crit.  Car.  24.  1841. 
Light  green,  culms  slender,  erect  when  young, 
the  summit  later  nodding,  nearly  smooth,  i°- 
1)4°  tall.  Leaves  about  \"  wide,  shorter  than 
the  culm,  but  the  upper  sometimes  overtopping 
the  spikes;  lower  bract  bristle-form,  usually 
short;  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  club-shaped,  sepa- 
rated or  the  upper  contiguous,  silvery -brown  and 
shining,  $"-$"  long,  about  2^"  in  diameter, 
several-flowered,  the  staminate  flowers  basal; 
perigynia  lanceolate,  thin,  pale,  nerveless  on  the 
inner  face,  few-nerved  on  the  outer,  2^"  long, 
nearly  i//  wide,  wing-margined,  tapering  into  a 
beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  mem- 
branous, lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  about 
as  long  as  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Labrador  to  western  Ontario,  Michigan,  Manitoba 
and  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Col- 
orado. Summer. 


SEDGE  FAMILY.  355 

189.    Carex  xerantica  Bailey.     White-scaled  Sedge.     (Fig.  859.) 

Carex  xerantica    Bailey,    Coult.    Bot.    Gaz.    17:    151. 
1892. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the  culms 
are  stout,  stiff,  and  strictly  erect,  even  when  mature. 
Leaves  about  V  wide,  involute  in  drying,  shorter 
than  the  culm;  spikes  about  5,  oblong,  densely 
many-flowered,  close  together  or  the  lower  slightly 
separated,  4//-6//  long,  about  2X/  in  diameter,  the 
staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  lanceolate,  pale, 
lYz"  long,  i//  wide,  nerveless,  conspicuously  wing- 
margined,  the  inner  face  concave,  the  rough  taper- 
ing beak  about  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  silvery 
white,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  equalling  or 
a  trifle  longer  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

Western  Manitoba  and  adjacent  Northwest  Terri- 
tory. May-July. 

190.  Carex  siccata  Dewey.     Dry-spiked  Sedge.     Hillside  Sedge.     (Fig.  860.) 

Carex  siccata  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  10:  278.      1826. 

Rootstocks  long  and  stout,  culms  slender,  erect, 
rough  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  erect,  about  \" 
wide,  the  upper  sometimes  overtopping  the  culm, 
the  lower  short;  bracts  short  or  the  lowest  bristle - 
form  and  elongated ;  spikes  3-6,  oblong  or  subglo- 
bose,  2^//-4//  long,  brownish  or  brown,  clustered 
or  more  or  less  separated,  the  staminate  flowers 
basal  or  variously  situated  or  whole  spikes  stami- 
nate; perigynia  ovate-lanceolate,  firm,  about  2^/x 
long  and  nearly  i//  wide,  wing-margined,  strongly 
several-nerved  on  both  sides,  the  inner  face,  con- 
cave by  the  incurved  margins,  the  tapering  rough 
beak  nearly  as  long  as  the  body;  scales  ovate-lan- 
ceolate membranous,  acute  or  acuminate,  about 
equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hills,  Ontario  and  Manitoba  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Rhode  Island,  New  York, 
Michigan,  Arizona  and  California.  May-July. 


191.    Carex  Muskingumensis  Schwein.     Muskingum  Sedge. 

Carex  Muskingumensis  Schwein.   Ann.    Lye.  N.  Y.  ir  66. 

1824. 
Carex  arida  Schwein.  &  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  312.     1825. 

Culm  stout,  stiff,  erect,  very  rough  above,  2°-3°  tall. 
Leaves  flat,  long-pointed,  i^//-2^//  wide,  shorter  than 
the  fertile  culms,  those  of  sterile  culms  crowded  near  the 
summit;  bracts  very  short  and  scale-like;  spikes  6-12,  ob- 
long-cylindric,  densely  many-flowered,  6//-i2//  long, 
about  2^x/in  diameter,  erect,  close  together,  pale  brown, 
narrowed  and  staminate  at  the  base;  perigynia  narrowly 
lanceolate,  ascending,  about  4"  long  and  rather  less  than 
l/t"  wide,  strongly  several-nerved,  very  flat,  narrowed  to 
both  ends,  scarious-margined,  rough-ciliate,  the  tapering 
2-toothed  beak  at  least  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  to  Michigan,  Manitoba 
and  Missouri.  June-Aug. 


(Fig.  86r.) 


356 


CYPERACEAE. 


Carex  tribuloides  Wahl.     Blunt  Broom  Sedge.     (Fig.  862.) 

Carex  tribuloides  Wahl.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl.  (II.)  24. 

145.      1803. 

Carex  lagopodioides  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  20.  f.  777.      1806. 
C.  tribuloides var.  turbata  Bailey,  Mem.Torr.  Club,  1:55.  1889. 

Bright  green,  culms  usually  stout,  erect,  roughish 
above,  8'-$°  tall.  Leaves  flat,  i//-3//  wide,  shorter 
than  or  the  uppermost  overtopping  the  culm;  lower 
bract  bristleform,  sometimes  elongated;  spikes  6-20,  ob- 
long or  sometimes  top-shaped,  blunt,  densely  clustered  or 
sometimes  separated,  3//-6//  long,  about  "2.l/t"  thick; 
staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  lanceolate,  thin, 
greenish  brown,  flat,  ascending  or  erect,  2//-2^//  long, 
X//-i//  wide,  several-nerved  on  each  face,  with  a  sharply 
2-toothed,  rough  wing-margined  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
whitish,  acute,  about  half  as  long  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  meadows,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  Florida  and 
Arizona.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Sept. 

Carex  tribuloides  Bebbii  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  55.    1889. 
More  slender,  spikes  fewer,  smaller  (about  3"  long,  commonly  bractless,  mostly  clustered  in  a 
dense  head  i'  long;  perigynia  broader  and  shorter.     Range  of  the  type. 

Carex  tribuloides  moniliformis  (Tuckerm. )  Britton. 
Carex  scoparia  var.  moniliformis  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  17.      1843. 
Carex  tribuloides  var.  reducla  Bailey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  22:  118.      1886. 

Slender,  the  culm  much  exceeding  the  leaves;  spikes  all  or  all  but  the  uppermost  separated, 
2  %" -4"  long,  the'rachis  somewhat  zigzag.  Maine  and  New  Brunswick  to  New  York,  west  to  North 
Dakota. 

193.    Carex  scoparia  Schk.     Pointed  Broom 
Sedge.     (Fig.  863.) 

Carex  scoparia  Schk.  Riedgr.  Nachtr.  20.  f.  775.      1806. 
Carex  scoparia  var.  minor  Boott,  111.  116.  pi.  j6o.      1862. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  roughish  above,  }4°-2)4°  tall. 
Leaves  less  than  i}4//  wide;  lower  bract  bristle-form  or 
wanting;  spikes  3-10,  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
bright  brown,  3//-8//  long,  2//-3//  in  diameter,  densely 
many-flowered,  usually  aggregated  into  an  ovoid  head 
8//-i8//  long;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  lanceo- 
late, ascending  or  erect,  2"-$"  long,  rather  less  than  \" 
wide,  narrowly  wing-margined,  several-nerved  on  both 
faces,  tapering  into  the  ciliate  2-toothed  beak;  scales 
thin,  brown,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  shorter  than  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  moist  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  Florida  and  Col- 
orado. Ascends  to  6200  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July-Sept. 

194.  Carex  leporina  ~L,.     Hare's-foot  Sedge. 
(Fig.  864.) 

Carex  leporina  L.  Sp.  PI.  973.      1753. 

Culms  slender,  erect,  roughish  above,  i°-ij£°  tall. 
Leaves  about  \"  wide,  flat,  shorter  than  the  culm; 
bracts  very  short  and  scale-like  or  wanting;  spikes 
4-7,  oblong,  blunt  at  the  summit,  narrowed  and  stam- 
inate at  the  base,  4//-6//  long,  about  3"  thick,  dark 
brown,  shining,  clustered  but  distinct,  in  a  terminal 
oblong  head  about  i'  long;  perigynia  ascending  or  ap- 
pressed,  ovate-lanceolate,  2"  long,  nearly  \"  wide, 
rather  narrowly  wing-margined,  several-nerved  on 
both  faces,  the  rough  tapering  2-toothed  beak  nearly 
as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate,  brown,  mem- 
branous, acute,  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  peri- 
gynia; stigmas  2. 

Eastern  Massachusetts.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Na- 
tive in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  June-Aug. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


357 


195.    Carex  cristatella  Bntton.     Crested  Sedge.     (Fig.  865.) 

Carex  crislata  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  66.      1824 

Not  Clairv.  1811. 
Carex    tribuloides  var.    cristata   Bailey,    Proc.    Am. 

Acad.  22:  148.      1886. 

Culms  slender  or  rather  stout,  i1^-^0  tall, 
stiff,  erect,  roughish  above,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  i^//-2//  wide;  lower  bracts  bristle-form, 
X'-iX'  long;  heads  6-15,  globose  or  subglobose, 
2//_y/  jn  diameter,  all  densely  aggregated  into  an 
oblong  head  i'  long  or  more  or  the  lower  slightly 
separated;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia  lan- 
ceolate or  ovate  lanceolate,  spreading  or  ascending, 
squarrose  when  mature,  green  or  greenish  brown, 
iX//-2//  l°ng>  less  than  i"  wide,  narrowly  wing- 
margined,  several-nerved  on  both  faces,  tapering 
into  a  ciliate  2-toothed  beak;  scales  lanceolate, 
nearly  white,  much  shorter  than  the  perigynia; 
stigmas  2. 

In  meadows  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to  Mani- 
toba, south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and 
Nebraska.  Ascends  to  2100  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Sept. 

196.    Carex  adusta  Boott.     Browned  Sedge.     (Fig.  866.) 

Carex  adusta  Boott;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  215.  1840. 
Culms  stout,  stiff,  erect,  entirely  smooth,  i>£°- 
2%°  tall,  growing  in  dense  tufts.  Leaves  about  i" 
wide,  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts 
subulate,  tapering  from  a  broad  nerved  base,  the 
lower  i  or  2  usually  elongated,  nearly  erect,  often 
exceeding  the  spikes;  spikes  5-12,  subglobose  or 
short-oval,  several-flowered;  densely  clustered  and 
apparently  confluent,  or  slightly  separated,  bright 
greenish  brown ;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia 
broadly  ovate,  firm,  very  narrowly  wing-margined 
or  wingless,  rough  above,  plano-convex,  2//-2J^// 
long,  i//-iX//  wide,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed 
beak,  several-nerved  on  the  outer  face,  nerveless 
on  the  inner,  ascending;  scales  lanceolate,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  about  equalling  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, New  York  and  Michigan.     June-July. 

Carex  foenea  Willd.     Hay  Sedge.     f  Fig.  867.) 

Carex  foenea  Willd.  Enurn.  957.      1809. 

Carex  argyrantha  Tuckerm.;  Wood,  Class-book,  753.      1860. 

Rather  light  green,  culm  slender,  smooth,  erect  or  the 
summit  nodding,  i°-3>^0  tall.  Leaves  flat,  soft,  i//-2// 
wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  very  short  or  wanting, 
or  the  lowest  occasionally  manifest;  spikes  4-10,  subglo- 
bose or  short-oblong,  narrowed  at  the  base,  2>i//-3//  in  di- 
ameter, silvery  green,  all  separated  on  a  sometimes  zigzag 
rachis  or  the  upper  contiguous;  staminate  flowers  basal; 
perigynia  ovate,  thin,  about  i^"  long  and  nearly  \" 
wide,  broadly  wing-margined,  strongly  several-nerved  on 
both  faces,  tapering  into  a  short  rough  2-toothed  beak; 
scales  hyaline,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  equalling  the 
perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  woods,  often  on  rocks,  New  Brunswick  to  Pennsyl- 
vania, Minnesota  and  British  Columbia.  June-July. 

Carex  foenea  perplexa  Bailey,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  i:  27.      1889. 

Culms  stouter,  spikes  commonly  aggregated  and  larger,  less  contracted  at  the  base,  the  summit 
of  the  culm  erect  or  nearly  so;  perigynia  thicker.     Maine  and  Virginia  to  Minnesota. 


358 


CYPERACEAE. 


108.    Carex  straminea  Willd.     Straw  Sedge.     (Fig.  868.) 

Carex  straminea  Willd.;  Schk.  Riedgr.  49.  f.  34.      1801. 

Culms  very  slender,  roughish  above,  i°-2)4°  long,  the 
top  commonly  nodding  or  recurved.  Leaves  \"  wide  or 
less,  long-pointed,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  short  or 
the  lower  bristle-form  and  exceeding  its  spike;  spikes  3- 
8,  subglobose  or  slightly  obovoid,  2//-2^//  thick,  yellow- 
ish brown  or  greenish,  separated  on  the  commonly  zigzag 
rachis,  or  contiguous;  staminate  flowers  basal;  perigynia 
spreading  or  ascending,  ovate,  brown,  about  \y2"  long, 
rather  more  than  y2"  wide,  strongly  several-nerved  on 
the  outer  face,  fewer-nerved  on  the  inner,  wing-margined, 
the  tapering  rough  2-toothed  beak  about  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  about  equalling  the  peri- 
gynia, but  narrower;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  fields,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba,  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan,  and  probably  farther  south.     June-July. 
Carex  straminea  mirabilis  (Dewey)  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth. 

18.      1843. 
Carex  mirabilis  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  30:  63.      1836. 

Larger,  culm  slender,  2°-5°  long;  leaves  \"-z%"  wide;  spikes  larger,  3"-4"  thick,  rather 
greener;  perigynia  spreading,  narrower,  longer  than  the  scales.  Range  of  the  type,  extending- 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Missouri.  Perhaps  better  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 

199.    Carex  silicea  Olney.     Sea-beach  Sedge. 
(Fig.  869.) 

Carex  silicea  Olney,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  7:  393.      1868. 

C.  straminea  var.  moniliformis  Tuckerm.  Enum.  Meth.  17. 

1843.     Not  C.  scoparia  var.  moniliformis  Tuckerm.  1843. 
Carex  foenea  var.  sabulonum  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  580.     1867. 

Not  C.  sabulosa  Turcz.  1837. 

Culms  slender,  rather  stiff,  erect  but  the  summit  re- 
curved or  nodding,  roughish  above,  i°-2^°  tall.  Leaves 
\"  wide  or  rather  less,  involute  in  drying,  shorter  than 
the  culm;  bracts  always  very  short;  spikes  5-8,  ovoid-conic 
or  ovoid-oblong,  silvery -green,  nearly  white  or  becoming 
brownish,  erect,  conspicuously  contracted  and  staminate 
at  the  base,  4//-6//  long,  about  2^/x  thick,  all  separated 
or  the  uppermost  close  together;  perigyuia  ovate-oval, 
short-beaked,  finely  nerved  on  bath  faces,  wing-mar- 
gined, appressed,  about  2//  long,  more  than  \'f  wide, 
longer  and  broader  than  the  lanceolate  scales;  stigmas  2. 

In  sands  of  the  sea  coast,  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey.     June-Aug. 

200.   Carex  tenera  Dewey.     Marsh  Straw  Sedge.      (Fig.  870.) 

Carex  tenera  Dewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  8:  97.  f.  9.  1824. 
C.  straminea  var.  aperta  Boptt,  111.  120.  pi.  385.  1862. 
C.  straminea  var.  tenera  Bailey,  Bot.  Gaz.  10:  381.  1885. 
Culm  very  slender,  erect  or  the  summit  nodding, 
roughish  above  i°-2°  high.  Leaves  shorter  than  the 
culm,  usually  less  than  i"  wide,  tapering  to  a  very 
long  point;  bracts  usually  short  or  wanting,  some- 
times bristle-form;  spikes  4-6,  oval,  obtuse,  densely 
many-flowered,  separated  or  the  upper  contiguous, 
greenish-brown,  4//-5//long,  staminate  and  commonly 
much  contracted  at  the  base;  perigynia  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  ascending,  appressed,  strongly  several- 
nerved  on  both  faces,  wing-margined,  the  tapering 
rough  beak  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  perigynia,  but  much 
narrower;  stigmas  2. 

In  wet  soil,  common  along  brackish  marshes,    Maine 
and  Ontario  to  Virginia  and  Louisiana.     May-June. 
Carex  tenera  invisa  ( W.  Boott)  Britton. 
Carex  straminea  var.  invisa  W.  Boott,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  9:  86.      1884. 

Spikes  smaller,  subglobose  or  short-oblong,  not  more  than  3"  thick,  the  lower  one  usually  sub- 
tended by  a  filiform  bract  'A' -3%'  long.  Maine  to  Delaware. 


SEDGE   FAMILY. 


359 


(Fig.  871.) 


201.  Carex  festucacea  Willd.     Fescue  Sedge. 

Carex  festucacea  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  242.      1805. 

Carex  straminea  var.  brei'iorDewey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  n: 

158.      1826. 
C.  straminea  var.  festucacea  Tuck.  En.  Meth.  18.      1843. 

Culms  slender  or  rather  stout,  nearly  or  quite 
smooth,  stiff,  strictly  erect,  i°-4°  tall.  Leaves  rather 
stiff,  erect,  i//-2//  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  spikes 
3-8,  greenrbrown  oblong  or  nearly  globular,  clustered 
at  the  summit  but  not  at  all  confluent,  2//-4//  in  diam- 
eter, the  lower  one  sometimes  subtended  by  a  short 
filiform  bract;  perigynia  orbicular  or  very  broadly 
ovate,  broadly  wing-margined,  about  \Yz"  in  diam- 
eter, little  if  at  all  longer  than  wide,  spreading  or  as- 
cending, several-nerved  on  both  faces,  the  roughish 
beak  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  body;  scales 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtusish,  about 
as  long  as  and  narrower  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Kansas.  May-July. 

202.  Carex  alata  Torr.     Broad-winged  Sedge.     (Fig.  872.) 

Carex  alata  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  396.      1836. 
Carex  straminea  var.  alata  Bailey,  Carex  Cat.      1884. 

Culms  stiff,  rather  stout,  strictly  erect,  roughish 
above,  i°-3>£0  tall.  Leaves  grass-like,  but  somewhat 
rigid,  i//-2//  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm,  spikes  ob- 
long or  oblong-conic,  green-brown,  very  densely 
many-flowered,  5//-8//  long,  \ff-§"  thick,  usually  con- 
spicuously staminate  and  contracted  at  the  base, 
pointed  or  obtuse  at  the  summit,  all  distinct  but 
usually  little  separated,  bractless,  or  the  lower  one 
subtended  by  a  short  filiform  bract;  perigynia  orbicu- 
lar or  obovateorbicular,  very  broadly  winged,  2//-2^// 
in  diameter,  faintly  few-nerved  or  almost  nerveless, 
erect  and  appressed,  or  somewhat  curved  upward,  the 
short  beak  not  more  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  over  %'•' 
wide,  a  little  shorter  than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2; 
achene  distinctly  stipitate. 
In  moist  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Florida,  mostly  near  the  coast.  May-June. 

203.    Carex  albolutescens  Schwein.     Greenish- white  Sedge.     (Fig.  873.) 

Carex  albolutescens  Schwein.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  i:  66.     1824. 
Carex  straminea  var.foenea  Torr.  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  395. 

1836.     Not  C.  foenea  Willd.      1809. 
Carex  albolutescens  var.   cumulala  Bailey,    Bull.   Torr. 

Club,  20:  422.      1893. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  usually  lower, 
culms  i°-2°  tall,  stout,  strictly  erect,  rough  above. 
Leaves  \"--2."  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  fili- 
form or  wanting,  the  lower  one  sometimes  exceeding 
its  spike;  spikes  3-8,  oblong,  usually  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  staminate  below,  silvery  green  when  young 
but  becoming  brownish,  4//-6//  long,  mostly  less  than 
3/x  thick,  clustered,  but  distinct,  the  lowest  sometimes 
separated,  and  very  rarely  stalked;  perigynia  broadly 
ovate,  not  twice  as  long  as  wide,  broadly  winged, 
strongly  nerved  on  both  faces,  appressed,  about  2/x 
long,  the  roughish  beak  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
body;  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the 
perigynia,  but  much  narrower;  achene  nearly  or  quite 
sessile;  stigmas  2. 

In  wet  soil,  most  abundant  along  salt  meadows,  but  also  occurring  inland,  New  Brunswick  to 
eastern  Pennsylvania  and  Florida.     May-July. 


360 


CYPERACEAE. 


204-  Carex  Bicknellii  Britton.     Bicknell's 
Sedge.      (Fig.  874.) 

Carex  slraminea  var.  Crawei  Boott,  111.  121.    pi.  jS8. 
1862.     Not  C.  Crawei  Dewey.      1846.         ' 

Culms  loosely  tufted,  2°-3^°  high,  erect  or  the 
top  inclined,  rough  above,  much  longer  than  the 
leaves.  Leaves  mostly  nearly  basal,  6/-i2/  long, 
i^//-2^//  wide;  bracts  usually  very  short;  spikes 
3-7,  ovoid,  subglobose,  or  somewhat  obovoid,  \"- 
6"  long,  close  together  or  the  lower  separated,  sil- 
very green  or  becoming  yellowish,  staminate  at 
the  base;  perigynia  very  broadly  ovate,  thin,  sev- 
eral-nerved on  the  outer  face,  2//-3//  long,  the 
broad  membranous  wing  %"  wide,  the  rough  2- 
toothed  beak  one-fourth  to  one-half  as  long  as  the 
body;  achene  stalked. 

In  dry  soil,  southern  New  York  to  Minnesota  and 
Missouri.  June-July. 

205.  Carex  sychnocephala  Carey.     Dense  Long-beaked  Sedge.     (Fig.  875.) 

C.  sychnocephala  Carey,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II. )  4: 24.  1847. 

Culms  erect,  rather  stout,  quite  smooth,  s'-iS' 
high.  Leaves  about  i"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
culm;  lower  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  much 
elongated,  3/-i2/  long,  about  i"  wide  at  the  base, 
nearly  erect;  spikes  4-10,  green-brown,  oblong, 
densely  many-flowered,  staminate  at  the  base,  ag- 
gregated and  confluent  into  an  oblong  or  ovoid 
head  \'  or  less  long;  perigynia  narrowly  linear- 
lanceolate  2^//-3//  long,  about  y2"  wide  at  the 
base,  tapering  into  a  subulate  rough  2-toothed 
beak  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  slightly  margined  and 
few-nerved  body;  scales  linear-lanceolate,  long- 
acuminate,  hyaline,  shorter  and  rather  narrower 
than  the  perigynia;  stigmas  2. 

In  meadows  and  thickets,  Ontario  and  central  New 
York  to  Manitoba,  Minnesota  and  British  Columbia. 
July-Aug. 

Family  9.  ARACEAE  Neck.  Act.  Acad.  Theod.  Palat.  2:  462.       1770.* 

ARUM  FAMILY. 

Herbs  with  basal  long-petioled  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and  spathaceous 
inflorescence,  the  spathe  enclosing  or  subtending  a  spadix.  Rootstock  tuberous 
or  a  corm,  in  our  species  mostly  with  an  acrid  or  pungent  sap.  Spadix  very 
densely  flowered,  the  staminate  flowers  above,  the  pistillate  below,  or  the  plants 
wholly  dioecious,  or  with  perfect  flowers  in  some  species.  Perianth  wanting,  or 
of  4-6  scale-like  segments.  Stamens  4-10  in  our  species;  filaments  very  short; 
anthers  2-celled,  commonly  with  a  thick  truncate  connective,  the  sacs  opening 
by  dorsal  pores  or  slits.  Ovary  i -several-celled;  ovules  i-several  in  each  cell; 
style  short  or  wanting;  stigma  terminal,  mostly  minute  and  sessile.  Fruit  a 
berry  or  utricle.  Seeds  various.  Endosperm  copious,  sparse  or  none. 

About  105  genera  and  900  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Flowers  without  a  perianth. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  spadix. 

Flowers  monoecious,  covering  the  whole  spadix. 

Flowers  perfect. 
Flowers  with  a  perianth. 

Spadix  enclosed  in  a  shell-like  fleshy  spathe. 

Spadix  naked,  terminating  the  scape. 

Spadix  naked,  borne  at  the  base  of  a  leaf-like  spathe. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  REV.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


1.  Arisaema. 

2.  Pellandra. 

3.  Calla. 

4.  Spathyema. 

5.  Oron'tium. 

6.  Acorns. 


ARUM   FAMILY. 


361 


i.    ARISAEMA  Mart.  Flora,  14:  459.       1831. 

Perennial  herbs  with  acrid  corms,  simple  scapes  and  i  to  3  slender-petioled  divided 
leaves  unfolding  with  the  flowers.  Spadix  included  or  exserted,  bearing  the  flowers  near  its 
base.  Spathe  convolute,  open  or  contracted  at  the  throat.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoe- 
cious, without  any  perianth,  the  staminate  of  4  almost  sessile  2-4-celled  anthers  which  open 
by  confluent  slits  at  the  apex,  the  pistillate  with  an  ovoid  or  globose  i-celled  ovary  contain- 
ing i  or  many  orthotropous  ovules;  style  very  short  or  none,  tipped  with  a  peltate-capitate 
stigma.  Fruit  a  globose  red  berry,  the  clusters  usually  large  and  conspicuous  when  ripe. 
Seeds  with  copious  endosperm  and  an  axial  embryo.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  red- 
blotched  leaves  of  some  species.] 

About  50  species,  mostly  natives  of  temperate  and  subtropical  Asia.  Besides  the  following', 
another  occurs  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina. 


Spathe  hooded,  open  at  the  throat,  enclosing  the  spadix. 
Spathe  convolute;  summit  of  the  spadix  exserted. 

i.    Arisaema  triphyllum  (L,.)  Torr.     Jack-in-the-pulpit. 

(Fig.  876.) 

Arum  triphyllum  L.  Sp.  PI.  965.      17^3. 

Arisaema  atrorubens  Blume,  Rumphia,  i:  97.      1835. 

Arisaema  triphyllum  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  239.      1843. 

Leaves  i  or  2,  nearly  erect,  io'-3°  high,  usually 
exceeding  the  scape,  3-foliolate,  the  segments  ovate, 
entire,  or  sometimes  lobed,  acute  rounded  or  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  $'-7'  long,  i^/~3>^/  wide, 
sessile  or  very  short-stalked;  flowers  commonly 
dioecious,  yellow,  borne  on  the  basal  part  of  the 
spadix;  spadix  2/-3/  long,  its  naked  summit  blunt, 
colored;  spathe  green,  and  purple-striped,  curving 
in  a  broad  flap  over  the  top  of  the  spadix,  acumi- 
nate; filaments  very  short  and  thick;  ovaries 
crowded;  ovules  5  or  6;  berries  smooth,  shining, 
about  5"  in  diameter,  forming  a  dense  ovoid  head 
i '-3'  long. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida, 
west  to  Ontario,  Minnesota,  Kansas  and  Louisiana. 
Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  April-June. 
Fruit  ripe  June-July.  The  acrid  bulb  made  edible  by 
boiling. 

2.    Arisaema  Dracontium  (L/.)  Schott.     Green  Dragon. 

(Fig.  877.) 


1.  A.  triphyllum, 

2.  A.  Dracontium. 


Indian  Turnip. 


Dragon-root. 


Arum  Dracontium  L.  Sp.  PI.  964.     1753. 
Arisaema  Dracontium  Schott,  Melet.  i:  17.     1832. 

Corms  clustered.  Leaves  usually  solitary,  8'-4° 
long,  pedately  divided  into  5-17  segments,  much 
longer  than  the  scape;  segments  obovate  or  oblong, 
3/-io/  long,  9//-4/  wide,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  to  a  sessile  or  nearly  sessile  base,  entire  or 
the  lateral  ones  somewhat  lobed;  scape  sheathed  by 
membranous  scales  at  the  base;  spathe  greenish  or 
whitish,  narrowly  convolute,  acuminate,  i/-2/  long, 
enwrapping  the  spadix,  the  upper  part  of  which  tapers 
into  a  slender  appendage  exserted  i/-7/  beyond  its 
apex;  inflorescence  of  the  staminate  plant  nearly  as 
long  as  the  tubular  part  of  the  spathe;  in  the  monoe- 
cious plant  the  pistillate  flowers  are  borne  on  the  lower 
part  of  the  spadix;  ovary  turbinate,  with  6-8  bottle- 
shaped  ovules ;  stigmas  depressed ;  berries  reddish- 
orange  in  large  ovoid  heads. 

Mostly  in  wet  woods  and  along  streams,  but  sometimes 
in  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  May-June. 


362 


ARA.CEAE. 


2.    PELTANDRA  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  103.       1819. 

Bog  herbs,  with  entire  sagittate  acute  or  acuminate  leaves,  the  long  petioles  sheathing 
the  shorter  scape  at  the  base.  Spathe  elongated,  convolute,  or  expanded  above.  Flowers 
monoecious,  covering  the  whole  spadix.  Perianth  none.  Staminate  flowers  uppermost, 
consisting  at  first  of  irregularly  4-sided  oblong  flat-topped  shields,  from  the  edges  of  which 
appear  6-10  imbedded  anthers  opening  by  apical  pores,  the  shields  ultimately  shrivelling 
and  leaving  the  linear-oblong  anthers  nearly  free.  Ovaries  ovoid,  surrounded  at  base  by  4 
or  5  white  fleshy  scale-like  staminodia,  i-celled;  ovules  solitary  or  few,  amphitropous;  style 
erect,  short,  thick,  tipped  with  a  small  stigma.  Fruit  a  green  or  red  berry,  i-3-seeded,  when 
ripe  forming  large  globose  heads  at  the  extremity  of  the  finally  recurved  scape,  and  enclosed 
in  the  persistent  leathery  base  of  the  spathe.  Seeds  surrounded  by  a  tenacious  jelly;  endo- 
sperm none.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  shield-shaped  stamin'ate  disks.] 

The  genus  consists  of  the  two  following  species: 

Spathe  narrow,  convolute  its  whole  length,  green.  i.  P.  Virginica. 

Spathe  with  a  whitish  dilated  summit.  2.  P.  sagittaefolia. 

i.    Peltandra  Virginica  (I,.)  Kunth.     Green  Arrow-arum.     (Fig.  878.) 

Arum  Virginicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  966.      1753. 
Peltandra  undulata  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89: 103.    1819. 
Peltandra  Virginica  Kunth,  IJnum.  3:  43.      1841. 

Leaves  bright  green,  somewhat  hastate-sagit- 
tate, 4/~30/  long,  3/-8/  wide,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  firm,  strongly  veined.  Root  a  tuft 
of  thick  fibres;  scape  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
recurving  and  immersing  the  fruiting  spadix  at 
maturity;  spathe  green,  4/-8/  long,  long-conic, 
closely  investing  the  spadix  throughout,  the 
strongly  involute  margins  undulate;  spadix 
shorter  than  the  spathe,  the  pistillate  flowers 
covering  about  one-fourth  of  its  length,  the  rest 
occupied  by  staminate  flowers;  ovaries  globose- 
ovoid;  style  nearly  l/t"  long;  stigma  a  little 
thicker  than  the  style;  berries  green  when  ripe. 

In  swamps,  or  shallow  water,  Maine  and  On- 
tario to  Michigan,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
May-June. 


2.    Peltandra  sagittaefolia  (Michx.)  Morong. 

(Fig.  879.) 

Calla  sagittaefolia   Michx.    Fl.    Bor.    Am.    2:    187. 
1803. 

Peltandra  alba  Raf.  New  Fl.  N.  A.  i:  88.     1836. 

Xanthosoma  sagittaefolia  Chapm.   Fl.   S.  States, 
441.     1860.     NotSchott. 

Pt-ltaiidra  sagittaefolia  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 
5:  102.     1894. 

Leaves  sagittate,  sometimes  wider  than  those 
of  the  preceding  species,  acuminate  or  acute, 
the  basal  lobes  diverging,  obtuse  or  subacute; 
petioles  8/-2o/  long,  equalling  or  longer  than 
the  scape;  spathe  3 '-4'  long,  with  a  whitish  ex- 
panded acuminate  apex;  spadix  scarcely  more 
than  one-half  as  long  as  the  spathe,  the  stami- 
nate flowers  borne  on  its  upper  half;  ovaries 
ovoid ;  style  scarcely  any ;  stigma  broad, 
depressed,  lobed;  ripe  berries  red. 

In  marshes  and  springs,  southern  Virginia  (ac- 
cording to  Gray)  to  Florida.  May-July. 


White  Arrow-arum. 


ARUM   FAMILY. 


363 


3.  CALLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  968.      1753. 

A  bog  herb  with  slender  acrid  rootstocks,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  cordate 
leaves,  and  a  large  white  persistent  spathe.  Spathe  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acuminate, 
open.  Spadix  cylindric,  much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  densely  covered  with  flowers. 
Flowers  perfect  or  the  very  uppermost  staminate;  perianth  none.  Stamens  about  6;  fila- 
ments linear,  longer  than  the  anthers;  anther-sacs  divaricate,  opening  by  slits.  Ovary 
ovoid,  i-celled;  style  very  short;  stigma  small,  flat,  circular.  Ovules  6-9,  anatropous. 
Berries  obconic,  depressed.  Seeds  hard,  smooth,  oblong,  striate  toward  the  micropyle  and 
pitted  at  the  other  end.  Endosperm  copious.  [An  ancient  name,  taken  from  Pliny.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  cooler  portions  of 
the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.  Calla  palustris  L,.     Water  Arum. 

(Fig.  880.) 
Calla  palustris  L.  Sp.  PI.  968.      1753. 

Petioles  4/-8/  long,  spreading  or  ascending. 
Blades  thick,  entire,  i^/-4/  wide,  cuspidate  or 
abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  deeply  "cordate  at 
the  base;  scape  as  long  as  the  petioles,  sheathed 
at  the  base;  rootstocks  covered  with  sheathing 
scales  and  with  fibrous  roots  at  the  nodes; 
spathe  i/-2^/  long  and  about  i/  wide,  with  an 
abruptly  acuminate  involute  apex;  spadix 
about  V  long;  berries  red,  distinct,  few-seeded, 
forming  a  large  head  when  mature. 

In  bogs,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Vir- 
ginia, Wisconsin  and  Iowa.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  May-June.  Fruit  ripe  July-Aug. 

4.  SPATHYEMA  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352.       1808. 
[SYMPLOCARPUS  Salisb.;  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  105.      1818.] 

A  fetid  herb,  with  large  ovate  cordate  leaves,  thick  straight  rootstocks  and  a  short  erect 
partly  underground  scape.  Spathe  swollen,  shell-like,  thick,  pointed,  completely  enclosing 
the  spadix.  Spadix  globose  or  oblong,  short-stalked,  entirely  covered  by  the  perfect  flowers. 
Perianth  of  4  hooded  sepals.  Filaments  slightly  dilated;  anthers  2-celled,  short,  extrorse, 
opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  nearly  buried  in  the  tissue  of  the  spadix,  i-celled  with  a  soli- 
tary suspended  anatropous  ovule.  Style  pyramidal,  4-sided,  thick,  elongated;  stigma  minute. 
Berries  immersed  in  the  spongy  axis  of  the  spadix,  becoming  adnate  to  the  succulent  peri- 
anth in  ripening,  i-seeded,  forming  large  heads.  Seeds  large.  Embryo  large,  fleshy;  endo- 
sperm none.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  spathe.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America  and  northeastern  Asia. 

i.  Spathyema  foetida  (I,.)  Raf.     Skunk  Cabbage.     (Fig.  881.) 

Dracontium  foetidum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  967.      1/53. 
Spathyema  foetida  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352.      1808 
Symplocarpus  foetidus  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  106.      1818. 

Leaves  numerous,  in  large  crowns,  i°-3°  long,  often 
i°  wide,  strongly  nerved,  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex, 
thin,  entire,  their  petioles  deeply  channeled.  Root- 
stock  thick,  descending,  terminating  in  whorls  of 
fleshy  fibers;  spathe  preceding  the  leaves,  erect,  3'-6' 
high,  i/-3/  in  diameter  at  the  base,  convolute,  firm; 
purple-brown  to  greenish  yellow,  often  mottled,  its 
short  scape  usually  subterranean,  spadix  about  \'  in 
diameter  in  flower,  greatly  enlarging  and  sometimes 
6'  in  diameter  in  fruit;  mature  seeds  4//-6//  long. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Iowa.  Feb. -April. 
Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 


364 


ARACEAE. 
5.  ORONTIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  324.      1753. 


Aquatic  herbs,  with  thick  rootstocks  buried  in  the  mud,  oblong-elliptic  nerved  leaves 
without  a  distinct  midvein,  and  slender  terete  scapes  terminated  by  a  cylindric  spadix. 
Spathe  enclosing  the  spadix  when  very  young,  soon  parting  and  remaining  as  a  sheathing 
bract  at  its  base,  or  falling  away.  Flowers  perfect,  bright  yellow,  covering  the  whole 
spadix.  Sepals  4-6,  scale-like,  imbricated  upon  the  ovary  (lower  flowers  commonly  with  6, 
upper  with  4).  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals;  filaments  linear,  wider  than  the  anthers, 
abruptly  narrowed  above;  anthers  small,  with  two  diverging  sacs  opening  by  oblique  slits. 
Ovary  partly  imbedded  in  the  axis  of  the  spadix,  depressed,  obtusely  angled,  I -celled;  ovule 
solitary,  half-anatropous;  stigma  sessile.  Fmit  a  green  utricle.  Endosperm  none;  embryo 
long-stalked.  [Ancient  name  of  some  water  plant,  said  to  be  from  the  Syrian  river 
Orontes.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 


i.    Orontium    aquaticum    1 

(Fig.  882.) 


Golden-club. 


Orontium  aquaticum  L.  Sp.  PI.  324.     1753. 

Leaves  ascending  or  floating,  depending  on  the  depth 
of  water,  deep  dull  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  blade 
5/-i2/  long,  2/-s/  wide,  entire,  acute  or  cuspidate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  petiole  4/-2o/  long. 
Scape  6/-24/  long,  flattened  near  the  spadix;  spadix  i/-2/ 
long,  3//-4//  in  diameter,  frequently  attenuate  at  the 
summit,  much  thickened  in  fruit;  spathe  bract-like,  2/-4/ 
long,  2-keeled  on  the  back;  usually  falling  away  early; 
utricle  depressed,  roughened  on  top  with  9  or  10  tubercles. 

In  swamps  and  ponds,  Massachusetts  to  central  Penn- 
sylvania, south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  near  the 
coast.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  on  the  Pocono  plateau  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. April-May. 

6.  ACORUS  L,.  Sp.  PL  324.      1753. 

Erect  herbs,  with  very  long  horizontal  branched  rootstocks,  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  3- 
angled  scapes  keeled  on  the  back  and  channeled  in  front,  and  a  seemingly  lateral  cylindric 
spadix,  the  scape  appearing  as  if  extending  long  beyond  it,  but  this  upper  part  is  in  reality 
a  spathe.  Flowers  perfect,  densely  covering  the  whole  spadix.  Perianth  of  6  membranous 
concave  sepals.  Stamens  6;  filaments  flattened,  much  longer  than  the  anthers;  anthers  reni- 
form  or  sagittate,  2-celled,  the  cells  confluent  at  maturity.  Ovary  oblong,  3~4-celled  with 
2-8  anatropous  ovules  in  each  cell;  stigma  sessile,  depressed-capitate.  Fruit  a  2-3-celled 
gelatinous  berry,  few-seeded.  Endosperm  copious.  [Name  ancient] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  widely  distributed  in  the  north  temperate  zone,  the  other 
Japanese. 

i.  Acorus  Calamus  L.     Sweet  Flag. 
Calamus-root.     (Fig.  883.) 

Acorus  Calamus  L.  Sp.  PI.  324.     1753. 

Leaves  linear,  erect,  2°-6°  tall  and  i'  wide  or  less, 
sharp-pointed  and  sharp-edged,  with  a  ridged  mid- 
vein  running  their  whole  length,  2-ranked,  closely 
sheathing  each  other  and  the  scape  below.  Spathe 
a  leaf-like  extension  of  the  scape  projecting  8'-3o' 
beyond  the  spadix;  spadix  spike-like,  2/-3>£/  long, 
about  y2'  in  diameter,  compactly  covered  with 
minute  greenish-yellow  flowers. 

In  swamps  and  along  streams,  Nova  Scotia  to  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  south  to  Louisiana  and  Kansas. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  In  our  territory  fruit  is 
rarely,  if  ever,  formed.  The  hard  ovary  is  usually 
found  to  be  imperfect,  with  2  or  3  abortive  cells  and 
ovules.  The  plant  is  propagated  by  its  large  rootstocks, 
which  furnish  the  drug  Calamus.  Interior  of  stalk 
sweet.  May-July. 


DUCKWEED   FAMILY. 


365 


Family  10.  LEMNACEAE  Dumort.  Fl.  Belg.  147.       1827.* 

DUCKWEED  FAMILY. 

Minute  perennial  floating  aquatic  plants,  without  leaves  or  with  only  very 
rudimentary  ones.  The  plant  body  consists  of  a  disc-shaped  elongated  or  irreg- 
ular thallus,  which  is  loosely  cellular,  densely  chlorophyllous  and  sometimes 
bears  one  or  more  rootlets.  The  vegetative  growth  is  by  lateral  branching,  the 
branches  being  but  slightly  connected  by  slender  stalks  and  soon  separating. 
In  the  autumn  these  disconnected  branches  fall  to  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  or 
pond,  but  rise  and  again  increase  in  size  in  the  spring.  The  inflorescence  con- 
sists of  one  or  more  naked  monoecious  flowers  borne  on  a  slight  lateral  promi- 
nence on  the  edge  or  upper  surface  of  the  plant.  Each  flower  commonly  con- 
sists of  but  a  single  stamen  or  a  single  flask-shaped  pistil.  The  anther  is  pro- 
vided with  two  to  four  pollen-sacs,  containing  spherical  minutely  barbellate 
grains.  The  pistil  is  gradually  narrowed  to  the  funnel-shaped  scar-like  stigmatic 
apex,  and  produces  1-6  erect  or  inverted  ovules.  The  fruit  is  a  i-6-seeded  utricle. 

The  family  comprises  the  smallest  of  the  flowering  plants  and  contains  3  genera,  all  of  which 
are  represented  in  North  America,  and  about  26  species  of  wide  distribution. 

Thallus  prominently  nerved;  with  a  membranous  spathe  and  a  cluster  of  several  rootlets;  ovules  2 

i.  Spirodela. 

Thallus  slightly  nerved;  with  a  membranous  spathe  and  a  single  rootlet;  ovules  1-6.    2.  Lemna. 
Thallus  nerveless;  without  spathe  or  rootlets;  ovule  i.  3.    Wolffia. 

i.  SPIRODELA  Schleid.  Linnaea,  13:  391.       1839. 

Thallus  disc-shaped,  y-12-nerved.  The  lateral  branches  subtended  by  a  single  bipartite 
basilar  rudimentary  leaf.  The  thinly-capped  rootlets  as  well  as  the  nerves  are  provided 
with  a  single  bundle  of  vascular  tissue.  The  ovary  produces  two  anatropous  ovules.  Fruit 
unknown.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  cluster  of  rootlets.] 

Two  species,  the  following,  and  5".  oligorhiza,  a  native 
of  southern  Asia,  Australia  and  the  Fiji  Islands. 

i.  Spirodela  polyrhiza  (I,.)  Schleid. 
Greater  Duckweed.     (Fig.  884.) 

Lemna  polyrhiza  I<.  Sp.  PI.  970.     1753. 

Spirodela  polyrhiza  Schleid.  Linnaea,  13:  392.     1839. 

Thallus  round-obovate,  2//-s"  long,  thick,  flat  and 
dark  green  above,  slightly  convex  and  purple  beneath, 
palmately  5-u-nerved.  Each  thallus  bears  a  central 
cluster  of  from  5-11  elongated  rootlets.  Rootcap 
pointed. 

In  rivers,  ponds,  pools  and  shallow  lakes,  Nova  Scotia 
to  British  Columbia,  south  to  South  Carolina,  Texas, 
northern  Mexico  and  Nevada.  Widely  distributed  in  the 
Old  World  and  in  tropical  America.  Seldom  collected  in 
flower.  .,„ 

2.  LEMNA  L.  Sp.  PI.  970.       1753. 

Thallus  disc -shaped,  usually  provided  with  a  central  nerve  and  with  or  without  two  or 
four  lateral  nerves.  Each  thallus  produces  a  single  rootlet,  which  is  devoid  of  vascular  tis- 
sue and  is  commonly  provided  with  a  thin  blunt  or  pointed  rootcap.  The  ovary  contains 
from  one  to  six  orthotropous  amphitrOpous  or  anatropous  ovules.  Fruit  ovoid,  more  or  less 
ribbed.  Endosperm  in  one  or  three  layers.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  growth  of  these 
small  plants  in  swamps.] 

Seven  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  the  following  species,  Lemna  An- 

golensis  is  a  native  of  Lower  Guinea  and  Lemna  paucicostata  has  been  found  in  Asia,  Africa  and 
South  America. 
Ovule  i,  amphitroppus  or  orthotropous;  endosperm  in  three  layers. 

Thalli  of  two  kinds,  ovule  amphitropous.  i.  L.  trisulca. 
Thalli  all  alike. 

Thallus  without  lateral  nerves;  ovule  orthotropous.  2.  L.  Valdiviana. 

Thallus  with  lateral  nerves;  ovule  orthotropous.  3.  L.  perpusilla. 

Thallus  with  lateral  nerves;  ovule  amphitropous.  4.  L.  minor. 

Ovules  2-6,  anatropous;  endosperm  in  one  layer.  5.  L.  gibba. 

*  Text  contributed  by  Mr.  EDMUND  P.  SHELDON. 


366 


LEMNACEAE. 


i.  Lemna  trisulca 


Ivy-leaved  Duckweed. 
(Fig.  885.) 


Star  Duckweed. 


Lemna  trisulca  L.  Sp.  PI.  970.      1753. 

Thallus  lanceolate,  submerged  and  devoid  of  stomata  in 
the  primary  aquatic  form,  ovate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  6//-o// 
long,  floating  and  provided  with  stomata  in  the  later  flower- 
ing stage.  The  later  and  more  common  form  is  narrowed  at 
the  base  to  a  slender  stipe,  thin,  denticulate,  with  or  without 
rootlets,  and  slightly  3-nerved.  Several  individuals  often 
remain  connected,  so  as  to  form  a  chain-like  series.  Root- 
cap  pointed;  fruit  symmetrical;  seed  deeply  i2-is-ribbed. 

In  ditches,  springs,  ponds,  shallow  lakes  and  sloughs,  Nova 
Scotia  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  New  Mex- 
ico. Also  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.  July-August. 


2.    Lemna  Valdiviana  Philippi.     Valdivia  Duck- 
weed.    (Fig.  886.) 

Lemna  Valdiviana  Philippi,  L,innaea,  33:  239.     1864. 

Tha11us  oblong-elliptical,  iff-i%/f  long,  thin,  subfalcate 
and  shortly  stalked  at  the  base,  provided  with  numerous 
stomata,  except  on  the  borders,  nerveless;  rootcap  short  and 
blunt;  spathe  reniform;  fruit  ovoid-oblong,  unsymmetrical; 
seed  prominently  2O-ribbed. 

In  pools  and  rivers,  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey  and 
southward,  west  to  California,  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Also 
in  South  America.  June-July. 


3.  Lemna  perpusilla  Torr.     Minute  Duckweed. 

(Fig.  887.) 

Lemna  perpusilla  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  245.     1843. 

Thallus  small,  \"-\l/z"  long,  obovate,  often  purplish  tinged 
beneath,  unsymmetrical  and  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  very  short 
stalk,  provided  throughout  with  numerous  stomata,  more  or 
less  3-nerved;  rootcap  pointed;  fruit  ovoid;  seed  4o-6o-ribbed. 

In  ponds,  rivers,  springs  and  lakes,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Minnesota,  Nebraska  and  Missouri.  June-July. 


4.  Lemna-minor  L.     Lesser  Duckweed.    (Fig.  888.) 

Lemna  minor  I,.  Sp.  PI.  970.      1753- 

Thallus  obovate  or  subcircular,  i//-3//  long,  thickish,  rarely 
reddish  or  purplish  tinged,  short-stalked  when  young,  pro- 
vided throughout  with  stomata,  obscurely  3-nerved,  very  rarely 
4~5-nerved.  Rootcap  obtuse  or  subtruncate.  Fruit  symmetri- 
cal, subturbinate.  Seed  with  a  prominent  protruding  hilum, 
deeply  and  unequally  12-15-ribbed. 

In  ponds,  lakes  and  stagnant  waters,  throughout  North  America 
below  58°  N.  lat.  Also  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia. 
Summer. 


DUCKWEED   FAMILY. 

5.    Lemna  gibba  L,.     Gibbous  Duckweed. 
(Fig.  889.) 

Lemna  gibba  L.  Sp.  PI.  970.    1753. 

Thallus  slightly  unsymmetrical,  obovate  or  short-obovate, 
i^//-3//  long,  thickish  or  more  or  less  strongly  gibbous  be- 
neath, short-stalked  when  young,  soon  separating,  provided 
with  stomata  which  are  sparse  beneath,  obscurely  3-5 -nerved; 
rootcap  mostly  short-pointed,  rarely  long-pointed  or  obtuse; 
fruit  symmetrical;  seed  thick,  deeply  and  unequally  ribbed. 

In  ponds  and  rivers,  Nebraska,  Texas,  Arizona  and  California. 
Also  in  Mexico,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa  and  Australia.  June-July. 


3.   WOLFFIA  Horkel;  Schleid.  Linnaea,  13:  389.       1839. 

Thallus  small,  globose,  ovoid-oblong,  subcylindric  or  irregular,  rootless,  nerveless  and 
leafless.  The  vegetative  growth  is  from  a  cleft  near  one  end  of  the  plant,  the  branch  being 
mostly  sessile  and  soon  detached.  The  ovary  contains  one  orthotropous  ovule.  Fruit  spher- 
ical or  short  ovate,  smooth.  Endosperm  in  a  single  layer.  [Name  in  honor  of  Nath.  Matth. 
v.  Wolff,  1724-1784,  Polish  physician  and  naturalist.] 

A  genus  of  12  species,  mostly  in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions.  The  following  and  two 
Mexican  species,  W.  lingulata  and  W.  gladiata,  comprise  all  the  known  North  American  forms. 


i.  Wolffia  Columbiana  Karst. 
Wolffia.     (Fig.  890.) 


Columbia 


Wolffia  Columbiana  Karst.  Bot.  Unters.  i:  103.      1865-67. 

Thallus  spherical  or  subellipsoidal  l/$f '-*/$"  long,  with 
a  limited  number  of  stomata  (i  to  6),  loosely  cellular  and 
clear  green  throughout,  not  dotted  nor  gibbous. 

Floating  as  minute  alga-like  grains  just  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  water  in  stagnant  ponds,  pools  and  shallow  lakes, 
Ontario  to  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey,  west  to  Minnesota 
and  Missouri,  south  to  Louisiana.  Also  in  Mexico  and  South 
America.  June-July. 


2.  Wolffia  Brasiliensis  Wedd. 
Wolffia.     (Fig.  891.) 


Brazil 


Wolffia  Brasiliensis  Wedd.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  ( III. )  12: 170.     1849. 

Thallus  oblong,  smaller  than  the  last,  X//~K//  l°ng> 
flattish,  densely  cellular,  with  numerous  stomata  and 
•dark  green  above,  gibbous,  more  loosely  cellular,  with 
fewer  stomata  and  paler  beneath;  brown-dotted  through- 
out with  minute  pigment  cells. 

Floating  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters,  Ontario,  Con- 
necticut to  New  Jersey,  west  to  Minnesota  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Louisiana.  Also  in  Brazil.  June-July. 


Family  n.  MAYACACEAE  Walp.  Ann.  3:  662.     1853. 
MAYACA  FAMILY. 

Slender  branching  aquatic  moss-like  herbs,  with  linear  sessile  i -nerved  entire 
soft  leaves,  notched  at  the  apex.  Flowers  solitary,  peduncled,  white,  perfect, 
and  regular,  the  peduncles  bracted  at  the  base.  Perianth  persistent,  consisting 
of  3  lanceolate  green  herbaceous  sepals  and  3  obovate  white  spreading  petals. 
Stamens  3,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 

24 


MAYACACEAE. 


oblong,  somewhat  4-sided,  2-celled.  Ovary  superior,  sessile,  i -celled  with  3 
parietal  placentae;  ovules  several  or  numerous,  orthotropous;  style  filiform; 
stigmas  terminal,  entire  or  with  3  short  lobes.  Capsule  i -celled,  3-valved. 
Seeds  ovoid  or  globose,  the  testa  reticulated;  embryo  at  the  apex  of  the  mealy 
endosperm. 

The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus: 

i.    MAYACA  Atibl.  PI.  Guian.  i:  42.       1775. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [Aboriginal  name  of  these  plants  in  Guiana.] 

About  7  species  are  known,  all  natives  of  warm 
and  tropical  America.  Only  the  following  occurs  in 
the  United  States. 

i.    Mayaca  Aubleti  Michx.     Mayaca. 

(Fig.  892.) 

Mayaca  Aubleti  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  26.      1803. 
Mayaca  Michauxii  Schott  &  Endl.  Melet.  i :  24.   1832. 

Stems  tufted,  3/-i5/  long,  usually  little 
branched.  Leaves  densely  clothing  the  stem  and 
widely  speading,  linear-lanceolate,  translucent, 
2//_y/  long,  about  %"  wide;  peduncles  2//-6// 
long,  very  slender,  recurved  in  fruit;  flowers  3X/- 
4X/  broad,  axillary,  but  borne  near  the  ends  of 
branches,  lateral,  rarely  more  than  one  on  each 
branch;  capsule  oblong-oval,  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  tipped  until  dehiscence  by  the  subulate 
style. 

In  fresh  water  pools  and  streams,  southeastern  Vir- 
ginia to  Florida  and  Texas.  May-July. 

Family  12.  XYRIDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  388.       1836. 

YELLOW- EYED  GRASS  FAMILY. 

Perennial  or  annual  tufted  herbs  with  basal  narrow  equitant  commonly 
2-ranked  leaves,  and  erect  simple  leafless  scapes.  Flowers  perfect,  mostly  yel- 
low, nearly  or  quite  regular,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  coriaceous  imbri- 
cated bracts  (scales),  forming  terminal  ovoid  globose  or  cylindric  heads.  Sepals 
3,  the  twro  lateral  ones  small,  keeled,  persistent,  the  other  one  larger,  membran- 
ous (wanting  in  the  South  American  genus  Abolboda).  Corolla  inferior,  with 
a  narrow  tube  and  3  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  usually 
alternating  with  as  many  plumose  or  bearded  staminodia.  Ovary  sessile,  i  -celled 
or  incompletely  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  or  few,  on  3  parietal  placentae,  ortho- 
tropous; style  terminal  (unappendaged  in  Xyris,  in  Abolboda  appendaged  at  the 
base),  3-branched  above;  stigmas  apical.  Fruit  an  oblong  3-valved  capsule. 
Seed-coat  longitudinally  striate.  Embryo  apical.  Endosperm  mealy  or  some- 
what fleshy. 

Two  genera,  Xyris  L.  and  Abolboda  H.  &  B.,  comprising  some  60  species,  mostly  of  tropical 
distribution  in  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 

i.    XYRIS  L,.  Sp.  PI.  42.       1753. 

Characters  of  the  family  as  given  above.  [Greek  name  for  some  plant  with  2-edged 
leaves.] 

Besides  the  following  species  there  are  some  9  others  in  the  southern  United  States. 
Lateral  sepals  wingless,  the  keel  fringed  with  short  hairs.  i.  X.flexuosa. 

Lateral  sepals  winged,  the  keel  fimbriate  or  lacerate. 

Scapes  not  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base;  leaves  flat  or  but  slightly  twisted. 
Lateral  sepals  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  their  keels  lacerate. 

Head  oblong,  i*A"-$'  long;  northern.  2.  X.  montana. 

Head  oval  or  ovoid,  3" -8"  long;  southern. 

Keel  of  lateral  sepals  lacerate  to  below  the  middle.  3.  X.  communis. 

Keel  of  lacerate  sepals  lacerate  only  above  the  middle.  4.  X.  Caroliniana. 

Lateral  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  their  keels  long-fimbriate.  5.  X.firnbriata. 

Scapes  conspicuously  bulbous-thickened  at  the  base;  leaves  spirally  twisted.  6.  X.  torta. 


YELLOW-EYED  GRASS   FAMILY.  369 

i.    Xyris  flexuosa  Muhl.     Slender  Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  893.) 


Xvrisflexuosa  Muhl.  Cat.  5.      1813. 

Scapes  slender,  straight  or  sometimes  slightly 
twisted,  4/-iS/  tall,  2-edged  above,  bulbous-thickened 
at  the  base.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  flat  or  becoming 
twisted  when  old,  i/-6/long,  ^//-i^//wide;  head  glo- 
bose, or  short-oblong,  obtuse,  3X/-4X/  high;  bracts 
broadly  oval  or  slightly  obovate,  entire  or  somewhat 
lacerate  at  the  apex;  lateral  sepals  linear,  about  as  long 
as  the  bracts,  curved,  finely  fringed  with  short  hairs 
on  the  wingless  keel;  expanded  flowers  $"-4,"  broad. 


In  swamps  and  bogs,  Maine  to    Minnesota,   south    to 
Georgia  and  Texas.    July-Sept. 


2.    Xyris  montana  H.  Ries.     Northern 
Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  894. ) 

Xyris  flexuosa  var.  pusilla  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  548. 

1867.     Not  X.  pusilla  R.  Br.  1810. 
Xyris  montana  H.  Ries,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  19:  38.      1892. 

Scapes  very  slender,  straight  or  slightly  twisted, 
2-edged  above,  2/-i2/  tall,  not  bulbous-thickened  at 
the  base.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  i/-6/long,  Yzff-\ff 
wide,  not  at  all  twisted  or  but  very  slightly  so;  head 
oblong  or  ovoid,  subacute,  iX//~3//  l°ng'>  bracts  oval 
or  obovate,  rounded  and  finely  lacerate  at  the  apex; 
lateral  sepals  linear,  irregularly  serrate-fimbriate  on 
the  winged  keel  above  the  middle,  about  as  long  as 
the  bracts. 

In  bogs,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Michigan,  south 
to  the  Pocono  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania  and  to  New 
Jersey.  Our  only  species  occurring  on  mountains.  July- 
Aug. 

3.    Xyris  communis  Kunth.     Southern  Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  895.) 


Xyris  communis  Kunth,  Enum.  4:  12.      1843. 
Xyris  difformis  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  500.      1860. 

Scapes  slender,  slightly  twisted,  2-edged  above, 

i -edged  below,  not  thickened  at  the  base,  6/-i8/ 

ill.     Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  3/-io/ 

long,  i//-4//  wide;  head  ovoid,  or  subglobose,  blunt 

or  subacute,  about  }/?.'  long;  scales  ovate  or  oval, 

lostly  entire;  lateral  sepals  lanceolate,  the  winged 

ceel  fimbriate  from  the  apex  to  below  the  middle; 

corolla-lobes  obovate,  2//-3//  long. 


In  bogs,  Maryland  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.    Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  America.    June-Aug. 


370  XYRIDACEAE. 

4.    Xyris  Caroliniana  Walt.     Carolina  Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  896.) 

Xyris  Caroliniana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  69.      1788. 
Xyris  Jupacai  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  23.      1803. 
Xyris  elala  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  501.      1860. 

Scapes  mostly  slender,  straight  or  somewhat 
twisted,  2  edged  above,  i°-2°  tall,  not  thickened  at 
the  base.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  flat, 
4/-i5/  long,  i//-5//  wide,  head  globose,  ovoid  or 
broadly  oval,  blunt,  4//-8//  long;  scales  oval  or 
slightly  obovate,  entire  or  somewhat  lacerate;  lat- 
eral sepals  linear,  about  as  long  as  the  bracts,  the 
narrowly  winged  keel  lacerate  or  incised-serrate 
only  above  the  middle. 

In  swamps  and  bogs,  Massachusetts  to  Pennsylvania, 
Florida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Young 
states  of  this  plant  may  be  mistaken  for  X.  montana. 
June-Aug. 


5.   Xyris  fimbriata  Ell.     Fringed  Yellow- 
eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  897.) 

Xyris  fimbriata  EH.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  52.      1816. 

Scapes  rather  stout,  roughish,  straight  or  some- 
what twisted,  strongly  2-edged  above,  2°-4°  high. 
Leaves  flat,  one-half  as  long  as  the  scapes  or  more, 
3//-6//  wide;  head  oblong-cylindric,  %'-i'  long  or 
sometimes  globose-ovoid  and  about  YT.'  in  diameter; 
scales  obovate,  their  margins  entire  or  the  apex 
lacerate;  lateral  sepals  longer  than  the  bracts,  ex- 
serted,  long-fringed  on  the  winged  keel  above  the 
middle. 

In  wet  pine  barrens,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida 
and  Mississippi,  mostly  near  the  coast.  July-Sept. 


6.    Xyris  torta  J.  K.  Smith.     Twisted  Yellow-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  898.) 

Xyris  torta  J.  E.  Smith  in  Rees'  Cycl.      1819. 

Scapes  stout,  much  spirally  twisted,  i-edged  be- 
low, or  2-edged  at  the  summit,  smooth  or  very 
nearly  so,  the  base  conspicuously  bulbous-thick- 
ened and  with  the  sheathing  leaves  sometimes  i' 
in  diameter.  Leaves  narrowly  linear  from  a  broad 
shining  nearly  black  base,  rigid,  rather  shorter 
than  the  scapes,  spirally  twisted  (very  markedly  so 
when  old);  head  oblong  or  oblong-cylindric,  acute 
or  subacute,  %'-!'  long;  bracts  oblong- obovate, 
minutely  lacerate-serrulate  at  the  apex  or  entire; 
lateral  sepals  linear,  exserted,  the  winged  keel 
fringed  with  rather  short  processes  above  the 
middle. 

In  dry  pine  barrens,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida, 
west  to  Texas,  mostly  near  the  coast,  extending  north 
to  Arkansas  (according  to  Watson  and  Coulter).  May- 
Aug. 


PIPEWORT   FAMILY. 


371 


Family  13.  ERIOCAULACEAE  Ljndl.  Veg.  Kingd.  122.       1847.* 

PIPEWORT  FAMILY. 

Bog  or  aquatic  herbs,  perennial  or  perhaps  sometimes  annual,  with  fibrous 
mostly  knotted  or  spongy  roots,  tufted  grass-like  basal  leaves,  and  monoecious 
(androgynous)  occasionally  dioecious  very  small  flowers,  in  terminal  solitary 
heads,  on  long  slender  scapes.  Head  of  flowers  involucrate  by  bracts,  each 
flower  borne  in  the  axil  of  a  scarious  scale.  Perianth  of  2  series  of  segments  or 
rarely  of  one  series.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  as  many  or  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals.  Ovary  2-3-celled.  Ovules  2  or  3.  Fruit  a  2-3-celled, 
2-3-seeded  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  pendulous,  orthotropous; 
endosperm  farinaceous. 

Six  genera  and  about  340  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical  regions,  a  few  ex- 
tending into  the  temperate  zones.  The  family  is  most  abundantly  represented  in  South  America. 

Perianth  of  2  series  of  segments;  sepals  and  petals  2  or  3;  stamens  distinct;  anthers  2-celled. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  inner  perianth-segments  (petals).  i.  Eriocaulon. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  inner  perianth-segments.  2.  Dupatya. 

Perianth  simple,  of  3  segments  (sepals);  stamens  3,  monadelphous  below;  anthers  i -celled. 

3.  Lachnocaulon. 

i.    ERIOCAULON  L.  Sp.  PI.  87.       1753. 

Acaulescent  or  very  short  stemmed  herbs,  the  scapes  erect,  or  when  immersed  delicate, 
angular,  with  a  long  sheathing  bract  at  the  base.  Leaves  mostly  short,  spreading,  acuminate, 
parallel-nerved.  Head  of  flowers  woolly,  white,  lead-colored  or  nearly  black.  Staminate 
flowers:  Outer  perianth-segments  2  or  3,  distinct  or  sometimes  connate,  the  inner  united  be- 
low into  a  tube,  alternate  with  the  outer  ones,  each  with  a  minute  spot  or  gland  near  its  mid- 
dle or  apex;  stamens'  mostly  4-6,  one  opposite  each  perianth-segment,  the  filaments  of  those 
opposite  the  inner  segments  the  longer;  pistil  small,  rudimentary  or  none.  Pistillate  flowers: 
Outer  perianth-segments  as  in  the  staminate  flowers,  the  inner  indistinct,  narrow;  stamens 
wanting;  ovary  sessile  or  stalked;  style  columnar  or  filiform,  stigmas  2  or  3  filiform.  Fruit 
a  thin-walled  capsule.  Seeds  oval,  covered  with  minute  processes.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
the  wool  at  the  base  of  the  scape  in  some  species.] 

About  1 10  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution  in  tropical  and  warm  regions.  Besides 
the  following,  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States,  and  3  in  Mexico. 

Leaf-blades  as  long  as  the  sheaths,  coarsely  3-8-fenestrate-nerved;  scapes  y-angled;  heads  2" -3"  in 
diameter.  r.  E.  septangulare. 

Leaf -blades  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  finely  6-2o-fenestrate-nerved;  scapes  io-i2-angled,  heads 
3" -6"  in  diameter.  2.  E.  compressum. 

Leaf-blades  much  longer  than  the  sheaths,  finely  io-5o-nerved;  scapes  io-i4-angled;  heads  4" -8" 
in  diameter.  3.  E.  decangulare. 

i.    Eriocaulon  septangulare  With.     Seven-angled  Pipewort.     (Fig.  899.) 

Eriocaulon  septangulare  With.  Bot.  Arr.  Brit.  PI.  784. 

1776. 

Nasmythia  articulala  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2,  415.    1778. 
Eriocaulon  articulation  Morong,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  18: 

353-      1891. 

Stem  a  mere  crown.  Leaf-blades  pellucid,  3-8- 
fenestrate-nerved,  l/2f-T>'  long,  usually  as  long  as 
the  sheaths;  scapes  weak,  twisted,  about  y-angled, 
smooth,  i/-8/  tall,  or  when  submersed  sometimes 
4°-io°  long;  involucral  bracts  glabrous,  or  the 
innermost  bearded  at  the  apex,  oblong,  usually 
shorter  than  the  flowers;  marginal  flowers  usually 
staminate;  scales  of  the  receptacle  spatulate  or  ob- 
ovate,  abruptly  pointed,  brown  above,  white-woolly; 
staminate  flowers  about  \%"  high;  pistillate  flowers 
scarcely  more  than  half  as  large;  perianth-segments 
of  both  kinds  of  flowers  white-bearded. 

In  still  water  or  on  shores,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in 
western  Europe.  July-Oct. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


372 


ERIOCAULACEAE. 


2.  Eriocaulon  compressum  Lam.     Flattened  Pipe  wort.     (Fig.  900.) 

Eriocaulon  compressum  I^am.  Encycl.  3:  276- 
1789. 

Eriocaulon  gnaphalodes  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 
2:  165.      1803. 

Leaf-blades  6-2O-fenestrate-nerved,  usually 
shorter  than  the  sheaths  and  tapering  to  a 
long  sharp  point,  rigid,  or  when  submersed 
thin  and  pellucid.  Stem  a  mere  crown; 
scapes  6x-3°  tall;  smooth,  flattened  when 
dry,  io-12-angled;  involucral  bracts  rounded, 
obtuse,  scarious,  shining,  smooth,  imbricated 
in  3  or  4  series;  heads  3//-6//  in  diameter, 
frequently  dioecious;  receptacle  glabrous; 
flowers  i/^//-2//  high,  otherwise  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  species. 

In  still  shallow  water,  southern  New  Jersey  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in  Cuba.  At  flowering 
time  the  styles  and  stigmas  are  much  exserted, 
standing  above  the  heads  like  projecting  threads. 
May-Oct. 

3.  Eriocaulon  decangulare  L,.     Ten-angled  Pipe  wort.     (Fig.  901.) 


Eriocaulon  decangulare  I,.  Sp.  PI.  87.      1753. 

Sterns  short  and  thick,  i/-2/  long.  Leaf-blades 
finely  many-nerved,  tapering  to  a  blunt  point, 
6/-2o/  long,  2//-8//  wide,  usually  much  longer 
than  the  sheaths;  scapes  stout,  rigid,  glabrous, 
io-14-angled,  i°-3°  tall;  heads  4//-8//  in  diam- 
eter; involucral  bracts  ovate,  often  eroded, 
denticulate  at  the  apex  and  pubescent  below, 
imbricated  in  4  or  5  series;  receptacle  pubescent 
with  many-celled  hairs;  flowers  2/x  high,  densely 
woolly  at  the  base;  scales  longer  than  the 
flowers,  acute,  white-bearded;  as  are  the  spatu- 
late  perianth-segments. 


In  swamps,  southern  New  Jersey  and  Pennsyl- 
vania to  Florida  and  Texas.  Also  in  Cuba.  June- 
Get. 


2.    DUPATYA  Veil.  Fl.  Flum.  35.       1825. 
[PAEPALANTHUS  Mart.  Nov.  Act.  Leop.  17:  Part  i,  10.      1830.] 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  our  species  with  the  habit  of  Eriocaulon.  Stems  very 
short.  Leaves  awl-shaped,  tufted.  Scapes  slender,  several-angled,  erect,  twisted  in  growth, 
sheathed  at  the  base  by  a  long  acute  bract.  Flowers  androgynous,  in  globular  or  hemi- 
spheric heads,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  scale  or  the  scales  sometimes  obsolete.  Involucral 
bracts  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series.  Perianth  of  2  series,  each  of  2  or  3  segments  in  the  stami- 
nate  flowers,  the  outer  segments  distinct,  the  inner  connate;  stamens  2  or  3,  inserted  on  the 
inner  perianth  and  opposite  its  lobes.  Pistillate  flowers  with  the  outer  segments  distinct, 
the  inner  often  connate  above  the  2-celled,  2-3-ovuled  ovary;  style  cleft  into  2  or  3  entire  or 
2-cleft  stigmas.  Fruit  a  2-3-celled,  2-3-seeded  capsule,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  [Name  in 
honor  of  Dupaty,~\ 

About  215  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  America.  Only  the  following  is  known  in  the 
United  States. 


PIPE  WORT  FAMILY. 


373 


i.    Dupatya  flavidula  (Michx.)  Kuntze.     Dupatya.     (Fig.  902.) 

Eriocaulon  flavidulum  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  166.     1803. 
Paepalanthus  flavidulus  Ktinth,  Enum.  3:  532.      1841. 
Dupatya  flavidula  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  745.     1891. 

Leaves  3-5-nerved,  i/-a/  long,  awl-shaped,  woolly 
at  the  base,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above. 
Scapes  numerous,  5-angled,  pubescent,  4/-i2/  high; 
sheaths  longer  than  the  leaves,  slightly  inflated 
above,  pubescent;  involucral  bracts  straw-colored, 
glabrous,  obtuse,  oval,  shining,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent at  the  base;  receptacles  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent;  scales  very  thin,  scarious-white,  linear, 
slightly  pubescent,  about  as  long  as  the  flowers; 
flowers  about  iX"  high;  perianth  6-parted;  outer 
perianth  of  the  staminate  flowers  stalked,  woolly, 
the  inner  a  campanulate  tube  with  3  stamens;  pis- 
tillate flowers  with  both  sets  of  perianth-segments 
distinct,  the  inner  much  narrower  than  the  outer; 
style  3-parted;  stigmas  3. 

Tn  moist  pine  barrens,  southern  Virginia  to  Florida. 
March-July. 

3.    LACHNOCAULON  Kunth,  Enum.  3:  497.       1841. 

Tufted  herbs  with  the  habit  of  Eriocaulon,  the  leaves  linear.  Scape  several-angled, 
sheathed  at  the  base  by  an  entire  bract  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  heads  globose.  Recep- 
tacle pilose.  Flowers  androgynous.  Perianth  of  3  segments.  Staminate  flowers  with  3 
stamens  united  below  into  a  thickened  tube  which  is  coalescent  with  a  body,  variously  re- 
garded as  a  corolla  or  as  a  rudimentary  pistil,  bearing  at  its  apex  3  fimbriate  or  entire  lobes 
alternate  with  the  filaments;  anthers  i-celled,  minute.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  sessile  3- 
celled,  3-ovuled  ovary  surrounded  by  copious  woolly  hairs  at  the  base;  styles  united  belowj 
spreading  above  into  3  divisions  which  are  2-parted,  there  being  thus  6  stigmas.  [Greek, 
referring  to  the  woolly  scapes  of  some  species.] 

Four  known  species,  natives  of  the  southern  United  States. 

i.    Lachnocaulon  anceps  (Walt.)  Morong.     Hairy  Pipewort.     (Fig.  903.) 

Eriocaulon  ancefisWa.lt.  Fl.  Car.  83.      1788. 

Lachnocaulon  Michauxii  Kunth,  Enum.  3: 497. 
1841. 

Lachnocaulon  anceps  Morong,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 
18: 360.      1891. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent, 
i '-3'  long,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  callous 
point.  Scapes  slender,  2/-2o/  tall,  2-4- 
angled,  clothed  with  long  soft  appressed  up- 
wardly pointed  hairs;  sheaths  equalling  or 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  heads  globose,  \f/- 
3"  in  diameter;  involucral  bracts  ovate  or 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  usually 
brown;  flowers  about  i"  high;  scales  brown, 
spatulate,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  yel- 
lowish silky  hairs  of  the  receptacle  and 
white-bearded  at  the  apex;  perianth  of  the 
staminate  flowers  short-stalked,  pubescent  at 
the  base,  woolly  and  fimbriate  at  the  summit; 
segments  of  the  pistillate  perianth  white, 
glabrous,  obtuse;  ovary  densely  villous 
around  the  base;  seeds  strongly  ribbed. 

In  moist  pine  barrens,  Virginia  to  Florida.    The  white  pistillate  flowers  mingled  with  the  brown 
:staminate  ones  impart  a  mixed  gray  and  dark  appearance  to  the  heads.     March-June. 


374 


BROMELIACEAE. 


Family  14.  BROMELIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  i:  122.       1805. 

PINE-APPLE  FAMILY. 

Epiphytic  herbs  (some  tropical  species  terrestrial),  mostly  scurfy,  with 
elongated  entire  or  spinulose-serrate  leaves.  Flowers  spiked,  panicled,  or  soli- 
tary, regular  and  perfect,  usually  conspicuously  bracted.  Perianth  of  3  thin 
distinct  or  somewhat  united  sepals,  and  3  clawed  distinct  or  united  petals. 
Stamens  6,  usually  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  inferior  or 
superior,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous;  style  short  or 
elongated;  stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-valved  in  our  species.  Seeds  numerous,  the 
testa  membranous.  Embryo  small,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  copious  endosperm. 

About  35  genera  and  900  species,  all  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 

i.   TILLANDSIA  I,.  Sp.  PI.  286.       1753. 

Epiphytic  plants  of  various  habit,  with  narrow  entire  leaves  and  white,  yellow  or  purple 
flowers.  Sepals  distinct  and  separate  or  very  nearly  so.  Petals  distinct.  Stamens  hypogy- 
nous  or  the  three  inner  ones  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  petals;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
linear  or  linear- oblong.  Ovary  superior;  style  subulate;  stigmas  short.  Capsule  septicidally 
3-valved.  Seeds  erect,  narrow,  supported  on  a  long  funiculus  which  splits  up  into  fine  threads. 
[Dedicated  to  Elias  Tillands,  Swedish  (?)  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century.] 

About  350  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  America.  Besides  the  following  some  9  others 
occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 

i.   Tillandsia   usneoides  L.      Long 
Moss.     Florida  Moss.     (Fig.  904.) 


Renealmia  usneoides  L.  Sp.  PI.  287.      1753. 
Tillandsia  usneoides  1,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  411. 


1762. 


Stems  very  slender,  thread-like,  flexuous, 
hanging  clustered  in  festoons  from  the  branches 
of  trees,  3°-2o°  long,  gray  and,  like  the  filiform 
leaves,  densely  silvery-scurfy  all  over.  Leaves 
scattered,  \f-$f  long,  scarcely  yz"  thick,  their 
bases  somewhat  dilated;  flowers  sessile  and 
solitary  or  rarely  2  together  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  sepals  about  3"  long,  pale  green;  petals 
yellow,  the  blade  about  2//  long;  stamens  about 
as  long  as  the  calyx;  capsule  linear,  9//-i5// 
long,  at  length  splitting  into  3  linear  valves. 

Eastern  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to  Texas  and 
Mexico.  Very  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America. 


Family  15.     COMMELINACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  57. 
SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 


1828. 


Perennial  or  annual  leafy  herbs  with  regular  or  irregular  perfect  and  often 
showy  flowers  in  cymes,  commonly  subtended  by  spathe-like  or  leafy  bracts. 
Perianth  of  2  series;  a  calyx  of  mostly  3  persistent  sepals,  and  a  corolla  of 
mostly  3  membranous  and  deciduous  or  fugacious  petals.  Stamens  mostly  6, 
hypogynous,  rarely  fewer,  all  similar  and  perfect  or  2  or  3  of  them  different 
from  the  others  and  sterile;  filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened;  anthers 
2-celled,  mostly  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  sessile  or  very 
nearly  so,  2-3-celled;  ovules  i  or  several  in  each  cell,  anatropous  or  half  ana- 
tropous; style  simple;  stigmas  terminal,  entire  or  obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Seeds 
solitary  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  capsule.  Capsule  2-3-celled,  loculicidally 
2-3-valved.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm  copious. 

About  25  genera  and  350  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  regions  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2;  petals  unequal;  bracts  spathe-like.  i.  Commelina. 

Perfect  stamens  6,  rarely  5;  petals  all  alike;  bracts  leafy.  2.    Tradescantia . 


SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 


375 


Besides  the  following, 


1.  C.  nudiflora. 

2.  C.  hirtella. 

3.  C.  communis. 


i.    COMMELINA  L.  Sp.  PI.  40.       1753. 

Erect  ascending  or  procumbent,  somewhat  succulent,  branching  herbs,  with  short-peti" 
oled  or  sessile  leaves,  and  irregular  mostly  blue  flowers  in  sessile  cymes  subtended  by 
spathe-like  bracts.  Sepals  somewhat  unequal,  the  larger  ones  sometimes  slightly  united. 
Petals  blue,  unequal,  2  of  them  larger  than  the  third.  Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2,  one  of 
them  incurved  and  its  anther  commonly  larger.  Sterile  stamens  usually  3,  smaller,  their 
anthers  various.  Filaments  all  glabrous.  Capsule  3-celled.  Seeds  i  or  2  in  each  cavity, 
the  testa  firm,  roughened,  smooth  or  reticulated.  [Dedicated  to  Kaspar  Commelin,  1667- 
1731,  Dutch  botanist] 

About  95  species  of  wide  distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions. 
some  3  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 
Ventral  cavities  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  i-ovuled. 

Capsule  3-celled,  commonly  5-seeded. 

Creeping,  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  margins  of  the  spathe  not  united. 
Stout,  erect,  the  sheaths  bearded;  margins  of  the  spathe  united. 

Capsule  2-celled,  4-seeded. 
All  3  cavities  of  the  ovary  only  i-oyuled. 

Cavities  of  the  capsule  all  dehiscent.  4.  C.  erecta. 

Dorsal  cavity  of  the  capsule  indehiscent.  5.  C.  Virginica. 

i.  Commelina  nudiflora  I,.     Creep- 
ing Day-flower.     (Fig.  905.) 

Commelina  nudiflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  41.      1753. 
Commelina  communzsWa.lt.  Fl.  Car.  68.     1788. 

Not  L,.      1753. 
Commelina  agraria  Kunth.  Enum.  4:  38.    1843. 

Glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  throughout, 
stems  procumbent  or  creeping,  rooting  at 
the  nodes,  i°-2^°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  i/-3/  long,  4//-8//  wide, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  their  sheaths 
sometimes  ciliate;  spathe  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, 8//-i2//  long,  peduncled,  the  2  bracts 
not  united  by  their  margins;  flowers  few  in 
each  spathe,  3//-6//  broad;  ventral  cells  of 
the  ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  i-ovuled; 
capsule  commonly  5-seeded  (  2  seeds  in  each 
of  the  ventral  cells,  i  in  the  dorsal);  seeds 
oblong,  reticulated,  about  \"  long. 

Along  strenms  and  in  waste  places,  New  Jer- 
sey to  Indiana  and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida, 
Texas  and  through  tropical  America  to  Para- 
guay. Widely  distributed  in  Asia  and  Africa. 
July-Oct. 

2.  Commelina  hirtella  Vahl.     Bearded  Day-flower.     (Fig.  906.) 

Commelina  longifolia   Michx.  Fl.   Bor.  Am.   i:  23. 

1803.      Not  L,am.  1791. 

Commelina  hirtella  Vahl.  Enum.  2:  166.     1806. 
Commelina  erecta  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2.  486.      1856. 

Not  L,.      1753. 

Stem  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  2°-4°  high. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  roughish,  4/-7/ 
long,  i/-i)4/  wide,  their  sheaths  /^/-i/  long, 
fringed  with  rather  stiff  and  long  brownish  hairs 
and  sometimes  pubescent;  spathes  sessile  or  short- 
peduncled,  often  clustered  at  the  summits  of  the 
stem  and  branches,  the  2  bracts  acute,  united  by 
their  margins,  rather  strongly  cross-veined;  ven- 
tral cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled,  the  other  i- 
ovuled;  capsule  5-seeded;  seeds  ellipsoid,  brown, 
somewhat  more  than  \"  long,  smooth,  minutely 
puberulent. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Aug.-Oct. 


376 


COMMELINACEAE. 


3.  Commelina  communis  L,.     Asiatic  Day-flower.     (Fig.  907.) 

Commelina  communis  L.  Sp:  PI.  40.     1753. 
Commelina  Willdenovii  Kunth.  Emmi.  4:  37. 


1843. 


Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  stems  ascending  or  de- 
cumbent, rather  slender,  sometimes  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  3/-5/  long,  i/-i^/  wide,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  smooth ; 
sheath  white-membranous  with  green  veins,  some- 
times ciliate,  8//-i2//  long;  spathes  few,  peduncled, 
their  2  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  nearly  i/  long, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  pubescent,  distinct;  flowers 
deep  blue,  ]/2'  or  more  broad;  ventral  cells  of  the 
ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  i-ovuled;  capsule  2- 
celled,  each  cell  2-seeded;  seeds  compressed,  dark 
brown,  roughened. 

Southern  New  York  and  eastern  Pennsylvania. 
Adventive  or  naturalized  from  Asia.  July-Oct. 


4.  Commelina  erecta  I,.     Slender  Day- 
flower.     (Fig.  908.) 

Commelina  erecta  L-  Sp.  PI.  41.      1753. 

Somewhat  pubescent  or  glabrous,  stems  com- 
monly tufted,  erect  or  ascending,  i°-2°  tall,  the 
roots  somewhat  thickened.  Leaves  linear- lanceo- 
late, 3/-6/  long,  4//-i/  wide,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  sheaths  J^'-i'  long,  often 
pubescent;  spathes  peduncled  or  sessile,  the  2 
bracts  more  or  less  pubescent,  acute  or  acuminate, 
distinct,  io//-2o//  long;  flowers  %f  or  more  broad; 
ovary  3-celled,  each  cell  i-ovuled;  capsule  papery, 
all  its  cells  dehiscent,  each  i-seeded;  seeds  ash- 
colored,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  puberulent. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  Pennsylvania  (according  to 
Watson),  south  to  Florida,  Texas  and  in  tropical 
America.  Aug.-Oct. 

5.  Commelina  Virginica  L,.     Virginia  Day-flower.     (Fig.  909.) 

Commelina  Virginica  L.  Sp.  Pi.  Ed.  2,  61.      1762. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  somewhat  pu- 
bescent or  glabrous,  stems  diffusely  branched,  rather 
stouter,  ij4°-T,°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  3/-5/  long,  s^-ia"  wide,  acuminate  at 
the  apex;  sheaths  inflated,  often  pubescent,  the 
orifice  sometimes  fringed;  spathes  several,  usually 
peduncled,  the  2  bracts  acute  or  acuminate,  8//-i2// 
long,  distinct;  flowers  i'  broad  or  less,  showy;  cap- 
sule 3-celled,  each  cell  i-seeded,  the  dorsal  one  in- 
dehiscent  and  roughened. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  New  York  to  Illinois  and 
Michigan,  south  to  Florida,  Nebraska,  Texas  and 
through  tropical  America  to  Paraguay.  June-Sept. 


SPIDERWORT  FAMILY. 


377 


2.    TRADESCANTIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  288.       1753. 

Pereiinial,  somewhat  mucilaginous  herbs,  with  simple  or  branched  stems,  mostly  nar- 
row and  elongated  leaves,  and  showy  regular  flowers  in  terminal  or  terminal  and  axillary 
umbels  subtended  by  leaf-like  or  scarious  bracts.  Sepals  3,  distinct,  herbaceous.  Petals 
3,  obovate,  ovate  or  orbicular,  sessile.  Stamens  6,  all  alike  and  fertile,  or  those  opposite  the 
petals  shorter;  filaments  bearded  or  glabrous.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  2-ovuled.  Capsule 
3-celled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  3-i2-seeded.  [In  honor  of  John  Tradescant,  gardener  to 
Charles  I,  died  1638.] 

About  35  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  6 
others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States. 

Umbel  or  umbels  sessile,  subtended  by  long  leaf-like  bracts. 
Umbels  solitary  or  2-4;  stem  straight;  leaves  narrow. 
Stem  glabrous  or  merely  pubescent,  8'  -21A°  tall. 

Sepals  oblong-lanceolate,  4"-io"  long;  flowers  i'-a'  broad.  i.    T.   }rirginiana. 

Sepals  lanceolate,  3"  -4"  long;  flowers  less  than  i'  broad.  2.    T.  montana. 

Whole  plant  long-villous;  nearly  or  quite  acaulescent.  3.    T.  brevicaulis. 

Umbels  3-8,  axillary  and  terminal;  stem  mostly  flexuous;  leaves  broad.         4.    T.  pilosa. 
Umbel  peduncled,  subtended  by  small  scarious  bracts;  leaves  narrow.  5.    T.  rosea. 


Spiderwort.     (Fig.  910.) 


i.  Tradescantia  Virginiana  L 

Tradescantia  Virginiana  L.  Sp.  PI.  288.     1753. 

Glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  succulent, 
glaucous  or  green,  stems  stout,  S/-T>°  tall. 
Leaves  more  or  less  channeled,  or  in  some 
forms  nearly  flat,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
long-acuminate,  often  more  than  i°  long,  4//-i/ 
wide;  bracts  foliaceous,  commonly  rather  wider 
and  shorter  than  the  leaves;  umbels  solitary 
and  terminal  or  rarely  2-4,  loosely  several- 
many-flowered;  pedicels  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
slender;  flowers  blue  or  purplish,  rarely  white, 
i/-2/  broad,  very  showy;  sepals  oblong  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute  or  obtuse,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  4//-io//  long,  much  longer  than  the 
capsule. 

In  rich  soil,  mostly  in  woods  and  thickets,  south- 
ern New  York  to  Ohio  and  South  Dakota,  south  to 
Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to  4000 
ft.  in  Virginia;  variable,  perhaps  includes  several 
species;  May-Aug. 

Tradescantia  Virginiana  occidentalis  Britton. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  2"-$"  wide;  flowers  commonly  smaller.     Wisconsin  to  Missouri,  Texas 
and  New  Mexico.     May  be  a  distinct  species. 


2.    Tradescantia  montana  Shuttlw. 
Mountain  Spiderwort.     (Fig.  911.) 

Tradescantia    montana    Shuttlw.   in   Distrib.    PI. 
Rugel. 

Green  and  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubescent, 
stems  slender,  simple  or  sparingly  branched, 
i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 4/-io/  long,  2//-6//  wide,  mostly  distant, 
their  sheaths  enlarged;  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves  but  shorter;  umbels  mostly  solitary  and 
terminal,  sessile  in  the  bracts,  rather  densely 
flowered;  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent; flowers  less  than  i'  broad;  sepals  lanceo- 
late, acute,  about  3"  long. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  mountains  of  southwest- 
ern Virginia  to  Kentucky  and  Georgia.  June-Aug. 


378  COMMELINACEAE. 

3.    Tradescantia  brevicaulis  Raf.     Short-stemmed  Spiderwort.      (Fig.  912.) 

Tradescantia  brevicaulis  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  150.      1832. 

Tradescantia   Virginica  var.  villosa  S.  Wats,  in  A. 
Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6.  539.      1890. 

Villouswith  long  spreading  hairs,  stems  only  ix- 
6'  high,  the  plant  often  appearing  nearly  acaules- 
cent;  leaves  mostly  basal,  6' '-12'  long,  4//-8//  wide, 
grass-like,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate,  at 
least  at  the  base,  glabrous  or  villous  toward  the 
apex;  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves,  but  usually  more 
elongated;  umbel  4-i2-flowered,  sessile  in  the 
bracts,  the  pedicels  slender,  i/-2/  long,  villous;  se- 
pals oblong;  corolla  about  i'  broad,  blue  or 
rose-purple. 

In  dry  soil,  Illinois,  Kentucky  and  Missouri.  April- 
May. 

4.  Tradescantia  pilosa  L,elim.     Zigzag  Spiderwort.     (Fig.  913.) 

Tradescantia  pilosa  J.  G.  C.  Lehm.  Sem.  Hort.  Hamb. 
16.      1827. 

Tradescantia  fiexuosa  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  150.      1832. 

More  or  less  puberulent  or  short  pilose,  stem 
stout,  i°-3°  high,  commonly  flexuous,  often 
branched.  Leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  6/-i5/ 
long,  y^'-i'  wide,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath; 
bracts  usually  narrower  and  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
umbels  3-8,  terminal  and  axillary  or  on  short  axil- 
lary branches,  densely  many-flowered;  pedicels 
and  calyx  pubescent  and  more  or  less  glandular, 
rarely  nearly  glabrous;  corolla  lilac-blue,  <j"-is" 
broad. 

Southern  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois  and  Missouri, 
south  to  Florida,  Blooms  later  than  T.  Virginiana, 
where  the  two  occur  together.  June-Aug. 


5.  Tradescantia  rosea  Vent.     Roseate 
Spiderwort.     (Fig.  914.) 

Tradescantia  rosea  Vent.  PI.  Nouv.  Jard.  Cels.  pi. 
24.      1800. 

Glabrous,  stem  very  slender,  erect,  mostly 
quite  simple,  6/-i2/  tall.  Leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  grass-like,  nearly  erect,  channeled,  4/-7/- 
long,  i"-ij4"-mde,  clasping  at  the  base;  bracts 
very  short  and  scarious;  umbel  terminal,  long- 
peduncled,  few-flowered,  subtended  by  small 
pointed  bracts;  pedicels  slender,  short;  sepals 
lanceolate,  acute,  2//-3//  long,  shorter  than  the 
petals;  corolla  rose-color,  6//-8//  broad;  fila- 
ments hairy;  style  slender,  long-exserted. 

In  dry  woods,  Maryland  to  Missouri,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  April- Aug. 


PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY. 


379 


Family  16.     PONTEDERIACEAE  Dumort.  Anal.  Fain.  59.       1829.* 

PICKEREL-WEED  FAMILY. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  plants,  the  leaves  petioled,  with  thick  blades,  or 
long  and  grass-like.  Flowers  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular,  solitary  or  spiked, 
subtended  by  leaf -like  spathes.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  corolla-like,  6- 
parted.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  the  base  of  the  perianth;  fila- 
ments filiform,  dilated  at  the  base  or  thickened  at  the  middle;  anthers  2 -celled, 
linear-oblong  or  rarely  ovate.  Ovary  3-celled  with  axile  placentae,  or  i -celled 
with  3  parietal  placentae;  style  filiform  or  columnar;  stigma  terminal,  entire  or 
minutely  toothed;  ovules  anatropous,  numerous,  sometimes  only  i  of  them  per- 
fecting. Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  or  a  i -celled,  i -seeded  utricle.  Endo- 
sperm of  the  seed  copious,  mealy;  embryo  central,  cylindric. 

About  5  genera  and  25  species,  inhabiting  fresh  water  in  the  warm  and  temperate  regions  of 
America,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Flowers  2-lipped,  stamens  6;  fruit  a  i-seeded  utricle.  i.  Pontederia. 

Flowers  regular;  stamens  3;  fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  2.  Heteranthera. 

i.    PONTEDERIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  288.       1753. 

Leaves  thick  with  many  parallel  veins,  the  petioles  long,  sheathing,  arising  from  a  hori- 
zontal rootstock.  Stem  erect,  i-leaved,  with  several  sheathing  bract-like  leaves  at  the  base. 
Flowers  blue,  ephemeral,  numerous,  spiked,  the  spike  (or  spadix)  peduncled  and  subtended 
by  a  thin  bract-like  spathe.  Perianth  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  of  3  ovate  lobes,  the  middle 
lobe  longest,  the  lower  lip  of  3  linear-oblong  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  6,  borne  at  unequal 
distances  upon  the  perianth-tube,  3  of  them  opposite  the  lower  lip,  the  others  opposite  the 
upper  lip;  anthers  oblong,  subversatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  2  of  the  cells  abortive  and 
empty.  Fruit  a  i-seeded  utricle,  enclosed  in  the  thickened  tuberculate-ribbed  base  of  the 
perianth.  [In  honor  of  Giulio  Pontedera,  1688-1757,  professor  of  botany  in  Padua.] 

Seven  or  eight  species,  natives  of  America. 

i.    Pontederia  cordata  L,.     Pickerel-weed.     (Fig.  915.) 

Pontederia  cordata  L.  Sp.  PI.  288.      1753. 

Stem  rather  stout,  i°-4°  tall.  Leaves  ovate, 
cordate-sagittate,  4/-8/  long,  2/-6/  wide  at  the 
base,  the  apex  and  basal  lobes  obtuse;  basal  lobes 
often  with  long  narrow  stipule-like  appendages  on 
the  sheathing  petiole;  spadix  and  inflorescence 
glandular-pubescent;  perianth  about  4"  long,  it 
and  the  filaments,  anthers,  and  style  bright  blue, 
its  tube  curved,  slightly  longer  than  the  lobes, 
middle  lobe  of  the  upper  lip  with  2  yellow  spots  at 
the  base  within;  ovary  oblong,  tapering  into  the 
slender  style;  stigma  minutely  3-6-toothed. 

Borders  of  ponds  and  streams,  Nova  Scotia  to  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  After  flowering 
the  lobes  and  upper  part  of  the  perianth-tube  wither 
above,  while  the  persistent  base  hardens  around  the 
fruit.  The  flowers  are  trimorphous.  June-Oct. 

Pontederia  cordata  lancifolia  (Muhl. )  Morong,  Mem. 

Torr.  Club,  5:  105.      1894. 
Pontederia  lancifolia  Muhl.  Cat.  34.      1813. 
Pontederia  cordata  var.  angustifolia  Torr.  Fl.  N.  U. 
S.  i:343-      1824. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
a'-io'  long,  3" -8"  wide.  Ontario  to  New  Jersey,  Cuba  and  Texas. 

2.    HETERANTHERA  R.  &  P.  Prodr.  Fl.  Per.  9.       1794. 

[SCHOI,I,ERA  Schreb.  Gen.  785.      1789.     Not  Roth.      1788.] 

Herbs  with  creeping,  ascending  or  floating  stems,  the  leaves  petioled,  with  cordate,  ovate, 
oval  or  reniform  blades,  or  grass-like.  Spathes  i- flowered  or  several-flowered.  Flowers 
small,  white,  blue  or  yellow.  Lobes  of  the  perianth  nearly  or  quite  equal,  linear.  Stamens 
3,  equal  or  unequal,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  fusiform,  entirely  or  in- 
completely 3-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae;  ovules  numerous;  stigma  3-lobed. 
Fruit  an  ovoid  many-seeded  capsule,  enclosed  in  the  withered  perianth-tube.  Seeds  ovoid, 
many-ribbed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  unequal  anthers  of  some  species.] 

About  9  species,  2  in  tropical  Africa,  the  others  American ;  only  the  following  in  the  United  States. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


PONTEDERIACEAE. 


Leaves  mostly  reniform,  sometimes  cordate -ovate. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  sometimes  slightly  cordate. 
Leaves  linear,  grass-like,  floating. 


1.  H.  reniformis. 

2.  H.  iimosa. 

3.  H.  dubia. 


i.    Heteranthera  reniformis  R.  &  P.     Mud 
Plantain.      (Fig.  916.) 

Heteranthera  reniformis  R.  &  P.  Fl.  Per.  i:  43.      1798. 
Leptanthus  reniformis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  25.      1803. 

Stems  creeping  in  the  mud,  rooting  at  the  nodes.  Leaves 
cordate  or  reniform,  rarely  cordate-ovate  and  acute,  the 
blades  6//-i5// long,  8//-i6// wide;  petioles  sheathing,  i'-/)/ 
long;  spathe  2-5-flowered;  tube  of  the  perianth  straight  or 
slightly  curved,  slender,  about  \"  long,  its  lobes  shorter; 
flowers  white  or  pale  blue;  anthers  basifixed,  the  2  upper 
oval,  the  other  on  a  longer  filament  and  linear. 

In  mud  or  shallow  water,  Connecticut  to  New  Jersey,  Illinois 
and  Kansas,  south  to  Louisiana,  and  in  South  and  Central 
America. 


2.    Heteranthera  Iimosa  (Sw.)  Willd. 
Smaller  Mud  Plantain.     (Fig.  917.) 

Pontederia  Iimosa  Sw.  Prodr.  57.      1788. 

Heteranthera  Iimosa  Willd.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat. 
Fr.  Berlin,  3:  439.      1801. 

Leptanthus  ovalis  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  25.      1803. 

Stems  commonly  much  branched  from  the  base, 
6/-i5/  long.  Leaves  numerous,  oval  or  ovate,  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  rounded  or  slightly  cordate  at  the 
base,  i/  long  or  less;  petioles  2'-$'  long;  spathes 
i-flowered,  often  on  peduncles  \'  long  or  more; 
flowers  white  or  blue,  usually  larger  than  those  of 
the  preceding  species;  filaments  equal  or  nearly 
so;  anthers  linear,  often  sagittate. 

In  mud  or  shallow  water,  Virginia  to  Kentucky  and 
Missouri,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  throughout 
tropical  America. 

3.    Heteranthera  dubia  (Jacq.)  MacM.     Water  Star-grass.     (Fig.  918.) 

Commelina  dubia  Jacq.  Obs.  Bot.  3:  9.  />/.  59.      1768. 
Leptanthus gramineus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  25.      1803. 
Heteranthera  graminea  Vahl.  Enum.  2:  45.      1806. 
Schollera  graminea  A.  Gray,  Man.  511.      1848. 
Heteranthera  dubiaMacM.  Met.  Minn.  138.      1892. 

Aquatic,  stem  slender,  forked,  often  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  2°-3°  long.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  elongated,  acut- 
ish,  finely  parallel-nerved,  their  sheaths  thin,  furnished 
at  the  top  with  small  acute  stipule-like  appendages; 
flowers  light  yellow,  the  perianth-segments  narrow; 
stamens  nearly  equal;  tube  of  the  perianth  \'f-\Yz"  long; 
spathe  i-2-flowered;  filaments  dilated  below;  anthers 
linear,  i"  long,  sagittate;  style  shorter  than  the  stamens; 
stigma  several -lobed;  capsule  i -celled  with  3  parietal 
placentae,  many-seeded. 

In  still  water,  Ontario  to  Oregon,  south  to  Florida  and 
Mexico.  Also  in  Cuba.  Occasionally  occurs  in  a  small 
form  on  muddy  shores.  July-Oct. 


RUSH  FAMILY.  381 

Family  17.     JUNCACEAE  Vent.  Tabl.  2:  150.       1799.* 
RUSH  FAMILY. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  grass-like,  usually  tufted  herbs,  commonly 
growing  in  moist  places.  Inflorescence  usually  compound  or  decompound,  pani- 
culate, corymbose,  or  umbelloid,  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  flower,  bearing  its 
flowers  singly,  or  loosely  clustered,  or  aggregated  into  spikes  or  heads.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  with  or  without  bractlets  (prophylla).  Perianth  6-parted,  the 
parts  glumaceous.  Stamens  3  or  6,  rarely  4  or  5,  the  anthers  adnate,  introrse, 
2-celled,  dehiscing  by  a  slit.  Pistil  superior,  tricarpous,  i -celled  or  3-celled, 
with  3-many  ascending  anatropous  ovules,  and  3  filiform  stigmas.  Fruit  a  locu- 
licidal  capsule.  Seeds  3-many,  small,  cylindric  to  subglobose,  with  loose  or 
close  seed-coat,  with  or  without  caruncular  or  tail-like  appendages. 

Seven  genera  and  about  200  species,  widely  distributed. 

Leaf-sheaths  open;  capsule  i-  or  3-celled,  many-seeded;  placentae  parietal  or  axial,      i.  Juncus. 
Leaf-sheaths  closed;  capsule  i-celled,  3-seeded,  its  placenta  basal.  2.  Juncoides. 

i.   JUNCUS  I,.  Sp.  PI.  325  (1753). 

Usually  perennial  plants,  principally  of  swamp  habitat,  with  glabrous  herbage,  stems 
leaf -bearing  or  scapose,  leaf -sheaths  with  free  margins,  and  leaf  blades  terete,  gladiate,  grass- 
like,  or  channeled.  Inflorescence  paniculate  or  corymbose,  often  unilateral,  sometimes  con- 
gested, bearing  its  flowers  either  singly  and  with  2  bractlets  (prophylla),  or  in  heads  and  with- 
out bractlets,  but  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract;  bractlets  almost  always  entire;  stamens  6  to  3; 
ovary  i-celled  or  by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae  3-celled,  the  placentae  correspondingly 
parietal  or  axial;  seeds  several-many,  usually  distinctly  reticulated  or  ribbed,  often  tailed. 

About  150  species,  most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  The  species  bloom  in  summer. 
[Latin,  tTomjungo,  to  bind,  in  allusion  to  the  use  of  these  plants  for  withes.] 

A.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  terete,  not  conspicuously  channeled,  erect,  appearing  like  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  stem,  the  inflorescence  therefore  appearing  lateral;  stem  leaves  none. 

1.  Flowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.     GENUINI. 

Perianth-parts  green,  or  in  age  straw-colored. 

Perianth-parts  equalling  or  exceeding  the  capsule,  all  acute. 

Stamens  3;  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  much  shorter  than  the  stem. 

Capsule  without  a  distinct  apical  papilla.  I.  J.  effustis. 

Capsule  with  a  distinct  apical  papilla.  2.  J.  conglomeratus. 

Stamens6;  leaf  of  inflorescence  about  equalling  the  stem,  or  longer.  3.  J.filiformis. 
Perianth-parts  reaching  only  the  middle  of  the  capsule,  inner  obtuse.   4.  J.  gymnocarpus. 
Perianth-parts  with  a  chestnut-brown  stripe  down  either  side  of  the  midrib.  5.  J.  Balticus. 

2,  Flowers  not  bracteolate,  inserted  in  heads  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence.     THALASSICI. 

Perianth-parts  pale  brown;  seed  tailless.  6.  J.  Roemerianus. 

Perianth-parts  green,  or  in  age  straw-colored;  seed  tailed.  7.  J.  maritimus. 

B.  Lowest  leaf  of  the  inflorescence  not  appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  stem,  or  if  so,  con- 
spicuously channeled  along  the  upper  side,  the  inflorescence  usually  appearing  terminal. 

1.  LEAF-BLADE  TRANSVERSELY  FLATTENED  (INSERTED  WITH  ITS  FLAT  SURFACE  FACING  THE 
STEM),  OR  TERETE  AND  CHANNELED,  NOT  PROVIDED  WITH  SEPTA. 

#  Flowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence,  sometimes  clustered  or 

congested,  but  never  in  true  heads.     POIOPHYLLI. 
Annual;  inflorescence,  exclusive  of  its  leaves,  more  than  one-third  the  height  of  the  plant. 

8.  J.  bufonius, 

Perennial;  inflorescence,  excluding  leaves,  not  one-third  the  height  of  the  plant. 
Leaf -blade  flat,  but  sometimes  involute  in  drying. 

Inflorescence  i-3-flowered;  leaves  with  fimbriate  auricles.  9.  J.  trifidus. 

Inflorescence,  except  in  depauperate  specimens,  several-many-flowered;  leaves  with 

entire  auricles. 

Cauline  leaves  i  or  2,  rarely  wanting;  perianth-parts  obtuse.         10.  J.  Gerardi. 
Cauline  leaves  none;  perianth  parts  acute  or  acuminate. 

Inflorescence  usually  much  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf;  flowers  seldom  plainly 
secund;  perianth  i%"-2%"  long,  usually  exceeding  the  capsule;  capsule  ob- 
ovpid,  broadly  rounded  at  the  apex,  the  placentae  intruded  half  way  to  the 
axis.  ii.  J.  tenuis. 

Inflorescence  rarely  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf;  flowers  plainly  secund  on  the 
branches;    perianth  i^"-2"   long,  equalling  the  capsule;    capsule  oblong, 
3-sided,  truncate  at  the  apex;  placentae  meeting  in  the  axis.  12.  /.  secundus. 
Leaf-blade  terete,  channeled  along  the  upper  side. 

Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  not  four  lengths  of  the  panicle;  capsule  oblong  to  obovoid. 
Seed  tailed.  13-  /•  Vaseyi. 

Seed  not  tailed. 

Perianth  i%"-i%"  long,  plainly  exceeded  by  the  capsule.     14.  J.  Greenei. 
Perianth  iK"-2"  long,  not  exceeded  by  the  capsule.  15.  J.  dichotomus. 
Lowest  leaf  of  the   inflorescence  rarely  less  than  four  times  as  long  as  the  panicle; 
capsule  globose-ovoid.  16.  J.  setaceus. 

*Text  contributed  by  Mr.  FREDERICK  V.  COVH.I.E. 


382 


JUNCACEAE. 


%%•  Flowers  not  bracteolate,  in  true  heads  on  branches  of  the  inflorescence.     GRAMINIFOLII. 
Stem  erect;  capsule  oblong  or  obovoid,  obtuse  at  the  apex. 

Stamens  3,  with  red-brown  anthers;  capsule  not  mucronate.  17.  J.  ma.rgina.tus. 

Stamens  6,  with  yellow  anthers;  capsule  mucronate.  18.  J.  longistylis. 

Stem  creeping,  floating,  or  ascending;  capsule  subulate.  19.  J,  repens. 

2.  LEAF-BLADE  NOT  TRANSVERSELY  FLATTENED,  COMMONLY  TERETE,  HOLLOW,   PROVIDED 
WITH  SEPTA. 

*  Leaf -blade  usually  channeled  along  the  upper  side;  septa  usually  imperfect,  not  externally  evi- 
dent; inflorescence  of  1-4  heads;  plants  of  arctic  or  alpine  range.     ALPINI. 
Body  of  the  seed  l/2U  in  length  or  more. 

Leaf-sheath  not  auriculate.  20.  J.  castaneus. 

Leaf-sheath  auriculate.  21.  J.  stygius. 

Body  of  the  seed  less  than  %"  in  length. 

Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  foliose,  erect;  capsule  deeply  retuse  at  apex.  22.  J.  biglumis. 
Lowest  leaf  of  inflorescence  membranous,  spreading;  capsule  obtuse  and  mucronate  at  the 

apex.  23.  J.  triglumis. 

^^f  Leaf -blade  not  channeled  along  the  upper  side  (except  in  J.  bulbosus),  the  septa  perfect  (ex- 
cept in  J.  polycephalus),  and  usually  externally  evident;  inflorescence,  except  in  depauper- 
ate specimens,  of  several  to  many  heads;  plants  not  of  arctic-alpine  range.  SEPTATI. 

t  Stamens  6,  one  opposite  each  perianth-part. 

Heads  reduced  to  one,  or  rarely  two  flowers.  24.  J.  pelocarpus. 

Heads  2-many-flowered. 

Epidermis  not  roughened. 

Plants  with  two  kinds  of  leaves,  one  normal,  the  other  basal,  submersed,  and  capillary. 
Plant  low,  less  than  10'  high.  25.  J.  bulbosus. 

Plant  tall,  more  than  10'  high.  26.  J.  militaris. 

Plants  without  submersed  capillary  leaves.  • 

Capsule  oblong,  either  abruptly  acuminate  or  bluntly  acute. 

Branches  widely  spreading;  capsule  sharply  acute,  tapering  into  a  conspicuous 

point.  27.  J.  articulatus. 

Branches  usually  strict;  capsule  broadly  acute,  or  obtuse,  with  a  short  point. 

28.  J.  Richardsonianus. 
Capsule  subulate. 

Leaf -blades  erect;  inner  perianth-parts  longer  than  the  outer.  29.  J.  nodosus. 

Leaf-blades  abruptly  divergent  from  the  stem;  outer  perianth-parts  longer  than  the 

inner.  30.  J.  Torreyi. 

Epidermis  of  the  leaves  roughened  with  minute  tubercles.  31.  J.  Caesariensis. 

tt  Stamens  3,  none  opposite  the  inner  perianth-parts. 

Capsule  less  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth.  32.  J.  brachy corpus. 

Capsule  more  than  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth. 

Capsule  tapering  evenly  into  a  prominent  subulate  beak. 

Leaf-blade  vertically  flattened  and  with  incomplete  septa,  only  rarely  compressed  and  with 
complete  septa.  33.  J.  polycephalus. 

Leaf-blade  terete  or  nearly  so,  the  septa  complete. 

Uppermost  cauline  leaf  with  a  well-developed  blade.  34.  J.  scirpoides. 

Uppermost  cauline  leaf  with  a  rudimentary  blade  rarely  exceeding  i'  in  length. 

35-  J-  megacephaliis. 

Capsule  obtuse  to  acute  at  the  apex,  sometimes  mucronate,  but  not  prolonged  into  a  beak. 
Seed  V-i"  long. 

Perianth  about  i"  long,  the  fruiting  head  not  more  than  2"  high.  36.  J.  brachycephalns. 
Perianth  i  ^"-2"  long,  or  if  shorter,  the  fruiting  head  2"  high  or  more.  37.  J.  Canadensis. 
Seed  £"-}<"  long. 

Perianth  and  mature  capsule  i"-2"  long. 

Perianth  i^"-2"  long,  or  if  less  the  whole  plant  not  20'  high.  38.  J.  acuminates. 
Perianth  i"-i#"  long,  the  whole  plant  more  than  20'  high.       39.  J.  robustus. 
Perianth  and  mature  capsules  2" -3"  long.  40.  J.  diffusissimus. 

i.   Juncus  effusus  L,.     Common  Rush.    Bog  Rush.    Soft  Rush.     (Fig.  919.) 

Juncus  effusus  L.  Sp.  PI.  326.      1753. 

Plant  i>^°-4°  high,  densely  tufted,  erect.  Root- 
stock  stout,  branching,  proliferous;  stem  soft, 
merely  striate  beneath  the  inflorescence;  basal  leaf- 
blades  reduced  to  filiform  rudiments;  inflorescence 
many-flowered,  i/-4/  high,  in  one  form  congested 
into  a  still  smaller  compact  cluster;  lowest  bract  of 
the  inflorescence  a'-io'  long,  much  shorter  than  the 
stem;  perianth  iff-i%"  long,  its  parts  green,  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate;  stamens  3,  the  anthers  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsule  obovoid,  3-celled,  muti- 
cous,  regularly  dehiscent;  seed  \'f-%"  in  length, 
obliquely  oblong,  reticulate  in  about  16  longitudi- 
nal rows,  the  reticulations  smooth  and  two  or  three 
times  broader  than  long. 

In  swamps  and  moist  places,  nearly  throughout 
North  America,  except  the  arid  and  high  northern  por- 
tions. Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 


383 


2.  Juncus  conglomerates  L.     Glomerate  Rush.     (Fig.  920.) 

Juncus  conglomeratus  L-  Sp.  PI.  326.      1753. 
Juncus  Leersii  Mars.  Fl.  Neu-Vorpom.  451.      1869. 

Plant  \°-2l/2°  high,  densely  tufted,  erect.  Root- 
stock  stout,  with  proliferous  branches;  stem  dis- 
tinctly ribbed  just  beneath  the  inflorescence;  leaf- 
blades  wanting  or  reduced  to  minute  filiform  rudi- 
ments; inflorescence  congested,  seldom  more  than 
io//  high;  lowest  bract  of  the  inflorescence  2/-6/ 
long,  much  shorter  than  the  stem;  perianth  iX//-2// 
long,  its  parts  green,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens 
3,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  nearly  as  long 
as  the  perianth,  obovoid,  obtuse  or  retuse  at  apex, 
tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style;  seed  \ff-%"  in 
length,  obliquely  oblong,  acute  or  abruptly  apiculate 
at  both  ends,  reticulate  in  about  16  longitudinal  rows, 
the  reticulations  smooth  and  two  or  three  times 
broader  than  long. 

In  the  sphagnum  bogs  of  Newfoundland.     Resembling  in  appearance  specimens  of  J.  effusus 
with  congested  inflorescence.    Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

3.  Juncus  filiformis  I,.     Thread  Rush.     (Fig.  921.) 

Juncus filiformis  L,.  Sp.  PI.  326.      1753. 

Perennial,  stems  4/-25/tall,  erect,  about  ]/?."  in  dia- 
meter, arising  from  a  creeping  rootstock;  basal  leaves 
reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths;  involucral  leaf  usually 
longer  than  the  stem;  inflorescence  rarely  with  more 
than  20  flowers  or  more  than  i'  high,  commonly  with 
less  than  8  flowers  and  less  than  iox/  high;  perianth 
iX"-!^"  long,  its  parts  nearly  equal,  green  with 
hyaline  margins,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the 
inner  obtuse;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  style 
very  short;  capsule  obovoid,  green,  barely  pointed, 
about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  perianth,  3-celled; 
seed  obliquely  oblong,  about  %"  long,  pointed  at 
either  end,  with  an  irregularly  wrinkled  coat,  seldom 
developing  reticulations. 

Labrador  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  the  mountains 
of  Pennsylvania,  to  Michigan,  and  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  Utah  and  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.   Juncus  gymnocarpus  Coville.     Pennsylvania  Rush.     (Fig.  922.) 

Juncus  Smithii  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  444. 

1866.      Not  Kunth,  1841. 
J.  gymnocarpus  Coville,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  106.   1894. 

Stems  erect,  i°-2)4°  high,  about  i"  thick,  arising 
at  intervals  from  a  creeping  proliferous  rootstock 
about  i  yzff  in  diameter;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  blade- 
less  clasping  sheaths;  panicle  commonly  7//-i5//  high, 
spreading,  its  subtending  leaf  usually  4/-IC/  long; 
perianth  \"  in  length  or  a  little  less,  its  parts  with  a 
green  midrib,  equal,  lanceolate,  the  outer  acute,  the 
inner  obtuse;  stamens  6,  nearly  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth, the  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule 
almost  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth,  broadly  ovoid, 
conspicuously  mucronate,  brown  and  shining,  barely 
dehiscent,  3-celled;  seed  obliquely  obovoid  or  oblong, 
somewhat  misshapen  by  compression  in  the  capsule, 
about  Ys"  long,  none  with  perfect  markings  seen. 

In  swamps,  mountains  of  Schuylkill  and  Lebanon 
•counties,  Pennsylvania. 

25 


JUNCACEAE. 

5.  Juncus  Balticus  Willd.     Baltic  Rush. 
(Fig.  923.) 

Juncus  Balticus  Willd.  Berlin  Mag.  3:  298.      1809. 

Stems  erect,  8/-36/  high,  ^//-iX//  thick,  arising 
at  intervals  from  a  stout  creeping  rootstock  I//-I^/A 
thick;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless  sheaths; 
panicle  commonly  i/-2^/  high;  perianth  i^//-2X//r 
long,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acute,  or  the  inner  some- 
times obtuse,  nearly  equal,  brown  with  a  green  mid- 
rib and  hyaline  margins;  style  yzff-\ff  long;  stigmas 
a  little  shorter;  stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  the 
length  of  the  perianth;  anthers  about  fy/f  in  length, 
much  longer  than  the  filaments;  capsule  about  as 
long  as  the  perianth,  pale  to  dark  brown,  narrowly 
ovoid,  conspicuously  mucronate,  3-celled;  seeds 
usually  with  a  loose  coat,  nearly  */?."  long,  oblong 
to  narrowly  obovoid,  oblique,  about  4o-striate. 

On  shores,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  southern  New  York, 
Ohio  and  Nebraska;  far  south  in  the  western  moun- 
tains. Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Variable. 

6.  Juncus  Roemerianus  Scheele.     Roemer's  Rush.     (Fig.  924.) 

Juncus  Roemerianus  Scheele,  Linnaea,  22:  348.      1849. 

Stems  2o/-4°  tall,  erect,  arising  singly  from  a 
tough  scaly  horizontal  rootstock  2J^//-5//  thick; 
inner  sheaths  bearing  erect  blades  of  about  the 
same  length  as  the  stem;  inflorescence  2^/-6/ 
high,  diffusely  spreading,  its  leaf  4/-io/  long; 
heads  2-6-flowered;  perianth  pale  brown,  \"-\^" 
long,  the  parts  linear-oblong,  the  outer  acuminate, 
the  inner  shorter  and  bluntly  acute;  flowers  imper- 
fectly dioecious;  stamens  6,  on  fertile  plants  re- 
duced to  sterile  staminodia;  capsule  brown,  about 
as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowly  obovoid,  obtuse 
or  truncate,  mucronate,  3-celled;  placenta  very 
thick  and  spongy,  about  one-third  as  broad  as  the 
valve;  seed  dark  brown,  X//~^//  l°ng>  obovoid, 
abruptly  apiculate,  indistinctly  reticulate  or  dis- 
tinctly 2o-26-ribbed  and  the  intervening  spaces  im- 
perfectly cross-lined. 

In  brackish  marshes,  New  Jersey  to  Texas.  Long 
confused  by  American  authors  with  the  following  species. 

7.   Juncus  maritimus  Lam.     Sea  Rush.      (Fig.  925.) 

Juncus  maritimus  Lam.  Encycl.  3:  264.      1789. 

Stems  2o/-4o/  high,  i//-2//  thick,  erect  from  a  stout 
horizontal  rootstock.  Outer  basal  leaves  reduced  to 
bladeless  sheaths,  the  innermost  foliose,  with  a  long 
terete  stout  blade  about  equalling  the  stem;  leaf  of  the 
inflorescence  erect,  sometimes  i°  long,  sometimes 
barely  exceeding  the  panicle;  panicle  3/-8/  high,  its 
branches  stiff,  erect;  heads  2-6-flowered;  perianth 
i^//-i^//  long.its  parts  green,  lanceolate,  with  hya- 
line margins,  the  outer  acuminate,  the  inner  a  little 
shorter;  flowers  perfect;  stamens  6,  two-thirds  as  long 
as  the  perianth ;  filaments  about  as  long  as  the  anthers;, 
capsule  i^//-i^//  long,  narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  mu- 
cronate, brown  above,  3-celled,  with  thin  placentae; 
seed  brown,  about  y^"  long,  the  body  narrowly  and 
obliquely  oblong,  about  y$,"  in  length,  2o-3O-ribbed, 
indistinctly  reticulate,  tailed  at  either  end. 

Coney  Island,  New  York.  Common  on  the  coasts  of 
the  eastern  hemisphere. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 


385 


Toad  Rush.     (Fig.  926.) 


8.  Juncus  bufonius  L,. 

Juncus  bufonius  L,.  Sp.  PI.  328.      1753. 

Plant  branching  from  the  base,  annual,  erect,  sel- 
dom exceeding  S/  in  height,  the  stems  in  large  plants 
with  i  or  2  leaves  below  the  inflorescence;  leaf-blade 
flat,  X//~X//  wide,  in  low  plants  often  much  narrower 
and  filiform-involute;  inflorescence  about  one-half  as 
high  as  the  plant,  with  blade-bearing  leaves  at  the 
lower  nodes;  flowers  inserted  singly  on  its  branches, 
in  one  form  fasciculate;  perianth-parts  2//-3>£//  long, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  equal;  stamens  usually  6, 
sometimes  3,  seldom  half  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  about  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  narrowly  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, mucronate,  3-celled;  seed  broadly  oblong,  with 
straight  tips,  l/f,"-%/f  l°ng>  minutely  reticulate  in 
30-40  longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  broader  than  long. 

A  cosmopolitan  species,  occurring  throughout  North 
America, except  the  extreme  north,  and  frequenting  dried- 
up  pools,  borders  of  streams  and  roadsides  in  clayey  soil. 

9.  Juncus  trifidus  L,.     Highland  Rush.     (Fig.  927.) 

Juncus  trifidits  L.  Sp.  PI.  326.      1753. 

Densely  tufted,  4/-i2/  high;  stems  closely  set  on  a 
stout  rootstock,  erect,  about  X/x  thick;  basal  leaves 
reduced  to  almost  bladeless  sheaths,  the  uppermost 
with  a  rudimentary  blade  and  fimbriate  auricles;  stem 
leaf  i,  inserted  near  the  inflorescence,  with  a  narrower 
slender,  flat  or  involute  blade;  inflorescence  a  cluster 
of  1-3  flowers,  the  lowest  subtending  bract  similar  to 
the  stem  leaf,  the  succeeding  one  much  smaller  or 
wanting;  perianth  dark  brown,  i}^//-i^//  long;  sta- 
mens 6;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  filaments;  capsule 
equalling  the  perianth,  coriaceous,  3-celled,  obovoid 
with  a  conspicuously  mucronate-aristate  top;  seeds 
few,  narrowly  obovoid,  acute  at  the  base,  irregularly 
angled,  minutely  striate  both  longitudinally  and  trans- 
versely. 

Greenland  and  Labrador,  south  on  the  higher  moun- 
tains of  New  England  and  New  York  to  Sam's  Point, 
N.  Y.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. 

10.  Juncus  Gerardi  Lois.     Black-grass.     (Fig.  928.) 

Juncus  Gerardi  Lois.  Journ.  de  Bot.  2:  284.      1809. 

Tufted,  8/-28/  high,  with  creeping  rootstocks. 
Basal  leaves  with  rather  loosely  clasping  auriculate 
sheaths,  the  long  blades  flat,  or  when  dry  involute;  i 
or  2  cauline  leaves  usually  present,  similar  to  the 
basal;  inflorescence  paniculate,  sometimes  exceeded 
by  its  lowest  bract;  panicle  erect,  strict  or  slightly 
spreading;  perianth  i//-i^v/  long,  its  parts  oblong, 
obtuse,  with  green  midrib  and  broad  dark  brown 
margins,  straw-colored  in  age;  stamens  6,  barely  ex- 
ceeded by  the  perianth;  anthers  much  longer  than 
the  filaments;  capsule  one-fourth  to  one-half  longer 
than  the  perianth,  obovoid,  mucronate,  dark  brown, 
shining,  3-celled;  seed  dark  brown,  obovate,  acute  at 
base,  broadly  obtuse  and  often  depressed  at  the  sum- 
mit, marked  by  12-16  conspicuous  ribs,  the  interven- 
ing spaces  cross-lined. 

On  salt  meadows.  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  Florida;  rare 
in  western  New  York  and  the  vicinity  of  the  Great  Lakes. 
Occurs  also  on  the  northwest  coast,  and  in  Europe. 


386 


JUNCACEAE. 


ii.    Juncus  tenuis  Willd.     Slender  Rush.     Yard  Rush.      (Fig.  929.) 

Juncus  tenuis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  2:  214.      1799. 

Tufted,  8'-3o'  high;  basal  leaves  with  blades  %"- 
}£"  wide,  sometimes  involute  in  drying,  about  half 
the  height  of  the  stem;  stem  leaves  none;  inflorescence 
usually  much  exceeded  by  its  lowest  leaf,  4'  high  or 
less,  the  flowers  rarely  secund;  perianth  i%"-2%ff 
long,  its  parts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  exceeding  the 
capsule,  widely  divergent,  touching  the  capsule  for 
about  half  their  length;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments; 
capsule  oblong  to  obovoid,  rounded  at  the  top,  imper- 
fectly 3-celled;  seed  \f/-%"  long;  narrowly  oblong 
to  obovoid,  with  oblique  ends,  reticulated  in  about  16 
rows,  the  areolae  two  or  three  times  broader  than  long. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  especially  on  paths,  almost  through- 
out North  America,  now  migrating  to  all  parts  of  the  world. 
Variable. 

12.  Juncus  secundus  Beauv.     Secund  Rush.     (Fig.  930.) 

Juncus  secundus  Beauv.;  Poir.  Encycl.  Sup.  3:  160.     1813. 
Juncus  tenuis  var.  secundus  Engelm.  Trans.   St.  L,ouis 
Acad.  2:  450.      1866. 

Tufted,  6/-i6/  high;  leaves  usually  less  than  one- 
third  the  height  of  the  plant;  inflorescence  longer 
than  its  lowest  leaf  or  only  slightly  exceeded  by  it, 
io//-4/  high,  the  flowers  secund  on  the  usually  some- 
what incurved  branches;  perianth-parts  i%//-i%{// 
long,  equalling  or  barely  exceeding  the  capsule  and 
appressed  to  it  for  about  two-thirds  their  length,  often 
reddish  above;  stamens  6,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
the  perianth;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  3-sided  above 
the  middle  with  straight  sides  and  a  truncate  apex, 
completely  3-celled,  the  placentae  meeting  in  the  axis; 
seed  i//-i//  long,  narrowly  oblong  to  ovoid,  obliquely 
tipped,  with  12-16  longitudinal  rows  of  areolae  two  or 
three  times  broader  than  long. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  North  Caro- 
lina. Occasional  in  the  middle  Mississippi  Valley. 

13.  Juncus  Vaseyi  Engelm.     Vasey's  Rush.     (Fig.  931.) 

Juncus  Vaseyi  Engelm.   Trans.   St.    Louis  Acad.  2:  448. 
'   1866. 

Stems  erect,  tufted,  i°-2>^0  high,  %"  in  diameter 
or  less;  basal  leaves  with  minutely  auriculate  sheaths, 
the  uppermost  bearing  a  terete  channeled  blade  half 
to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  stem;  stem  leaves  none; 
inflorescence  i%'  m  height  or  less,  4-40- flowered,  the 
lowest  bract  usually  not  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
perianth  i  ^"-2"  long,  the  parts  subulate-lanceolate, 
with  hyaline  margins,  the  inner  slightly  shorter; 
stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  style  almost  want- 
ing; stigmas  short;  capsule  slightly  exceeding  the 
perianth,  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse  or  truncate,  with  a 
short  tip,  3-celled;  seed  long-tailed,  with  a  linear-ob- 
long oblique  body  about  %"  long,  2o-24-ribbed,  the 
intervening  spaces  with  faint  transverse  markings. 

Maine  and  Ontario  to  Michigan,  Illinois  and  Iowa. 


387 


(Fig.  932.) 


RUSH   FAMILY. 
14.  Juncus  Greenei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.     Greene's  Rush. 

Juncus  Greenei  Oakes  &  Tuckerm.  Am.  J.  Sci.  45:  37.  1843. 
Stems  erect,  densely  tufted,  8/-2^°  high,  Basal 
leaves  with  slender  terete  channeled  blades  one-half  or 
rarely  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  stem;  stem  leaves 
none,  or  a  single  one  below  the  inflorescence;  panicle 
io//-2o//  high,  rather  compact,  somewhat  umbelloid, 
much  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  perianth  iX//-IX// 
long,  its  parts  stiff,  lanceolate,  sharply  acute,  with 
brownish  red  stripes  and  apex,  the  inner  shorter;  sta- 
mens 6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  an- 
thers about  as  long  as  the  filaments;  style  and  stigmas 
very  short;  capsule  one-fourth  to  one-half  longer  than 
the  perianth,  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  truncate  at  the 
summit,  3-celled;  seed  obliquely  oblong,  \ff-%"  long, 
slightly  reticulated  in  about  20-24  rows,  the  areolae 
nearly  square. 

New  Brunswick  to  New  Jersey,  near  the  coast;  Michigan, 
Wisconsin,  Minnesota  and  Ontario. 

15.   Juncus  dichotomus  Ell.     Forked  Rush.     (Fig.  933.) 

Juncus  dichotomus  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  406.  1817. 
Closely  tufted,  i°-3°  high;  leaves  all  basal  ex- 
cept those  of  the  inflorescence;  sheaths  usually  red- 
dish, the  blades  terete,  channeled  along  the  upper 
side,  about  one-half  the  height  of  the  stem;  inflor- 
escence paniculate,  subsecund,  i}4/-3^/  high,  usu- 
ally exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  perianth  about 
2"  long,  its  parts  subulate-lanceolate,  green  when 
young,  straw-colored  when  old;  stamens  6,  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  anthers  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsule  slightly  shorter  than 
the  perianth,  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  i-celled, 
the  placentae  intruded  half  way  to  the  center;  seed 
oblong,  dark  brown,  obliquely  apiculate,  less  than 
%ff  long,  reticulate  in  about  14  longitudinal  rows, 
the  smooth  areolae  about  as  long  as  broad. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  to  Florida  and  Texas,  near  the 
coast. 


16.  Juncus  setaceus  Rostk.     Awl-leaved  Rush. 

Juncus  setaceus  Rostk.  Monog.  June.  13.  pi.  i.f.  2.  1801. 
Densely  tufted  from  stout  branching  rootstocks. 
Stems  terete,  spreading  and  recurved  above,  i,J^0-30 
long;  leaves  all  basal  except  those  of  the  inflores- 
cence, the  uppermost  sheath  usually  bearing  a  long 
terete  blade  similar  to  the  stem,  but  channeled;  the 
other  sheaths  with  filiform  blades  less  than  yz'  in 
length;  involucral  leaf  appearing  like  a  continua- 
tion of  the  stem,  4x-i0  long;  inflorescence  appearing 
lateral,  2'  long  or  less;  perianth  i//-2^//  long,  its 
parts  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rigid,  widely  divergent  in 
fruit;  stamens  6;  anthers  usually  longer  than  the  fila- 
ments; capsule  globose,  shining,  mucronate,  i-celled, 
with  intruded  placentae,  barely  dehiscent;  seed  sub- 
globose,  #//->£//  long,  reticulate  in  about  12  longi- 
tudinal rows,  the  areolae  large. 

In  marshes,  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Texas,  near  the 
coast,  extending  north  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  Mis- 


(Fig-  934-) 


388 


JUNCACEAE. 


17.  Juncus  marginatus  Rostk.     Grass-leaved  Rush.     (Fig.  935.) 

Juncus  marg-inatus'Rostk.  Monog.  June.  38.  pi.  2.f.  ?.  1801. 
Juncus  marginatus  var.  paucicapitatus  Engelm/  Trans. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  455.      1866. 

Steins  erect,  tufted,  (>'-T,O'  high  from  branching 
rootstocks,  somewhat  bulbous  at  the  base,  compressed, 
2-4-leaved.  Leaf-sheaths  auriculate;  blades  W-1%" 
broad,  2-4  conspicuous  veins  in  addition  to  the  mid- 
rib; inflorescence  4'  high  or  less,  the  panicle  com- 
posed of  2-20  turbinate  to  subspherical  5-io-flowered 
heads;  perianth  i^"-!^"  long,  the  outer  parts  ovate, 
acute,  the  inner  slightly  longer,  obovate,  obtuse,  with 
hyaline  margins;  stamens  3,  nearly  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth; anthers  ovate,  reddish  brown  when  dry,  much 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  equalling  the  peri- 
anth, obovoid,  truncate  or  retuse,  almost  3-celled,  the 
placentae  deeply  intruded;  seed  oblong,  \ff-%ff  long, 
pointed  at  either  end,  !2-i6-ribbed. 

Grassy  places,  Maine  to  Ontario,  Florida  and  Nebraska. 

Juncus  marginatus  aristulatus  (Michx.)  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  8:  123.      1893. 
Juncus  aristulatus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  192.      1803. 
Juncus  marginatus  var.  biflorus  Wood,  Classbook,  Ed.  2,  725.      1861. 

Taller,  sometimes  3^°  high;  leaf-blades  i"-2^"  broad;  heads  usually  20-100,  mostly  2-5-flow- 
ered.     New  York  to  Florida  and  Mexico,  mostly  near  the  coast;  Mississippi  Valley  to  Michigan. 

Juncus  marginatus  setosus  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  8:  124.      1893. 
Inner  perianth-parts  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  seeds  smaller.     Kansas  to  Mexico. 

18.  Juncus  longistylis  Torr.     I^ong-styled 
Rush.     (Fig.  936.) 

Juncus  longistylis  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  223.      1859. 

Stems  erect,  loosely  tufted,  8/~3O/  high,  rather  stiff, 
slender,  compressed,  i-3-leaved,  the  leaves  mostly  below 
the  middle.  Leaf  blades  ^"-lY^"  wide,  acute,  striate, 
the  midrib  well  defined;  inflorescence  2'  high  or  less, 
usually  of  2-10  irregular  3-8-flowered  heads,  or  reduced 
to  a  single  larger  one;  perianth  2^//-3//  long,  the  parts 
equal,  brown,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  hyaline  mar- 
gins; stamens  6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long'  as  the  peri- 
anth, the  yellow  linear  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments; 
style  about  Y^'  long;  stigmas  i//-i^//  long;  capsule 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  oblong,  brown,  angled  above, 
obtuse  or  depressed  at  the  summit,  mucronate,  3-celled; 
seed  oblong,  white-tipped,  about  ]i"  long,  i4-2o-ribbed. 

Western  Nebraska  and  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. 

19.  Juncus  repens  Michx.     Creeping  Rush.     (Fig.  937.) 

Juncus  repens  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  191.      1803. 

Perennial  by  prostrate  rooting  branches;  stems  tufted, 
compressed,  ascending,  floating  or  prostrate,  2/-2O/  long. 
Leaves  with  compressed  sheaths  io//  in  length,  auricu- 
late, the  blades  I'-^X'  l°ng>  ^"-i"  broad,  filiform-acu- 
minate; inflorescence  of  1-8  heads,  one  or  more  heads 
often  occurring  also  at  the  lower  nodes;  heads  5-10- 
flowered;  flowers  3//-5//  long,  the  outermost  slightly 
recurved;  perianth -parts  subulate-lanceolate,  the  outer 
keeled,  about  one-third  shorter  than  the  inner;  stamens 
3,  half  to  one  third  the  length  of  the  perianth;  filaments 
longer  than  the  yellow  anthers;  capsule  subulate,  beak- 
less,  about  as  long  as  the  outer  perianth-parts,  3-celled, 
the  valves  membranous,  breaking  away  from  the  axis  in 
dehiscence;  seed  oblong,  acute  at  either  end,  i//-i// 
long,  finely  reticulate  in  25-40  longitudinal  rows. 

In  swamps  and  streams,  Delaware  to  Florida,  Cuba  and 
Texas,  and  in  I,ower  California. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 

20.   Juncus  castaneus  Smith.     Chestnut  Rush. 

(Fig.  938.) 


389 


Clustered  Alpine  Rush. 


Juncus  castaneus  Smith,  Fl.  Brit,  i:  383.      1800. 

Stems  erect,  4/-2O/  high,  terete,  leafless,  or  with  a 
single  leaf,  arising  singly  from  a  slender  rootstock. 
Basal  leaves  3-5,  the  outer  sheaths  short,  loose,  the 
inner  clasping,  sometimes  4'  long,  not  auriculate, 
their  blades  tapering  from  an  involute-tubular  base  to 
a  slender  channeled  acutish  apex;  inflorescence  strict, 
usually  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract,  the  other  bracts 
membranous  and  mostly  equalling  the  flowers;  heads 
1-3,  3- 1 2 -flowered;  pedicels  Y^'-i'/i"  long;  perianth 
brown  or  black,  2//~3X//  long,  its  parts  lanceolate, 
acute;  stamens  nearly  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers 
about  Yy."  long;  capsule  brown,  paler  toward  the  base, 
1^-2  times  as  long  as  the  perianth,  narrowly  oblong, 
tapering  to  an  acute  summit,  imperfectly  3-celled; 
seed  iX//f-2//  l°ng,  contracted  into  long  slender  tails, 
the  body  about  yz"  long. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.     In  Europe  and  Asia . 

21.   Juncus  stygius  L,.     Moor  Rush.     (Fig.  939.) 

Juncus  stygius  L.  Syst.  Nat.  Ed.  10,  2:  987.      1759. 
J>  stygius  var.  Americanus  Buch.  in  Engler,  Bot.  Jahrb.  12: 
393.    1890. 

Rootstock  none;  stems  $'-1°  high,  single,  or  few 
together,  erect,  i-3-leaved  below,  leafless  above;  leaf- 
sheaths  5//-io//  long,  clasping,  nerved,  auriculate; 
blades  erect  or  nearly  so,  io//-4/  long,  slightly  com- 
pressed, channeled  on  the  upper  side,  tapering  to  a 
blunt  point;  inflorescence  of  1-4  heads;  heads  1-4- flow- 
ered; lowest  bract  usually  exceeding  the  flowers;  peri- 
anth i)4//-z}4//  long,  pale,  its  parts  lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
equal,  with  membranous  margins,  obtuse  or  acute; 
stamens  half  as  long  as  the  perianth  or  more;  anthers 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  3//~4// 
long,  pale  brown,  spindle-shaped,  acute,  mucronate, 
3-celled  below,  few-seeded;  seed  spindle-shaped,  i%f/- 
i)4//  long,  with  a  loose  coat,  the  body  about  %"  long, 
narrowed  into  thick  tails. 

Newfoundland  to  Maine,  northern  New  York,  Michigan 
and  Minnesota;  also  in  British  Columbia  and  Europe. 

22.   Juncus  biglumis  I,.     Two-flowered  Rush.     (Fig.  940.) 

Juncus  biglumis  L.  Sp.  PI.  328.      1753. 

Stems  i/-8/  high,  loosely  tufted  on  a  branched  root- 
stock,  erect,  nearly  terete.  Leaves  1-5,  all  basal,  the 
outermost  sheath  usually  4"  long  or  less,  the  inner- 
most sometimes  much  longer,  inconspicuously  or  not 
at  all  auriculate,  the  blades  nearly  terete;  inflores- 
cence a  capitate  cluster  of  1-4  flowers,  its  lowest 
bract  erect,  foliose,  green  with  brown  membranous 
margins  below;  perianth  ij£//-i^//long,  dark  brown, 
its  parts  membranous,  oblong,  obtuse,  nearly  equal; 
stamens  equalling  the  perianth;  anthers  linear-oblong; 
capsule  longer  than  the  perianth,  cylindric-oblong, 
3-sided,  retuse  at  the  summit,  with  3  keeled 
shoulders,  purplish  black,  or  with  purple-mar- 
gined valves,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed  /^//~t//  l°ng, 
fusiform,  the  body  narrowed  into  short  stout  tails. 

Baffin  Bay  to  Alaska  and  British  Columbia.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia. 


390 


JUNCACEAE. 


23.  Juncus  triglumis  L,.     Three-flowered  Rush.     (Fig.  941.) 

Juncus  triglumis  L.  Sp.  PI.  328.      1753. 

Stems  3/-y/  high,  loosely  tufted  on  a  branched  root- 
stock,  erect,  terete.  Leaves  1-5,  all  basal,  with  sheaths 
clasping  and  conspicuously  auriculate,  the  blades  sub- 
terete,  blunt,  Xx/  in  diameter,  usually  less  than  half 
the  height  of  the  plant;  inflorescence  a  capitate  clus- 
ter of  1-5  (usually  3)  flowers,  the  lowest  2  or  3  bracts 
nearly  equal,  divergent,  about  as  long  as  the  flowers, 
usually  brown,  obtuse  and  membranous;  perianth 
i^//-2//  long,  its  parts  oblong- lanceolate,  obtuse;  sta- 
mens nearly  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers  linear, 
short;  capsule  about  equalling  the  perianth,  oblong, 
obtuse,  mucronate,  3-angled,  imperfectly  3-celled;  seed 
about  ix/  long,  its  body  oblong,  abruptly  contracted 
into  long  slender  tails. 

Labrador  and  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

24.   Juncus  pelocarpus  E.  Meyer.     Brownish-fruited  Rush.     (Fig.  942.) 
Juncus  pelocarpus  E.  Meyer,  Syn.  Lux..  30.      1823.  ( 

Rootstock  slender;  stems  3/-2o/  high,  i-5-leaved; 
basal  leaves  2-4,  with  loose  auriculate  sheaths,  mostly 
with  slender  terete  blades  seldom  exceeding  5'  in 
length;  stem  leaves  1-5,  similar  to  the  basal;  inflores- 
cence 4/  in  height  or  less;  secondary  panicles  rarely 
produced  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  panicle 
loose,  with  distant  heads  of  I  or  sometimes  2 
flowers;  perianth  |^//-iX//  long»  tlie  parts  linear- 
oblong,  green  to  reddish-green,  obtuse  or  the  inner 
sometimes  acute,  the  outer  usually  the  shorter, 
all  of  them  frequently  modified  into  rudimentary 
leaves;  stamens  6,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  slightly  exceeding  the  filaments; 
style  commonly  X"  afld  stigmas  i"  Iqng;  capsule 
subulate-linear,  its  slender  beak  exceeding  the  peri- 
anth, i-celled;  seed  oblong  to  obovoid,  \"-%"  long, 
reticulate  in  about  24  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 

Newfoundland  to  New  Jersey  and  Minnesota. 

Juncus  pelocarpus  subtilis  (E.  Meyer)  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  456. 
Juncus  subtilis  E.  Meyer,  Syn.  Luz.  31.     1823. 

Much  smaller,  depressed,  i-few-flowered.     Northern  Maine  and  adjacent  Canada. 

25.   Juncus  bulbosus  I,.     Bulbous  Rush.     (Fig.  943.) 
Juncus  bulbosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  327.      1753. 

Tufted,  2/-8/  high;  stems  erect,  or  procumbent  and 
rooting  at  the  joints,  usually  bulbous.  Leaves  of  two 
kinds,  the  basal  mostly  submersed,  filiform,  the  caul- 
ine  stouter,  all  with  auriculate  sheaths  10"  long  or  less, 
the  septa  of  the  blades  inconspicuous;  panicle  of  i-io 
heads;  heads  top-shaped  to  hemispheric,  4-i5-flowered, 
some  of  the  flowers  often  transformed  into  tufts  of  small 
leaves;  perianth  il/$"-i}4//\ong,  its  parts  nearly  equal, 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  brown,  or  with  a  green  mid- 
rib; stamens  3,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  anthers  a 
little  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  narrowly  ob- 
long, obtuse,  mucronate,  slightly  exceeding  the  peri- 
anth, brown  above,  i-celled;  seed  narrowly  oblong, 
about  X"  l°ng.  acute  at  base,  obtuse  and  apiculate 
above,  25~3O-ribbed. 

Labrador  and  Newfoundland.     Common  in  Europe. 


1866. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 
26.   Juncus  militaris  Bigel.     Bayonet  Rush. 

Juncus  miliiaris  Bigel.  Fl.  Bost.  Ed.  2,  139.      1824. 

Stems  2ox-4°  high,  erect,  stout,  \W-$"  thick  below, 
arising  from  a  stout  rootstock.  Leaves  of  two  kinds, 
the  submersed  borne  in  dense  fascicles  on  the  root- 
stock  and  developing  filiform,  nodose  blades  some- 
times 20X  long;  basal  leaves  reduced  to  loose  bladeless 
sheaths,  sometimes  io/  long;  stem  leaves  i  or  2,  the 
lower  with  a  long  stout  terete  blade  i//-2//  thick  at 
the  base,  the  upper,  when  present,  reduced  to  a  blade- 
less  sheath;  inflorescence  3/-6/  high,  its  bracts  with 
obsolete  blades;  heads  top-shaped  to  semiglobose,  6- 
12-flowered;  perianth  i1/^"-^"  long,  its  parts  nar- 
rowly linear-subulate,  the  inner  longer  than  the  outer; 
stamens  6,  nearly  as  long;  anthers  slightly  exceeding 
the  filaments;  capsule  ovoid,  acuminate,  beaked,  i- 
celled,  few-seeded,  about  equalling  perianth;  seed 
obovoid,  about  }^'f  long,  reticulated  in  about  24  rows. 

Shallow  margins  of  lakes,  ponds  or  streams,  Nova 
Scotia  to  northern  New  York  and  Maryland. 


391 


(Fig.  944.) 


27. 


Jointed  Rush. 


Juncus  articulatus  L,. 
(Fig.  945.) 

Juncus  articulatus  L-  Sp.  PI.  327.      1753. 

Rootstock  branching;  stems  erect  or  ascending,  8'- 
2°  high,  tufted,  somewhat  compressed,  2-4-leaved; 
basal  blade-bearing  leaves  only  i  or  2,  usually  dying 
early;  stem  leaves  with  rather  loose  sheaths  and  con- 
spicuously septate  blades;  inflorescence  rarely  exceed- 
ing 4'  in  height,  its  branches  spreading;  heads  hemi- 
spheric to  top-shaped,  6- 12- flowered;  perianth  \"-\l/z'f 
long,  the  parts  nearly  equal,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
reddish  brown  with  a  green  midrib  or  green  through- 
out; stamens  6,  one-half  to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule 
longer  than  the  perianth,  brown,  3-angled,  sharply 
acute,  tapering  into  a  conspicuous  tip,  i-celled;  seed 
oblong-obovoid,  about  Xx/  l°ng>  reticulate  in  about 
16-20  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross-lined. 
Labrador  to  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Michigan  and  British  Columbia.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
On  ballast  ground  about  Philadelphia  and  Camden  a  form  occurs  with  obtuse  perianth-parts  and 


broadly  acute  capsules,  apparently  introduced. 

28.  Juncus  Richardsonianus  Schult. 

/.  Richardsonianus  Schult.  in  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  201.  1829. 
funcus  alpinus  var.  insignis  Fries;  Engelm.  Trans.  St. 

Louis  Acad.  2:  458.      1866. 

Stems  erect,  6/-2o/  high  in  loose  tufts,  from  creeping 
rootstocks,  i-2-leaved;  stem  leaf  or  leaves  usually  borne 
below  the  middle;  panicle  2^'-S/  high,  sparse,  its 
branches  strict  or  slightly  spreading;  heads  3-i2-flow- 
ered;  perianth  i//-i^//  long,  the  inner  parts  shorter 
than  the  outer,  obtuse,  usually  purplish  toward  the 
apex,  the  three  outer  paler,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  acute; 
stamens  6,  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  ovoid- 
oblong,  slightly  exceeding  the  perianth,  straw-color  or 
brown,  broadly  acute  or  obtuse,  with  a  short  tip;  seed 
about  %"  in  length,  narrowly  obovoid  to  oblong, 
apiculate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  base,  lightly  reti- 
culate in  about  20  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross-lined. 

Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Pennsylvania, 
Nebraska  and  Washington. 


Richardson's  Rush.     (Fig.  946.) 


392 


JUNCACEAE. 
29.  Juncus  nodosus  L,.     Knotted  Rush.     (Fig.  947.) 

Juncus  nodosus  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  466.      1762. 

Stems  6/-2°  high,  erect,  arising  singly  from  tuber- 
like  thickenings  of  a  slender,  nearly  scaleless  root- 
stock;  stem  leaves  2-4,  and  like  the  basal  ones 
with  long  erect  blades,  the  upper  overtopping  the 
inflorescence;  panicle  shorter  than  its  lowest  bract, 
seldom  exceeding  2^',  bearing  1-30  heads;  heads 
spherical,  several-many-flowered,  3^//-6//  in  di- 
ameter; perianth  \\"-i^rf  long,  its  parts  lanceo- 
late-subulate, usually  reddish  brown  above,  the 
inner  longer  than  the  outer;  stamens  6,  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  anthers  equalling  the 
filaments;  capsule  lanceolate-subulate,  3-sided,  i- 
celled,  exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  oblong,  acute 
below,  apiculate  above,  rarely  more  than  \"  long, 
reticulate  in  20-30  rows,  the  areolae  finely  cross- 
lined. 

Nova  Scotia  to  Virginia,  Nebraska  and  British  Colum- 
bia. Also  in  Nevada. 

30.  Juncus  Torreyi  Coville.     Torrey's  Rush.     (Fig.  948.) 

Juncus  Torreyi  Coville,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  22:  303.    1895. 
J.  nodosus  var.  megacephalus  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  326.     1843. 
funcus  megacephalus  Wood,  Bot.  Ed.  2,  724.      1861.     Not 

jr.  megacephalus  M.  A.  Curtis,  1835. 

Stems  &'-4o'  high;  rootstock  slender,  with  tuberi- 
form  thickenings  at  intervals  of  a  few  centimeters, 
each  supporting  a  single  stem;  stem  stout,  i-4-leaved; 
blade  stout,  terete,  5"-i'  thick,  abruptly  divergent 
from  the  stem;  inflorescence  congested,  consisting  of 
1-20  heads,  exceeded  by  its  lowest  bract;  heads  ^''-S" 
in  diameter;  perianth  2//-2>£//  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
the  outer  longer  than  the  inner;  stamens  6,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule  subulate,  3-sided, 
i-celled,  its  beak  %"-%"  long,  exceeding  the  peri- 
anth and  holding  the  valves  together  throughout  de- 
hiscence;  seed  \"-%"  in  length,  oblong,  acute  at 
both  ends,  reticulate  in  about  20  longitudinal  rows,  the 
areolae  finely  cross-lined. 

Western  New  York  to  Texas  and  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Juncus  Caesariensis  Coville.     New  Jersey  Rush.     (Fig.  949.) 

/.  Caesariensis  Coville,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  106.      1894. 
Juncus  asper  Engelm.   Trans.   St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  478. 

1868.      Not  Sauz6,  1864. 

Stems  2o/-4o/  high,  stout,  erect,  i%"  in  thickness, 
slightly  roughened;  basal  leaves  few,  the  uppermost, 
like  the  cauline,  with  inconspicuously  articulate 
sheaths  and  long  erect  terete  roughened  blades;  inflor- 
escence i/-4/  high,  with  spreading  branches,  its  low- 
est bract  with  a  small  blade  sometimes  ij^'  long; 
heads  2-5-flowered;  perianth  2//-2>£//  long,  the  parts 
lanceolate-acuminate,  stiff,  green,  striate,  the  inner 
longer  than  the  outer;  stamens  6,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  filaments  about  equalling  the  an- 
thers; style  and  stigmas  long;  capsule  lanceolate-ob- 
long, 3-sided,  mucronate-acuminate,  incompletely 
3 -celled;  seed  tailed  at  both  ends,  altogether  about  i" 
long,  the  body  about  §"  long,  closely  striate,  almost 
devoid  of  transverse  lines. 

Sandy  swamps  of  southern  New  Jersey. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 


393 


32.   Juncus  brachycarpus  Engelm. 

Juncus  brachy carp-its  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2: 

467.      1868. 

Rootstocks  bearing  1-6  stems;  stems  erect,  8/-^6/ 
high,  terete,  i-4-leaved;  blades  terete,  i//  thick  or 
less,  seldom  exceeding  6/  in  length,  the  upper  much 
shorter;  inflorescence  sometimes  4'  high  and  with  20 
spherical  heads,  or  smaller  and  even  reduced  to  a 
single  head;  perianth  iX//~2// long,  its  parts  subulate, 
the  inner  about  three-fourths  as  long  as  the  outer; 
stamens  3,  about  half  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth,  oblong, 
acute,  mucronate,  i-celled,  dehiscent  through  the  tip; 
seed  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  about  \"  long,  reticu- 
late in  about  18  longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  smooth 
and  nearly  square. 

Southern  Ontario,  through  the  Mississippi  Valley  to 
Oklahoma,  Texas  and  Mississippi;  also  from  North  Caro- 
lina to  Maryland. 


Short-fruited  Rush. 


950.) 


33- 


Juncus  polycephalus  Michx.     Many-headed  Rush.     (Fig.  951.) 

Juncus  polycephalus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  192.    1803. 
Juncus  scirpoides  vox.  polycephalus  Engelm.  Trans. 

St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  468.     1868. 
Juncus  Engelmanni  Buch.  Krit.  Verz.  June.  67.    1880. 

Stem  stout,  about  3°  high,  compressed,  2-4- 
leaved.  Leaves  2O/  in  length  or  less,  the  upper 
shorter;  blades  vertically  flattened,  i^//-4// broad, 
the  septa  incomplete,  or  the  blades  rarely  narrower, 
merely  compressed,  and  with  complete  septa;  in- 
florescence 3/^/-i2/  high,  its  leaves  with  nearly 
obsolete  blades;  heads  globose,  3X//~5//  *n  diam- 
eter; perianth  i^//-2//  long,  its  parts  subulate; 
stamens  3,  one-half  to  three-fourths  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  cap- 
sule subulate,  i-celled,  exceeding  the  perianth, 
the  valves  remaining  united  by  the  slender  beak, 
their  margins  finally  involute;  seed  narrowly  ob- 
long, about  X/x  l°ng.  acute  at  each  end,  with 
nearly  straight  tips,  reticulate  in  about  12  rows, 
the  areolae  smooth. 

In  swamps,  Virginia?  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

34.   Juncus  scirpoides  Lam.     Scirpus-like  Rush. 

Juncus  scirpoides  Lam.  Encycl.  Meth.  Bot.  3:  267.      1789. 
Juncus  scirpoides  var.  macrostemon  Engelm.  Trans.  St. 
Louis  Acad.  2:  467.      1868. 

Stems  8'-3°  high,  erect,  terete,  in  clusters  from 
short,  horizontal  rootstocks.  Stem  leaves  1-3;  blades 
terete,  \"  thick  or  less,  usually  less  than  4'  long,  the 
septa  perfect;  basal  leaves  similar,  but  with  longer 
blades;  inflorescence  strict  or  slightly  spreading, 
sometimes  6'  in  length;  heads  2-30,  either  simple, 
globose,  3//-4//  in  diameter  in  flower,  and  4//~5/^//  in 
fruit,  or  lobed,  and  of  slightly  greater  diameter;  peri- 
anth iX//-i^//  long,  its  parts  subulate,  the  inner 
somewhat  shorter;  stamens  equalling  the  inner  peri- 
anth-parts, the  short  anthers  exserted  at  the  mouth  of 
the  perianth;  capsule  subulate,  i -celled,  its  long  beak 
exceeding  the  perianth;  seed  oblong,  abruptly  apicu- 
late  at  either  end,  \ff-%"  long,  reticulate  in  14-20 
longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 

New  York  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 


(Fig.  952.) 


394 


JUNCACEAE. 


35.  Juncus  megacephalus  M.  A.  Curtis.     Carolina  Rush.     (Fig.  953.) 

Juncus  megacephalus  M.  A.  Curtis,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist. 

i:  132.      1835. 
Juncus  scirpoides  var.  echinatus  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  2:  468.      1868. 

Stems  i°-3°  high,  tufted  from  a  branching  root- 
stock,  stout,  2-3-leaved.  Leaves  with  auricled  sheaths, 
the  blades  of  the  basal  S/  long  or  less,  those  of  the 
stem  with  successively  shorter  blades,  the  uppermost 
rarely  10"  in  length;  inflorescence  6X  high  or  less,  its 
lowest  leaf  almost  bladeless,  the  others  scarious;  pan- 
icle of  1-40  heads;  heads  spherical,  4//-6//  in  diameter; 
perianth  i^//-i^//  long,  its  parts  subulate,  the  outer 
longer  than  the  inner;  stamens  3,  half  to  two-thirds 
the  length  of  the  inner  perianth-parts;  anthers  in- 
cluded, shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule  subulate, 
beaked,  equalling  the  perianth,  3-sided,  i-celled;  seed 
oblong,  1//-J4//  long,  acute  at  either  end,  reticulate  i« 
12-14  rows,  the  areolae  smooth. 

Virginia  ?  North  Carolina  to  Florida. 
36.  Juncus  brachycephalus  (Engelm.)  Buch.  Small-headed  Rush.  (Fig.  954.) 

Juncus  brachycephalus  Buch.  in  Engler,  Bot.  Jahrb.  12: 

268.      1890. 
Juncus  Canadensis  var.  brachycephalus  Engelm.  Trans. 

St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  474.      1868. 

Stems  i°-2j^°  high,  tufted  from  a  branching  root- 
stock,  erect  or  occasionally  reclining  and  rooting  at 
the  nodes,  2-4-leaved;  leaves  all  with  well  developed 
blades,  the  lower  commonly  4/-8/  long;  inflorescence 
commonly  2/^/-6/  high,  with  spreading  branches,  its 
lowest  bract  foliose;  heads  top-shaped,  2-5-flowered; 
perianth  i//-i^//  long,  its  parts  green,  or  reddish 
brown  above,  with  hyaline  margins,  lanceolate,  obtuse 
or  sometimes  acute,  the  outer  shorter  than  the  inner; 
stamens  3;  anthers  much  shorter  than  the  filaments; 
capsule  reddish  brown,  about  one-half  longer  than  the 
perianth,  ovoid-oblong,  acute  to  obtuse,  tipped,  3-sided, 
i-celled;  seed  %"-%"  long,  with  narrowly  oblong 
body,  short-tailed  at  either  end,  20-30  ribbed,  somewhat 
cross-barred,  the  intervening  spaces  finely  cross-lined. 

New  York  to  Pennsylvania,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin. 

37.   Juncus  Canadensis  J.  Gay.     Canada  Rush.      (Fig.  955.) 

J.  Canadensis].  Gay;  Laharpe,  Monog.  Jonc.  134.      1825. 
Juncus   Canadensis  longicaudatus    Engelm.   Trans.   St. 

Louis  Acad.  2:  474.      1868. 

Stems  i°-4°  high,  erect,  stout,  2-4-leaved,  few  in  a 
tuft,  from  a  branched  rootstock.  Basal  leaves  usually 
decayed  at  flowering-time;  stem  leaves  with  large  loose 
auriculate  sheaths  commonly  2/-4/  long,  and  a  stout 
erect  blade  usually  4/-io/  long;  panicle  3/-io/  in 
height,  the  branches  moderately  spreading;  heads 
usually  crowded,  top-shaped  to  hemispheric  or  sub- 
spheric,  5-4o-flowered;  perianth  i^//-2//  long,  the 
parts  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  the  inner  longer 
than  the  outer;  stamens  3,  one-half  to  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  perianth,  anthers  much  shorter  than  the 
filaments;  capsule  lanceolate,  acute,  mucronate,  3- 
sided,  i-celled,  reddish-brown,  exceeding  the  perianth 
by  Yzff  or  less;  seed  yi'f  to  nearly  \"  long,  tailed  at 
either  end,  the  body  with  a  smooth  shining  coat, 
about  4o-striate. 

New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota,  Georgia  and  Louisiana. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 


395 


Juncus  Canadensis  subcaudatus  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  474.      1868. 
Stems  is'-3o'  high,  slender,  frequently  weak  and  reclining;  heads  few,  scattered;  seed  with 
very  short  tails.     Rhode  Island  to  Pennsylvania  and  Georgia. 

Juncus  Canadensis  brevicaudatus  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  436.      1866. 
Juncus  Canadensis  var.  coarctatus  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  474.      1868. 

Stems  erect,  8' -30'  tall,  slender,  closely  tufted;  panicle  contracted;  heads  2-6-flowered;  seed 
f"-f"  in  length,  long-tailed.  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  New  Jersey. 

38.  Juncus  acuminatus  Michx.     Sharp-fruited  Rush.     (Fig.  956.) 

J 'it  licit s  acuminatus  Michx.  Fl.   Bor.  Am.   i:  192. 
1803. 

Plant  io/-3°  high;  rootstock  short  and  incon- 
spicuous. Stems  few  or  several  in  a  tuft,  erect, 
i -3-leaved ;  blades  of  the  lower  leaves  4/-8/  long, 
j^//_!//  thick,  the  upper  shorter;  inflorescence 
2/-6/  high,  and  with  5-50  heads,  rarely  larger, 
or  reduced  even  to  a  single  head,  its  branches 
usually  spreading;  heads  top-shaped,  hemi- 
spheric or  subspheric,  3-20- flowered ;  perianth 
iX//~I^//  l°ng>  its  parts  lanceolate-subulate 
nearly  equal;  stamens  3,  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  fila- 
ments; capsule  ovate-lanceolate,  broadly  acute, 
mucronate,  i-celled,  equalling  the  perianth, 
light  brown  at  maturity,  the  valves  separating 
through  the  apex;  seed  oblong,  about  ]£ff  in 
length,  tipped  at  either  end,  reticulate  in  16-20 
longitudinal  rows,  the  areolae  transversely 
many-lined. 

Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south 
to  Georgia  and  Mexico.  Also  on  the  northwest 
coast.  Heads  often  proliferous. 

Juncus  acuminatus  debilis  (A.  Gray)  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  463.      1868. 
Juncus  debilis  A.  Gray,  Man.  506.      1848. 

Smaller,  densely  tufted,  io'-2o'  high,  the  stems  often  weak  and  procumbent;  perianth  shorter, 
i"-i^"  long;  capsule  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  about  one-third  longer  than  the  perianth,  short-tipped. 
New  jersey  to  South  Carolina. 

39.  Juncus  robustus  (Engelm.)  Coville.     Stout  Rush.     (Fig.  957.) 

Juncus  acuminatus  var.  robustus  Engelm.  Trans. 
St.  Louis  Acad.  2:  463.      1868. 

Plant  about  3°  high.  Stems  single  or  few  in 
a  tuft,  stout,  nearly  terete,  commonly  i^//-2// 
thick  below,  i-2-leaved;  blades  erect,  terete,  con- 
spicuously many-septate,  8/-2°  long,  i//-i^/' 
thick,  usually  reaching  or  exceeding  the  inflores- 
cence; inflorescence  4/-io/ high, with  moderately 
spreading  branches  and  innumerable  (com- 
monly 300-500)  heads,  the  blade  of  its  lowest  leaf 
sometimes  half  as  long  as  the  inflorescence;  heads 
2-io-flowered;  perianth  \"-\%"  long,  its  parts 
nearly  equal,  lanceolate-subulate;  stamens  3, one- 
half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  capsule 
equalling  or  one-third  exceeding  the  perianth, 
straw-colored  at  maturity,  narrowly  to  broadly 
oblong,  obtuse  with  a  short  tip,  3-sided  when 
dry,  i -celled,  the  valves  separate  and  involute 
after  dehiscence;  seed  nearly  as  in  J.  acuminatus. 

Southern  Illinois  to  southeastern  Kansas,  Okla- 
homa, Louisiana  and  Texas. 


396  JUNCACEAE. 

Juncus  diffusissimus  Buckley.     Diffuse  Rush.      (Fig.  958.) 

Juncus  diffusissimus  Buckley,  Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1862: 
9.      1862. 

Plant  i°-2°  high.  Stems  few  in  a  tuft,  from  a 
short-branched  inconspicuous  rootstock,  erect,  slen- 
der, terete  or  slightly  compressed,  2-4-leaved;  blades 
4/-8/  long,  l/t"-W  thick;  inflorescence  diffusely 
branched,  widely  spreading,  4/-S/  high  and  broad, 
its  lowest  bract  with  a  blade  either  obsolete  or  some- 
times nearly  as  long  as  the  panicle;  heads  3-i2-flow- 
ered;  perianth  iX//-I^//  long,  its  parts  subulate, 
equal;  stamens  half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  anthers  shorter  than  the  filaments;  cap- 
sule narrowly  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  2//-2^// 
long,  acute  to  obtuse  at  the  apex,  with  a  short  tip, 
3-sided,  light  brown,  i-celled;  seed  oblong  to  ob- 
ovoid,  \"-%"  long,  acute  at  the  base,  abruptly 
tipped,  reticulate  in  about  i6rows,  finely  cross-lined. 

Southeastern  Kansas  to  Mississippi  and  Texas. 

2.   JUNCOIDES  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  47.       1763. 

[LuzuLA  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  158.     1805.] 

Perennial  plants,  with  herbage  either  glabrous  or  sparingly  webbed,  stems  leaf-bearing, 
leaf-sheaths  with  united  margins,  and  leaf-blades  grass-like.  Inflorescence  umbelloid,  pan- 
iculate, or  corymbose,  often  cpngested;  flowers  always  bracteolate,  the  bractlets  usually 
lacerate  or  denticulate;  stamens  6  in  our  species;  ovary  i-celled,  its  3  ovules  with  basal  in- 
sertion; seeds  3,  indistinctly  reticulate,  sometimes  carunculate  at  base  or  apex,  but  not 
distinctly  tailed.  [Greek,  meaning  likefuncus.] 

About  40  species,  widely  distributed,  mostly  flowering  in  spring. 

Inflorescence  umbelloid,  i  or  2  flowers  on  each  of  its  branches.  i.  J.  pilosum. 

Inflorescence  theoretically  paniculate,  the  flowers  often  crowded  in  spikelike  clusters. 

Outer  perianth-parts  shorter  than  the  inner;  introduced  species.  2.  J.  nemorosum. 

Perianth-parts  equal  or  nearly  so;  native  species. 

Flowers  1-3  together,  on  the  branches  of  an  open  panicle.  3.  J.  parviflorum. 

Flowers  crowded  into  one  or  more  thick  spikes  or  spike-like  clusters. 

Inflorescence  nodding.  4.  /.  spicatum. 

Inflorescence  erect  or  spreading,  or  its  individual  branches  rarely  nodding. 

Inflorescence  of  1-3  spike-like  or  capitate  flower-clusters,  or  the  leaf-blades  sharp- 
pointed. 
Inflorescence  crowded  into  a  single  cluster;  leaves  flat,  usually  with  a  blunt 

apex.  5-  /•  nivale. 

Inflorescence  in  1-4  clusters;  leaves  narrowed  above,  involute-channeled,  apex 
very  sharp.  6.  J.  hyperboreum. 

Inflorescence  of  2-12  spike-like  or  capitate  clusters;  leaf -blades  with  blunt  points. 

7.  J.  campestre. 

i.  Juncoides  pilosum  (L,.)  Kuntze.     Hairy  Wood-rush.     (Fig.  959.) 

Juncus  pilpsus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  329.      1753. 
Luzula  pilosa  Willd.  Enum.  PI.  393.      1809. 
Juncoides  pilosum  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  725.      1891. 

Tufted,  often  somewhat  stoloniferous.  Stems  erect, 
2-4-leaved,  l/2°-i°  high;  leaf-blades  i^//-4//  wide, 
flat,  slightly  webbed,  especially  when  young,  acumin- 
ate into  a  blunt  'almost  gland-like  point;  stem  leaves 
with  similar  but  successively  shorter  blades;  inflores- 
cence an  umbelloid  flower-cluster,  with  a  bract  5//-i2// 
high,  the  filiform  pedicels  equal  or  nearly  so,  i- 
flowered  or  sometimes  2-flowered;  perianth  i#//-i>£// 
long,  its  parts  triangular-ovate,  acuminate,  brown 
with  hyaline  margins,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
toothed  bractlets;  capsule  about  one-fourth  exceeding 
the  perianth,  its  valves  ovate,  acuminate;  seed  about 
W  long,  its  body  about  i//  in  length,  provided  at  the 
summit  with  a  conspicuous  hooked  caruncle. 

New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  York,  Mich- 
igan and  Oregon,  and  in  the  Alleghanies  to  North  Caro- 
lina. Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


RUSH   FAMILY. 


397 


2.  Juncoides  nemorosum  (Poll.)  Kuntze. 

Juncus  nemorosus  Poll.  Hist.  PI.  Pal.  i:  352.      1776. 
Juncoides  nemorosum  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  724.   1891. 

Loosely  tufted  or  somewhat  stoloniferous.  Stems 
slender,  i°-2)4°  high,  i-6-leaved  below  the  inflor- 
escence; leaf-blades  i^//~3//  wide,  ciliate,  flat,  ta- 
pering to  a  slender  sharp  tip;  inflorescence  diffusely 
paniculate  or  corymbose,  the  few  lower  bracts  foli- 
ose,  and  the  lowermost  branch  often  inserted  4'  be- 
low the  next  or  more;  flowers  in  clusters  of  3-8,  the 
bractlets  ovate,  entire  or  sparingly  denticulate 
above,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  perianth; 
perianth  about  1%"  in  length,  its  parts  from  red- 
dish brown  with  pale  margins  to  dirty  white 
throughout,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  about 
one-fifth  shorter  than  the  inner;  capsule  ovoid, 
acuminate,  barely  equalling  the  perianth;  seed 
obliquely  ovoid  about  f "  long. 

A  European  species,  naturalized  at  Riverdale,  N.  Y. 


3.    Juncoides  parviflorum  (Ehrh.)  Coville. 

(Fig.  961.) 


Forest  Wood-rush.     (Fig.  960.) 


Small-flowered  Wood-rush. 


Juncus  parviflorus  Ehrh.  Beitr.  6:  139.      1791. 
Luzula  parviflor'a  Desv.  Journ.  de  Bot.  i:  144.      1808. 
J.  parviflorum  Coville,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb.  4:  209.     1893. 

Stems  single  or  few  in  a  tuft,  stoloniferous,  erect 
io/-3o/  high,  2-5-leaved;  leaves  glabrous,  their 
blades  1%"-$"  wide,  tapering  to  a  sharp  or  blunt 
apex;  inflorescence  a  nodding  decompound  pan- 
icle, commonly  i^'-^  high,  its  lowest  bract 
foliose,  seldom  more  than  one-fourth  the  length  of 
the  panicle;  flowers  borne  singly,  or  sometimes  2 
or  3  together,  on  the  branches  of  the  inflorescence, 
on  slender  pedicels;  bractlets  ovate,  entire  or 
rarely  somewhat  lacerate,  perianth  |^//-iX//  in 
length,  its  parts  ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  exceeded 
by  the  green  to  brown  ovoid  capsule;  seed  nar- 
rowly oblong,  yz"-}i"  in  length,  attached  to  its 
placenta  by  slender  implexed  fibers. 

Labrador  to  British  Columbia,  New  Hampshire,  New 
York  and  Minnesota;  in  the  mountains  to  Arizona  and 
California.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

4.  Juncoides  spicatum  (L/.)  Kuntze.     Spiked  Wood-rush.     (Fig.  962.) 

Juncus  spicatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  330.      1753. 

Juncoides  spicatum  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  725.      1891. 

Luzula  spicata  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  161.      1805. 

Closely  tufted,  without  rootstocks.  Stems  erect,  4'- 
i6x  high,  distantly  i-3-leaved,  tapering  to  a  filiform 
summit;  leaf-blades  ^//-i>^//  broad,  often  involute, 
especially  above,  tapering  to  a  sharp  apex,  sparingly 
webby,  especially  at  the  base;  inflorescence  a  nodding, 
spike-like,  often  interrupted  panicle,  commonly  %'- 
i'  in  length,  usually  exceeded  by  its  lowest  involute- 
foliose  bract;  bractlets  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
equalling  the  perianth,  sparingly  lacerate;  perianth 
brown,  with  hyaline  margins,  \ff-\%"  long,  its  parts 
lanceolate,  aristate-acuminate;  capsule  broadly  ovoid, 
bluntly  acute,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth; seed  narrowly  and  obliquely  obovoid,  about 
i X"  long. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  mountains  of  New  England,  Colo- 
rado and  California.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


398 


JUNCACEAE. 


5.   Juncoides  nivale  (L,aest. )  Coville.     Arctic  Wood-rush.      (Fig.  963.) 

Luzula  campestris  var.  nivalis  Laest.  Kongl.  Vet.  Akad. 

Handl.  334.      1822. 

Juncoides  nivale  Coville,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 108.     1894. 
Luzula  arctica  Blytt,  Norg.  Fl.  i:  299.      1861. 

Stems  tufted,  2/-4/  high,  erect,  i  or  2-leaved. 
Leaves  with  sheaths  glabrous  at  the  mouth,  their 
blades  i//-2//  broad,  seldom  exceeding  \y2'  in  length, 
very  minutely  roughened  on  the  back,  at  least  to- 
ward the  apex,  flat  and  tapering  to  a  usually  blunt 
and  callous  tip;  inflorescence  an  erect  oblong  to  ovate, 
spike-like  cluster,  yz'  in  height  or  less,  exceeding  its 
lowest  semifoliaceous  bract;  bractlet  and  perianth 
dark  purple,  the  former  ovate  and  sparingly  lacerate 
at  the  hyaline  apex;  perianth-parts  ^"-i"  in  length, 
narrowly  oblong,  more  or  less  broadly  acute  at  the 
paler  apex,  sometimes  denticulate  above;  capsule 
subspheric,  obtuse  or  broadly  acute,  exceeding  the 
perianth;  seed  narrowly  oblong,  about  y^"  long. 

Baffin  Bay  to  Alaska.  Also  [in  arctic  and  alpine 
Europe  and  Asia. 

6.   Juncoides  hyperboreum  (R.  Br.)  Sheldon.     Northern  Wood-rush. 

(Fig.  964.) 

Luzula  hyperborea  R.  Br.  Suppl.  App.  Parry's  Voy. 

183.      1821. 
Juncodes   hyperborenm    Sheldon,    Bull.    Geol.   Surv. 

Minn.  9:  63.      1894. 

Stems  tufted,  commonly  4/-8/  high,  erect,  1-2- 
leaved  above  the  base.  Leaves  with  sheaths  spar- 
ingly ciliate  at  the  mouth,  the  blades  erect,  ^"-i  y2ff 
wide  at  the  base,  commonly  2^/-y/  long,  usually 
involute  in  age,  not  roughened  on  the  back,  taper- 
ing into  a  very  sharp  point;  inflorescence  erect,  ex- 
ceeding its  lowest  foliose  bract,  consisting  of  a  single 
oblong  cluster  yz'  in  length  or  less,  or  its  one  or 
two  lower  divisions  on  peduncles  >^/-i>^/  long; 
bracts  and  bractlets  membranous,  fimbriate;  peri- 
anth-parts brown,  paler  above,  about  iX"  lor>g> 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  or  slightly 
lacerate  at  the  apex;  capsule  about  three-fourths  as 
long  as  the  perianth,  ovoid,  obtuse;  seed  rather 
narrowly  oblong,  about  \"  long. 

Arctic  America,  Labrador  and  the  higher  mountains  of  New  England.     Europe  and  Asia. 

7.   Juncoides  campestre  (I,.)  Kuntze.     Common  Wood-rush.     (Fig.  965.) 

funcus  campestris  L.  Sp.  PI.  329.      1753. 
Luzula  campestris  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  161.      1805. 
Juncoides  campestre  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  722.      1891. 

Stems  densely  tufted,  erect,  4/-2o/  high,  2-4-leaved. 
Leaf-blades  flat,  \'f-^ff  broad,  tapering  at  the  apex 
to  a  blunt  almost  gland-like  point,  sparingly  webbed 
when  young;  inflorescence  umbelloid;  lower  bracts 
foliose,  the  lowest  often  exceeding  the  inflorescence, 
its  several  branches  straight,  unequal,  each  bearing  an 
oblong  to  short-cylindric  dense  spike;  floral  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate;  bractlets  similar  but  smaller,  fimbri- 
ate at  the  apex;  perianth  \'f-\y2"  long,  brown,  its 
parts  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate;  capsule  obovoid  or 
broadly  oblong;  seed  with  an  oblong  body  about  ^" 
in  length,  supported  on  a  narrower  white  loosely 
cellular,  strophiole-like  base  about  one-half  as  long. 

In  woodlands,  almost  throughout  the  United  States  and 
British  America.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Variable. 
One  of  our  earliest  flowering  plants. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY. 


399 


1.  Tofieldia. 

2.  Abama. 


3.  'Xerophyllum. 

4.  Helonias. 

5.  Chamaelirinm. 


6.  Chrosperma. 

7.  Stenanthium. 

8.  Zygadenns. 


Family  18.     MELANTHACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  i:  272.      1810. 

BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY. 

Leafy-stemmed  herbs  (some  exotic  genera  scapose),  with  rootstocks  or 
rarely  with  bulbs,  the  leaves  broad  or  grass-like,  parellel- veined,  the  veins  often 
connected  by  transverse  veinlets.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous,  or  dioecious, 
regular,  racemose,  panicled  or  solitary.  Perianth  of  6  separate  or  nearly  separ- 
ate, usually  persistent  segments.  Stamens  6,  borne  on  the  bases  of  the  per- 
ianth-segments. Anthers  small,  2-celled,  oblong  or  ovate,  or  confluently 
i -celled  and  cordate  or  reniform,  mostly  versatile  and  extrorsely  dehiscent  (in- 
trorse  in  Tofieldia  and  Abaina}.  Ovary  3-celled,  superior  or  rarely  partly  in- 
ferior; ovules  few  or  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous. 
Styles  3,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united.  Fruit  a  capsule  with  septicidal 
dehiscence  (loculicidal  in  Abama  and  Uvularia}.  Seeds  commonly  tailed  or 
appendaged.  Embryo  small,  in  usually  copious  endosperm. 

About  36  genera  and  140  species,  widely  distributed. 
Flowers  numerous  in  terminal  erect  racemes  or  panicles. 
Anthers  oblong  or  ovate,  2-celled. 
Anthers  introrsely  dehiscent. 

Capsule  septicidal;  flowers  involucrate  by  3  bractlets. 
Capsule  loculicidal;  flowers  not  involucrate. 
Anthers  extrorsely  dehiscent. 
Flowers  perfect. 

Leaves  basal,  oblanceolate;  seeds  numerous. 
Stem  very  leafy;  leaves  linear;  seeds  few. 
Flowers  dioecious:  stem  Ieaf3r. 
Anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  confluently  i-celled. 
Plants  glabrous. 

Perianth-segments  not  gland-bearing. 

Flowers  perfect;  perianth-segments  obtuse. 
Flowers  polygamous;  perianth-segments  acuminate 
Perianth-segments  bearing  i  or  2  glands,  or  a  spot. 
Stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent. 

Perianth -segments  clawed,  free  from  the  ovary.  9.  Melanthiuni. 

Perianth-segments  not  clawed,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.         10.  I'eratruni. 
Flowers  solitar3',  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves,  drooping.  n.  Lri'iilaria. 

i.    TOFIELDIA  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Ed.  2,  157.      1778. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  short  erect  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  slender  erect 
stems  leafless  above  or  nearly  so,  linear  somewhat  2-ranked  and  equitant  leaves  clustered  at 
the  base,  and  small  perfect  white  or  green  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pedicels  bracted  at 
the  base,  solitary  or  clustered.  Flowers  usually  involucrate  by  3  scarious  somewhat  united 
bractlets  below  the  calyx.  Perianth -segments  oblong  or  obovate,  subequal,  persistent,  gland- 
less.  Stamens  6;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate,  sometimes  cordate,  introrse.  Ovary  ses- 
sile, 3-lobed  at  the  summit;  styles  3,  short,  recurved.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-beaked,  septicid- 
ally  dehiscent  to  the  base,  many-seeded.  Seeds  tailed  or  appendaged  in  most  species. 
[Dedicated  to  Tofield,  an  English  correspondent  of  Hudson.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  i  or  2  in  the  Andes  of  South  America. 
Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  southeastern  States  and  two  in  northwestern  America. 
Stem  glabrous;  seeds  unappendaged.  i.  T.  paljts/ris. 

Stem  viscid-pubescent;  seeds  appendaged. 

Capsule  oblong,  3"  high;  perianth  segments  thin.  2.    T.  glut  i  now. 

Capsule  ovoid,  i,V-2"  high;  perianth-segments  rigid  in  fruit.  3.    T.  race»iosa. 

i.  Tofieldia  palustris  Huds.     Scottish 
Asphodel.     (Fig.  966.) 

Tofieldia  palustris  Huds.  Fl.  Angl.  Kd.  2,  157.      1773. 

Glabrous,  stem  slender,  scape-like,  leafless  or  bearing 
a  few  leaves  near  the  base,  2/-io/  tall.  Leaves  tufted, 
X '-4' long,  ^//-2// wide;  raceme  oblong  or  subglobose  in 
flower,  dense,  elongating  to  an  inch  or  less  in  fruit,  the 
lower  flowers  first  expanding;  pedicels  usually  solitary, 
minutely  involucrate,  l/zf'-\"  long  in  fruit;  flowers 
greenish  white,  \"  broad;  perianth-segments  obovate. 
obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong-globose  minutely 
beaked  capsule;  seeds  oblong,  unappendaged. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Quebec,  the 
hores  of  Lake  Superior,  and  the  Canadian  Rocky  Moun- 
lins.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

26 


400 


MELANTHACEAE. 


2.    Tofieldia  glutinosa  (Michx.)  Pers.     Glutinous  Tofieldia.     (Fig.  967.) 


Narthecium  glutinosum  Michx.  Fl.   Bor.  Am.  i: 
210.      1803. 

Tofieldia  glutinosa  Pers.  Syn.  i:  399.      1805. 

Stem  viscid-pubescent  with  black  glands,  6'- 
2o/  tall,  bearing  2-4  leaves  near  the  base.  Basal 
leaves  tufted,  2/-y/  long,  1."-$"  wide;  raceme 
oblong  and  ^/-i^/  long  in  flower,  longer  in 
fruit,  the  upper  flowers  first  expanding;  pedicels 
commonly  clustered  in  3*3  (i's-4's),  ascending, 
viscid-pubescent,  becoming  2//-6//  long  in  fruit; 
involucral  bracts  minute,  united  nearly  or  quite 
to  their  apices,  borne  just  beneath  the  flower; 
flowers  3//-4//  broad;  perianth-segments  oblong, 
mostly  obtuse,  membranoiis;  capsule  oblong, 
about  3X/  high,  i)4//  in  diameter,  thin-walled, 
twice  as  long  as  the  perianth,  the  beaks  y^'f 
long  or  less;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine, 
Ohio,  Michigan,  Wyoming  and  Oregon,  and  in  the 
southern  Alleghenies.  May-June. 


3.   Tofieldia  racemosa  (Walt.)  B.S. P.     Viscid  Tofieldia.     (Fig.  968.) 

Melanthium  racemosum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  126.      1788 
Narthecium  pubens  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.   i:  209. 

1803. 

Tofieldia  pubescens  Pers.  Syn.  i:  399.      1805. 
Tofieldia  racemosa  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  55.    1888. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  rather 
stouter  and  taller,  stem  i°-3°  high,  the  glutin- 
ous pubescence  rougher.  Leaves  very  narrowly 
linear,  6/-i8/  long,  iX//~3//  wide;  raceme  \f- 
4'  long  in  flower,  often  loose,  somewhat  longer 
in  fruit,  the  uppermost  flowers  first  expanding; 
pedicels  mostly  clustered  in  3's,  ascending,  2X/- 
3/x  long  in  fruit;  involucral  bractlets  about  ^x/ 
long,  united  to  above  the  middle,  borne  just  be- 
neath the  flower;  perianth- segments  narrowly 
obovate,  obtuse,  rigid;  capsule  ovoid,  i^'long, 
little  longer  than  the  calyx,  its  beaks  ]/2ff  long; 
seeds  tailed  at  each  end. 

In  swamps,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and 
Alabama.  This  and  the  two  preceding  species  are 
also  known  as  False  Asphodel.  June-Sept. 

•v 

2.    ABAMA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  47.      1763. 

[NARTHECIUM  Juss.  Gen.  47.     1789.] 

Perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  or  horizontal  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots,  erect  simple 
stems  and  linear  grass-like  basal  leaves,  those  of  the  stem  short  and  distant.  Flowers  small, 
greenish-yellow,  perfect,  borne  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Pedicels  bracted  at  base  and  usually 
bearing  a  small  bractlet.  Perianth -segments  persistent,  linear  or  linear  lanceolate,  obscurely 
3-5-nerved,  glandless.  Stamens  6;  filaments  subulate,  woolly;  anthers  linear-oblong,  erect, 
introrse.  Ovary  sessile;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigma  slightly  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong, 
loculicidally  dehiscent,  many-seeded,  the  linear  seeds  tailed  at  each  end.  [Greek,  signify- 
ing without  step,  the  plants  reputed  to  cause  lameness  in  cattle.] 


Four  known  species,  natives  of  the   northern  hemisphere, 
occurs  in  northwestern  America. 


Besides  the  following,  another 


BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY.  401 

i.    Abama    Americana    (Ker.)    Morong. 
American  Bog-asphodel.     (Fig.  969.) 

Narthecium  Americanum  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  7505.     1812. 
Narthecium  ossifragum  var.  Americanum  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  5,  536.      1867. 
Abama  Americana   Morong,    Mem.  Torr.   Club,  5:   109. 

1894. 

Glabrous,  stems  wiry,  stiff,  erect,  lo'-iS'  tall.  Basal 
leaves  3/-8/  long,  i//r  wide  or  less,  finely  y-g-nerved; 
lower  stem  leaves  X/-2/  l°ng>  the  upper  much  smaller; 
raceme  i/-2/  long,  dense;  perianth-segments  narrowly 
linear,  2//-3//  long,  slightly  exceeding  the  stamens; 
filaments  white-woolly;  pedicels  ascending,  3//-4// 
long  in  fruit;  capsule  about  5/x  long,  i//  in  diameter  at 
the  middle,  erect,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  perianth- 
segments,  tapering  to  a  subulate  beak;  seeds,  including 
the  appendages,  3//-4//  long. 

In  pine  barren  swamps,  southern  New  Jersey.  June- 
Sept. 

3.    XEROPHYLLUM  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  210.     1803. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  short  woody  rootstocks,  simple  erect  leafy  stems,  the 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  rough-margined,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  the  lower.  Flowers 
very  numerous,  medium-sized,  white,  in  a  large  dense  terminal  raceme,  the  lower  ones  first 
expanding.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  its  segments  oblong  or  ovate,  5-y-nerved,  spread- 
ing, glandless.  Stamens  6,  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  subulate, 
glabrous;  anthers  oblong.  Ovary  sessile,  3-grooved;  styles  3,  filiform,  reflexed  or  recurved, 
stigmatic  along  the  inner  side;  ovules  only  2-4  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid,  3-grooved,  loc- 
ulicidally  and  sometimes  also  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  5,  oblong,  not  at  all  appeudaged, 
or  only  minutely  so.  [Greek,  signifying  a  dry  leaf.] 

Three  species,  the  following  of  the  southeastern  United  States,  the  others  of  western  America. 

i.    Xerophyllum  asphodeloides  (L. ) 
Nutt.     Turkey-beard.      (Fig.  970.) 

Helonias  asphodeloides  "L.  Sp.  PI.  Kd.  2,  485.      1762. 
Xerophyllum  setifolium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  211. 

1803. 
Xerophyllum  asphodeloides  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  235.      1818. 

Stem  stout,  becoming  stiff,  2)4°~5°  tall,  densely 
leafy  below  and  at  the  base,  sparsely  leafy  above. 
Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  slightly  dilated  at  the 
base,  the  lower  6/-i8/  long,  i//  wide  or  less,  except 
at  the  broader  base,  the  upper  successively  shorter 
and  narrower;  flowering  raceme  3/-6/  long,  2/~3/ 
in  diameter,  its  summit  conic;  flowering  pedicels 
spreading,  filiform.  9//-i8//  long,  in  fruit  erect; 
perianth-segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  about  3'- 
long;  styles  rather  longer  than  the  ovary;  capsule 
ellipsoid,  obtuse,  2"  long,  i//-i_^//  in  diameter; 
seeds  mostly  2  in  each  cell. 

In  dry  pine  barrens,  southern  New  Jersey  to  eastern 
Tennessee  and  Georgia.  May-July.  Ascends  to  5000 
ft.  in  North  Carolina. 

4.    HELONIAS  L.  Sp.  PI.  342.     1753. 

A  perennial  glabrous  bog  herb,  with  a  stout  rootstock,  thick  fibrous  roots,  basal  ob- 
lanceolate  persistent  leaves  and  rather  large  perfect  purple  flowers,  racemed  at  the  summit 
of  an  erect  hollow  bracted  scape.  Perianth-segments  spreading,  spatulate,  persistent. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  longer  than  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  ovate. 
Ovary  ovoid,  3-grooved,  3-celled,  slightly  3-lobed,  many-ovuled;  styles  3,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side,  deciduous.  Capsule  obovoid,  deeply  3-lobed,  the  lobes  divergent,  veutrally 
dehiscent  above.  Seeds  numerous,  linear,  white-appendaged  at  each  end.  [Name  from  the 
Greek,  in  allusion  to  its  growth  in  swamps.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 


402 


MELANTHACEAE. 


i.  Helonias  bullata  L.     Swamp  Pink. 
(Fig.  971.) 

Helonias  bullata  L.  Sp.  PI.  342.      1753. 

Leaves  several  or  numerous,  dark  green,  thin, 
clustered  at  the  base  of  the  scape,  6/-i5/  long, 
^/-2/  wide,  pointed  or  blunt,  finely  parallel- 
nerved.  Scape  stout,  bracted  below,  the  bracts 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  membranous; 
raceme  dense,  \'-$f  long  in  flower,  becoming 
4/-7/  long  in  fruit;  perianth-segments  about  3" 
long,  equalling  or  rather  longer  than  the  stout 
pedicels;  capsules  about  $"  long,  the  valves 
papery;  seeds  i^/y-2//  long. 

In  bogs,  northern  New  Jersey,  southern  New 
York  and  eastern  Pennsylvania  (?)  to  Virginia. 
Local.  The  scape  sometimes  bears  a  few  leaves 
at  its  base.  April-Mas'. 


5.    CHAMAELIRIUM  Willd.  Mag.  Nat.  Fr.  Berl.  2:   18.      1808. 

An  erect  glabrous  slightly  fleshy  herb,  with  a  bitter  tuberous  rootstock.  Basal  leaves 
spatulate,  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate.  Flowers  small,  white,  dioecious,  in  a  long  narrow 
bractless  spike-like  raceme.  Perianth  of  6  linear-spatulate  i-nerved  segments.  Staminate 
flowers  with  6  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform,  the  anthers  subglobose,  2-celled;  pistillate 
flowers  with  a  3-celled  oblong  ovary,  3  short  styles,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side,  and  usu- 
ally with  6  staminodia.  Capsule  oblong,  slightly  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  6- 
12  in  each  cavity,  broadly  winged  at  both  ends,  narrowly  winged  on  the  sides.  [Greek, 
signifying  a  low  lily.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 

i.    Chamaelirium  luteum  (I,. )  A. 
Gray.     Blazing-star.     (Fig.  972.) 

Veralrum  luteum  L.  Sp.  PI.  1044.      I753- 
Chamaelirium  Carolinianum  Willd.  Mag.  Nat.  Fr. 

Berl.  2:  19.      1808. 
Chamaelirium  luleum  A.  Gray,  Man.  503.      1848. 

Staminate  plant  i^°-2^°  tall,  the  pistillate 
often  taller,  sometimes  4°  high  and  more  leafy. 
Basal  leaves  2/-8/  long,  X/~IX/  wide,  mostly 
obtuse,  tapering  into  a  long  petiole;  stem  leaves 
lanceolate,  the  or  upper  linear,  acute  or  acum- 
inate, sessile  or  the  lower  short-petioled;  stam- 
inate  raceme  or  nodding  finally  erect,  3/-9/  long, 
the  pedicels  spreading,  i//-2//  long;  pistillate 
raceme  erect;  flowers  nearly  3X/  broad;  capsule 
oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid,  4//~7//  long, 
2//-3//  in  diameter. 

In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Massachusetts  to 
southern  Ontario  and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida 
and  Arkansas.  Called  also  Devil's-bit,  Unicorn-root 
and  Drooping  Starwort.  May-July. 

6.    CHROSPERMA  Raf.  Neog.  3.      1825. 
[AMIANTHIUM  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  4:  121.     1837.] 

An  erect  glabrous  herb,  with  an  ovoid-oblong  coated  bulb,  and  numerous  long  blunt 
basal  leaves,  a  few  short  ones  on  the  stem.  Flowers  perfect,  white,  in  a  dense  terminal 
raceme,  the  lower  ones  first  expanding.  Perianth  of  6  distinct  glandless  persistent  obtuse 
segments.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  sepals;  anthers  small,  reniform.  Ovary 
ovoid,  3-lobed,  3-celled.  Capsule  3-celled,  dehiscent  above  the  middle,  the  cavities  1-2- 
seeded,  its  3  divergent  lobes  tipped  with  the  subulate  styles.  Seeds  ovoid,  reddish  brown. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  colored  seeds.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY.  4°3 

i.    Chrosperma  muscaetoxicum  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     Fly-poison.    (Fig.  973.) 

Mt'lanthium  muscaetoxicum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  125. 

TTS8 

lyoo. 

Amianthium  muscaetoxicum  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  4:  122.      1837. 

Chrosperma  muscaeto.vicum  Kunze,    Rev.   Gen. 
PI.  708.      1891. 

Bulb  iX/-2/  long,  nearly  i'  in  diameter. 
Stem  i^°-4°  tall.  Basal  leaves  2//-is//  wide, 
shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  few  and  dis- 
tant, bract-like;  raceme  at  first  ovoid-conic,  be- 
coming cylindric,  2X-5X  long;  pedicels  ascend- 
ing, 4//-io//  long;  bractlets  ovate,  i//-2// long; 
sepals  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  2//-3//  long;  fila- 
ments filiform,  about  equalling  the  sepals; 
capsule  2//~3//  in  diameter  above  the  middle, 
scarcely  as  long;  seeds  about  il/z/f  long. 

In  dry  sandy  woods,  Long  Island  and  eastern 
Pennsylvania  to  Florida,  Tennessee  and  Arkansas. 
Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia  and  to  2100  ft.  in 
Pennsylvania.  May-July. 


7.    STENANTHIUM  Kunth,  Enum.  4:   189.     1842. 

Erect  glabrous  bulbous  herbs,  with  leafy  stems  and  small  white  or  greenish,  polygamous 
flowers  in  an  ample  terminal  panicle.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  keeled.  Perianth-segments 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glandless,  spreading,  persistent,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
ovary.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth -segments,  inserted  on  their  bases;  anthers  small, 
cordate  or  reniform.  Ovary  ovoid.  Capsule  ovoid-oblong,  3-lobed,  finally  dehiscent  to  the 
base,  the  lobes  with  short  slightly  divergent  beaks.  Seeds  about  4  in  each  cavity,  oblong, 
angled,  somewhat  flattened.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  narrow  perianth-segments.] 

The  genus  comprises  only  the  two  following  species: 

Leaves  2"-$"  wide;  capsule  reflexed.  i.  5".  gramineum. 

Leaves  3"-io"  wide;  capsule  erect.  2.  S.  robuslum. 

i.    Stenanthium  gramineum  (Ker)  Morong.     Grass-leaved  Stenanthium. 

(Fig.  974.) 

Helonias  graminea  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.    pi.  1599. 

1813. 
Veratrum  angustifolium  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 

242.      1814. 
Stenanthium  angustifolium  Kunth,  Enum.  4: 

190.      1843. 
Stenanthium  gramineum  Morong,  Mem.  Torr. 

Club,  5:  no.      1894. 

Stem  slender,  3°-4°  tall.  Leaves  grass- 
like,  some  of  them  often  i°  long  or  more, 
2//_3//  wide,  the  upper,  reduced  to  small 
linear  lanceolate  bracts  subtending  the 
branches  of  the  panicle;  panicle  open,  sim- 
ple or  somewhat  compound,  i°-2°  long,  its 
branches  nearly  filiform,  often  flexuous, 
spreading  or  drooping;  bracts  ^//-i//  long, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  pedicels;  flowers 
4//_6//  broad;  perianth -segments  linear  lan- 
ceolate; capsule  ovoid-oblong,  with  a  top- 
shaped  base,  3//~4//  long,  reflexed. 

In  dry  soil,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  to  Florida 
and  Alabama,  chiefly  in  the  mountains.  As- 
cends to  6000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Fruit 
apparently  scarce.  Aug-Sept. 


404  MELANTHACEAE. 

2.  Stenanthium  robustum  S.  Wats. 
Stout  Stenanthium.      (Fig.  675.) 

Stenanthium   robustum   S.   Wats.    Proc.    Am. 
Acad.  14:  278.      1879. 

Stem  stout,  3°-5°  tall,  usually  very  leafy. 
Leaves  often  i°  long  or  more,  the  lower  4//- 
10"  wide,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts;  pan- 
icle denser  than  that  of  the  preceding  species, 
commonly  longer,  usually  compound,  its 
branches  spreading  or  ascending;  flowers 
greenish  or  white,  6//-8//  broad;  capsule 
ovoid-oblong,  4//-6//  long,  erect,  longer  than 
its  pedicel,  the  very  short  beaks  recurved- 
spreading. 

In  moist  soil,  southern  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
to  South  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  July-Sept. 


8.    ZYGADENUS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  213.     1803. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs,  from  bulbs  or  rootstocks,  with  leafy  stems.  Leaves 
narrowly  linear.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  greenish,  yellowish  or  white,  in  a  terminal 
panicle  or  raceme.  Perianth  withering-persistent,  its  segments  lanceolate  or  ovate,  separate 
or  united  below,  sometimes  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary,  bearing  i  or  2  glands  or  a 
spot  just  above  the  narrowed  base.  Stamens  free  from  the  perianth  segments  and  about 
equalling  them  in  length;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  the  cavi- 
ties not  diverging,  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Seeds  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity,  oblong 
or  linear,  angled.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  two  glands  of  some  species.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Mexico,  i  in  Siberia. 
Plant  with  a  thick  rootstock;  glands  of  the  perianth-segments  2,  orbicular. 
Plants  bulbous;  gland  only  i,  sometimes  faint  or  a  mere  spot. 
Gland  distinctly  obcordate;  perianth-segments  4" -5"  long. 
Gland  not  obcordate;  perianth-segments  2"-4"  long. 

Gland  with  a  poorly  defined  or  irregular  margin;  perianth  free  from  the  ovary;  western 

species 

Leaves  3"-8"  wide;  flowers  mostly  perfect.  3.  Z.  Nutlallii. 

Leaves  2" -3"  wide;  flowers  polygamous.  4.  Z.  venenosus. 

Gland  a  mere  yellow  spot;  perianth  adnate  to  the  ovary;  eastern  coast  species. 

5.  Z.  leimanthoides. 

i.    Zygadenus  glaberrimus    Michx. 
Large-flowered  Zygadenus.     (Fig.  976.) 

Zygadenus  glaberrimus  Michx.   Fl.  Bor.   Am.  i: 
214.      1803. 

Rather  dark  green,  slightly  glaucous,  stem 
stout,  2°-4°  tall,  from  a  thick  rootstock.  Leaves 
3//-6//  wide,  long-acuminate,  channelled,  often 
i°  long  or  more,  the  upper  gradually  smaller, 
appressed,  passing  into  the  short  ovate  bracts  of 
the  panicle;  panicle  6/-i2/  long,  its  branches 
rather  stout,  stiff,  ascending;  panicle  6/-i2/ 
long,  its  branches  rather  stout,  stiff,  ascending; 
pedicels  stout,  longer  than  the  bractlets;  flowers 
white,  mostly  perfect,  \f-\y2'  broad,  perianth- 
segments  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed into  a  short  claw,  bearing  2  orbicular 
glands;  styles  subulate;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid, 
shorter  than  the  perianth. 


1.  Z.  glaberrimus. 

2.  Z.  elegans. 


In  swamps,  Virginia  to  Florida,  near  the  coast. 
July-Sept. 


BUNCH-FLOWER  FAMILY. 


405 


2.    Zygadenus  elegans  Pursh.     Glaucous  Zygadenus.     (Fig.  977.) 

Zygadenus  elegansfvs&a.,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  241.    1814. 
Melanthium  glaucunt  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  232.      1818. 

nus  glaucus  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  56. 


Plant  very  glaucous,  bulb  ovoid,  about  i' 
long,  its  coats  membranous.  Stem  slender, 
6'-3°  tall;  leaves  2//-y//  wide,  keeled,  the  lower 
4/-i2/  long,  the  upper  much  shorter;  bracts 
lanceolate,  rather  large,  green  or  purplish;  in- 
florescence a  simple  raceme  or  a  large  panicle, 
sometimes  i°  long,  open,  its  branches  slender, 
ascending;  flowers  greenish,  8//-io//  broad;  per- 
ianth-segments oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  united 
below  and  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  bear- 
ing a  single  large  obcordate  gland  just  above  the 
short  claw;  capsule  oblong,  nearly  \'  long,  ex- 
ceeding the  perianth. 

In  moist  places,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Vermont,  New  York,  Missouri,  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  New  Mexico.  June-Aug.  Ascends 
to  4000  ft.  in  the  Black  Hills. 


3.    Zygadenus  Nuttallii  (A.  Gray) 

S.  Wats.     Nuttall's  Zygadenus. 

(Fig.  978.) 

Amianthium  Nuttallii  A.  Gray,  Ann.  I,yc.  N.  Y.  4: 
123.      1837. 

Zygadenus  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.   Proc.  Am.  Acad.    14: 
279.      1879. 

Light  green,  scarcely  glaucous,  stem  i°-2°  high. 
Bulb  large,  coated;  leaves  3//-8//  wide,  shorter 
than  the  stem,  strongly  conduplicate,  the  upper 
very  short;  inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate 
bracts  membranous,  scarious,  shorter  than  the 
slender  pedicels;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  about  6//r 
broad;  perianth  -segments  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse, 
free  from  the  ovary,  thin,  short-clawed,  bearing  a 
roundish  spot-like  gland  ;  capsule  4//-6//  long. 

On  prairies,  Kansas  and  Colorado  to  Texas.  May- 
June. 


4.    Zygadenus  venenosus  S.  Wats.     Poi- 
sonous Zygadenus.     (Fig.  979.) 

Zvgadenus  venenosiis  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14: 
~  279.      1879. 

Pale  green,  stem  slender,  6'-2°  tall,  from  a  small 
coated  bulb.  Lea.ves  conduplicate,  roughish,  2"- 
$"  wide,  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  small 
and  distant;  inflorescence  a  simple  or  somewhat 
branched  raceme,  2/-4/  long  in  flower,  elongating 
in  fruit,  the  slender  pedicels  longer  than  the  scar- 
ious lanceolate  bracts;  flowers  yellow  or  yellowish, 
polygamous,  about  4"  wide;  perianth  -segments 
ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse  -or  acutish,  short-clawed, 
free  from  the  ovary,  bearing  a  roundish  gland 
with  an  irregular  margin;  fruiting  pedicels  erect; 
capsule  longer  than  the  perianth. 

.South  Dakota  and  Montana  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Nebraska,  Utah  and  California.  May-June. 


406 


MELANTHACEAE. 


Zygadenus  leimanthoides  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats. 

(Fig.  980. ) 


Pine-barren  Zygadenus. 


Amianthium  leimanthoides  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 

N.  Y.  4:  125.      1837. 
Zygadenus  leimanthoides  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  14:  280.      1879. 

Stem  slender,  i°-4°  high,  from  a  narrowly 
ovoid  fibrous-coated  bulb,  its  base  sheathed 
by  short  leaves  which  soon  become  fibrous. 
Leaves  2//-4//  wide,  green  on  both  sides, 
often  i°  long,  blunt,  or  the  upper  acuminate 
and  much  shorter;  panicle  4/-i2/  long,  its. 
branches  densely  many-flowered,  spreading 
or  ascending;  bractlets  much  shorter  than 
the  slender  pedicels;  flowers  mostly  perfect, 
white  or  greenish,  about  4X/  broad;  perianth- 
segments  oblong,  obtuse  sessile,  not  clawed, 
adnate  to  the  very  base  of  the  ovary,  bearing 
a  basal  yellowish  spot;  capsule  ovoid,  4" 
high,  much  longer  than  the  perianth. 

In  swamps  or  wet  soil,  especially  in  pine  bar- 
rens, southern  New  Jersey  to  Georgia.  Ascends- 
to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July-Aug. 

9.    MELANTHIUM  L.  Sp,  PI.  339.     1753. 

Tall  leafy  herbs,  perennial  by  thick  rootstocks,  the  stem,  at  least  its  upper  part,  and  the 
inflorescence,  pubescent.  Leaves  oval,  oblanceolate  or  linear,  sheathing  or  the  upper  sheath- 
less.  Flowers  greenish,  white  or  cream -colored,  darker  in  withering,  monoecious  or  poly- 
gamous, slender  pedicelled  in  a  large  terminal  panicle.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  separate 
persistent  clawed  segments,  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  shorter  than  the  segments  and 
adnate  to  them;  anthers  cordate  or  reniform,  their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  3, 
subulate,  spreading.  Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  the  cavities  several-seeded,  tipped  by  the 
styles.  Seeds  very  flat  and  broadly  winged,  several  in  each  cavity.  [Greek,  signifying 
black  flower.] 

The  genus  comprises  only  the  following  species: 
Perianth-segments  with  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade. 

Blade  of  the  perianth-segments  oblong,  entire;  leaves  linear.  i.  M.  Virginicum. 

Blade  of  the  perianth-segments  nearly  orbicular,  undulate;  leaves  oblanceolate. 

2.  M.  latifolium. 
Perianth  segments  oblanceolate,  glandless;  leaves  oval.  3.  M.  parviflorum* 


i .  Melanthium  Virginicum  L/. 

flower.      (Fig.  981.) 


Bunch- 


Melanthium  Virginicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  339.      1753- 

Stems  rather  stout,  2%° -5°  high.  Leaves 
linear,  acuminate,  often  i°  long,  4//-i2//  wide, 
the  lower  sheathing,  the  upper  smaller,  sessile, 
the  uppermost  very  small;  panicle  6/-i8/  long, 
usually  dense,  its  branches  ascending;  pedicels 
much  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  bracts; 
flowers  6//-io//  broad,  greenish  yellow,  turning 
brown;  perianth-segments  obtuse,  the  blade  ob- 
long, flat,  entire,  sometimes  obcordate,  at  least 
twice  as  long  as  the  claw,  bearing  2  dark  glands 
at  its  base;  capsule  5//-7//  long,  the  persistent 
styles  erect,  \"-\y2"  long;  seeds  8-10  in  each 
cavity,  2//~3//  long. 

In  meadows,  wet  woods  and  marshes,  Rhode 
Island  to  New  York  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Flor- 
ida and  Texas.  June-Aug. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY. 


407 


2.    Melanthium  latifolium  Desr.     Crisped  Bunch-flower.     (Fig.  982.) 


Melanthium  hybridum  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  125.     1788? 
Melanthium  latifolium  Desr.  in  L,am.  Encycl.  4: 
25.      1797. 

Stem  stout  or  slender,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  ob- 
lanceolate,  acute,  6//-2/  wide,  the  lower  clasp- 
ing, the  upper  sessile  and  much  smaller;  pan- 
icle usually  i°  long  or  more,  its  branches 
ascending  or  spreading;  flowers  6//-8//  broad, 
greenish  white,  turning  darker;  blade  of  the 
perianth-segments  orbicular  or  ovate,  undulate 
and  crisped,  longer  than  the  claw  or  about 
equalling  it,  bearing  2  glands  at  the  base;  cap- 
sule 6" -8"  long,  its  cavities  4-8  seeded;  seeds 
rather  larger  than  those  of  the  preceding 
species;  flowyers  fragrant. 

In  dry  woods  and  on  hills,  Connecticut  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  South  Carolina.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in 
North  Carolina.  Pedicels  3" -8"  long.  July-Aug. 

Melanthium  latifolium  longipedicellatum  A.  Brown, 

Bull.  Torr.  Club,  23:  152.     1896. 
Lowei  leaves  6"-io"  wide,  and  upper  pedicels 
12"  long.     West  Virginia. 


3.    Melanthium  parviflorum  (Michx.) 
S.  Wats.     Small-flowered  Melan- 
thium.    (Fig.  983.) 

Veratrunn  parviflorum   Michx.    Fl.  Bor.  Am.    2: 
250.      1803. 

Melanthium  parviflorum  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
14:  276.      1879. 

Stem  slender,  2°-5°  tall.  Lower  leaves  broadly 
oval  or  oblanceolate,  acute,  4/-8/  long,  \yzf-\f 
wide,  with  narrow  sheathing  bases,  the  upper 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate;  panicle 
i°-2°  long,  loose  and  open,  its  very  slender 
branches  divergent  or  ascending;  pedicels  fili- 
form, much  longer  than  the  bracts,  somewhat 
longer  than  the  perianth-segments;  flowers  4//- 
6//  broad,  greenish;  perianth -segments  oblance- 
olate, glandless,  short-clawed  or  sessile;  capsule 
5/x-6x/  long,  the  cavities  4-6-seeded;  seeds  3//-4// 
long. 

In  dry  woods,  mountains  of  Virginia  to  South 
Carolina.  June-Aug. 

10.    VERATRUM  L>  Sp.  PI.  1044.     1753. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  with  thick  short  poisonous  rootstocks,  the  leaves  mostly  broad, 
clasping,  strongly  veined  and  plaited,  the  stem  and  inflorescence  pubescent.  Flowers  green- 
ish or  yellowish  or  purple,  rather  large,  polygamous  or  monoecious,  on  short  stout  pedicels 
in  large  terminal  panicles.  Perianth-segments  6,  glandless  or  nearly  so,  not  clawed,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  opposite  the  perianth-segments  and  free  from  them, 
short,  mostly  curved.  Anthers  cordate,  their  sacs  confluent.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  3,  persist- 
ent. Capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  the  cavities  several-seeded.  Seeds  very  flat,  broadly  winged. 
[Ancient  name  of  the  Hellebore.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in 
the  southern  United  States  and  2  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

Flowers  yellowish  green;  perianth-segments  pubescent,  ciliate.  i.  V.  viride. 

Flowers  purple;  perianth-segments  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  2.  V.  Woodii 


408 


i.    Veratrum  viride  Ait. 


MELANTHACEAE. 

American  White  Hellebore. 
(Fig.  984.) 


Indian  Poke. 


Veratrum  viride  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  422.      1789. 

Rootstock  erect,  2/-3/  long,  i'-2'  thick,  with 
numerous  fibrous-fleshy  roots.  Stem  stout,  2°-8° 
tall,  very  leafy;  leaves  acute,  the  lower  broadly 
oval  or  elliptic,  6' -12'  long,  3/-6/  wide,  short-peti- 
oled  or  sessile,  sheathing,  the  upper  successively 
narrower,  those  of  the  inflorescence  small;  panicle 
S'-2°  long,  densely  many-flowered,  its  lower 
branches  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping;  pedi- 
cels i//-3//  long,  mostly  shorter  than  the  bracts; 
flowers  yellowish  green,  8//-i2//  broad;  perianth- 
segments  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  ciliate-serrulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  ovary  glabrous;  cap- 
sule io//-i2//  long,  4//-6//  thick,  many-seeded; 
seed  4//-5//  long. 

In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Minnesota  and  British  Colum- 
bia. Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  May- 
July. 


2.  Veratrum  Woodii  Robbins.    Wood's 
False  Hellebore.     (Fig.  985.) 

Veratrum  Woodii  Robbins 'in  Wood,   Classbook, 
Ed.  41,  557.      1855. 

Rootstock  short,  erect.  Stem  slender,  2°-5° 
tall;  leaves  mostly  basal,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
often  i°  long,  2/-4/  wide,  narrowed  into 
sheathing  petioles  about  as  long  as  the  blade; 
upper  leaves  small  and  linear-lanceolate;  panicle 
open,  i°-2°  long,  its  branches  ascending;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  perianth, about  as  long  as  the 
bracts;  flowers  6//-8//  broad,  purple;  perianth- 
segments  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous,  entire,  little  longer  than  the  stamens; 
ovary  pubescent  when  young,  becoming  gla- 
brous; capsule  6//-8//  long,  few-seeded. 

In  dry  woods  and  on  hills,  southern  Indiana  to 
Missouri.  June-July. 


ii.    UVULARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  304.     1753. 

Erect  forked  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Stem  leafy  above,  scale-bearing  below,  the 
leaves  alternate,  sessile  or  perfoliate.  Flowers  large,  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  or 
rarely  2  together,  peduncled,  drooping.  Perianth  bell-shaped  or  narrower;  segments  dis- 
tinct, deciduous,  each  bearing  a  nectary  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  free,  or  adnate  to  the  very 
bases  of  the  perianth -segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  3-lobed,  3-celled,  short-stalked  or  sessile;  styles  united  to  about  the  mid- 
dle, stigmatic  along  the  inner  side  above;  ovules  several  in  each  cell.  Capsule  ovoid  or  ob- 
ovoid,  3-angled  or  3-winged,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  globose,  1-3  in  each  cavity. 
[Name  Latin,  from  uvula,  a  palate,  in  allusion  to  the  hanging  flowers.] 

Five  or  six  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America. 

Capsule  obtusely  3-angled,  truncate  or  rounded;  leaves  perfoliate. 

Glabrous,  glaucous;  perianth-segments  papillose  within.  i.  U.  perfoliata. 

I/eaves  pubescent  beneath ;  perianth-segments  smooth.  2.  U.  grandiflora. 
Capsule  acutely  3-angled  or  3-winged,  acute  at  each  end;  leaves  sessile. 

Leaves  thin,  slightly  rough-margined,  narrowed  at  both  ends.  3.  U.  sessilifolia. 

Leaves  firm,  manifestly  rough -margined,  sometimes  subcordate.  4.  U.  pudenda. 


BUNCH-FLOWER   FAMILY. 


409 


Perfoliate  Belhvort.      (Fig.  986.) 


i.    Uvularia  perfoliata  L,. 

Crularia  pcrfoliata  L.  Sp.  PI.  304.      1753. 

Glabrous  and  glaucous  or  pale  green.  Stems  6'- 
20'  high,  slender,  forked  above  the  middle,  usually 
with  1-3  leaves  below  the  fork;  leaves  oval,  oblong 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  smooth-margined, 
2/-5/  long  when  mature,  small  at  flowering  time; 
flowers  io//-i6//  long,  pale  yellow;  peduncle  becom- 
ing Yz'-if  long  in  fruit;  perianth-segments  granu- 
lar-papillose within,  sometimes  but  slightly  so;  sta- 
mens shorter  than  the  styles  or  equalling  them,  the 
connective  sharp-tipped;  capsule  obovoid,  truncate, 
thicker  than  long,  4"-$"  long,  obtusely  3-angled, 
with  concave  sides  and  grooved  angles,  its  lobes 
dehiscent  above. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Quebec  and  Ontario  to 
Florida  and  Mississippi.  Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  Vir- 
ginia. Flowers  fragrant.  May-June. 


2.     Uvularia    grandiflora   J.    E.    Smith. 
Large-flowered  Belhvort.     (Fig.  987.) 

Uvularia  grandiflora  J.  E.  Smith,  Ex.  Bot.  1:99.  pi. 

.,-/.      1804-5. 

Stems  rather  stouter  than  that  of  the  preceding 
species,  naked  or  with  i  or  2  leaves  below  the  fork, 
Leaves  perfoliate,  oblong,  oval  or  ovate,  pubescent 
beneath,  at  least  when  young,  glabrous  above,  be- 
coming 2/~5/  long;  flowers  lemon-yellow,  I'-i.^' 
long;  perianth-segments  smooth  on  both  sides  or 
very  slightly  granular  within;  stamens  exceeding 
the  styles,  the  connective  blunt;  capsule  obtusely 
3-angled,  truncate,  \"-$"  long,  the  lobes  dehiscent 
above. 

In  rich  woods,  Quebec  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Geor- 
gia, Tennessee  and  Iowa.  April-June. 

3.    Uvularia  sessilifolia  L,.     Sessile-leaved  Belhvort.     (Fig.  988.) 

rvularia  sessilifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  305.      1753. 
Oakesia  sessilifolia  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  269. 
1879. 

Glabrous,  stem  slender,  naked  or  bearing  i  or  2 
leaves  below  the  fork.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  1%'-$'  long  when  mature,  thin,  sessile, 
acute  at  each  end,  roughish-rnargined,  pale  or 
glaucous  beneath;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  8//-i5// 
long;  perianth -segments  smooth;  styles  exceeding 
stamens;  anthers  blunt;  peduncle  ^/-i/  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  sharply  3-angled,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  short-stipitate,  about  \'  long,  6//-8//  thick. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  and 
Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Georgia  and  Arkansas. 
May-June. 


Uvularia  sessilifolia  nitida  (Britton)  Morong,  Mem. 

Torr.  Club,  5:  in.      1894. 

Oakesia  sessilifolia  var.  (?)  nitida  Britton,  Trans.  N. 
Y.  Acad.  Sci.  9:  13.      1889. 

Leaves  smaller,  bright  green  on  both  sides:  flowers 
light  yellow;  capsule  scarcely  stipitate.  Pine  barrens 
of  New  Jersey.  Perhaps  referable  to  the  following 
species. 


410  MELANTHACEAE. 

4.    Uvularia  puberula  Michx.     Mountain 
Bell  wort.     (Fig.  989.) 

Uvularia  puberula  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  199.     1803. 
Oakesia  puberula  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  269.    1879. 


Stem  rather  stout,  sparingly  rough-pubescent  with 
short  hairs,  at  least  on  the  forks.  Leaves  oblong,  oval 
or  ovate;  rough -margined,  firm  and  il/2f-T>'  long  when 
mature,  sessile,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse,  subcordate 
or  sometimes  narrowed  at  the  base,  shining,  green  on 
both  sides,  the  midvein  sometimes  pubescent;  flowers 
light  yellow,  about  i'  long;  styles  exceeding  the 
stamens;  capsule  sharply  3-angled,  acute  at  both  ends, 
sessile  or  very  nearly  so  on  the  short  peduncle,  io//— 
12"  long. 

In  mountain  woods,  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  to 
South  Carolina.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- 
June. 

Family  19.     LILIACEAE  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  :  42.       1763. 

LII<Y  FAMILY. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  bulbs  or  corms,  or  rarely  with  root- 
stocks  or  a  woody  caudex  (Agave'),  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  solitary  or 
clustered,  regular,  mostly  perfect.  Perianth  parted  into  6  distinct  or  nearly  dis- 
tinct segments,  or  these  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube,  inferior  or  partly 
superior  (Aletris}.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth  or  at  the 
bases  of  its  segments;  anthers  2 -celled,  mostly  introrse,  sometimes  extrorse. 
Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  few  or  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
pous;  styles  united;  stigma  3-lobed  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule 
(septicidal  in  Calochortus} ,  or  in  Agave  sometimes  fleshy  and  indehiscent. 
Seeds  various,  wdnged  or  wingless.  Embryo  in  copious  endosperm. 

About  125  genera  and  1300  species,  widely  distributed. 

*  Plants  bulbous,  or  with  rootstocks,  or  fibrous-fleshy  roots. 
Ovary  superior,  not  adnate  to  the  perianth. 

Roots  fibrous-fleshy;  scape  tall;  flowers  orange  or  yellow.  i.  Hemerocallis. 

I,ow  fleshy  herb  with  a  short  rootstock;  flowers  white.  2.  Leucocrimtm. 

Plants  with  bulbs  or  corms. 
Flowers  umbelled. 
Perianth  6-parted. 

Odor  characteristically  onion-like;  ovules  i  or  2  in  each  cavity.  3.  Allium. 
Odor  not  onion-like;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity. 
Perianth  funnelform,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  lobes. 
Flowers  solitary,  racemed,  corymbed  or  panicled. 
Anthers  not  introrse. 

Perianth-segments  all  alike  or  nearly  so;  capsule  loculicidal. 
Anthers  versatile ;  tall  herbs. 
Anthers  not  versatile;  low  herbs. 

Stem  leafy;  flowers  leafy-bracted. 
Leaves  only  2,  appearing  basal;  flowers  bractless. 
Outer  segments  narrower  than  the  inner;  capsule  septicidal. 
Anthers  introrse. 

Perianth  of  6  separate  segments. 

Filaments  filiform.  10.  Quamasia. 

Filaments  flattened.  ii.   Ornithogalum. 

Perianth  globose,  oblong  or  urn-shaped.  12.  Muscari. 

Ovary  half  inferior;  roots  fibrous;  flowers  racemed.  13.  Aletris. 

**Stem  a  woody  caudex;  leaves  rigid,  mostly  bearing  marginal  fibres.     14.   Yucca. 


4.  Nothoscordn  »i . 

5.  Androstephiuni* 


6.  Lilium. 

7.  Fritillaria. 

8.  Erythronitim. 

9.  Calochortns. 


i.    HEMEROCALLIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  324.     1754. 

Tall  glabrous  herbs,  with  fibrous  fleshy  roots,  basal  linear  leaves  and  large  mostly  orange 
or  yellow  flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  leafless  scapes.  Perianth  funnelform,  its  lobes  ob- 
long or  spatulate,  much  longer  than  the  cylindric  tube.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  summit 
of  the  perianth -tube,  shorter  than  the  lobes,  declined;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear- 
oblong,  the  sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  oblong,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cav- 
ity; style  slender,  declined,  tipped  with  a  small  capitate  stigma.  Capsule  oblong  or  ovoid, 
thick-walled,  3-angled,  transversely  wrinkled,  loculicidally  3-valved.  [Greek,  signifying 
beautiful  for  a  day.] 

About  5  species,  natives  of  Kurope  and  Asia. 


LILY  FAMILY. 


411 


i.  Hemerocallis  fulva  L,.    Day  Lily. 
(Fig.  990.) 

Hemerocallis  fulva  L.  Sp.  PL  Ed.  2,  462.     1762. 

Scapes  3°-6°  high,  stout,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  4//-6//  wide,  chan- 
neled, tapering  to  an  acute  tip;  scape  bearing 
several  short  bracts  above;  flowers  6-15, 
short-pedicelled,  tawny  orange,  panicled,  4'- 
5X  long,  opening  for  a  day;  tube  of  the  peri- 
anth i/-i^/  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  some- 
what spreading,  netted-veined;  the  three 
outer  nearly  flat,  acutish;  the  3  inner  undu- 
late and  blunt. 

In  meadows  and  along  streams.  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Ontario  to  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 
Escaped  from  cultivation.  Native  of  Europe 
and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

Hemerocallis  flava  L.,  the  Yellow  Day  Lily, 
with  bright  yellow  flowers,  their  lobes  parallel- 
veined,  is  occasionally  found  near  old  gardens. 


2.    LEUCOCRINUM  Nutt.;  A.  Gray,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  4:   no.     1837. 

A  low  acaulescent  rather  fleshy  herb,  from  a  short  rootstock,  the  roots  thick,  fibrous. 
Outer  leaves  membranous,  acute,  short;  inner  leaves  linear,  elongated,  the  innermost  re- 
duced to  bracts.  Flowers  large,  white,  umbellate  from  the  subterranean  axils.  Pedicels  fili- 
form. Perianth  with  a  very  narrow  tube  and  a  salverform  limb,  persistent,  the  6  linear-ob- 
long lobes  spreading,  nerved,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Stamens  borne  near  the  top  of  the 
perianth -tube,  shorter  than  the  lobes;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  their  sacs  introrsely 
dehiscent.  Ovary  ovoid,  3-celled;  style  filiform 
stigma  small.  Capsule  oval  or  obovoid,  3-angled, 
sessile,  obtuse,  loculicidal.  Seeds  several  in  each 
cavity,  angled.  [Greek,  meaning  white  lily.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  northwestern  North  America 

i.    Leucocrinum  montanum  Nutt. 
L/eucocrinum.     (Fig.  991.) 

Leucocrinum  montanum  Nutt.;  A.   Gray,  Ann.  Lye. 
N.  Y.  4:  1 10.      1837. 

Root-fibres  very  thick,  numerous.  Inner  leaves 
a'-io'  long,  i//-3// wide;  flowers  3-8;  pedicels  ^/- 
2'  long;  perianth-limb  about  %'  broad,  the  lobes 
acute;  perianth-tube  i/-2/  long,  less  than  \"  in  di- 
ameter; filaments  3//-4//  long;  anthers  coiled,  at 
least  when  dry;  capsule  3//-4//  long,  erect,  leath- 
ery; seeds  4-6  in  each  cavity,  black. 

In  sandy  soil,  South  Dakota  and  western  Nebraska 
to  California.  Ascends  to  5500  ft.  in  the  Black  Hills. 
April-June. 

3.    ALLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  294.     1753. 

Bulbous  herbs,  characteristically  odorous  (alliaceous),  the  bulbs  solitary,  or  clustered  on 
short  rootstocks.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  or  rarely  lanceolate  or  oblong,  sheathing,  basal,  or 
sometimes  also  on  the  stem.  Stem  (usually  a  scape)  simple,  erect.  Flowers  white,  purple, 
pink  or  green,  in  a  terminal  simple  umbel,  subtended  by  2  or  3  membranous  separate  or 
united  bracts.  Pedicels  slender,  not  jointed.  Perianth  persistent,  the  6  segments  separate, 
or  united  by  their  very  bases.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  dilated,  sometimes  toothed;  anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so,  completely  or  incompletely  3-celled;  style  filiform,  jointed,  usually  decidu- 
ous; stigmas  small;  ovules  1-6  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  loculicidal.  [Latin  for  garlic.] 

About  275  species  of  wide  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  40  others  occur  in  the 
western  United  States. 


412 


LILIACEAE. 


i. 


Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  absent  at  flowering  time.  i.  A.  tricoccum. 

Leaves  linear,  present  at  flowering  time. 

Bulb-coats  membranous,  not  fibrous  reticulated. 

Umbel  capitate;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers.  2.  A.  Schoenoprasum. 

Umbel  loose;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Flowering  umbel  nodding.  3.  A.  cernuum. 

Flowering  umbel  erect. 

Leaves  flat  or  channeled,  all  nearly  basal.  4.  A.  stellatum. 

Leaves  terete,  hollow,  several  on  the  stem;  flowers  often  replaced  by  bulblets. 

5.  A.  vineale. 

Bulb-coats  fibrous-reticulated. 
Capsule  not  crested. 

Flowers  mostly  replaced  by  bulblets;  scape  i°-2°  tall.  6.  A.  Canadense. 

Flowers  rarely  replaced  by  bulblets. 

Scape  i°-2°  tall;  pedicels  8" -12"  long;  perianth  segments  thin. 

7.  A.  mutabile. 
Scape  4' -8'  tall;  pedicels  4" -6"  long;  perianth-segments  rigid  in  fruit. 

8.  A.  Nuttallii. 
Capsule-valves  with  2  short  crests.                                                             .9.  A.  reticulatum. 

Allium  tricoccum  Ait.     Wild  Leek.      (Fig.  992.) 

A  Ilium  tricoccum  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  i:  428.      1789. 

Bulbs  ovoid,  clustered,  i/-2/  high,  seated  on 
a  short  rootstock,  their  coats  fibrous-reticulated. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  appearing 
early  in  the  spring,  but  withering  and  disappear- 
ing before  flowering  time,  6/-i2/  long,  \'--i' 
wide,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  tapering  into  a 
long  petiole;  scape  4/-i5/  tall;  bracts  of  the  um- 
bel usually  2,  at  first  enclosing  the  flowers, 
membranous,  acuminate,  deciduous;  umbel 
many -flowered,  erect;  pedicels  slender,  becom- 
ing rigid,  6//-io// long;  flowers  white;  perianth- 
segments  oblong,  obtuse,  2//-3//  long;  filaments 
lanceolate-subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth; ovule  i  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary;  cap- 
sule deeply  3-lobed,  about  3X/  broad,  i^//-2// 
high,  its  valves  not  crested;  seeds  globose, 
black,  smooth. 

In  rich  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Often 
grows  in  large  beds.  Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  North 
Carolina.  June-July. 

2.    Allium  Schoenoprasum  I,.     Chives.     Chive  Garlic.     (Fig.  993.) 

Allium  Schoenoprasum  L-  Sp.  PI.  301.      1753. 

Bulbs  narrowly  ovoid,  clustered,  i'  high  or 
less,  their  membranous  coats  not  fibrous-reticu- 
lated. Scape  rather  stout,  8/-2°  high,  bearing 
below  the  middle  i  or  2  elongated  linear  terete 
hollow  leaves  about  ^//  in  diameter,  or  the  leaves 
all  basal;  bracts  of  the  umbel  2,  broadly  ovate, 
veiny;  umbel  many-flowered,  capitate,  the  pedi- 
cels i//-3//  long;  flowers  rose-color,  longer  than 
the  pedicels;  perianth -segments  4//-6//  long, 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  stamens  much  shorter 
than  the  perianth;  filaments  subulate,  half- 
terete;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary; 
capsule  obtusely  3-lobed,  about  half  as  long  as 
the  perianth. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Alaska, 
south  to  Maine,  northern  New  York,  Michigan, 
Wyoming  and  Washington.  Also  in  Europe  and 
Asia.  June-July. 


413 


(Fig.  994. 


LILY  FAMILY. 
3.    Allium  cernuum  Roth.     Nodding  Wild  Onion. 

A.  cernuum  Roth;  Roem.  Arch,  i:  Part  3,  40.     1798. 

Bulbs  usually  clustered  on  a  short  rootstock,  nar- 
rowly ovoid,  with  a  long  neck,  i/-2^/  high,  the 
coats  not  fibrous-reticulated.  Scape  slender,  slightly 
ridged,  i°-2°  high;  leaves  linear,  channeled  or  nearly 
flat,  i//-2//  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the  scape, 
bluntish,  umbel  many-flowered,  nodding  in  flower, 
subtended  by  2  short  deciduous  bracts;  pedicels  fili- 
form, 8//-i5//  long;  flowers  white,  rose  or  purple; 
perianth-segments  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  obtusish, 
2//_y/  long;  stamens  longer  than  the  perianth;  fila- 
ments nearly  filiform;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary;  capsule  3-lobed,  rather  shorter  than  the 
perianth,  each  valve  bearing  2  short  processes  near 
the  summit. 

On  banks  and  hillsides,  New  York  to  Minnesota  and 
British  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  South  Dakota,  and  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  New  Mexico.  Variable.  As- 
cends to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July-Aug. 


4.    Allium  stellatum  Ker.      Prairie  Wild 

Onion.      (Fig.  995.) 

Allium  stellatum  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  1576.  1813. 
Bulbs  solitary  or  several  together,  narrowly 
ovoid,  i/-2/  long,  their  coats  membranous.  Scape 
slender,  S'-iS'  tall,  somewhat  ridged  above;  leaves 
linear,  ^"-i^"  wide,  nearly  flat;  umbel  several- 
many-flowered,  erect,  subtended  by  2  lanceolate  or 
ovate  acuminate  bracts;  pedicels  filiform,  6//-io// 
long;  flowers  rose-color;  perianth- segments  ovate- 
oblong,  acute,  2//~3//  long,  equalling  or  rather 
shorter  than  the  stamens;  filaments  filiform,  slightly 
widened  at  the  base ;  capsule  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth, 3-lobed,  about  6-seeded,  each  valve  bearing  2 
erect  processes  or  crests  below  the  apex. 

On  rocky  banks,  Illinois  and  Minnesota  to  Missouri 
and  Kansas.    July-Aug. 

5.  Allium  vineale  L,.    Wild  Garlic.    Field  Garlic.     Crow  Garlic.    (Fig.  996.) 

Allium  vineale  I,.  Sp.  PI.  299.      1753. 

Bulb  ovoid,  i/  high  or  less,  its  coats  membran-  fj 
ous.  Stem  i°-3°  tall,  bearing  2-4  narrowly  linear 
terete  hollow  somewhat  channeled  leaves  below  the 
middle  at  flowering  time,  the  early  basal  leaves 
similar,  numerous,  4/-io/  long;  bracts  of  the  umbel 
2,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  deciduous;  umbel  few- 
many-flowered,  erect,  the  flowers  often  wholly  or 
in  part  replaced  by  small  ovoid  bulblets  which  are 
tipped  with  a  long  capillary  appendage;  pedicels 
3//-i2//  long,  filiform,  the  lower  spreading  or 
drooping;  flowers  green  or  purple,  about  2"  long; 
perianth-segments  ovate  lanceolate,  stamens  in- 
cluded or  slightly  exserted  ;  filaments  flattened, 
broad,  the  3  interior  ones  bearing  a  tooth  on  each 
side  just  below  the  anther;  capsule  3-lobed,  shorter 
than  the  perianth. 

In  fields  and  meadows,  Connecticut  to  Ohio,  Missouri 
and  Virginia.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  A  trouble- 
some weed  in  the  Middle  States,  infesting  pastures, 
and  tainting  the  flavor  of  spring  butter.  June-July. 


414 


LILIACEAE. 


6.    Allium    Canadense  L.      Meadow 
Garlic.     (Fig.  997.) 

Allium  Canadense  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1195.      175.3- 

Bulb  ovoid,  solitary,  usually  less  than  i/  high, 
the  outer  coats  fibrous-reticulated.  Scape  terete, 
8'-2°  tall;  leaves  basal  or  nearly  so,  narrowly  lin- 
ear, flat  or  flattish  above,  slightly  convex  beneath, 
i//-i^//  wide,  usually  shorter  than  the  scape; 
bracts  of  the  umbel  2  or  3,  white,  broadly  ovate, 
acuminate;  flowers  usually  or  often  replaced  by 
ovoid  bulblets;  pedicels,  when  present,  about  %' 
long;  flowers  pink  or  white,  the  perianth-segments 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the 
stamens;  filaments  widened  at  the  base,  none  of 
them  toothed;  capsule  valves  not  crested. 

In  moist  meadows  and  thickets,  Maine  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to 
2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  May-June. 


Allium  mutabile  Michx. 
Onion.      (Fig.  998.) 


Wild 


Allium  mutabile  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  195.    1803. 

Bulbs  ovoid,  solitary  or  several  together,  \' 
high  or  less,  their  coats  prominently  fibrous- 
reticulated.  Scape  terete,  i°-2°  tall ;  leaves 
basal,  channeled,  V-z"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
scape;  bracts  of  the  umbel  2  or  3,  long-acumi- 
nate; umbel  erect,  many-flowered,  rarely  bulblet- 
bearing;  pedicels  filiform,  8//-i2//  long;  flowers 
pink,  rose  or  white,  2>£//-4//  long;  perianth- 
segments  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
acuminate,  or  obtusish,  thin,  longer  than  the 
stamens;  filaments  somewhat  widened  below; 
capsule  rather  shorter  than  the  perianth,  its 
valves  not  crested. 


In  moist  soil,  North  Carolina  to  Nebraska,  south 
to  Florida  and  Texas.     April-June. 


8.    Allium  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.     Nuttall's 
Wild  Onion.     (Fig.  999.) 

Allium  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  227.     1879. 

Bulbs  usually  solitary,  ovoid,  y-t'-'i'  high,  their  coats 
fibrous-reticulated.  Culm  slender,  terete  or  nearly  so, 
4'-8'  tall;  leaves  basal,  Y^'-i"  wide,  shorter  than  the 
scape  or  sometimes  equalling  it;  bracts  of  the  umbel 
3  or  2,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate; 
umbel  several-flowered;  no  bulblets  seen;  pedicels 
slender,  4//-6//  long;  flowers  rose  or  white,  about  3" 
long;  perianth-segments  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
firm,  becoming  rigid  in  fruit;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
perianth;  capsule  shorter  than  the  perianth,  its  valves 
not  crested. 

On  prairies,  Nebraska  and  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Ari- 
zona. April-June. 


3_ 


LILY  FAMILY.  415 

g.    Allium  reticulatum  Don.     Fraser's 
Wild  Onion.     (Fig.  1000. ) 

Allium  reticulatum  Nutt.  Fraser's  Cat.    Name  only. 

1813. 
Allium   reitculatum  Don,   Mem.   Wern.   Soc.   6:  36. 

1826-31. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the  bulb  rather 
larger,  its  coats  prominently  fibrous-reticulated. 
Scape  s'-io7  tall,  slender  ;  leaves  usually  less  than 
ix/  wide;  bracts  of  the  several-flowered  umbel 
mostly  2,  acuminate;  pedicels  slender,  3//-6//  long; 
flowers  white  or  pink,  2^//~3//  long;  perianth- 
segments  longer  than  the  stamens,  thin;  capsule 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  each  of  its  valves  bearing 
2  short  crests  just  below  the  summit. 

Assiniboia  and  South  Dakota  to  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.  May-July. 

4.    NOTHOSCORDUM  Kunth,  Enum.  4:  457.       1843. 

Scapose  herbs,  similar  to  the  onions,  but  without  alliaceous  odor,  with  membranous- 
coated  bulbs,  narrowly  linear  basal  leaves  and  small  yellow  or  yellowish-green  flowers  in  an 
erect  terminal  simple  2-bracted  umbel.  Perianth  6-parted  to  the  base,  withering-persistent, 
its  segments  i-nerved.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  subulate;  anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules 
several  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform,  jointed  near  the  base,  but  commonly  persistent;  stigma 
small,  capitate.  Capsule  3-lobed,  loculicidal.  Seeds  angled  or  flattish,  black.  [Greek, 
signifying  false  garlic.] 

About  lo  species,  the  following  in  the  southern  United  States  and  Mexico,  8  or  9  in  tropical  and 
South  America,  i  Chinese. 

i.  Nothoscordum  bivalve  (L/. )  Britton. 
Yellow  False  Garlic.    (Fig.  1001.) 

Ornithogalum  bivalve  L.  Sp.  PI.  306.      1753. 
Allium  ornilliogaloid.es  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  121.      1788. 
Allium  stHatum^acQ.  Coll.  Suppl.  51.      1796. 
Nothoscordum  striatum  Kunth,  Enum.  4: 459.    1843. 

Bulb  globose,  less  than  \'  in  diameter,  its 
coats  membranous.  Leaves  ,^//-2^//  wide, 
flat,  blunt  or  acutish,  shorter  than  the  scape 
or  equalling  it;  bracts  of  the  umbel  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  membranous,  persistent;  umbel  6- 
12-flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  usually  unequal, 
becoming  rather  rigid  and  i/-2/  long  in  fruit; 
flowers  5//-6//  long;  perianth-segments  thin, 
oblong- lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens; capsule  obovoid  or  somewhat  depressed, 
obtusely  3-lobed,  a//-3//  high,  the  style  as  long 
or  slightly  longer. 

In  sandy  soil,  Virginia  to  Tennessee  and  Ne- 
braska, south  to  Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico.  As- 
cends to  1500  ft.  in  Georgia.  March-July. 

5.    ANDROSTEPHIUM  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  218.       1859. 

Scapose  herbs  from  a  small  membranous-coated  corm.  Leaves  basal,  narrowly  linear. 
Flowers  rather  large,  blue,  in  a  terminal  erect  several-bracted  umbel.  Perianth  funnelform, 
withering-persistent,  the  tube  about  as  long  as  the  6  oblong  lobes.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on 
the  throat  of  the  perianth;  filaments  dilated,  united  to  the  middle  or  above  into  an  erect 
crown-like  tube  with  toothed  lobes  alternating  with  the  linear-oblong  anthers.  Ovary  ses- 
sile, 3-celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform;  stigma  3-grooved.  Capsule  mem- 
branous, 3-angled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  few,  large,  oval,  black.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  crown.] 

Two  species,  natives  of  the  southwestern  United  States. 

27 


LILIACEAE. 

i.    Androstephium    coeruleum  (Scheele) 
Greene.     Androstephium.      (Fig.  1002.) 

Milla  cocrulea  Scheele,  Linnaea,  25:  260.      1852. 
Androstephium  violaceum  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv. 

219.      1859. 
Androstephium  coeruleum  Greene,  Pittonia,  2:  57.      1890. 

Corm  subglobose,  less  than  i'  in  diameter.  Scape 
2/-8/  tall,  simple;  leaves,  i//-2//  wide,  half  terete, 
equalling  the  scape,  or  sometimes  longer;  bracts  of  the 
umbel  2-4,  scarious,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  persistent, 
shorter  than  the  pedicels;  umbel  2-y-flowered;  pedi- 
cels rather  stout,  X'"1^'  l°ng;  perianth  io//-i4// 
long,  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  filament- 
tube  about  5/x  long,  its  lobes  exceeding  the  anthers; 
style  about  as  long  as  the  filament-tube;  capsule  &,"- 
6"  high;  seeds  nearly  5"  long,  very  thin,  narrowly 
winged. 

Prairies,  Kansas  to  Texas.     March-April. 

6.    LILIUM  L.  Sp.  PL  302.       1753. 

Tall  bulbous  herbs,  with  simple  leafy  stems,  and  large  erect  or  drooping  showy 
flowers.  Perianth  fuunelform  or  campanulate,  diciduous,  of  6  separate  spreading  or  re- 
curved segments,  each  with  a  nectar-bearing  groove  at  its  base  within.  Stamens  6,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  perianth,  hypogynous,  slightly  attached  to  the  segments;  filaments  filiform 
or  subulate;  anthers  linear,  versatile,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-celled; 
ovules  numerous;  style  long,  somewhat  club-shaped  above;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  oblong 
or  obovoid,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  horizontal,  packed  in  2  rows  in 
each  cavity.  [Latin,  from  the  Greek  name  of  the  Lily,  said  to  be  from  the  Celtic  It,  white.] 

About  45  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.     Besides  the  following,  some  8  others 
occur  in  western  North  America. 

Flower  or  flowers  erect;  perianth-segments  narrowed  into  long  claws. 
Perianth-segments  merely  acute. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  all  verticillate. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  nearly  all  alternate. 

Perianth-segments  long-acuminate;  leaves  all  alternate,  appressed. 
Flowers  drooping  or  spreading;  perianth-segments  not  clawed. 

Leaves  or  most  of  them  verticillate,  their  axils  not  bulbiferous;  native  species. 
Leaves  finely  roughened  on  the  veins  beneath. 

Perianth-segments  recurved  or  spreading.  4.  L.  Canadense. 

Perianth-segments  not  recurved;  mountain  species.  5.  L.  Grayi. 

Leaves  perfectly  smooth ;  perianth-segments  recurved. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  stem  3°-io°  tall;  flowers  1-40.  6.  L.  superbum. 

Leaves  oblanceolate;  stem  2°-3°  tall ;  flowers  1-3.  7.  L.  Carolinianum. 

Leaves  all  alternate,  crowded,  the  upper  axils  bulb-bearing;  escaped  from  gardens. 

8.  L.  tigrinum. 

i.    Lilium    Philadelphicum   L.      Red 

Lily.     Wood  Lily.     Philadelphia 

Lily.     (Fig.  1003.) 

Lilium  Philadelphicum  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  435.     1762. 

Bulb  ix  in  diameter  or  less,  composed  of  nar- 
row jointed  fleshy  scales.  Stem  i°-3°  tall,  with 
a  few  distant  scales  below,  leafy  above;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  some- 
times obtuse,  i/~4/  long,  3//-7//  wide,  all  verti- 
cillate in  3's-8's,  or  a  few  of  them  alternate,  thin, 
the  margins  finely  roughened;  flowers  1-5,  erect, 
2^/-4/  high;  perianth  reddish  orange,  its  seg- 
ments spatulate,  somewhat  spreading,  acute  or 
obtusish,  the  blade  ]^f-\f  wide,  rather  gradually 
narrowed  into  the  claw,  purple  spotted  below; 
capsule  obovoid-oval,  \%'-2'  high;  seeds  ^"-^" 
long,  narrowly  winged. 

In  dry  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  to  Ontario, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  West  Virginia.  As- 
cends to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  June-July. 


1.  L.  PhiladelphicKui. 

2.  L.  umbellaturn. 

3.  L.  Catesbaei. 


LILY   FAMILY. 

2.    Lilium  umbellatum  Pursh.     Western 
Red  Lily.     (Fig.  1004.) 

Lilium  andinum  Nutt.  Fras.  Cat.     Without  description. 

1813. 
Lilium  umbellatum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  229.      1814. 

Bulb  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding  species,  the 
stem  usually  more  slender,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  linear, 
blunt  or  the  upper  acute,  ascending,  or  sometimes 
appressed,  i/-3/  long,  i//-2)^//  wide,  all  alternate  or 
the  uppermost  verticillate,  their  margins  finely  rough- 
ened; flowers  1-3,  erect,  2/-3/  high;  perianth-seg- 
ments red,  orange  or  yellow,  narrowed  into  the  claw, 
acute,  spotted  below,  the  claw  shorter  than  the  blade; 
capsule  oblong,  3/-4/  long,  about  8/x  thick;  seeds  like 
those  of  L.  Philadelphicum. 

In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Minnesota  and  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, south  to  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Colorado.  As- 
cends to  4000  ft.  in  the  Black  Hills.  June-July. 


417 


3.    Lilium  Catesbaei  Walt.     Southern 
Red  Lily.      (Fig.  1005.) 

Lilium  Catesbaei  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  123.      1788. 

Bulb  y2f-\'  high,  composed  of  narrow  leaf-bear- 
ing scales,  their  leaves  narrowly  linear,  2/-4/  long, 
often  falling  away  before  the  plant  flowers.  Stem 
slender,  i°-2°  high;  stem  leaves  all  alternate,  nar- 
rowly linear  or  linear -lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, erect  or  appressed,  i/~3/  long,  i//~3//  wide; 
flower  (always?)  solitary,  erect;  perianth-segments 
scarlet  with  a  yellow  purple-spotted  base  and  a 
slender  claw,  spreading  or  somewhat  recurved,  3'- 
5'  long,  y2'-if  wide,  long-acuminate,  wavy-mar- 
gined; capsule  i'  high  or  less;  seeds  2//~3//  long. 

In  moist  pine  barrens,  North  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Alabama.  Reported  from  Kentucky  and  Missouri. 
July-Aug. 


4.    Lilium  Canadense  L.     Wild  Yellow  Lily.     Canada  Lily. 

Lilium  Canadense  L.  Sp.  PI.  303.      1753. 

Bulbs  subglobose,  i/-2/  in  diameter,  borne  on 
a  stout  rootstock,  composed  of  numerous  thick 
white  scales.  Stem  2°-5°  tall,  slender  or  stout; 
leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  verticil- 
late  in  4's-io's  or  some  of  them  alternate,  acu- 
minate, 2/-6/  long,  3//-i5//  wide,  finely  rough- 
ened on  the  margins  and  on  the  veins  beneath; 
flowers  1-16,  nodding  on  long  peduncles;  pedun- 
cles sometimes  bearing  a  small  leaf-like  bract; 
perianth-segments  2/-3/  long,  yellow  or  red, 
usually  thickly  spotted  below,  recurved  or 
spreading,  not  clawed;  capsule  oblong,  erect, 
iX/~2/  l°ng- 

In  swamps,  meadows  and  fields,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Georgia,  Alabama 
and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in  North  Caro- 
lina. Red-flowered  forms  with  slightly  spreading 
perianth-segments  resemble  the  following  species, 
and  forms  with  strongly  recurved  segments,  L. 
superbum.  June-July. 


I 


ULIACEAE. 


5.    Lilium  Grayi  S.  Wats.     Asa  Gray's 
Lily.     (Fig.  1007.) 

Lilium  Grayi  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  14:  256.    1879. 

Rootstock  bearing  small  subglobose  bulbs  with 
thick  ovate  scales.  Stem  slender,  2°-3°  high; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  i'-^'  long,  YZ'-I'  wide, 
verticillate  in  3's-8's  or  the  lowest  commonly 
smaller  and  scattered,  all  finely  roughened  on  the 
veins  beneath;  flowers  1-3,  long-peduncled,  spread- 
ing or  slightly  drooping,  2/~3/  long,  red  or  tinged 
with  yellow  at  the  base;  perianth -segments  oblong- 
spatulate,  not  clawed,  acute,  spotted;  capsule  fig- 
shaped,  about  i^'  high. 

Peaks  of  Otter,  Virginia,  and  on  the  higher  moun- 
tain summits  in  North  Carolina.  July-Aug. 


6.    Lilium  superbum  L.     Turk' s-cap  Lily.     (Fig.  1008.) 

Lilium  superbum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  434.      1762. 

Bulbs  globose,  i/-2/  in  diameter,  borne  on 
short  rootstocks,  their  scales  white,  thick,  ovate. 
Stem  stout  or  slender,  3°-8°  high;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate,  smooth  on  both 
sides,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  2/-6/  long,  %'- 
\y2'  wide,  verticillate  in  3's-8's  or  the  upper  al- 
ternate, the  veinlets  not  prominently  anastomo- 
sing; flowers  orange,  orange-yellow  or  rarely 
red,  3-40,  or  rarely  solitary,  nodding,  long-pe- 
duncled, forming,  when  numerous,  a  large  pan- 
icle; perianth-segments  2^/-4/  long,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  purple-spotted,  at  length  usually 
strongly  recurved  from  below  the  middle;  cap- 
sule obovoid,  i^/-2/  high. 

"  In  meadows  and  marshes,  Maine  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee. 
Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Aug. 


Lilium  Carolinianum  Michx. 
Lily.     (Fig.  1009.) 


Carolina 


Lilium  Carolinianum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  197.     1803. 

Lilium  superbum  var.    Carolinianum  Chapm.  Fl.  S. 
States,  484.      1860. 

Bulbs  borne  on  short  rootstocks,  globose,  i/-2/  in 
diameter,  composed  of  numerous  fleshy  scales.  Stem 
2°-3°  high,  slender;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  obovate, 
smooth,  verticillate  or  the  upper  and  lower  alternate, 
acute,  obtuse  or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  the  veinlets  prominently  anasto- 
mosing; flowers  1-3,  orange-red,  3'-4'  long,  long- 
peduncled,  nodding;  perianth-segments  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  purple-spotted  below,  strongly  arched 
backward  with  their  tips  sometimes  counivent. 

In  dry  woods,  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  As- 
cends to  3500  ft.  in  Virginia.  Aug. 


LILY  FAMILY. 


419 


8.  Lilium  tigrinum  Andr.     Tiger  L,ily. 
(Fig.  icio.) 

Lilium  tigrinum  Andr.  Bot.  Rep.  9:  errata.      1809. 

Bulb  solitary,  globose,  about  i^'  in  diameter, 
composed  of  numerous  oblong-lanceolate,  ap- 
pressed  scales.  Stem  stout,  purple  or  nearly 
black,  white-pubescent  above,  2°-5°  tall,  leafy 
nearly  to  the  base;  leaves  lanceolate,  all  alter- 
nate, glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent,  4X-6X  long, 
5//-io//  wide,  the  upper  bearing  blackish  bulb- 
lets,  of  3  or  4  scales,  in  their  axils,  which  some- 
times emit  roots  while  attached  to  the  plant; 
flowers  5-25,  orange-red,  nodding,  3/-4>^/  long; 
perianth-segments  lanceolate,  papillose,  re- 
curved, purple-spotted. 

Escaped  from  gardens,  Maine  and  Massachusetts. 
Native  of  China  and  Japan.  Summer. 


7.    FRITILLARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  803.     1753. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  simple  leafy  stems,  and  rather  large  nodding  solitary  or  racemed 
leafy-bracted  flowers.  Perianth  mostly  campanulate,  deciduous,  of  6  separate  and  nearly 
equal  oblong  or  ovate  segments,  each  with  a  nectar-pit  or  spot  at  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hy- 
pogynous;  filaments  filiform  or  somewhat  flattened;  anthers  linear  or  oblong.  Ovary 
nearly  or  quite  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  slender  or  filiform, 
3-lobed  or  3-cleft,  the  lobes  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Capsule  obovoid  or  globose,  6- 
angled,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  obovate  or  suborbicular,  margined  or 
winged.  [Latin,  fTomfritillus,  a  dice-box  or  chess-board,  in  allusion  to  the  form  or  to  the 
checkered  markings  of  the  perianth  in  some  species.] 

About  50  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.  Besides  the  following,  about  12  others  occur  in 
western  North  America. 

i.  Fritillaria  atropurpurea  Nutt.    Purple 
Fritillaria.     (Fig.  ion.) 

Fritillaria  atropurpurea  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7: 
54-      1834. 

Bulb  l/z'  in  diameter  or  less.  Stem  6/-i5/  high, 
slender,  leafless  below;  leaves  linear,  alternate,  ses- 
sile, *%'-$%'  long,  i^//-2//  wide  or  less;  flowers 
1-6,  purple  or  purplish  green  and  mottled;  peri- 
anth-segments narrowly  oblong,  obtusish,  6//-io// 
long;  peduncles  yzf-\f  long;  stamens  one-half  to 
two-thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth;  style  3-cleft  to 
about  the  middle,  the  lobes  linear;  capsule  erect, 
acutely  angled,  5//-6//  high. 

North  Dakota  to  Nebraska,  Wyoming  and  California. 
June-July. 

8.   ERYTHRONIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  305.       1753. 

Low  herbs,  from  deep  membranous-coated  corms,  sometimes  propagated  by  offshoots, 
the  stem  simple,  bearing  a  pair  of  broad  or  narrow  unequal  leaves,  usually  below  the  middle, 
the  leaves  thus  appearing  basal.  Flowers  large,  nodding,  bractless,  solitary,  or  several  in 
some  western  species.  Many  plants  are  flowerless  and  i-leaved,  these  leaves  often  wider  and 
longer  petioled  than  those  of  the  stem.  Perianth-segments  separate,  lanceolate,  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  deciduous,  with  nectariferous  groove,  and  sometimes  2  short  processes  at  the 


420 


LILIACEAE. 


base.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  shorter  than  the  perianth;  anthers  linear  oblong,  not  versa- 
tile. Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  or  several  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform  or 
thickened  above,  3-lobed  or  3-cleft.  Capsule  obovoid  or  oblong,  somewhat  3-angled,  locu- 
licidal.  Seeds  compressed,  or  somewhat  angled  and  swollen.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  red 
flowers  of  some  species.] 

About  12  species,  all  but  one  North  American.     The  species  are  erroneously  called  Dog's-tooth 
Violet. 

Stem  with  no  offshoot;  flowers  io"-2;  long. 

Offshoots  produced  at  the  base  of  the  corm;  perianth-segments  recurved. 

Flowers  yellow;  stigmas  very  short.  I.  E.  Americanum. 

Flowers  white,  blue  or  purple;  stigmas  i"-i%"  long,  recurved.  2.  E.  albidum. 

No  offshoots,  propagating  by  basal  corms;  perianth-segments  not  recurved. 

3.  E.  mesachoreum. 
Stem  with  a  fleshy  offshoot  below  the  leaves;  flowers  rose,  about  ^'  long.        4.  E.  propullans. 

i.    Erythronium  Americanum  Ker.     Yellow  Adder' s-tongue.     (Fig.  1012.) 

Erythronium  Americanum  Ker,   Bot.   Mag. 

pi.  1113.      i  Je.  1808. 
Erythronium  angustatum    Raf.    Med.    Rep. 

(II.)  5:  354-        20  Jl.   I808. 

Erythronium  bracteatum  Bigel.;  Beck,   Bot. 
N.  &  Mid.  States,  365.     1833. 

Corm  ovoid,  6//-io//  high,  producing  off- 
shoots from  its  base.  Stem  %°-i°  long; 
leaves  oblong  or  oblong -lanceolate,  3/-8/ 
long,  X'~2'  wide,  acute  or  short-acuminate 
at  the  apex,  flat,  usually  mottled  with 
brown,  but  sometimes  green  all  over,  nar- 
rowed into  clasping  petioles;  peduncle 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  rarely  bearing  a 
bract ;  flower  yellow,  or  rarely  purplish 
tinged;  perianth-segments  oblong,  io//-2/ 
long,  3//-4//  wide,  recurved,  dotted  within, 
the  3  inner  auricled  at  the  base;  style  club- 
shaped,  with  3  very  short  stigmatic  ridges; 
capsule  obovoid,  contracted  into  a  short 
stipe,  6//-io//  high;  seeds  curved,  rounded 
on  the  back,  about  il/t'f  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Noya  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Missouri 
and  Arkansas.     Ascends  to  5500  ft.  in  Virginia.     March-May. 


2.     Erythronium    albidum    Nutt. 

White  Adder' s-tongue. 

(Fig.  1013.) 

Erythronium  albidum  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  223.    1818. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the  plant 
propagating  by  offshoots  from  the  base  of  the 
corm,  the  leaves  mottled  or  green  all  over, 
sometimes  rather  narrower.  Flower  white, 
blue  or  purple;  perianth-segments  oblong, 
recurved,  none  of  them  auricled  at  the  base; 
style  somewhat  thickened  upward;  stigmas 
linear,  finally  recurving,  i"-!^'"  long; 
capsule  obovoid  or  oblong,  5//~9//^high. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Ontario  to  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Georgia,  Tennessee  and  Texas. 
Not  common  eastward.  March-May. 


LILY  FAMILY. 


3.    Erythronium  mesachoreum 

Knerr.     Midland  Adder' s- 

tongue.      (Fig.  1014.) 

Ervtlironium  mesachoreum  Knerr,  Midland 
College  Monthly,  2:  5.      1891. 

Corm  ovoid,  io/x  high  or  less,  not  de- 
veloping offshoots,  the  new  corms  formed 
at  or  within  the  base  of  the  old  one. 
Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  linear-oblong, 
not  mottled,  4/-io/  long,  X'-i'  wide, 
somewhat  folded;  flower  lavender  tinted, 
i/-2/  long;  perianth-segments  not  re- 
curved, sometimes  a  little  spreading;  style 
slender;  stigmas  recurved;  capsule  ob- 
ovoid,  larger  than  that  of  E.  albidum, 
X'-iX'  high. 

On  prairies,  Iowa  to  Missouri,  Nebraska 
and  Kansas.  Blooms  before  E.  albidum 
when  the  two  grow  in  proximity.  The  flow- 
ering- plants  are  said  to  appear  before  the 
i -leaved  flowerless  ones. 


421 
TTNIVERS. 


4.    Erythronium  propullans  A. 

Gray.     Minnesota  Adder 's- 

tongue.     (Fig.  1015.) 

Eryihronium  propullans  A.  Gray,   Am.  Nat. 
298.  pi.  74.      1871. 

Corm  ovoid,  io//  high  or  less,  not  develop- 
ing offshoots.  Stem  ascending,  6/-8/  long, 
bearing  a  fleshy  curved  offshoot  i/-2/  long 
from  a  slit  near  the  base  of  the  petiole- 
sheath;  leaves  oblong,  acute,  zf-^.f  long, 
slightly  mottled  or  green;  flower  rose  or 
pink,  about  %'  long,  borne  on  a  filiform 
peduncle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  perianth- 
segments  with  a  yellow  base,  apparently  not 
recurved,  none  of  them  auricled;  stigmas 
mere  ridges. 

In  rich  woods,  Minnesota.  Also  in  southern 
Ontario  (according  to  Macoun).  May. 


9.    CALOCHORTUS  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  240.       1814. 

Branched  or  simple  herbs,  with  coated  corms,  narrowly  linear  leaves  and  large  showy 
peduncled  flowers,  erect  in  the  following  species.  Perianth  segments  separate,  spreading  or 
conuivent,  yellow,  blue,  purple,  white  or  variegated;  the  3  outer  sepal-like,  narrow;  the  3 
inner  petaloid,  gland-bearing,  and  barbed  or  spotted  within,  sometimes  with  a  nectar-pit 
near  the  base.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  short,  subulate;  anthers  erect,  linear  or 
oblong.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigmas  3,  recurved. 
Capsule  oblong  or  linear,  3-angled,  mostly  septicidal,  the  valves  sometimes  2-cleft.  Seeds 
flat.  [Greek,  signifying  beautiful  herb.] 

About  35  species,  natives  of  western  North  America  and  Mexico. 

Anthers  obtuse;  gland  of  inner  perianth-segments  orbicular  or  oval.  i.   C.  Nuttallii. 

Anthers  acute;  gland  transverse,  curved  or  reniform.  2.  C.  Gunnisoni. 


422  LIUACEAE. 

1.  Calochortus  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.     Nuttall's  Mariposa  Lily.     (Fig.  1016.) 

Fritillaria  alba  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  222.      1818.? 

Calochortus  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep. 
2:  124.      1855. 

Corm  ovoid-oblong,  6//-io//  high.  Stem 
slender,  few-leaved,  branched  or  sometimes 
simple,  3/-i5/  tall;  leaves  1'-$'  long,  i/x- 
2l/z/f  wide,  the  lowest  commonly  bearing  a 
bulb  in  its  axil;  peduncles  2/-6/  long;  outer 
perianth-segments  lanceolate  or  ovate-lance- 
olate, green  with  lighter  margins,  acute  or 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  inner,  some- 
times with  a  dark  or  hairy  spot  within;  inner 
perianth-segments  broadly  obovate-cuneate, 
I'-i^'  long,  io//-i2//  wide,  white,  lilac  or 
yellowish,  with  a  yellow  base  and  a  purple 
or  purplish  spot,  the  gland  orbicular  or  oval 
and  more  or  less  pubescent;  filaments  $"-4," 
long,  about  equalling  the  oblong  obtuse 
sagittate  anthers;  capsule  about  i%'  long, 
3//_4//  thick,  acuminate,  the  valves  obliquely 
cross-lined. 

South  Dakota  to  Nebraska  and  California. 
June-July. 

2.  Calochortus  Gunnisoni  S.  Wats. 

Gunnison's  Mariposa  Lily. 
(Fig.  1017.) 

Calochorlus   Gunnisoni  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's 
Exp.  348.      1871. 

Stem  slender,  often  simple,  6/-i5/  high. 
Leaves  usually  less  than  \ff  wide,  involute, 
at  least  when  dry,  none  of  the  axils  bulb- 
bearing  in  any  specimen  seen;  peduncles  \'- 
4'  long;  outer  perianth-segments  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  scarious-margined,  acu- 
minate; inner  perianth-segments  similar  to 
those  of  the  preceding  species,  lilac,  yellow- 
ish below  the  middle,  purple-lined  and 
banded,  the  gland  transverse,  oblong,  curved 
or  reniform,  pubescent;  anthers  acute;  cap- 
sule narrowly  oblong,  narrowed  at  both  ends, 
about  \%'  long. 

South  Dakota  and  Nebraska  to  Arizona  and 
New  Mexico.  June-July. 

10.    QUAMASIA  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  265.       1818. 

[CAMASSIA  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  1486.     1832.] 

Scapose  herbs,  with  membranous-coated  edible  bulbs,  linear  basal  leaves,  and  rather 
large,  blue,  purple  or  white  bracted  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
equal  spreading  persistent  3~7-nerved  segments.  Pedicels  jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower. 
Stamens  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong 
or  linear-oblong,  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  sessile;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cav- 
ity; style  filiform,  its  base  persistent;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  oval,  3-angled,  loculicidal. 
Seeds  black,  shining.  [From  quamash,  the  Indian  name.] 

About  4  species,  natives  of  North  America. 


LILY   FAMILY. 


423 


i.    Quamasia  hyacinthina  (Raf. )  Britton.     Wild  Hyacinth.     (Fig.   1018.) 

Lemotryshyacinthina  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  3: 51.  1836. 
Scilla  Fraseri  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  469.    1856. 

Camassia  Fraseri  Torr.  Pac.  R.  R.  Rep.  4:  147. 
1857- 

Bulb  ovoid,  I'-iX'  long,  its  outer  coat 
usually  nearly  black.  Scape  slender,  i°-2° 
tall,  sometimes  bearing  i  or  2  short  linear 
scarious  leaves;  basal  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  scape,  i%"- 
4"  wide;  raceme  open,  3/-8/  long  in  flower, 
longer  in  fruit;  flowers  several  or  many; 
pedicels  filiform,  6//-io//  long,  about  as 
long  as  the  bracts  and  the  perianth-seg- 
ments; bracts  long-acuminate;  perianth- 
segments  narrowly  oblong,  3-5-nerved,  blue 
or  nearly  white,  longer  than  the  stamens; 
capsule  about  4X/  high,  5//-6//  thick,  the 
valves  transversely  veined. 

In  meadows  and  along  streams,  Pennsylva- 
nia to  Minnesota,  Alabama  and  Texas.  Ascends 
to  21  oo  ft.  in  Virginia.  April-May. 


0 


ii.    ORNITHOGALUM  L,.  Sp.  PI.  306.       1753. 

Scapose  herbs,  with  coated  bulbs,  narrow  basal  fleshy  leaves,  and  large  white  or  yellow 
flowers  in  a  terminal  bracted  corymb  or  raceme.  Perianth-segments  equal  or  nearly  so,  sepa- 
rate, white,  or  sometimes  green  without,  persistent,  faintly  several-nerved.  Stamens  hypo- 
gynous;  filaments  flattened,  often  broad;  anthers  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  sessile; 
ovules  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  style  short  or  columnar,  3-sided;  stigma  capitate, 
3-lobed  or  3-ridged.  Capsule  subglobose,  3-sided  or  3-lobed,  loculicidal.  Seeds  black. 
[Greek,  signifying  bird's  milk,  said  to  be  in  allusion  to  the  egg-white  color  of  the  flowers 
in  some  species.] 

About  75  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Flowers  corymbose,  erect;  pedicels  long,  slender.  i.  O.  umbellatum. 

Flowers  racemose,  drooping;  pedicels  very  short,  stout.  2.  O'.  nutans. 

i.    Ornithogalum  umbellatum  L/. 

Star-of- Bethlehem.     (Fig.  1019.) 

Ornithogalum  umbellatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  307.    1753. 

Tufted,  bulbs  ovoid,  ^/-i^/  long.  the 
coats  membranous.  Scape  slender,  4/-i2/ 
high;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  i//-2^//  wide, 
dark  green  with  a  light  midvein,  blunt, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  scapes;  flowers 
corymbose,  opening  in  sunshine;  bracts  mem- 
branous, linear-lanceolate,  mostly  shorter 
than  the  pedicels;  pedicels  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, the  lower  i'-$f  long;  perianth -segments 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  white  above,  green 
with  white  margins  beneath,  6//-io//  long, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  filaments 
somewhat  flattened,  not  toothed. 

In  fields  and  meadows,  Massachusetts  to  Penn- 
sylvania and  Virginia.  Locally  very  abundant. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  May-June. 


424 


LILIACEAE. 


2.    Ornithogalum  nutans  L,.    Droop- 
ing Star-of -Bethlehem. 
(Fig.  1020.) 

Ornithogalum  nutans  IY.  Sp.  PI.  308.      1753. 

Bulb  ovoid,  ix-2x  long.  Scape  stout,  i°-2° 
high;  leaves  usually  equalling  the  scape  or 
longer,  blunt,  2//-4//  wide;  flowers  several  or 
numerous,  racemose,  nodding;  raceme  3/-8/ 
long,  loose;  pedicels  stout,  2//-6//  long; 
bracts  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  much 
longer  than  the  pedicels,  often  as  long  as  the 
flowers;  perianth-segments  thin,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, about  \'  long  and  4"  wide,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  stamens;  filaments  broad, 
flat,  2-toothed  at  the  apex. 

Escaped  from  gardens  in  eastern  and  southern 
Pennsylvania.  Native  of  Europe.  April-May. 
The  bulbs  of  this  and  other  species  have  for  cen- 
turies past  been  a  portion  of  the  food  of  Italy, 
the  Levant,  and  other  parts  of  the  Old  World. 


12.    MUSCARI  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  7.       1759. 

Low  bulbous  scapose  herbs,  with  basal  linear  fleshy  leaves,  and  nodding  bracted  race- 
mose flowers,  deep  blue  (rarely  white)  in  the  following  species.  Bulbs  membranous-coated. 
Perianth  globose,  urn-shaped,  or  oblong,  with  6  teeth  or  short  lobes,  tardily  deciduous. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth-tube,  included;  anthers  ovate,  versatile,  introrse.  Ovary 
3-celled,  sessile;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short;  stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  3-sided  or  3- 
winged,  usually  6-seeded,  loculicidal.  Seeds  black,  angled.  [From  the  musk-like  odor  of 
the  flowers  of  some  species.] 

About  40  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 

Perianth  globose,  i"-ilA"  in  diameter;  leaves  erect.  i.  M.  botryoides. 

Perianth  oblong,  urn-shaped,  2"-^"  long;  leaves  recurved.  2.  M.  racemosum. 

i.    Muscari  botryoides  (L,. )  Mill.     Grape-Hyacinth.      (Fig.  1021.) 


Hyacinthus  botryoides  'L,.  Sp.  PI.  318.      1753. 

Muscari  botryoides  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  no.  i. 
1768. 

Bulb  \'  high  or  less.  Scape  4/-io/  high; 
leaves  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  i//-4//  wide,  channeled,  blunt  or 
acutish;  raceme  oblong-cylindric,  i/-i)4/  long, 
dense,  or  becoming  longer  and  looser  in  fruit; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  faintly  odorous  flowers; 
bracts  very  short;  perianth  globose,  i//-i^//  in 
diameter,  6-toothed,  the  teeth  white,  recurved; 
valve  of  the  capsule  obovate. 

In  meadows  and  thickets  and  along  roadsides, 
escaped  from  gardens,  Massachusetts  to  Ohio  and 
Virginia.  Naturalized  or  adventive  from  southern 
Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  April-June. 


LILY   FAMILY. 


425 


2.    Muscari  racemosum  (I,.)  Mill. 

Starch  Grape-Hyacinth. 

(Fig.  1022.) 

Hyacinthus  racemosiis  L.  Sp.  PI.  318.      1753. 

Muscari  racemosum  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  no.  2. 
1768. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species.  Leaves  i//- 
•2"  wide,  recurved  or  spreading,  channelled 
above;  raceme  oblong  or  ovoid,  many-flowered, 
dense,  i/-2^/  long;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
starchy-scented  flowers  or  sometimes  equalling 
them,  slender,  much  longer  than  the  bracts; 
perianth  oblong,  urn-shaped,  constricted  at  the 
throat,  2//-3//  long,  with  6  deltoid  recurved 
white  teeth;  capsule-valves  suborbicular,  retuse. 

Escaped  from  gardens,  southern  New  York  to 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland.  Native  of  southern 
Europe.  April-May. 


13.    ALETRIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  319.       1753. 

Scapose  perennial  bitter  fibrous-rooted  herbs,  with  basal  spreading  lanceolate  leaves,  and 
small  white  or  yellow  bracted  perfect  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike-like  raceme.  Perianth  ob- 
long or  campanulate,  roughened  without,  6-lobed,  its  lower  part  adnate  to  the  ovary. 
Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth  at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  included;  filaments  short;  an- 
thers introrse.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous;  style  subulate,  or  short,  3- 
cleft  above;  stigmas  minutely  2-lobed.  Capsule  ovoid,  enclosed  by  the  persistent  perianth, 
3-celled,  many-seeded,  loculicidal.  Seeds  oblong,  ribbed.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm 
fleshy.  [Greek,  signifying  to  grind  corn,  apparently  in  allusion  to  the  rough,  mealy 
flowers.  ] 

About  8  speoies,  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  eastern  Asia. 

Perianth  white,  oblong.  i.  A.farinosa. 

Perianth  yellow,  bell-shaped.  2.  A.  ajirea. 


i.    Aletris  farinosa  L.     Star-grass.     Colic-root.     (Fig.  1023.) 

Aletris  farinosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  319.      1753. 

Roots  numerous,  tough,  scape  i^°-3°  tall, 
slender,  terete,  striate,  bearing  several  or  nu- 
merous small  distant  bract-like  leaves.  Basal 
leaves  several,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the 
base,  spreading,  pale  yellowish  green,  2/-6/ 
long,  3//-io//  wide;  raceme  4/-i2/  long  in 
flower,  or  longer  in  fruit,  dense,  erect,  pedi- 
cels \/f  long  or  less;  bracts  subulate,  longer 
than  the  pedicels  sometimes  2  to  each  flower; 
perianth  tubular-oblong,  white,  or  the  oblong 
lobes  yellowish,  s"-\"  long,  about  i^" 
thick;  style  subulate;  capsule  ovoid,  about 
z"  long,  loculicidal  above,  each  of  its  3 
valves  tipped  with  a  subulate  portion  of  the 
style. 

In  dry,  mostly  sandy  soil,  Maine  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Tenneseee. 
Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  Virginia.  Yellow  flowered 
forms  of  this  or  a  distinct  species  occur  in  the 
Southern  States.  May-July. 


LILIACEAE. 

2.    Aletris  aurea  Walt.     Yellow  Colic- 
root.      (Fig.  1024.) 

Aletris  aurea  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  121.      1788. 


Basal  leaves  shorter  than  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species,  i>^/-3/  long,  3//-S//  wide,  acumi- 
nate, narrowed  into  short  petioles.  Scape  i°- 
2l/2°  tall,  bearing  a  few  subulate  bract-like 
leaves;  raceme  8'-2°  long,  usually  loose;  pedi- 
cels i//  long  or  less,  shorter  than  the  bracts; 
perianth  bell-shaped  or  ovoid-globose,  bright 
yellow,  2//-3//  long,  i^//-2//  in  diameter,  its 
lobes  oval;  style  short;  capsule  ovoid,  about  as 
long  as  the  perianth. 


Southern  New  Jersey  (according  to  Gray  and  to 
Rusby);  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Texas.    June-Aug. 


14.   YUCCA  L,.  Sp.  PI.  319.      1753- 

Large  plants,  with  a  short  sometimes  subterranean  caudex,  or  tall  woody  and  leafy  stem, 
or  bracted  scape,  the  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  usually  rigid  and  sharp-pointed,  bearing 
long  marginal  thread-like  fibres  in  our  species.  Flowers  large,  bracted,  nodding  in  a  ter- 
minal raceme  or  panicle.  Perianth  campanulate,  or  nearly  globular,  white  in  our  species, 
of  6  ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate  separate  or  slightly  united  segments.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
shorter  than  the  perianth;  filaments  thickened  above,  often  papillose;  anthers  small,  versa- 
tile. Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  or  imperfectly  6-celled;  ovules  numerous;  style  columnar, 
short,  with  3  stigmatic  lobes.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  or  septicidal  capsule,  or  fleshy,  or  spongy 
and  indehiscent.  Seeds  numerous,  flattened,  horizontal.  [The  Haytien  name.] 

About  16  species,  natives  of  North  and  Central  America. 

Fruit  fleshy,  indehiscent,  drooping. 
Fruit  an  erect  capsule. 

Leaves  2" -5    wide;  scape  short,  bearing  a  long  raceme. 

Leaves  io"-2'  wide;  scape  2°-io°  high,  bearing  a  large  panicle. 


1.  Y.  baccata. 

2.  Y,  glauca. 

3.  Y.filamentosa, 


i.  Yucca    baccata    Torr.      Spanish 
Bayonet.     (Fig.  1025.) 

Yucca  baccata  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  221. 
1859- 

Caudex  very  short,  or  sometimes  2°-S°  tall, 
covered  with  the  reflexed  dead  leaves.  Leaves 
iX°~3°  long,  i '-2'  wide  with  a  much  wider 
base,  acuminate,  with  a  stout  brown  point, 
concave,  the  marginal  fibres  2'-$'  long;  pan- 
icle peduncled  ;  pedicels  stout,  8//-2o//  long; 
flowers  4/-5/  broad;  perianth-segments  2}4'- 
3^/  long,  8//-i2//  wide;  style  slender,  as  long 
as  the  ovary,  or  shorter;  fruit  oval,  dark  pur- 
ple, fleshy,  indehiscent,  edible,  drooping  2'- 
3'  long,  i^/-2/  in  diameter,  with  a  6-grooved 
beak  of  one-half  its  length  or  less;  seeds  3//  8" 
long,  i"-i>£"  thick. 

Western  Kansas  (?)  southern  Colorado  to  Texas, 
California  and  Mexico.  April-June.  Fruit  ripe 
Sept.-Oct. 


LILY   FAMILY. 


427 


2.    Yucca  glauca  Nutt.     Bear-grass. 
(Fig.  1026.) 

Yucca  glauca  Nutt.  Fraser's  Cat.  1813. 
Yucca  angustifolia  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  227.  1814. 
Caudex  very  short,  the  leaves  all  basal,  nar- 
rowly linear,  smooth,  very  stiff,  sharp-pointed, 
i°-3°  long,  2//~5//  wide,  with  a  broader  base, 
concave,  at  least  when  dry,  the  marginal  fibres 
filiform,  usually  numerous;  scape  short;  flowers 
ij^/-3/  broad,  racemose  or  in  a  little-branched 
panicle  i°-4°  long;  perianth-segments  ovate,  i/- 
lYz'  long;  style  short;  stigmas  shorter  than  the 
ovary;  pedicels  stout,  erect  and  I'-i^'  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  oblong,  2/~3/  long,  about  \'  thick, 
6-sided;  seeds  very  flat,  about  Y^f  broad. 

In  dry  soil,  Iowa  and  South  Dakota  to  Wyoming-, 
south  to  Missouri,  Texas  and  Arizona.     May-June. 


Family  20. 


3.    Yucca  filamentosa  L.     Adam's  Needle. 
(Fig.  1027.) 

Yucca  filamentosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  319.      1753. 

Caudex  very  short,  or  sometimes  i°  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  narrowed  above  the  broad  i>ase,  acumi- 
nate and  sharp-pointed,  flat,  roughish,  i°-2)4°  long, 
9//-2/  wide;  scape  2°-io°  high;  panicle  large,  its 
branches  divergent  or  ascending,  the  lower  often  i° 
long  or  more;  flowers  numerous;  perianth -segments 
i^/~2X/  l°ng>  ovate;  stigmas  slender,  but  shorter 
than  the  ovary;  pedicels  rarely  more  than  yzf  long; 
capsule  oblong,  i^/-2/  long,  about  iox/  thick. 

In  sandy  soil,  Maryland  to  Florida,  Tennessee  and 
Louisiana.  Much  cultivated  for  ornament.  Escaped 
from  gardens  in  southern  Pennsylvania.  May-July. 


1829. 


CONVALLARIACEAE  Link.  Handb.  i:  184. 

LlI/V-OF-THE-VALIvEY   FAMILY. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  simple  or  branched  rootstocks,  never 
with  bulbs  or  corms.  Flowers  solitary,  racemose,  panicled  or  umbelled,  regular 
and  perfect.  Leaves  broad,  parallel-veined  and  sometimes  with  cross-veinlets, 
alternate,  verticillate  or  basal,  or  in  Asparagiis  and  its  allies  reduced  to  scales 
bearing  filiform  or  flattened  branchlets  in  their  axils.  Perianth  inferior  4-6- 
parted  with  separate  segments,  or  oblong,  cylindric  or  urn-shaped  and  6-lobed 
or  6-toothed.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth;  anthers  in- 
trorsely,  extrorsely  or  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-3-celled,  superior;  ovules 
anatropous  or  amphitropous;  style  slender  or  short;  stigma  mostly  3-lobed. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  few  or  numerous.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm  copious. 

About  23  genera  and  215  species,  widely  distributed. 
Leaves  reduced  to  scales;  leaf-like  branchlets  filiform. 
Leaves  broad;  stems  simple  or  somewhat  branched. 
Leaves  alternate  or  basal. 

Leaves  basal ;  flowers  umbelled  or  solitary. 
Leaves  alternate  (solitary  in  flowerless  plants  of  no.  4). 
Perianth-segments  separate. 

Flowers  racemed,  umbelled,  panicled  or  solitary,  terminal. 
Flowers  racemed  or  panicled. 

Perianth-segments  6.  3.    Vagnera. 

Perianth-segments  4.  4.   Unifolium. 

Flowers  umbelled  or  solitary.  5.  Disporum. 

Flowers  solitary  or  two  together,  axillary.  6.  Streptopus. 

Perianth  cylindric  or  oblong,  6-toothed.  7.  Polygonatum. 

Leaves  nearly  basal ;  flowers  racemed;  perianth  6-toothed.  8.  Convallaria. 


i.  Asparagus. 


2.  Clintonia. 


423 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


Leaves  in  i  or  2  whorls  below  the  flower  or  flowers. 
Leaves  in  2  whorls;  flowers  umbelled. 
Leaves  in  i  whorl;  flowers  solitary. 


9.  Medeola. 
10.    Trillium. 


i.    ASPARAGUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  313.     1753. 

Stem  at  first  simple,  fleshy,  scaly,  at  length  much  branched;  the  branchlets  filiform  and 
mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the  scales  in  the  following  species,  flattened  and  linear, 
lanceolate  or  ovate  in  some  others.  Flowers  small,  solitary,  umbelled  or  racemed.  Peri- 
anth-segments alike,  separate  or  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  bases 
of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  mostly  filiform;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong,  introrse. 
Ovary  sessile,  3-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  short;  stigmas  3,  short,  re- 
curved. Berry  globose.  Seeds  few,  rounded. 
[Ancient  Greek  name.] 

About  100  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 

i.    Asparagus   officinalis  L,.     Asparagus. 
(Fig.  1028.) 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.  Sp.  PI.  313.      1753. 

Rootstock  much  branched.  Young  stems  succu- 
lent, edible,  stout,  later  branching,  and  becoming 
3°-7°  tall,  the  filiform  branchlets  z"~^'f  l°ng>  less 
than  %"  thick,  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils  of 
minute  scales.  Flowers  mostly  solitary  at  the 
nodes,  green,  drooping  on  filiform  jointed  pedun- 
cles; perianth  campanulate,  about  3"  long,  the 
segments  linear,  obtuse;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
perianth;  berry  red,  about  47/  in  diameter. 

Escaped  from  cultivation  and  naturalized,  especially 
along  salt  marshes,  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia,  and 
locally  in  waste  places  in  the  interior.  Native  of 
Europe.  May-June,  or  flowering  also  in  the  autumn. 

2.    CLINTONIA  Raf.  Journ.  Pys.  89:  102.       1819. 

Somewhat  pubescent  scapose  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  erect  simple  scapes,  and  few 
broad  petioled  sheathing  basal  leaves,  the  bractless  flowers  umbelled  at  the  summit  of  the 
scape  in  our  species.  Perianth-segments  distinct,  equal  or  nearly  so,  erect-spreading.  Sta- 
mens 6,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  oblong, 
laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  ovules  2-several  in  each  cavity;  style  stout  or  slender; 
stigma  obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Berry  globose  or  oval.  [Name  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton, 
1769-1828,  American  naturalist,  Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York.] 

Six  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  2  of  western  North  America,  2  Asiatic. 

1.  C.  borealis. 

2.  C.  umbellulata. 


Flowers  greenish-yellow,  drooping,  8"-io"  long;  berry  blue. 
Flowers  white,  not  drooping,  4" -5"  long;  berry  black. 


i.    Clintonia  borealis  (Ait.)  Raf.     Yellow  Clintonia.     (Fig.  1029.) 

Dracaena  borealis  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  i:  454.      1789. 
Clintonia  borealis  Raf.  Atl.  Journ.  120.      1832. 

Scape  6/-i5/  high,  pubescent  above  or  nearly 
glabrous.  Leaves  2-5,  usually  3,  oval,  oblong  or 
obovate,  thin,  shorter  than  the  scape,  i/^/-3X/ 
wide,  ciliate,  short-acuminate  or  cuspidate;  um- 
bel 3-6-flowered;  flowers  drooping,  greenish 
yellow,  8//-io//  long;  pedicels  3//-i5//  long,  slen- 
der, pubescent,  erect  or  ascending  in  fruit;  peri- 
anth-segments obtuse  or  acutish;  stamens  about 
as  long  as  the  perianth;  ovary  2-celled;  ovules 
numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity,  style  slen- 
der, some  what  thickened  above,  about  equalling 
the  stamens;  berry  oval,  blue,  several-seeded, 
about  4//  in  diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Wisconsin.  Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  Virginia.  A 
flower  is  occasionally  borne  on  the  scape  below  the 
umbel,  and  rarely  a  small  leaf.  May-June. 


LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY   FAMILY. 


429 


2.    Clintonia  umbellulata  (Michx.)  Torr.     White  Clintonia.      (Fig.    1030.) 

Dracaena  umbellulata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 

i:  202.      1803. 
Clintonia  ciliata  Raf.  Journ.  Phys.  89:  102. 

1819. 
C.  umbellata  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  301.     1843. 

Scape  more  or  less  pubescent,  S'-iS' 
high,  sometimes  bearing  a  small  leaf. 
Leaves  2-5,  oblong,  oblanceolate  or  obo- 
vate,  shorter  than  the  scape  or  equalling 
it,  acute  or  cuspidate,  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gins and  sometimes  also  on  the  midvein 
beneath,  \l/i'-\f  wide;  umbel  several- 
many-flowered;  pedicels  ascending  or 
erect,  slender,  pubescent,  at  first  short, 
becoming  -J^/-i^/  long  in  fruit;  flowers 
white,  odorous,  often  purplish  dotted, 
4//-5//  long;  perianth-segments  obtusish; 
ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity; 
style  slender;  berry  globose,  black,  about 
3X/  in  diameter,  few-seeded. 

In  woods,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Georgia  and  Tennessee.  Ascends  to  4000  ft. 
in  Virginia.  May-June. 

3.    VAGNERA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  496.       1763. 
[SMII.ACINA  Desf.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  9:  51.     1807.] 

Rootstocks  slender,  or  short  and  thick.  Stem  simple,  scaly  below,  leafy  above,  the 
leaves  alternate,  short-petioled  or  sessile  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblong.  Inflorescence  a  ter- 
minal raceme  or  panicle.  Flowers  white  or  greenish  white,  small.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
spreading  equal  segments.  Stamens  6,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  slightly  flattened;  anthers  ovate,  iutrorse.  Ovary  3-celled,  sessile,  sub- 
globose;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  style  short  or  slender,  columnar;  stigma  3-grooved  or  3- 
lobed.  Berry  globular.  Seeds  usually  I  or  2,  subglobose.  [Named  in  honor  of  Wagner.] 

About  25  species,  natives  of  North  America,  Central  America  and  Asia.     Besides  the  following, 
one  or  two  others  occur  in  the  western  United  States. 
Flowers  numerous,  panicled. 
Flowers  few-several,  racemose. 

Plant  io'-i8'  high;  leaves  numerous. 

Plant  2' -i 5'  high;  leaves  2-4. 

i.    Vagnera  racemosa  (L,.)  Morong.     Wild  Spikenard. 

Convallaria  racemosa  L.  Sp.  PI.  315.      1753. 
Smilacina  racemosa  Desf.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  9:  51. 

1807. 
Vagnera  racemosa  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

114.      1894. 

Rootstock  rather  thick,  fleshy.  Stem  some- 
what angled,  slender  or  stout,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, leafy,  finely  pubescent  above,  or  nearly 
glabrous,  sometimes  zigzag,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate  or  oval,  sessile  or  the  lower 
short-petioled,  3/-6/  long,  i/-3/  wide,  acumi- 
nate, finely  pubescent  beneath  and  sometimes 
also  above,  their  margins  minutely  ciliate; 
panicle  densely  many-flowered,  i/-4/  long, 
peduncled;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers, 
or  equalling  them;  flowers  about  •2"  broad; 
perianth-segments  oblong,  equalling  the 
ovary;  berry  red,  aromatic,  speckled  with  pur- 
ple, 2//-3//  in  diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Georgia,  Missouri  and 
Arizona.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- 
July. 

Vagnera  amplexicaulis  (Nutt. )  Greene,  of  western  North  America,  distinguished  from  this  by 
its  clasping  leaves  and  lonjer  style,  may  occur  in  western  Nebraska. 


1.  V.  racemosa. 

2.  I',  stellata. 

3.  V.  trifolia. 

(Fig.  1031.) 


430 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


2.    Vagnera  stellata  (L.)  Morong.     Star-flowered  Solomon's  Seal. 

(Fig.  1032.) 

Convallaria  stellata  I,.  Sp.  PI.  316.      1753. 
Smilacina  stellata  Desf.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  9:  52. 

1807. 
Vagnera  stellata  Morong-,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

114.      1894. 

Rootstock  stout,  fleshy.  Stem  rather 
stout,  erect,  glabrous,  8/-2O/  tall,  straight 
or  somewhat  zigzag,  leafy.  Leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  sessile  and  some- 
what clasping,  minutely  pubescent  beneath, 
2/-5/  long,  Yz'-iYz'  wide,  acute,  acuminate, 
or  blunt  at  the  apex,  flat  or  somewhat  con- 
cave; raceme  sessile  or  short-peduncled,  i'- 
•2'  long,  several -flowered;  pedicels  i//-4// 
long,  usually  shorter  than  the  flowers;  peri- 
anth-segments oblong,  obtuse,  longer  than 
the  stamens;  style  about  as  long  as  the 
ovary;  berry  green  with  6  black  stripes  or 
black,  3//-5//  in  diameter. 

In  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, south  to  New  Jersey,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, Kansas  and  California.  Also  in  northern 
Europe.  May-June. 

Unifolium  liliaceum  Greene,  Pittonia,  i:  280,  a  related  plant  with  conspicuously  folded  leaves 
and  longer  pedicels,  of  western  North  America,  from  the  Black  Hills  to  the  Pacific  Coast,  may  be 
distinct  from  this  species. 

3.    Vagnera  trifolia  (I,.)  Morong. 

Three-leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 

(Fig.  1033.) 

Convallaria  trifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  316.      1753. 
Smilacina  trifolia  Desf.  Ann.  Mus.  Paris,  9: 

52.      1807. 
Vagnera  trifolia  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 

114.      1894. 

Glabrous,  rootstock  slender.  Stem  slen- 
der, erect,  2/-i5/  high,  2-4-leaved  (usually 
3-leaved);  leaves  oval,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  sheathing,  2/~5/  long, 
^/-2/  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base;  raceme  few-flowered, 
peduncled,  i/-2/  long;  perianth-segments 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  finally 
somewhat  reflexed,  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens; style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary; 
berry  dark  red,  ^Yz"-^"  in  diameter. 

In  bogs  and  wet  woods,  Newfoundland  to 
British  Columbia,  south  to  Connecticut,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.  Also  in 
northern  Asia.  May-June. 

4.    UNIFOLIUM  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  54.       1763. 

[MAIANTHEMUM  Wigg.  Prim.  Fl.  Hols.  14.      1780.] 

Low  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  erect  simple  few-leaved  stems,  petioled  or  sessile 
leaves  and  small  white  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  the  pedicels  commonly  2-3  together. 
Perianth  of  4  separate  spreading  segments.  Stamens  4,  inserted  at  the  bases  of  the  seg- 
ments; filaments  filiform;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  sessile,  globose,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in 
each  cavity;  style  about  as  long  as  the  ovary,  2-lobed  or  2-cleft.  Berry  globular,  i-2-seeded. 
[Many  plants  bear  only  a  solitary  long-petioled  leaf,  arising  from  the  rootstock,  whence  the 
Latin  name.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  of  Europe,  Asia  and 
northwest  America. 


LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY. 


431 


i.    Unifolium  Canadense  (Desf.)  Greene.     False  Lily-of -the- valley. 
Two-leaved  Solomon's  Seal.      (Fig.  1034.) 

Maianthemum    Canadense    Desf.    Ann.    Mus. 

Paris,  9:  54.      1807. 
Smilacina    bifolia    var.   Canadensis  A.    Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  2,  467.      1856. 
Unifolium  Canadense  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

15: 287.      1888. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent.  Stem  slender, 
erect,  often  zigzag,  i~3-leaved  (usually  2- 
leaved),  2/~7/  high;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  i/~3/  long,  acute,  acuminate,  or 
blunt  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at 
the  base  with  a  narrow  or  closed  sinus,  ses- 
sile, short-petioled,  or  the  lowest  sometimes 
with  a  petiole  y2f  long;  solitary  leaves  of  the 
stemless  plants  on  petioles  i/-4/  long;  ra- 
ceme rather  dense,  many-flowered,  i/-2/ 
long;  pedicels  mostly  longer  than  the  flow- 
ers; perianth-segments  oblong,  obtuse,  be- 
coming reflexed,  about  i^long,  rather  longer 
than  the  stamens;  berry  pale  red,  speckled, 
about  '2"  in  diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland 
to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  North  Car- 
olina, Iowa  and  South  Dakota.  Ascends  to  5000 
ft.  in  Virginia.  May-July. 

5.    DISPORUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  331.     1812. 
[PROSARTES  Don,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  4:  341.     1840.] 

More  or  less  pubescent  herbs  with  slender  rootstocks,  branching  stems,  scaly  below, 
leafy  above,  and  alternate  somewhat  inequilateral  sessile  or  clasping  leaves,  the  flowers  ter- 
minal, drooping,  whitish  or  greenish  yellow,  solitary  or  few  in  simple  umbels.  Perianth 
of  6  narrow  equal  separate  deciduous  segments.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform 
or  somewhat  flattened,  longer  than  the  anthers;  anthers  oblong,  or  linear,  extrorse.  Ovary 
3-celled;  ovules  2  or  sometimes  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stigma  3-cleft  or  en- 
tire. Berry  ovoid  or  oval,  obtuse.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  2  ovules  in  each  cavity  of  the 
ovary,  in  most  species.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  some  5  others 
occur  in  western  North  America. 

Stamens  shorter  than  the  perianth;  fruit  smooth,  2-6-seeded.  i.  D.  lanuginosum. 

Stamens  as  long  as  the  perianth;  fruit  roughened,  4~i8-seeded.  2.  D.  trachycarpum. 

i.  Disporum  lanuginosum  (Michx.)  Nichols.    Hairy  Disporum.   (Fig.  1035.) 

Streptopus  lanuginosus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i: 

201.      1803. 
Prosartes  lanuginosa  Don,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc. 

18: 532.      1841. 
Disporum  lanuginosum  Nichols.  Diet.  Gard. 

i:  485.      1884. 

Finely  and  rather  densely  pubescent, 
i^°-2^°  high.  Leaves  ovate  lanceolate, 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  2/-4^/  long,  i/--2/ 
wide,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded 
at  the  base,  7-i5-nerved;  flowers  solitary  or 
2~3  together,  greenish,  6//-9//  long;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  about  \'  long;  perianth  nar- 
rowly campanulate,  its  segments  linear- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  somewhat  spreading, 
glabrous,  one-third  to  one-half  longer  than 
the  stamens;  ovary  oblong;  style  slender, 
longer  than  the  stamens  or  equalling  them, 
^^cleft;  berry  oval,  red,  pulpy,  2-6-seeded, 
5//~7//  long. 

In  woods,  Ontario  to  western  New  York, 
Georgia  and  Tennessee.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in 
Virginia.  May-June. 


432 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


Rough- fruited  Disporum. 


2.    Disporum  trachycarpum  (S.  Wats.)  B.  &  H. 

(Fig.  1036.) 

Prosartes  trachycarpa  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's 

Exp.  344.      1871. 
Disporum  trachycarpum  B.  &  H.  Gen.  PI.  3: 

832.      1883. 

Puberulent,  at  least  when  young,  i°-2° 
high.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, lYz'-sYz'  long,  if-2%f  wide,  acute  or 
short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  5-11 -nerved;  flowers 
solitary  or  2-3  together,  yellowish-white, 
4//-7//  long;  pedicels  %'-i'  long;  perianth 
narrowly  campanulate,  its  segments  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute,  little 
spreading,  about  equalling  the  stamens, 
ovary  depressed-globose;  style  slender, 
about  equalling  the  stamens,  3-lobed;  berry 
roughened,  depressed-globose  or  somewhat 
obovoid,  4//-5//  in  diameter,  apparently 
leathery  rather  than  pulpy,  4~i8-seeded. 

Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territory  to- 
South  Dakota,  Nebraska,  Washington  and  Ari- 
zona. May-Aug. 

6.    STREPTOPUS  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  200.       1803. 

Branching  herbs,  with  stout  or  slender  rootstocks,  thin  sessile  or  clasping  alternate 
many-nerved  leaves,  the  flowers  solitary  or  2  together,  extra-axillary,  slender-peduncled, 
greenish  or  purplish,  small,  nodding.  Peduncles  bent  or  twisted  at  about  the  middle. 
Perianth  somewhat  campanulate,  its  6  separate  segments  recurved  or  spreading,  deciduous, 
the  outer  flat,  the  inner  keeled.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  short,  flattened;  anthers- 
sagittate,  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  slender, 
3-cleft,  3-lobed  or  entire.  Berry  globose  or  oval,  red,  many-seeded.  [Greek,  twisted-stalk, 
in  reference  to  the  bent  or  twisted  peduncles.] 


About  5  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone, 
on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath,  clasping;  flowers  greenish-white. 
Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  sessile;  flowers  purple  or  rose. 


i.    Streptopus    amplexifolius    (L,.) 
DC.     Clasping-leaved  Twisted- 
stalk.      (Fig.  1037.) 

Uvularia  amplexifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  304.      1753. 

Streptopus  amplexifolius  DC.   Fl.   France,   3: 
174.      1805. 

Rootstock  short,  stout,  horizontal,  covered 
with  thick  fibrous  roots.  Plant  iX°-3° 
high;  stem  glabrous,  usually  branching  be- 
low the  middle,  leaves  2/~5/  long,  i/-2/  wide, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate-clasping  at 
the  base,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  pe- 
duncles i/-2/  long,  i-2-flowered;  flowers 
greenish  white,  4//-6//  long;  perianth-seg- 
ments narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate;  an- 
thers subulate-pointed;  stigma  simple,  ob- 
tuse or  truncate;  berry  oval,  5//-8//  long. 

In  moist  woods,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to 
North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Michigan  and  New  Mex- 
ico. Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks. 
May-July. 


Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 

1.  S.  amplexifolius^ 

2.  5".  roseus. 


LILY-OF-THE- VALLEY  FAMILY. 


433 


2.    Streptopus  roseus  Michx. 
sile-leaved  Twisted-stalk. 
(Fig.  1038.) 


Ses- 


Sfref>top2is  roseus  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  201. 
1803. 

Plant  i°-2y2°  high,  from  a  short  stout 
rootstock  covered  with  fibrous  roots. 
Branches  sparingly  pubescent;  leaves  2/- 
^Yz'  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile, 
rounded,  or  slightly  clasping  at  the  base, 
green  on  both  sides,  their  margins  finely 
ciliate;  peduncles  Y^f-\'  long,  usually  pu- 
bescent, i-flowered,  rarely  2-flowered; 
flowers  purple  or  rose,  4//-6//  long;  peri- 
anth-segments lanceolate,  acuminate;  an- 
thers 2-horned;  style  3-cleft,  the  spreading 
branches  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side; 
berry  globose  or  oval,  5//-6//  in  diameter. 

In  moist  woods,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  Geor- 
gia, Michigan  and  Oregon.  Ascends  to  5600  ft. 
in  Virginia.  May-July. 

7.    POLYGONATUM  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  54.       1763. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  thick,  horizontal  jointed  and  scarred  rootstocks, 
simple  arching  or  erect  stems,  scaly  below,  leafy  above,  the  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  ses- 
sile and  alternate  in  our  species  (opposite  or  verticillate  in  some  exotic  ones).  Flowers 
greenish  or  pinkish,  axillary,  drooping,  peduncled,  solitary  or  2-10  in  an  umbel,  the  pedi- 
cels jointed  at  the  base  of  the  flower.  Perianth  tubular  or  oblong-cylindric  or  somewhat 
expanded  above  the  base,  6-lobed,  the  short  lobes  not  spreading.  Stamens  6,  included; 
filaments  adnate  to  the  perianth  for  half  their  length  or  more;  anthers  sagittate,  introrse. 
Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  2-6  in  each  cavity;  style  slender;  stigma  small,  capitate  or  slightly 
3-lobed.  Berry  globular,  pulpy,  dark  blue  or  nearly  black,  with  a  bloom,  in  our  species. 
[Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  jointed  rootstocks]. 

About  20  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 


Leaves  pubescent  beneath;  filaments  filiform,  roughened. 

Plant  glabrous  throughout;  filaments  smooth,  somewhat  flattened. 


1.  P.  biflorum. 

2.  P.  commutalum. 


i.  Polygonatum  biflorum  (Walt. )  Ell.     Hairy  Solomon's  Seal.     (Fig.  1039.) 

5 /» NT  IP  Mil  1  A  ^^          Convallaria  difloraWa.lt.  Fl.  Car.  122.    1788. 


Polygonatum  biflorum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga. 
1:393.      1817- 

Stem  slender,  glabrous,  often  zigzag 
above,  8/-T,°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
oval  or  ovate,  2/~4/  long,  ^2/-2/  wide, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  base,  pubes- 
cent especially  on  the  veins  and  pale  be- 
neath, glabrous  above,  the  upper  com- 
monly narrower  than  the  lower;  peduncles 
i-4-flowered  (often  2-flowered),  glabrous; 
perianth  4//-6//  long,  about  I1/?."  thick, 
filaments  filiform,  adnate  to  the  perianth 
for  about  three-fourths  its  length,  papil- 
lose-roughened; berry  3//-4//  in  diameter. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to 
Ontario  and  Michigan,  south  to  Florida  and 
West  Virginia.  April-July. 


434 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


Smooth  Solomon's  Seal. 


2.    Polygonatum  commutatum  (R.  &S.)  Dietr. 

(Fig.  1040.) 

Convallaria  commutata  R.  &  S.  Syst.  7:  1671. 
1830. 

Polygonatum  commutatum  Dietr. ;  Otto  &  Dietr. 
Gartenz.  3:  223.      1835. 

Polygonatum giganteum  Dietr.;  Otto  &  Dietr. 
Gartenz.  3:  222.      1835. 

Glabrous  throughout,  stem  stout  or  slen- 
der, i°-8°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oval  or 
ovate,  i^/-6/  long,  3/-4/  wide,  rather  darker 
green  above  than  beneath,  acute,  acuminate 
or  blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed,  rounded  or 
somewhat  clasping  at  the  base,  the  upper 
often  narrower  than  the  lower;  peduncles  i- 
8-flowered,  glabrous;  perianth  6//-io//  long, 
i^//-2//  thick;  filaments  somewhat  flat- 
tened, smooth,  adnate  to  the  perianth  for 
half  its  length  or  more;  berry  4//-6//  in 
diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  rarely  in 
dry  soil,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario  and  Manitoba, 
south  to  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Utah  and  New 
Mexico.  Variable  in  size  and  in  leaf-form. 
May-July. 

8.  CONVALLARIA  L>  Sp.  PI.  314.       1753. 

A  low  glabrous  herb,  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  very  numerous  fibrous  roots,  and  2  or 
sometimes  3  erect  broad  leaves,  narrowed  into  sheathing  petioles,  the  lower  part  of  the  stem 
bearing  several  sheathing  scales.  Flowers  white,  racemed,  fragrant,  nodding.  Raceme 
i-sided.  Perianth  globose-campanulate,  6  lobed,  deciduous,  the  short  lobes  recurved. 
Stamens  6,  included;  filaments  short,  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  perianth;  anthers  ob- 
long, introrse.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  slender,  3-grooved; 
stigma  small,  capitate,  slightly  3-lobed.  Berry  globose,  pulpy.  [Latin  from  Convallis, 
valley,  and  the  Greek  for  lily.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  Europe,  Asia  and  the  higher  Alleghenies. 

Convallaria  majalis  L,.     Lily-of-the-valley.     (Fig.  1041.) 


Convallaria  majalis  L-  Sp.  PI.  314.      1753. 

Stem  4/~9/  high.  Leaves  oblong,  or  oval, 
appearing  nearly  basal,  acute  at  both  ends, 
5/-i2/  long,  i '-2^'  wide;  basal  scales  large, 
I'-A,'  long,  one  of  them  subtending  an  erect 
angled  scape  shorter  than  the  leaves;  raceme 
i/-3^/  long,  loosely  several-flowered;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  recurved,  3//-6//  long,  exceed- 
ing or  sometimes  shorter  than  the  lanceolate 
bracts;  perianth  3//~4//  long,  its  lobes  i// 
long  or  less;  filaments  shorter  than  the  an- 
thers; berry  about  •$"  in  diameter. 

On  the  higher  mountains  of  Virginia,  North 
Carolina  and  South  Carolina.  Common  in  cul- 
tivation. May-June. 


LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY. 


435 


g.    MEDEOLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  339.       1753. 

A  slender  erect  unbranched  herb,  loosely  provided  with  deciduous  wool.  Rootstock 
thick,  white,  tuber-like,  with  somewhat  the  odor  and  taste  of  cucumbers,  the  slender  fibrous 
roots  numerous.  Leaves  of  flowering  plants  in  2  whorls;  lower  whorl  of  5-9  oblong-lance- 
olate or  obovate  leaves;  upper  whorl  of  3-5  ovate  or  oval  leaves,  subtending,  like  an  invo- 
lucre, the  sessile  umbel  of  small  greenish  yellow  declined  flowers.  Perianth  of  6  separate 
equal  oblong  recurved  segments.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  slender,  smooth, 
longer  than  the  oblong  extrorse  anthers,  the  sacs  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules 
several  in  each  cavity;  styles  3,  recurved,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Berry  globose, 
pulpy.  [Name  from  Medea,  a  sorceress,  referring  to  the  supposed  healing  properties.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 


i.    Medeola  Virginiana  L.     Indian  Cucumber-root.     (Fig.  1042.) 

Medeola  Virginiana  L.  Sp.  PI.  339.      1753. 

Rootstock  fleshy,  1'-$'  long.  Stem  i°- 
2%°  tall,  bearing  the  lower  whorl  of  leaves 
above  the  middle,  or  in  flowerless  plants  at 
the  summit;  leaves  of  the  lower  whorl  ses- 
sile, 2^/~5/  long,  i/-2/  wide,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-5-nerved  and 
reticulate-veined;  leaves  of  the  upper  whorl 
i/-2/  long,  Yz'-V  wide,  short-petioled  or  ses- 
sile; umbel  2-9-flowered;  pedicels  filiform, 
i/  long  or  less,  declined  in  flower,  erect  or 
ascending  in  fruit;  perianth-segments  3//~5// 
long,  obtuse;  berry  dark  purple,  4//-7//  in 
diameter. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and 
Tennessee.  Ascends  to  2800  ft.  in  Virginia. 
May-June. 


10.  TRILLIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  339.       1753. 

Glabrous  erect  unbranched  herbs,  with  short  scarred  rootstocks  and  3  leaves  whorled  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  subtending  the  sessile  or  peduncled  solitary  bractless  flower.  Soli- 
tary long-petioled  leaves  are  sometimes  borne  on  the  rootstock.  Perianth  of  2  distinct 
series  of  segments,  the  outer  3  (sepals)  green,  persistent,  the  inner  3  (petals)  white,  pink, 
purple  or  sometimes  greenish,  deciduous  or  withering.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments 
short;  anthers  linear,  mostly  introrse.  Ovary  sessile,  3-6-angled  or  lobed,  3-celled;  ovules 
several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity;  styles  3,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Berry  globose 
or  ovoid,  many-seeded.  Seeds  horizontal.  [Latin,  in  allusion  to  the  3-parted  flowers  and 
the  3  leaves.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America.  The  species  are  known  as  Three-leaved 
Nightshade  and  Birthroot.  Phyllody,  i.  e.,  the  reversion  of  petals  or  sepals  to  leaves,  is  occasional 
in  the  genus,  and  the  floral  parts  are  sometimes  in  4's  instead  of  3's. 

Flower  sessile. 

Leaves  sessile;  sepals  not  reflexed. 
Leaves  petioled;  sepals  reflexed. 
Flower  peduncled. 

Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  obtusish,  i'-2'  long. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  rhombic,  acuminate,  2' -7'  long. 

Leaves  sessile,  or  narrowed  at  the  base  and  short-petioled. 
Petals  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  i%'-2l/4'  long. 
Petals  ovate  or  lanceolate,  %'-\.%'  long. 

Peduncle  iK'~4'  long,  erect  or  declined;  petals  spreading.        5.    T.  erectum. 
Peduncle  i^'  long  or  less,  recurved  beneath  the  leaves;  petals  recurved. 

6.    T.  cernuum. 
Leaves  distinctly  petioied,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base.  7.   T.  undulatum. 


T.  sessile. 

T.  recurvatum. 


3.    T.  nivale. 


4.    T.  grandiflorum. 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


i.  Trillium  sessile  L.     Sessile-flowered 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1043.) 

Trillium  sessile  L.  Sp.  PI.  340.      1753. 

Stem  4/-i2/  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  nearly 
orbicular,  sessile,  acute  or  obtuse  and  cuspidate  at 
the  apex,  \yz'-&  long,  often  blotched;  flower  ses- 
sile, erect;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
spreading,  yif-'2'  long,  petals  lanceolate,  acute  or 
obtuse,  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals,  erect- 
speading,  purple  or  green;  anthers  3//-7//  long, 
longer  than  filament,  the  connective  prolonged 
beyond  the  sacs;  berry  globose,  6-angled,  about 
y2f  in  diameter. 


In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Mississippi  and 
Arkansas.  Flowers  pleasantly  odorous.  April-Mas'. 


2.  Trillium  recurvatum  Beck.     Prairie 
Wake-robin.      (Fig.  1044.) 

Trillium  recurvatum  Beck,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  n: 

178.      1826. 

Stem  e'-iS'  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  ob- 
long, T-Yz'-Af  long,  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
into  petioles  3//-9//  long,  sometimes  blotched; 
flower  sessile,  erect;  sepals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, 6//-i5//  long,  reflexed  between  the  peti- 
oles; petals  spatulate  or  oblong,  nearly  erect, 
clawed,  acute  or  acuminate,  equalling  the  se- 
pals or  somewhat  longer;  anthers  Af'-l"  long, 
much  longer  than  the  filaments,  the  connective 
prolonged  beyond  the  sacs;  berry  ovoid,  6- 
winged  above,  about  <$fr  long. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  to  Minnesota,  Mis- 
sissippi and  Arkansas.  April-June. 


3.   Trillium  nivale  Riddell.      Early 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1045.) 

Trillium  nivale  Riddell,  Syn.  Fl.  W.  States,  93. 

1835- 

Stem  2/-6/  high.  Leaves  ovate,  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular,  i/-2/  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled;  pet- 
ioles, 2//-6//  long;  flowers  peduncled;  peduncle 
Yi'-i'  long,  erect,  bent,  or  recurved  beneath  the 
leaves;  sepals  narrowly  oblong  or  oblong-lance- 
olate, obtuse,  J^'-i'  long;  petals  white,  oblong 
or  oval,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  sepals,  erect- 
spreading;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  fila- 
ments, the  connective  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  sacs;  styles  slender;  berry  globose,  3-lobed, 
about  YZ'  in  diameter. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Pennsylvania  to  Ohio  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Kentucky  and  Iowa.  March 
May. 


LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY  FAMILY. 


437 


4.    Trillium  grandiflorum  (Michx.)  Salisb. 

(Fig.  1046.) 

Trillium  rhomboideum  var.  grandiflorum   Michx.    Fl. 

Bor.  Am.  i:  216.      1803. 
Trillium  grandiflorum  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  i:  pi.  i.    1805. 

Stems  usually  stout,  8/-i8/  high.  Leaves  broadly 
rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-oval,  2^/-6/  long,  acumin- 
ate at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  or  nearly  ses- 
sile base;  peduncle  erect  or  somewhat  inclined,  i%'~ 
3'  long;  sepals  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate but  sometimes  bluntish,  i/-2/  long,  spreading; 
petals  erect-spreading,  oblanceolate;  obovate  or  rarely 
ovate-oblong,  obtuse  or  cuspidate,  strongly  veined, 
white  or  pink,  thin,  longer  than  the  sepals;  anthers 
about  l/2f  long,  longer  than  the  filaments;  styles 
slender,  3//-4//  long,  ascending  or  erect;  berry  globose, 
black,  slightly  6-lobed,  8//-i2//  in  diameter. 

In  woods,  Quebec  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Virginia. 
May-June. 

A  monstrous  form,  with  two  long-petioled  leaves,  was 
collected  by  Dr.  Pitcher  in  Michigan. 


Large-flowered  Wake-robin. 


5.  Trillium  erectum  I,.      Ill-scented 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1047.) 

Trillium  erectum  ~L,.  Sp.  PI.  340.      1753. 

Stem  stout,  8'-i6'  high.  Leaves  very  broadly 
rhombic,  3/-;/  long,  often  as  wide  or  wider,  sessile, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base;  pe- 
duncle i  #'-4'  long,  erect,  inclined  or  declined  be- 
neath the  leaves;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
spreading,  %'-i%'  long;  petals  lanceolate  or  ovate, 
acute  or  acutish,  spreading,  equalling  the  sepals  or 
a  little  longer,  dark  purple,  pink,  greenish  or 
white;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments;  styles 
short,  spreading  or  recurved;  berry  ovoid  some- 
what 6-lobed,  reddish,  8//-i2//  long. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  James  Bay  and  Manitoba, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Missouri.  As- 
cends to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  Japan.  Flowers 
unpleasantly  scented.  April-June. 


6.    Trillium    cernuum    L,.      Nodding 
Wake-robin.     (Fig.  1048.) 

Trillium  cernuum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  339.      1753- 

Stem  usually  slender,  8/-2o/  high.  Leaves  simi- 
lar to  those  of  the  preceding  species,  broadly 
rhombic,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sessile,  or  with  the  petioles  i//-2//  long;  pe- 
duncle j^/-iX/  l°ng>  recurved  beneath  the  leaves, 
the  flower  drooping;  sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  6//-i2//  long;  petals  white  or 
pink,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rolled 
backward,  wavy-margined,  equalling  the  sepals,  or 
a  little  longer;  anthers  about  as  long  as  the  sub- 
ulate filaments;  styles  rather  stout,  recurved;  berry 
ovoid,  red-purple,  pendulous,  8//-io//  long. 

In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  Georgia  and  Missouri.  Sometimes  con- 
founded with  forms  of  the  preceding.  April-June. 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 

7.    Trillium  undulatum  Willd.     Painted 
Wake-robin.      (Fig.  1049.) 

Trillium  undulatum  Willd.  Neue  Schrift.  Gesell.  Nat. 

Fr.  Berlin,  3:422.      1801. 
Trillium  erythrocarpum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  216.    1803. 

Stem  usually  slender,  8x-2°  high.  Leaves  ovate, 
3/-8/  long,  2/-5/  wide,  petioled,  long-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base;  petioles  2//-io// 
long;  flowers  peduncled,  erect  or  somewhat  inclined, 
i/-2/^/  long;  sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  9//-i5// 
long,  spreading;  petals  ovate  or  ovate- lanceolate,  acu- 
minate or  acute,  white  with  purple  veins  or  stripes, 
thin,  longer  than  the  sepals,  widely  spreading,  wavy- 
margined;  anthers  about  equalling  the  filaments;  styles 
slender;  berry  ovoid,  obtuse,  bluntly  3-angled,  bright 
red,  shining,  6//-io//  in  diameter. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Wisconsin,  south 
to  Georgia  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  5600  ft.  in  Virginia. 
May-June. 

Family  21.     SMILACEAE  Vent.  Tabl.  2:  146.      1799.* 

SMILAX  FAMILY. 

Mostly  vines,  with  woody  or  herbaceous,  often  prickly  stems.  L,eaves 
alternate,  netted- veined,  usually  punctate  or  lineolate,  several-nerved,  petioled. 
Petiole  sheathing,  bearing  a  pair  of  slender  tendril-like  appendages  (stipules?), 
persistent,  the  blade  falling  away.  Flowers  small,  mostly  green,  dioecious,  in 
axillary  umbels.  Perianth-segments  6.  Stamens  mostly  6,  distinct;  filaments 
ligulate;  anthers  basifixed,  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cavities  op- 
posite the  inner  perianth-segments;  ovules  i  or  2  in  each  cavity,  orthotropous, 
suspended;  style  very  short  or  none;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  globose  berry  con- 
taining 1-6  seeds.  Seeds  brownish;  endosperm  horny,  copious;  embryo  small, 
oblong,  remote  from  the  hilum. 

Genera  3;  species  about  200,  in  warm  and  temperate  regions;  only  the  following  in  North  America. 

i.    SMILAX  L.  Sp.  PI.  1028.       1753. 

Rootstocks  usually  very  large  and  tuberous,  stems  usually  twining,  and  climbing  by 
means  of  the  spirally  coiling  appendages  of  the  petiole.  Lower  leaves  reduced  to  scales^ 
upper  leaves  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  regular.  Perianth-segments  distinct,  deciduous. 
Pedicels  borne  on  a  globose  or  conic  receptacle,  inserted  in  small  pits,  generally  among 
minute  bractlets.  Filaments  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments.  Staminate 
flowers  without  an  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  smaller  than  the  staminate,  with  an 
ovary  and  usually  with  1-6  abortive  stamens.  Berry  black,  red  or  purple  (rarely  white), 
with  3  strengthening  bands  of  tissue  running  through  the  outer  part  of  the  pulp,  connected 
at  the  base  and  apex.  Embryo  lying  under  a  tubercle  at  the  upper  end  of  the  seed.  [An- 
cient Greek  name,  perhaps  not  originally  applied  to  these  plants.] 

About  195  species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  tropical  America  and  Asia.  Besides 
the  following,  about  5  others  occur  in  the  southern  United  States,  and  i  in  California  and  Oregon. 
Stem  annual,  herbaceous,  unarmed. 

Petioles  tendril-bearing;  stems  climbing. 

Leaves  usually  ovate,  thin.  i.  .S.  herbacea. 

Leaves_  usually  hastate,  coriaceous.  2.  S.  tamnifolia. 

Petioles  without  tendrils  or  nearly  so;  stems  erect.  3.  .S.  ecirrhata. 

Stem  perennial,  woody,  usually  armed  with  prickles. 
Berries  black  or  bluish-black. 
Fruit  ripening  the  first  year. 

Leaves  glaucous.  4.  S1.  glauca. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  rounded  or  lanceolate,  5-nerved.  5.  5.  rotundifolia. 

Leaves  ovate,  y-nerved.  6.  5".  hispida. 

Leaves  round-ovate,  often  narrowed  at  the  middle,  7-g-nerved.   7.  5.  Pseudo-China. 
Leaves  deltoid  or  deltoid-hastate,  s-j-nerved,  often  with  i  or  2  additional  nerves  on. 

each  side.  8.  S.  Bona-nox. 

Fruit  ripening  the  second  year;  leaves  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  evergreen.  9.  S.  laurifolia. 
Berries  red. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  base  rounded;  berries  bright  red.     10.  S.  Walleri. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  the  base;  berries  dull  red.  u.  S.  lanceolata. 

*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


SMILAX   FAMILY. 


439 


i.    Smilax  herbacea  L>     Carrion-flower.     (Fig.  1050.) 


2" 


S.  pulverulenta  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  238.      1803. 
Coprosmanthus   herbaceus  Kunth,  Enutn.  5:  264. 
1850. 

Tubers  short,  thick,  scarred,  numerous.  Stem 
herbaceous,  glabrous,  terete  or  obtusely  angled, 
unarmed,  commonly  much  branched.  Petioles 
4//~3>/4/  long;  tendrils  numerous;  leaves  ovate, 
rounded  or  lanceolate,  acute,  acuminate  or  cus- 
pidate at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
thin,  frequently  downy  beneath,  y-g-nerved, 
i^'-S'  long,  if~3%'  wide,  the  margins  entire  or 
denticulate;  peduncles  4/-9/  long,  usually  6-10 
times  as  long  as  the  petioles,  flattened;  umbels 
I5~8o-flowered;  pedicels  3//-8//  long;  flowers  car- 
rion-scented when  open;  stamens  sometimes  5  or 
7;  filaments  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  anthers;  ber- 
ries bluish  black,  2-4-seeded,  3//-4//in  diameter. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario 
and  Dakota,  south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Ne- 
braska. April-June. 

2.    Smilax   tamnifolia    Michx.     Halberd- 
leaved  Smilax.     (Fig.  1051.) 

5".  tamnifolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  238.     1803. 
Coprosmanthus  tamnifolius Kunth,  Enum.  5:267.  1850. 

Glabrous,  herbaceous;  stem  and  branches  terete 
or  obtusely  angled,  unarmed.  Petioles  %'-i%'  long, 
the  sheath  tendril-bearing,  very  short  or  none; 
leaves  coriaceous,  mostly  ovate-hastate,  with  broad 
obtuse  lobes  at  the  base,  slightly  narrowed  at  about 
the  middle,  acute  obtuse  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  entire,  green  on 
both  sides,  i/Mv~3/  long,  K/-2/  wide,  5-7-nerved; 
peduncles  1-3  from  the  same  axil,  I'-tf  long,  usu- 
ally much  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  flattening 
in  drying;  umbels  io-3O-flowered;  pedicels  2//-3// 
long;  segments  of  the  staminate  flowers  slightly 
pubescent;  filaments  1-2  times  as  long  as  the  an- 
thers; berries  black,  2//~3// in  diameter,  i-3-seeded. 

In  dry  soil,  southern  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania 
to  South  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  May-July. 

3.   Smilax  ecirrhata  (Engelm.)  S.  Wats. 
Upright  Smilax.     (Fig.  1052.) 

Coprosmanthus  herbaceus  var.   ecirrhata  Engelm.; 

Kunth,  Enum.  5:  266.      1850. 
Smilax  ecirrhatus  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6, 

520.      1890. 

Stem  herbaceous,  glabrous,  simple,  erect,  6/-2° 
tall.  Tendrils  none,  or  sometimes  present  on 
the  uppermost  petioles;  leaves  often  whorled  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  ovate,  acute,  obtuse,  cus- 
pidate or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate 
at  the  base,  thin,  5-g-nerved,  2^/~5^/long,  iX'- 
4'  wide,  sometimes  larger,  more  or  less  pubescent 
beneath  and  erose-denticnlate  on  the  margins; 
petioles  io//-i8//  long;  peduncles  long,  often  pu- 
bescent; staminate  flowers  commonly  not  more 
than  25  in  the  umbels;  pedicels  2//-5//  long;  an- 
thers shorter  than  the  filaments  or  equalling  them. 

In  dry  soil,  Virginia  to  Minnesota  and  Florida. 
May-June. 


440 


SMILACEAE. 


4.    Smilax    glauca   Walt.      Glaucous- 
leaved  Greenbrier.     (Fig.  1053.) 

Smilax  glaitca  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  245.      1788. 
Smilax spinulosa  J.  Fy.  Smith;  Torr.  FI.  N.  Y.  2: 
303.      1843. 

Rootstock  deep,  knotted  and  tuberous.  Stem 
terete;  branches  and  twigs  angled,  armed  with 
rather  stout  numerous  or  scattered  prickles,  or 
sometimes  unarmed;  petioles  3//-6//  long,  ten- 
dril-bearing; leaves  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate  at 
the  apex,  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  entire, 
glaucous  beneath  and  sometimes  also  above, 
mostly  5-nerved,  i^/-6/  long,  Yt'-^'  wide; 
peduncles  flattened  6//-i6//  long;  umbels  6-12- 
flowered;  pedicels  2//~4//  long;  berries  bluish 
black,  ripening  the  first  year,  about  $/f  in  dia- 
meter, 2-3-seeded. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  Flor- 
ida, west  to  Kansas  and  Texas.     May-June. 
Smilax  spinulosa  J.  E.  Smith,  is  a  form  with  numerous  small  prickles  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
stem,  and  more  elongated,  sometimes  halberd-shaped  leaves.     It  occurs  in  southern  New  York, 
but  is  not  well  understood. 

5.   Smilax  rotundifolia  L,.    Greenbrier.     Catbrier.    Horsebrier.    (Fig.  1054.) 

Smilax  rotundifolia  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1030.      1753. 

Smilax  caduca  L.  Sp.  PI.  1030.      1753. 

Smilax  quadrangularis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  775.      1806. 

Rootstocks  long,  sparingly  tuberous.  Stem 
woody,  terete,  the  branches  and  young  shoots 
often  4-angled,  glabrous;  prickles  scattered,  stout, 
straight  or  a  little  curved,  sometimes  none;  peti- 
oles 3//-6//  long;  leaves  thick  and  shining  when 
mature,  thin  when  young,  ovate,  nearly  orbicular, 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse or  cordate  at  the  base,  entire  or  the  margins 
erose-denticulate,  5-nerved,  2/-6/  long,  io//-6/ 
wide;  peduncles  flattened  3//-i/  long;  umbels  6- 
25-flowered;  pedicels  i//-4//  long;  perianth- seg- 
ments pubescent  at  the  tip;  filaments  2-3  times  as 
long  as  the  anthers;  berries  black,  i-3-seeded, 
about  T>//  in  diameter,  maturing  the  first  year. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south 
to  Florida  and  Texas.  April-June. 

^ 

6.  Smilax  hispida  Muhl.     Hispid  Green- 
brier.     (Fig.  1055.) 

Smilax-  hispida  Muhl.;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  302.  1843. 
Glabrous,  stem  terete  below,  and  commonly 
thickly  hispid  with  numerous  slender  straight 
prickles,  the  branches  more  or  less  angled;  peti- 
oles 4//-9//  long,  tendril-bearing,  rarely  denticu- 
late; leaves  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  ovate, 
abruptly  acute  and  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  obtuse 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  y-nerved,  or  the  older 
ones  sometimes  with  an  additional  pair  of  faint 
nerves,  2/~5/  long,  i/-5/  wide,  the  margins  usually 
denticulate;  peduncles  flattened,  9" -2'  long;  um- 
bels io-26-flowered;  pedicles  slender,  2//~3//  long; 
filaments  a  little  longer  than  the  anthers;  berries 
bluish  black,  about  3"  in  diameter,  maturing  the 
first  year. 
In  thickets,  Ontario  to  Minnesota  and  Nebraska,  south  to  Virginia  and  Texas.  May-July. 


SMILAX   FAMILY.  441 

7.    Smilax  Pseudo-China  L,.     L/ong- 

stalked  Greenbrier.      (Fig.  1056.) 
Smilax  Pseudo-China  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1031.      1753. 

Glabrous  throughout,  rootstock  often  bearing 
large  tubers,  stem  terete,  the  branches  angled. 
Lower  part  of  the  stem  beset  with  straight 
needle-shaped  prickles,  the  upper  part  and  the 
branches  mostly  unarmed;  petioles  3//-i2// 
long;  leaves  firm,  or  becoming  quite  leathery 
when  old,  green  on  both  sides  or  occasionally 
glaucous  beneath,  ovate,  often  narrowed  at 
about  the  middle  or  lobed  at  base;  acute  or  cus- 
pidate at  the  apex,  y-g-nerved,  2^/-5/  long, 
i-^/-3^/  wide,  often  denticulate  on  the  mar- 
gins; peduncles  flattened,  i/-3/  long,  umbels 
I2~4o-flowered;  pedicels  3//-4//  long;  stamens 
6-10;  anthers  as  long  as  the  filaments  or  longer; 
berries  black,  8-16  in  the  umbels,  2//~3//  in 
diameter,  i-3-sceded,  maturing  the  first  year. 

In  dry  or  sandy  thickets,  Maryland  to  Nebraska, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  March-Aug. 

8.    Smilax  Bona-nox  L.     Bristly  Greenbrier.     (Fig.  1057.) 

Smilax  Bona-nox  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1030.  1753. 
Smilax  hastata  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  782.  1806. 
Smilax  tamnoides  A.  Gray,  Man.  485.  1848.  Not  I,. 
Rootstocks  bearing  large  tubers,  stem  terete  or 
slightly  angled,  the  branches  often  4-angled. 
Prickles  scattered  or  numerous,  stout  or  needle- 
like,  often  wanting  on  the  branches;  petioles  3"- 
6//long,  often  prickly;  leaves  thick,  ovate  or  com- 
monly deltoid-hastate,  sometimes  narrowed  at  the 
middle,  glabrous,  green  and  usually  shining  on 
both  sides,  often  spiny  on  the  margins  and  on  the 
veins  beneath,  acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the 
apex,  obtuse,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  5-9- 
nerved,  ^Yt'-^Yz'  long,  8//-3/  wide;  peduncles 
slender,  flattened,  7 "-is"  long;  umbels  15-45- 
flowered;  pedicels  2/x-4x/  long;  stigmas  1-3;  ber- 
ries 8-20  in  the  umbels,  2//-3//  in  diameter,  mostly 
i-seeded,  ripening  the  first  year. 

In  thickets,  Massachusetts  to  Kansas,  Florida  and 
Texas.     April-July. 

9.    Smilax  laurifolia  L.     Laurel-leaved  Greenbrier.     (Fig.  1058.) 

Smilax  laurifolia  Iv.  Sp.  PI.  1030.      1753. 

Rootstocks  bearing  tubers  sometimes  6/  thick, 
stem  stout,  high-climbing,  terete,  striate,  armed 
with  strong  straight  prickles,  the  branches  angled, 
mostly  unarmed.  Petioles  stout,  3//-8//  long; 
leaves  leathery,  evergreen,  elliptic  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  entire,  3-nerved,  or  some- 
times with  an  additional  pair  of  nerves  near  the 
margins,  2/-4j£/  long,  >^/-2/  wide;  peduncles 
stout,  angled,  2//-io//  long;  umbels  6-3O-flowered; 
pedicels  2//-3//  long;  anthers  usually  about  one- 
third  shorter  than  the  filaments;  stigma  i,  some- 
times 2;  berries  black,  ovoid,  2//-3//  thick,  not 
ripening  until  the  second  year. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  southern  New  Jersey 
to  Florida  and  Texas,  north  in  the  Mississippi  Valley 
to  Arkansas.  March-Sept. 


2 


442 


SMILACEAE. 

10.    Smilax  Walter!  Pursh.     Walter's 

Greenbrier.      (Fig.  1059.) 
Smilax  Walteri  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  249.      1814. 

Glabrous,  stem  angled,  prickly  below,  the 
branches  commonly  unarmed.  Petioles  2//-6//r 
long,  stout,  angled;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, rarely  lobed  at  the  base,  cordate  or  subcor- 
date,  obtuse  or  abruptly  acute  at  the  apex,  entire, 
5-7-nerved,  2/-5/  long,  -LO"-^'  wide;  peduncles 
2//-5//  long,  flattened,  thickening  in  age;  umbels 
6-i5-flowered;  pedicels  very  slender,  2//~3//  long; 
berries  globose,  coral-red  (rarely  white),  3//~4//  in 
diameter,  2-3-seeded,  ripening  the  first  year. 

In  wet  soil,  pine  barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Florida, 
Tennessee  and  Louisiana.  April-June. 


2 


ii.   Smilax  lanceolata  L,.     Lance-leaved 

Greenbrier.      (Fig.  1060.) 
Smilax  lanceolata  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1031.      1753. 

Glabrous,  stem  terete,  usually  prickly,  the 
branches  slender,  long,  slightly  angled,  mostly  un- 
armed. Petioles  i//-2//  long;  leaves  rather  thin, 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  entire,  shining  above,  5-7- 
nerved,  2/-3^/  long,  6//-2o//  wide;  peduncles 
thick,  angled,  3//-8//  long;  umbels  8-4o-flowered  ; 
pedicels  2//-7//  long;  filaments  longer  than  the 
anthers;  berries  dark  red,  globose,  2//-3//  in  diam- 
eter, usually  2-seeded,  ripening  the  first  year. 

In  thickets,  Virginia  to  Arkansas,  Florida  and  Texas. 
March-Aug. 

Family  22.     HAEMODORACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  299. 

1810. 


FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  erect  stems,  narrowly  linear  leaves,  and  regular  or 
somewhat  irregular  small  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  cymose  panicles.  Perianth 
6-parted  or  6-lobed,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  persistent.  Stamens  3,  opposite  the 
3  inner  perianth-segments.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior,  3-celled  or  rarely 
i  -celled;  ovules  usually  few  in  each  cavity,  half-anatropous;  style  mostly  slen- 
der; stigma  small,  entire  or  3-grooved.  Fruit  a  loculicidally  3-valved  capsule. 
Seeds  few  or  rarely  numerous;  embryo  small,  in  fleshy  endosperm. 

About  9  genera  and  35  species,  mostly  natives  of  South  Africa  and  Australia,  a  few  in  tropical 
America;  only  the  following  genus  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.    GYROTHECA  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  327.       1812. 
[LACHNANTHES  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  47.      1816.] 

A  rather  stout  herb,  with  a  short  rootstock,  red  fibrous  roots  and  equitant  leaves,  the 
basal  ones  longer  than  those  of  the  stem.  Flowers  numerous,  yellowish,  small,  in  a  dense 
terminal  woolly  cymose  panicle.  Perianth  6-parted  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  the  outer 
segments  smaller  than  the  inner.  Filaments  filiform,  longer  than  the  perianth;  anthers 
linear-oblong,  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  few  in  each  cavity,  borne  on  fleshy  pla- 
centae; style  very  slender,  declined.  Capsule  enclosed  by  the  withering-persistent  perianth, 
nearly  globular,  3-valved.  Seeds  about  6  in  each  cavity,  flattened,  nearly  orbicular,  peltate. 
(Greek,  referring  to  the  round  fruit.  ) 

A  monotypic  genus  of  southeastern  North  America  and  the  West  Indies. 


BLOODWORT  FAMILY.  443 

i.    Gyrotheca  capitata  (Walt.)  Morong.     Red-root.     (Fig.  1061.) 

Anonymo  capitata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  69.      1788. 
Gyrotheca  tinctoria  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc. 

i:  327.      1812. 
Lachnanthes  tinctoria  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i: 

47.      1816. 
Gyrotheca  capitata  Morong.  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

20: 472.      1893. 

Stem  iX0~2K0  tall,  glabrous  below,  pu- 
bescent or  woolly  above.  Leaves  2//~5// 
wide,  acuminate,  the  basal  ones  shorter 
than  the  stem,  the  upper  reduced  to  bracts; 
panicle  2/~5/  broad  when  expanded,  dense 
and  almost  capitate  when  young,  white- 
woolly;  flowers  4//-5//  broad,  bracteolate, 
the  perianth  yellow  and  glabrous  within; 
style  about  as  long  as  the  stamens;  pedicels 
stout,  about  as  long  as  the  capsule,  rather 
shorter  than  the  bractlets;  capsule  about  $" 
in  diameter. 

In  swamps,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  New 
Jersey  and  Florida,  mostly  in  pine  barrens 
near  the  coast.  Also  in  Cuba.  July-Sept. 

</  u  u  ^  Jfif  u  ~^  \4       ^; 

Family  23.     AMARYLLIDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2:  328.       1836. 

AMARYLLIS  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody  or  even  arboreous),  with  bulbs 
or  rootstocks,  scapose  or  sometimes  leafy  stems  and  usually  narrow  and  entire 
leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Perianth  6-parted  or  6-lobed, 
the  segments  or  lobes  distinct,  or  united  below  into  a  tube  which  is  adnate  to 
the  surface  of  the  ovary  (adnate  only  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary  in  Lophiola). 
Stamens  6  in  our  genera,  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments  or  in 
the  throat  of  the  perianth  opposite  the  lobes.  Anthers  versatile  or  basifixed, 
2-celled,  the  sacs  usually  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly 
inferior,  usually  3-celled.  Style  filiform,  entire,  lobed,  or  divided  into  3  stig- 
mas at  the  summit.  Ovules  usually  numerous,  rarely  only  i  or  2  in  each  cavity 
of  the  ovary,  anatropous.  Fruit  capsular,  rarely  fleshy.  Seeds  mostly  black, 
the  embryo  small,  enclosed  in  fleshy  endosperm. 

About  70  genera  and  800  species,  principally  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  some  in  the 
temperate  zones. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  flowers  on  scapes. 

Flower  solitary;  perianth  without  a  crown. 

Anthers  versatile;  tube  of  the  perianth  not  greatly  elongated.  i.  Zephyranthes. 

Anthers  erect;  tube  of  the  perianth  several  times  the  length  of  its  lobes.  2.  Cooperia. 
Flowers  clustered;  perianth  with  a  membranous  crown  connecting  the  lower  parts  of  the  fila- 
ments. 3.  Hymenocallis. 
Bulbless  herbs,  with  rootstocks  or  corms. 

Perianth  adnate  to  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovary;  leaves  mostly  basal. 

Tall,  fleshy-leaved;  anthers  versatile.  4.  Agave. 

Low,  linear-leaved;  anthers  not  versatile.  5.  Hypoxis. 

Perianth  adnate  only  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary;  stem  leafy;  flowers  woolly.     6..  Lophiola. 

i.    ZEPHYRANTHES  Herb.  App.  Bot.  Reg.  36.       1821. 

Glabrous  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  narrow  leaves,  and  erect  i -flowered  scapes,  the  flower 
large,  erect,  pink,  white  or  purple.  Perianth  funnelform,  naked  in  the  throat,  with  6  mem- 
branous equal  erect-spreading  lobes  united  below  into  a  tube,  subtended  by  an  entire  or  2- 
cleft-bract.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  perianth,  equal  or  nearly  so;  anthers  ver- 
satile. Ovary  3-celled;  style  long,  filiform,  3-cleft  at  the  summit;  ovules  numerous,  in  2 
rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  thin-walled,  subglobose  or  depressed,  3-lobed, 
loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  mostly  flattened,  black  or  nearly  so.  [Greek,  signifying 
wind-flower.] 

About  30  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  4  others  occur  in  the  southern 
United  States. 


444 


AMARYLLIDACEAE. 


i.  Zephyranthes  Atamasco  (I,.)  Herb. 

Atamasco  Lily,     Stagger-grass. 

(Fig.  1062.) 

Amaryllis  Atamasco  I,.  Sp.  PI.  292.      1753. 
Zephyranthes  Atamasco  Herb.  App.  Bot.  Reg.  36. 
1821. 

Bulb  ovoid,  about  i/  long.  Leaves  fleshy, 
somewhat  concave,  shining,  6/-i5/  long,  about 
iW-$"  wide,  blunt,  usually  shorter  than  the 
scape;  scape  terete,  erect,  2//~3//  in  diameter; 
bract  membranous,  2-cleft  into  acuminate  lobes, 
longer  than  the  ovary;  flowers  2/~3^/  high, 
white  with  a  purplish  tinge  or  sometimes  light 
purple;  perianth-segments  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens  shorter 
than  the  tube;  stamens  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth; style  longer  than  the  stamens;  capsule 
depressed,  about  y2f  high. 

In  moist  places,  southern  Pennsylvania  (?) :  east- 
ern Virginia,  Florida  and  Alabama.  Perianth 
rarely  8-lobed.  March-June. 

2.    COOPERIA  Herb.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  1835.       1836. 

Low  herbs  with  coated  bulbs,  very  narrow  grass-like  leaves  and  slender  i-flowered  scapes, 
the  flower  large,  long,  erect,  subtended  by  a  membranous  spathe-like  bract.  Perianth  salver- 
form  with  6  oval  or  ovate  spreading  lobes  united  into  a  tube  several  times  their  length,  the 
tube  cylindric  or  slightly  dilated  at  the  summit.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  peri- 
anth; filaments  short;  anthers  linear,  erect.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  filiform ;  stigma  slightly 
3-lobed;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  depressed,  globose 
or  obovoid,  3-lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  horizontal,  black.  [In  honor 
of  Daniel  Cooper,  i8i7?-i842,  Curator,  Botanical  Society  of  London.] 

Two  known  species,  natives  of  the  southwest- 
ern United  States  and  Mexico. 

i.    Cooperia  Drummondii  Herb. 
Drummond's  Cooperia. 

(Fig.  1063.) 

Cooperia  Drummondii  Herb.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  1835. 
1836. 

Bulb  globose,  about  i/  in  diameter.  Leaves 
6/-i2/  long,  2//-3//  wide,  erect;  scape  slender, 
hollow,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  spathe-like 
bract  i/-2/  long,  2-cleft  above  into  acuminate 
lobes  4//-6//  long;  flower  3/~5/  high,  white  or 
pinkish;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  slender, 
about  \yzff  in  diameter,  slightly  expanded  just 
below  the  limb;  segments  oblong,  obtuse  and 
cuspidate  or  acutish,  nearly  i'  long,  3//-4// 
wide,  ovary  sessile ;  capsule  somewhat  obovoid, 
about  y2'  in  diameter,  deeply  lobed. 

On  prairies,  Kansas  to  Louisiana,  Texas,  Mexico 
and  New  Mexico.  April-July. 

3.    HYMENOCALLIS  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  338.       1812. 

Mostly  tall  bulbous  herbs  with  usually  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  leaves,  and  large 
white  sessile  or  short-pedicelled  umbelled  flowers  on  erect  solid  scapes,  each  flower  subtended 
by  2  long  membranous  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  or  recurved  narrow  equal  elongated 
lobes,  united  below  into  a  long  cylindric  tube.  Stamens  inserted  in  the  top  of  the  perianth- 
tube,  the  lower  parts  of  the  long  filaments  connected  by  a  membranous  cup-like  crown;  an- 
thers linear,  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled;  ovules  only  i  or  2  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform,  long- 
exserted;  stigma  small,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  rather  fleshy.  Seeds 
usually  only  i  or  2,  large,  green,  fleshy.  [Greek,  beautiful  membrane,  referring  to  the  crown.] 

About  30  species,  all  American.     Besides  the  following,  10  others  occur  in  the  southern  States. 


AMARYLLIS   FAMILY.  445 

i.    Hymenocallis  occidentalis  (L,e  Conte) 
Kunth.     Hymenocallis.     (Fig.  1064.) 

Pancratium  Carolinianum  L.  Sp.  PI.  291.     1753.? 
Pancratium  occidentale  LeConte,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  3:  146. 

1830. 
Hymenocallis  occidentalis  Kunth,  Enum.  5:  856.     1850. 

Bulb  large.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  fleshy  glaucous,  i°-2°  long,  9//-2/  wide;  scape 
stout,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  leaves;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  i^/-2^/  long;  umbel  several-flow- 
ered; perianth-tube  i^/x-2x/  in  diameter,  3/~5/  long, 
the  linear  lobes  nearly  as  long;  crown  funnelform, 
narrowed  below,  I'-itf'  long,  its  margins  entire, 
erose  or  2 -toothed  between  the  filaments;  free  part  of 
the  filaments  about  ix  long,  white;  anthers  about  %' 
long  and  y2"  wide,  yellow;  style  extending  for  2'-$' 
beyond  the  crown,  green;  4ruit  6//~9//  in  diameter. 

In  moist  soil,  Georgia  to  southern  Illinois  and  Mis- 
souri. July-Sept. 

4.   AGAVE  L,  Sp.  PL  323.       1753. 

Fleshy  herbs,  some  tropical  species  very  tall,  with  a  short  crown-like  or  erect  rootstock 
(caudex)  and  tall  bracted  scapes,  the  leaves  large,  thick,  sometimes  spiny-toothed,  basal,  or 
clustered  at  the  top  of  the  caudex,  and  large,  bracted  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  com- 
pound clusters.  Perianth  tubular  or  funnelform,  withering-persistent,  of  6  erect  or  spread- 
ing equal  or  nearly  equal  lobes,  united  below  into  a  tube.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  peri- 
anth at  the  bases  of  the  lobes,  exserted;  filaments  flattened  or  filiform;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  3-celled;  style  slender,  exserted,  3-lobed;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary.  Capsule  ovoid,  subglobose  or  oblong,  3-lobed,  thick -walled,  many-seeded.  Seeds 
compressed,  somewhat  cuneate,  black.  [Greek,  signifying  noble.  ] 

About  140  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  following1,  some  12  others  occur  in  the  southwest- 
ern States. 

i.    Agave  Virginica  L,.     False  Aloe. 
(Fig.  1065.) 

Agave  Virginica  L.  Sp.  PI.  323.      1753. 

Glabrous  throughout,  rootstock  a  short  crown 
with  numerous  fibrous  roots,  Scape  2°-6°  tall, 
rather  slender,  sometimes  nearly  %'  in  diameter  at 
the  base,  its  bracts  distant,  long-acuminate,  the 
lower  3/-6/  long;  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  ^°-2° 
long,  Yz'-^Yz'  wide,  acuminate,  their  margins  en- 
tire or  denticulate;  spike  i°-2°  long,  loose;  flowers 
greenish  yellow,  odorous,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
short  bracts,  sessile  or  the  lowest  distinctly  pedi- 
celled;  perianth  nearly  tubular,  slightly  expanded 
above,  8//-i2//  long,  the  tube  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  erect  lobes;  filaments  at  length  about  as  long  as 
the  perianth;  capsule  5//-8//  in  diameter,  slightly 
longer  than  thick,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 
stalk. 

In  dry  soil,  Maryland  to  Indiana  and  Missouri,  south 
to  Florida  and  Texas. 

5.    HYPOXIS  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  2:  986.       1759. 

Low,  mostly  villous  herbs  with  a  corm  or  short  rootstock,  grass-like  leaves  and  slender 
few-flowered  scapes,  the  flowers  rather  small.  Perianth  6-parted,  its  segments  equal  or 
nearly  so,  separate  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  spreading,  withering-persistent,  the  3  outer 
ones  greenish  on  the  lower  side  in  our  species.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  peri- 
anth-segments; filaments  short;  anthers  erect,  sagittate  or  entire.  Ovary  3-celled;  style 
short;  stigmas  3,  erect;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  subglobose  or 
oblong,  thin-walled,  not  dehiscent  by  valves.  Seeds  globular,  black,  laterally  short-beaked 
by  their  stalks.  [Greek,  originally  given  to  some  plant  with  sour  leaves.] 

About  50  species,  widely  distributed.   Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  southern  States. 


446  AMARYLLIDACEAE. 

i.    Hypoxis  hirsuta  (I,.)  Coville.     Star- 
grass.     (Fig.  1066.) 

Ornithogalum  hirsutum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  306.  1753. 
Hypoxis  erecta  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  2:  986.  1759." 
Hypoxis  hirsuta  Coville,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  118.  1894. 
Conn  ovoid,  oblong  or  globose,  */£'-%'  in  diameter, 
with  numerous  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  basal,  nar- 
rowly linear,  i//-2^//  wide,  more  or  less  villous, 
mostly  longer  than  the  scapes;  scapes  slender,  erect, 
villous  above,  usually  glabrous  below,  2/-6/  high; 
flowers  1-6,  umbellate;  bracts  subulate,  shorter  than 
the  pedicels;  perianth-segments  narrowly  oblong, 
spreading,  mostly  obtuse,  bright  yellow  within, 
greenish  and  villous  without,  3//-5//  long;  stamens 
somewhat  unequal;  style  rather  shorter  than  the  sta- 
mens, 3-angled,  the  stigmas  decurrent  on  the  angles; 
capsule  about  i  ]/?,"  in  diameter;  seeds  angled,  black. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Assiniboia,  Florida 
and  Texas.     Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.     May-Oct. 

6.   LOPHIOLA  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  1596.      1814. 

An  erect  perennial  herb  with  slender  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots  erect  sparingly  leafy  stems, 
the  leaves  narrowly  linear  and  mostly  basal,  and  numerous  small  yellowish  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal woolly  cymose  panicle.  Perianth  campanulate,  persistent,  of  6  nearly  equal  woolly 
erect-spreading  segments,  slightly  united  at  the  base,  and  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of  the  ovary. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth -segments;  filaments  filiform,  short;  anthers 
basifixed.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  subulate,  at  length  3-cleft;  ovules  numerous,  in  2  rows  in 
each  cavity.  Capsule  ovoid,  tipped  with  the  style,  finally  loculicidally  3-valved  at  the  sum- 
mit. Seeds  oblong,  numerous,  ribbed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  tufts  of  wool  on  the  perianth.  ] 
A  monotypic  genus  of  southeastern  North  America. 

i.    Lophiola  Americana  (Pursh)  Coville. 
L,ophiola.     (Fig.  1067.) 

Conostylis  Americana  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  224.    1814. 
Lophiola  aurea  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  1596.     1814. 
Lophiola  Americana   Coville,    Mem.   Torr.   Club,   5: 
118.     1894. 

Stem  stiff,  erect,  terete,  glabrous  below,  white- 
woolly  above,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves  equitant,  gla- 
brous, much  shorter  than  the  stem,  the  upper  ones 
reduced  to  bracts;  panicle  densely  white-woolly, 
composed  of  numerous  few-several-flowered  cymes; 
pedicels  short,  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending; 
perianth-segments  linear-lanceolate,  about  2"  long, 
woolly  outside,  longer  than  the  stamens  and  with  a 
tuft  of  wool  at  the  base  within ;  capsule  about  as  long 
as  the  persistent  style,  shorter  than  the  perianth. 

Pine  barren  bogs,  New  Jersey  to  Florida.    June-Aug. 

Family  24.     DIOSCOREACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  359.       1836. 

YAM  FAMILY. 

Herbaceous  or  slightly  woody  twining  vines  with  fleshy  or  woody  rootstocks, 
slender  stems,  petioled,  mostly  cordate,  several-nerved  and  reticulate-veined 
leaves,  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite  or  verticillate,  and  small  inconspicuous 
dioecious  or  monoecious  (in  some  exotic  genera  perfect)  regular  flowers  in 
spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Perianth  6-parted,  that  of  the  pistillate  flowers 
persistent.  Staminate  flowers  with  6  or  3  stamens,  sometimes  with  a  rudimen- 
tary ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  inferior  3-celled  ovary,  3  styles  and  3  ter- 
minal stigmas,  sometimes  also  with  3  or  6  staminodia;  ovules  2  (rarely  i)  in 
each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  pendulous,  anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a 
3-valved,  3-angled  capsule  in  the  following  genus.  Endosperm  of  the  seed 
fleshy  or  cartilaginous,  enclosing  the  small  embryo. 

About  9  genera  and  175  species,  mostly  natives  of  America,  a  few  in  the  Old  World. 


i. 


YAM   FAMILY. 
DIOSCOREA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1032.     1753. 


447 


Characters  of  the  family  as  defined  above.  [Name  in  honor  of  the  Greek  naturalist 
Dioscorides.] 

There  are  about  160  species,  most  numerous  in  tropical  regions,  a  few  extending-  into  the  tem- 
perate zones.  The  large  fleshy  rootstocks  of  several  tropical  species  furnish  the  yams  of  commerce. 

i.    Dioscorea  villosa  L,.     Wild  Yarn-root.     (Fig.  1068.) 

Dioscorea  villosa  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1033.      1753. 

Rootstock  knotted,  horizontal,  woody,  %'-\r' 
thick.  Stem  6°-i5°  long,  twining  or  rarely  sub- 
erect,  glabrous;  leaves  ovate,  entire,  slender- 
petioled,  alternate  or  the  lower  opposite  or  in  4's, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  2/-6/ 
long,  i  '-4'  wide,  9-i3-nerved,  thin,  green  and 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  pale  and  more  or 
less  pubescent  beneath;  petioles  often  longer  than 
the  blades;  flowers  greenish  yellow,  nearly  ses- 
sile, the  staminate  i//-i^//  broad  in  drooping 
panicles  3/-6/  long,  the  pistillate  about  T>//  long  in 
drooping  spicate  racemes;  capsules  membranous, 
yellowish  green,  7//-i2//  long,  strongly  3-winged, 
containing  2  or  sometimes  only  i  flat  thin-winged 
seed  in  each  cavity. 

In  moist  thickets,  Rhode  Island  to  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  4000 
ft.  in  Virginia.  June-July.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.,  per- 
sistent on  the  vines  into  the  winter. 

Family  25.     IRIDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  382.       1836. 

IRIS  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  narrow  equitant  2  -ranked  leaves  and  perfect  regular  or 
irregular  mostly  clustered  flowers  subtended  by  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  segments 
or  6-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  two  series, 
convolute  in  the  bud,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  perianth 
opposite  its  outer  series  of  segments  or  lobes;  filaments  filiform,  distinct  or 
united;  anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.  Ovary  inferior,  mostly  3-celled;  ovules 
mostly  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous;  style  3-cleft,  its  branches  sometimes 
divided.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  3-angled  or  3-lobed  (some- 
times 6-lobed),  many-seeded.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  horny;  embryo 
straight,  small. 

About  57  genera  and  1000  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Style-branches  opposite  the  anthers,  very  broad,  petal-like.  i.  Iris. 

Style-branches  alternate  with  the  anthers,  slender  or  filiform. 

Style-branches  2-cleft;  plants  bulbous.  2.  Nemastylis. 

Style-branches  undivided;  plants  not  bulbous. 

Filaments  all  distinct;  seeds  fleshy.  3.  Gemmingia. 

Filaments  united;  seeds  dry.  4.  Sisyrinchiuin. 

i.    IRIS  L.  Sp.  PI.  38.      1753- 

Herbs  with  creeping  or  horizontal,  often  woody  and  sometimes  tuber-bearing  rootstocks, 
erect  stems,  erect  or  ascending  equitant  leaves,  and  large  regular  terminal  sometimes  pan- 
icled  flowers.  Perianth  of  6  clawed  segments  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  3  outer  dilated, 
spreading  or  reflexed,  the  3  inner  narrower,  smaller,  usually  erect,  or  in  some  species  about 
as  large  as  the  outer.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  outer  perianth-segments;  anthers 
linear  or  oblong.  Ovary  3-celled;  divisions  of  the  style  petal-like,  arching  over  the  stamens, 
bearing  the  stigmas  immediately  under  their  mostly  2-lobed  tips;  style-base  adnate  to  the 
perianth-tube.  Capsule  oblong  or  oval,  3-6-angled  or  lobed,  mostly  coriaceous.  Seeds  nu- 
merous, vertically  compressed  in  i  or  2  rows  in  each  cell.  [Greek,  rainbow,  referring  to  the 
variegated  flowers.] 

About  100  species,  mostly  in  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  some  8  others 
occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America.  The  names  Flozver-de-luce  and  Fleur- 
de-lis  are  applied  to  the  species. 

29 


448 


IRIDACEAE. 


Stems  tall,  usually  several-flowered,  leafy;  outer  perianth-segments  larger  than  the  inner. 
Flowers  blue,  variegated  with  yellow,  white  or  green  (rarely  all  white). 
None  of  the  perianth-segments  crested;  native  species. 
Leaves  jj'-i'  wide. 

Leaves  somewhat  glaucous.  i.  /.  versicolor. 

Leaves  bright  green,  not  glaucous. 


Outer  perianth-segments  3' -A.'  long;  flowers  sessile. 
Outer  neri>inth-sperments  2^-3'  long;  flowers  pedicelled. 


2.  /.  hexagona. 

3.  /.  Caroliniana. 


Outer  peri-mth-segments 
Leaves  much  narrower,  2"-$"  wide. 
Capsule  obtusely  angled,  3-6-lobed 

Capsule  3-lobed;  northern.  4.  /.  Hookeri, 

Capsule  6-lobed;  western.  5.  /.  Missouriensis. 

Capsule  sharply  3-angled.  6.  /.  prismatica. 

Outer  perianth-segments  strongly  crested;  introduced.  7.  /.  Germanica. 

Flowers  reddish  or  red -brown.  8.  I.fulva. 

Flowers  bright  yellow;  introduced  species.  9.  /.  Pseudacorus. 
Stems  low,  seldom  over  6'  tall,  i-3-flowered;  outer  and  inner  perianth-segments  nearly  equal. 
Outer  perianth-segments  crested;  leaves  lanceolate. 

Perianth-tube  very  slender,  exceeding  the  bracts.  10.  /.  cristata. 

Perianth-tube  expanded  above,  not  exceeding  the  bracts.  n.  /.  lacustris. 
Outer  perianth-segments  crested,  claws  slightly  pubescent ;  leaves  linear.  12.  I.verna. 


i.    Iris  versicolor  I,.  '  Larger  Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1069.) 

Iris  versicolor  L.  Sp.  PI.  39.      1753. 
Iris  Virginica  L.  Sp.  PI.  39.     1753. 

Rootstock  horizontal,  thick,  fleshy,  covered 
with  the  fibrous  roots.  Stems  terete  or  nearly  so, 
straight  or  flexuous,  2°-3°  tall,  often  branched 
above,  leafy;  leaves  erect,  shorter  than  the  stem, 
somewhat  glaucous,  6//-i2//  wide;  bracts  com- 
monly longer  than  the  pedicels,  the  lower  one 
sometimes  foliaceous;  flowers  several,  violet-blue, 
variegated  with  yellow,  green  and  white;  perianth- 
segments  glabrous,  crestless,  the  outer  ones  spatu- 
late,  2/~3/  long,  longer  and  wider  than  the  inner; 
perianth-tube  dilated  upward,  shorter  than  the 
ovary;  capsule  oblong,  obscurely  3-lobed,  about 
\l/t,f  long  and  8//  in  diameter;  seeds  2//-3//  broad, 
in  2  rows  in  each  cell. 

In  marshes,  thickets,  and  wet  meadows,  Newfound- 
.  land  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Florida  and  Arkansas. 
May-July. 


2.    Iris  hexagona  Walt.     Southern  Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1070.) 


Iris  hexagona  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  66.      1788. 

Rootstock  stout,  thick.  Stems  terete,  usually 
simple,  straight  or  flexuous,  leafy,  i°-3°  tall;  leaves 
Y^'-T-Yz'  wide,  green,  not  glaucous,  the  lower  often 
2°-3°  long;  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  ses- 
sile, similar  to  those  of  /.  versicolor,  but  larger,  the 
broader  outer  crestless  perianth  segments  often  4' 
long  and  over  i'  wide,  much  wider  than  the  erect 
inner  ones;  perianth-tube  rather  longer  than  the 
ovary,  a  little  dilated  upward;  capsule  oblong  cylin- 
dric,  6-angled,  about  2'  long;  seeds  in  2  rows  in 
each  cavity. 

In  swamps,  South  Carolina  and  Florida  to  Kentucky, 
Missouri  and  Texas.  April-May. 


IRIS   FAMILY. 


449 


3.    Iris  Caroliniana  S.  Wats.     Carolina 
Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1071.) 

Iris  Caroliniana  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  514. 
1890. 

Rootstock  stout,  fleshy.  Stem  rather  stout,  simple 
or  branched  2°-3°  tall,  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the 
bright  green  leaves  which  are  8//-iX/  wide;  flowers 
solitary  or  2  or  3  together,  lilac,  variegated  with  yel- 
low, purple  and  brown,  pedicelled;  pedicels  somewhat 
shorter  than  the  bracts;  outer  perianth-segments 
broadly  spatulate,  2%'-$'  long,  with  narrow  claws, 
the  inner  narrower  and  nearly  erect;  perianth-tube 
about  yz'  long  above  the  ovary;  capsule  oblong,  ob- 
tusely 3-angled,  i-^/-2/  long;  seeds  in  i  row  in  each 
cavity,  4" -5"  broad. 

In  swamps,  southern  Virginia  and  eastern  North  Caro- 
lina. May-June. 


4.    Iris  Hookeri  Penny.     Hooker's  Blue 
Flag.     (Fig.  1072.) 

Iris  Hookeri  Penny;  Steud.  Nomencl.  Ed.  2,  Part  i, 
822.      1840. 

Rootstock  rather  slender.  Stems  slender,  simple 
or  branched,  terete,  io/-2o/  tall.  Leaves  mostly 
basal,  narrowly  linear,  bright  green,  shorter  than 
or  equalling  the  stem,  2//-4//  wide;  flowers  solitary 
or  2  together,  pedicelled,  the  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  bracts;  perianth-segments  glabrous,  crestless, 
the  inner  ones  oblanceolate,  much  shorter  and 
smaller  than  the  outer;  capsule  short-oblong,  i/- 
\Yz'  long,  7//-io//  in  diameter,  thin-walled,  trans- 
versely veined,  obtusely  3-lobed;  seeds  in  2  rows  in 
each  cavity,  about  i^//  broad. 

On  river  shores,  Newfoundland  to  Quebec  and 
Maine.  Summer. 


5.    Iris  Missouriensis  Nutt.     Western 
Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1073.) 

Iris  Missouriensis  Nutt.   Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  58. 
1834. 

Rootstock  stout.  Stem  rather  slender,  usually 
simple,  terete,  6/-2°  tall,  i-2-flowered;  leaves 
mostly  basal,  green,  sometimes  purplish  below, 
shorter  than  or  about  equalling  the  stem,  2//-4// 
wide;  flowers  pale  blue  and  variegated,  pedicelled; 
pedicels  slender,  ^/-2/  long,  usually  shorter  than 
the  scarious  bracts;  perianth-segments  glabrous, 
crestless,  the  outer  ones  2/-2>£/  long,  the  inner 
somewhat  shorter,  the  tube  3//-4//  long  above  the 
ovary;  capsule  oblong,  I'-i^'  long,  about  l/tf  in 
diameter,  obtusely  6-angled,  faintly  veined. 

In  wet  soil,  South  Dakota  to  Montana  and  Nevada, 
south  to  Colorado  and  Arizona.  May-July. 


45°  IRIDACEAE. 

6.    Iris  prismatica  Pursh.     Slender  Blue  Flag.     (Fig.  1074.) 

Iris  Virginica  Muhl.  Cat.  4.      1813.     Not  I,.  1753. 


Iris  prismaiica  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  30. 
Iris  gracilis  Bigel.  Fl.  Bost.  12.      1814. 


1814. 


Rootstock  rather  slender,  tuberous-thickened. 
Stems  slender,  often  flexuous,  i°-3°  tall,  usually 
simple,  bearing  2  or  3  leaves;  leaves  almost  grass- 
like,  \Yz' '' '-zyi' 'f  wide,  mostly  shorter  than  the 
stem;  flowers  solitary  or  2  together,  blue  veined 
with  yellow,  slender-pedicelled;  pedicels  com- 
monly longer  than  the  bracts;  outer  perianth-seg- 
ments i^/-2/  long,  glabrous  and  crestless,  the  in- 
ner smaller  and  narrower,  the  tube  2"-$"  long 
above  the  ovary;  capsule  narrowly  oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  sharply  3-angled,  I'-i^'  long,  T,"-\" 
thick;  seeds  about  \"  broad,  thick,  borne  in  i  row 
in  each  cavity. 

In  wet  grounds,  New  Brunswick  to  Pennsylvania  and 
North  Carolina,  mainly  near  the  coast.  May-June. 


7.    Iris  Germanica  L,.     Fleur-de-lis. 

(Fig.  1075.) 

Iris  Germanica  L-  Sp.  PI.  38.      1753. 

Rootstock  thick.  Stems  stout,  usually  branched 
and  several-flowered,  2°-3°  tall,  bearing  several 
leaves.  Leaves  glaucous,  8//-2/  wide,  the  basal  ones 
mostly  shorter  than  the  stem;  bracts  scarious;  flowers 
nearly  sessile  in  the  bracts,  large  and  very  showy, 
deep  violet-blue  veined  with  yellow  and  brown  or 
sometimes  white;  outer  perianth -segments  broadly 
obovate,  $f-\r  long,  their  claws  strongly  crested;  inner 
perianth-segments  narrower,  arching. 


Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides  in  Virginia. 
of  Europe.     May-June. 


Native 


Iris  Duerinckii  Buckley,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  45:  176,  de- 
scribed from  specimens  collected  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  but 
doubtless  cultivated,  appears  to  be  /.  aphylla  L.,  a  native 
of  central  Europe. 


8.    Iris  fulva  Ker.     Red-brown  Flag. 
(Fig.  1076.) 

Iris  fulva  Ker,  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  1496.      1812. 
Iris  cuprea  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  30.      1814. 

Rootstock  stout,  fleshy.  Stems  rather  slender, 
2°-3°  tall,  simple  or  branched,  several-flowered  and 
bearing  2-4  leaves;  leaves  pale  green  and  some- 
what glaucous,  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stem, 
3//-8//  wide;  pedicels  y£f-if  long,  shorter  than  the 
bracts;  flowers  reddish  brown,  variegated  with 
blue  and  green;  perianth -segments  glabrous,  crest- 
less,  the  outer  ones  \Y^'-2'  long,  the  inner  smaller, 
spreading;  style-branches  2//~3//  wide. 

In  swamps,  southern  Illinois  to  Georgia  and  Louisi- 
ana, west  to  Missouri,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  May-June. 


IRIS  FAMILY. 
Yellow  Flag. 


g.    Iris  Pseudacorus  L. 

(Fig.  1077.) 

Iris  Pseudacorus  L.  Sp.  PI.  38.      1753. 


Rootstock  thick.  Stems  i^°-3°  high,  usually  sev- 
eral-flowered; leaves  pale  green  and  glaucous,  stiff, 
4//-8//  wide,  the  lower  equalling  or  longer  than  the 
stem;  flowers  bright  yellow,  short-pedicelled;  peri- 
anth-segments glabrous  and  crestless,  the  outer 
broadly  obovate,  2/-2j^/  long,  the  inner  oblong, 
nearly  erect,  scarcely  longer  than  the  claws  of  the 
outer  ones;  capsule  oblong,  2/-3/  long. 

In  marshes,  Massachusetts  to  New  York  (Ohio?)  and 
New  Jersey.  Naturalized  or  adventive  from  Europe. 
May-July. 


10.    Iris  cristata  Ait.     Crested  Dwarf 
Iris.     (Fig.  1078.) 

Iris  cristata  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  i:  70.      1789. 

Rootstock  slender,  branched,  creeping,  tuber- 
ous-thickened. Stems  only  i/-3/  high,  1-2- 
flowered;  leaves  lanceolate,  bright  green,  4/~9/ 
long,  3//-9//  wide,  much  exceeding  the  stems; 
scape  flattened,  flowers  blue,  pedicelled;  peri- 
anth-segments obovate,  i/-i^/  long,  the  outer 
crested,  little  longer  than  the  naked  inner  ones, 
the  tube  very  slender,  i  j^/-2^/  long  above  the 
ovary,  longer  than  the  bracts;  capsule  oval, 
sharply  triangular,  narrowed  at  each  end,  £>"- 
9"  high,  4//-5//  thick. 


On  hillsides  and  along  streams,  Maryland  to 
southern  Ohio  and  Indiana,  south  to  Georgia,  Ten- 
nessee and  Missouri.  April-May. 


ii.    Iris  lacustris  Nutt.      Dwarf  Lake 
Iris.     (Fig.  1079.) 

Iris  lacustris  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  23.      1818. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  in  size  and 
foliage,  or  the  leaves  rather  narrower,  some- 
times wavy-margined.  Flowers  blue;  perianth- 
tube  only  YT.'-I'  long,  shorter  than  the  bracts 
and  the  sometimes  yellowish  perianth- segments, 
somewhat  expanded  upward;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  8//  high,  borne  on  a  pedicel  of  about  its 
own  length. 

Shores  of  L,akes  Huron  and  Superior.  Local. 
Reported  from  the  following  localities:  Presque 
Isle,  Mackinac  City,  Bois  Blanc  Island  and  Drum- 
mond's  Island,  Mich.;  Bruce  Peninsula  and  South- 
ampton, Ont.  May. 


452  IRIDACEAE. 

12.    Iris  verna  L,.     Dwarf  Iris.    (Fig.  1080. ) 

Iris  verna  L,.  Sp.  PI.  39.      1753. 

Rootstock  slender.  Stems  i'-3'  high,  usually  i- 
flowered.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  $'-8'  high,  2//~5// 
wide;  flowers  violet-blue  or  rarely  white,  pedicelled; 
perianth -segments  crestless,  the  outer  about  i^'long, 
obovate,  narrowed  into  slightly  pubescent  slender  yel- 
low claws,  the  inner  somewhat  smaller,  glabrous; 
capsule  obtusely  triangular,  short. 

On  shaded  hillsides  and  in  woods,  southern  Pennsylva- 
nia to  Virginia,  Kentucky  and  Georgia.  Rootstock  de- 
scribed as  "  pungently  spicy. "  April-May. 


2.    NEMASTYLIS  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  5:  157.      1833-37. 

[EusTvus  Engelm.  &  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  235.      1845.] 

Bulbous  herbs  with  erect  slender  terete  usually  branched  stems  and  elongated  linear 
folded  leaves.  Flowers  rather  large,  in  our  species  blue  or  purple,  solitary  or  several  to- 
gether, fugacious,  subtended  by  2  herbaceous  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  spreading  nearly  equal 
obovate  segments,  distinct  nearly  or  quite  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary.  Filaments  more  or 
less  united;  anthers  short;  style  short,  its  branches  alternate  with  the  anthers,  each  slen- 
derly 2-parted;  stigmas  small,  terminal.  Capsule  oblong,  ovoid  or  obovoid,  loculicidally 
dehiscent  at  the  summit.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  thread-like  style-branches.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  America.  Besides  the  following,  some  3  others  occur  in  the 
southern  United  States. 

i.    Nemastylis  acuta  (Bart.)  Herb. 
Northern  Nemastylis.     (Fig.  1081.) 

Ixia  acuta  Bart.  Fl.  N.  A.  2:  89.  pi.  66.      1822. 
Nemastylis  gemmiflora  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 

(II.)  5:  1 57.      1833-37. 
Nemastylis  acuta  Herb.  Bot.  Mag.  pi.  3779.     1839-40. 

Bulb  dark  colored,  ovoid,  scaly,  i'  or  less  long. 
Stem  i°-2°  tall,  bearing  3  or  4  leaves,  3/-io/  long, 
iXA '-2^' "  wide;  bracts  lanceolate,  each  pair  sub- 
tending i  or  2  flowers;  flowers  light  blue  or  pur- 
ple, i/-2/  broad,  slender-pedicelled;  pedicels  rather 
shorter  than  the  bracts;  perianth-segments  oblong- 
obovate,  obtuse;  style-branches  exserted  between 
the  free  parts  of  the  filaments,  their  filiform  divi- 
sions 2//-3//  long;  capsule  obovoid,  5//-6//  high, 
3//_4//  jn  diameter. 

On  prairies,  Tennessee  to  Kansas  and  Arkansas, 
south  to  Louisiana  and  Texas.  April-June. 

3.    GEMMINGIA  Fabr.  Enum.  PI.  Hort.  Helm.       1759. 

[BEI,AMCANDA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  60.      1763.] 
[PARDANTHUS  Ker,  in  Koenig  &  Sims,  Ann.  Bot.  i:  246.      1805.] 

An  erect  perennial  herb,  with  short  stout  rootstocks  and  Tim-like  leaves.  Flowers  in 
terminal  bracted  clusters,  rather  large,  orange  and  purple-mottled.  Perianth  of  6  oblong 
spreading  nearly  equal  withering-persistent  segments,  distinct  very  nearly  to  the  summit  of 
the  ovary.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  segments;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  linear- 
oblong.  Style  very  slender,  enlarged  above,  the  3  slender  undivided  branches  alternate  with 
the  anthers.  Capsule  fig-shaped,  obovoid,  thin-walled,  loculicidally  3-valved,  the  valves  re- 
curving, finally  falling  away,  exposing  the  mass  of  black  fleshy  seeds,  which  are  borne  on  a 
central  axis. 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  Asia. 


IRIS   FAMILY. 


453 


i.    Gemmingia  Chinensis  (L.)  Kuntze.     Blackberry  L41y.     (Fig.  1082.) 

Ixia  Chinensis  L.  Sp.  PI.  36.      1753. 

Belamcanda  Chinensis  DC.  in  Red.  Lil.  3:  PL  121. 
1807. 

Pardanthus  Chinensis  Ker,  in  Koenig  &  Sims, 
Ann.  Bot.  i:  246.      1805. 

Stem  rather  stout,  i^°-4°  tall,  leafy.  Leaves 
pale  green,  nearly  erect,  equitant,  folded,  8'- 
io/  long,  8//-i2//  wide,  the  two  sides  united 
above  the  middle;  bracts  lanceolate,  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  the  upper  ones  sea 
rious;  flowers  several  or  numerous,  i^/-2/ 
broad;  perianth-segments  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  persistent  and  coiled  to- 
gether on  the  ovary  after  flowering,  mottled 
with  crimson  and  purple  on  the  upper  side; 
capsule  about  ix  high  and  rather  more  than  y^ 
in  diameter,  truncate  or  rounded  at  the  sum- 
mit; mass  of  globose  seeds  erect,  resembling 
a  blackberry,  whence  the  common  name. 

On  hills  and  along  roadsides,  southern  New 
York  to  Georgia,  Indiana  and  Missouri.  Natural- 
ized from  Asia.  June-July.  Fruit  ripe  July-Sept. 

4.    SISYRINCHIUM  L,.  Sp.  PI.  954.       1753. 

Perennial  tufted  slender  herbs,  with  short  rootstocks,  simple  or  branched  2-edged  or  2- 
winged  stems,  linear  grass-like  leaves,  and  rather  small  mostly  blue  terminal  flowers  um- 
bellate from  a  pair  of  erect  green  bracts.  Perianth-tube  short  or  none,  the  6  spreading  seg- 
ments oblong  or  obovate,  equal,  mostly  aristulate.  Filaments  united  to  above  the  middle 
in  our  species.  Ovary  3-celled,  each  cavity  several  ovuled.  Style-branches  filiform,  un- 
divided, alternate  with  the  anthers.  Capsule  globose,  oval  or  obovoid,  loculicidally  3- 
valved.  Seeds  subglobose  or  ovoid,  smooth  or  pitted,  dry. 

About  70  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  following,  some  7  others  occur  in  the  Western 
States.  Those  here  described  have  all  been  referred  to  5.  Bermudiana  L-,  by  American  authors. 

^he  two  bracts  equal  or  nearly  so;  stems  usually  branched  above. 

Leaves  i"-3"  wide;  capsule  subglobose,  2"-$''  in  diameter  when  mature,  i.  5".  graminoides. 

Leaves  %"-ilA"  wide;  capsule  oval,  i"-2"  in  diameter  when  mature.  2.  S.  Atlanticum. 

The  lower  of  the  bracts  longer  than  the  upper;  stems  mostly  simple.  3.  5".  angusti folium . 

i.  Sisyrinchium  graminoides  Bicknell.    Stout  Blue-eyed  Grass.    (Fig.  1083.) 

Sisyrinchium  anceps  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

6,  515.      1890.      Not  Cay. 
.Sisyrinchium    graminoides    Bicknell,    Bull.    Torr. 

Club,  23:  133.      1896. 

Rather  light  green,  somewhat  glaucous;  stem 
troadly  2-winged,  stout,  erect,  or  reclining,  8'- 
18'  tall,  usually  terminating  in  two  unequal 
branches  subtended  by  a  conspicuous  grassy  leaf. 
Basal  leaves  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  stem, 
!//_£//  wi(jej  often  lax  and  grass-like;  edges  of 
stems  and  leaves  usually  perceptibly  rough-ser- 
rulate; bracts  i/  long  or  less,  green,  nearly  or 
quite  equal  but  the  outer  one  occasionally  pro- 
longed; umbels  2-4-flowered;  pedicels  filiform, 
8//-i2//  long,  exceeding  the  bracts,  finally  often 
spreading  or  recurved;  flowers  6//-9//  broad; 
petals  sparsely  pubescent  on  outer  surface;  cap- 
sule subglobose,  2^//~3//  in  diameter  when 
mature;  seeds  black,  nearly  globular,  about  ^/x- 
YT,"  in  diameter,  pitted. 

In  grassy  places,  in  moist  or  dryish  soil,  sometimes 
in  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
Plant  dark  in  drying.  April-June. 


Eastern  Blue-eyed  Grass, 


454  IRIDACEAE. 

2.    Sisyrinchium  Atlanticum  Bicknell. 

(Fig.  1084.) 

Sisyrinchium  Atlanticum   Bicknell,    Bull.    Torr. 
Club,  23:  134.      1896. 

Similar  to  the  preceding,  but  paler,  glaucous 
green,  often  more  tufted,  the  stem  more  slender 
and  weaker,  rather  narrowly  2-winged,  very 
smooth-edged,  sometimes  2°  long  and  reclin- 
ing, terminating  in  two  or  three  mostly  sub- 
equal  branches,  often  also  with  one  or  two  lat- 
eral ones;  branches  slender  and  wiry,  often 
recurved  and  forming  a  distinct  angle  with 
the  floral  bracts.  Leaves  narrower,  rarely  over 
i//  wide,  the  basal  ones  usually  much  shorter 
than  the  stem;  bracts  nearly  or  quite  equal, 
narrow,  mostly  somewhat  scarious,  often  pur- 
plish; flowers  slightly  smaller;  outer  surface  of 
perianth  and  young  capsule  minutely  downy; 
capsules  2-7,  usually  5,  on  generally  erect  pedi- 
cels, 7//-io//  long;  oval,  i//-2//  long  and  %"- 
i%f/  in  diameter;  seeds  oval,  subglobose,  X//- 
Yz"  in  diameter,  dark,  faintly  pitted  or  nearly 
smooth. 

In  moist  fields,  meadows  and  brackish  marshes,  often  in  sandy  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Florida, 
mainly  near  the  coast.  May-June. 

3.    Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Mill. 
Pointed  Blue-eyed  Grass.     (Fig.  1085.) 

S.  angustifolium  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  7.      1759. 
Sisyrinchium  anceps  Cav.  6:  345.  pi.  190.  f.  2.      1788. 
5.  mucronatum  Michx.  PI.  Bor.  Am.  2:  33.      1803. 

Pale  glaucous  green,  stems  2-edged,  scarcely  2- 
winged,  slender,  rigid,  erect,  s'-iAf  tall,  simple,  or 
very  rarely  forking  into  2  branches  above.  Leaves 
commonly  all  basal,  rigid  and  often  almost  setaceous, 
the  edges  rough  or  smooth,  X//~IX//  wide,  shorter 
than  the  stem;  bracts  very  unequal,  sometimes  pur- 
plish, the  lower  one  usually  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  upper;  flowers  6//-8//  broad;  pedicels  erect,  about 
8//  long,  shorter  than  the  lower  bract;  capsule  sub- 
globose,  2//-3//  in  diameter;  seeds  large,  %"-}£' r 
long,  somewhat  obovoid,  faintly  pitted  or  nearly 
smooth,  brown. 

In  fields  and  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  British  Co- 
lumbia, Virginia,  Kansas  and  Colorado.  May-Aug. 

Family  26.     MARANTACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.       1830. 
ARROWROOT  FAMILY. 

Tall  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks  or  tubers,  or  sometimes  annual,  with 
scapose  or  leafy  stems,  mostly  large  entire  long-petioled  sheathing  leaves,  often 
swollen  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  veins  pinnate,  parallel.  Flowers  perfect  or 
sometimes  polygamous,  irregular,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  spikes.  Perianth  su- 
perior, its  segments  distinct  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary  or  united  into  a  tube, 
normally  in  2  series  of  3,  the  outer  (sepals)  usually  different  from  the  inner 
(petals).  Perfect  stamen  i;  anthers  1-2 -celled.  Staminodia  mostly  5,  often 
petal-like,  separate  or  united  by  their  bases,  very  irregular.  Ovary  i-3-celled, 
inferior;  ovule  i  in  each  cavity,  anatropous;  style  slender,  curved,  terminal; 
stigma  simple.  Fruit  capsular  or  berry-like,  i-3-celled.  Seed  solitary  in  each 
cavity.  Embryo  central,  in  copious  endosperm. 

About  12  genera  and  160  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics,  a  few  in  warm-temperate  regions. 


ARROWROOT  FAMILY, 
i.    THALIA  L.  Sp.  PL  1193.       1753. 


455 


Annual  (or  perennial?)  herbs,  with  large  long-petioled  basal  leaves,  erect  simple  scapes 
and  terminal  panicled  spikes  of  bracted  usually  purple  flowers.  Sepals  3,  membranous,  sepa- 
rate, equal.  Petals  3,  separate  or  somewhat  coherent  at  the  base.  Staminodia  slightly  united 
below,  one  of  them  (labellum)  broad,  crested.  Anther  i-celled.  Ovary  i-celled  or  with  2 
additional  small  empty  cavities.  Base  of  the  style  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  stamen-tube. 
Stigma  2-lipped,  dorsally  appendaged.  Capsule  globose  or  ovoid.  Seed  solitary,  erect. 
Embryo  strongly  curved.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Thalius,  German  naturalist  of  the  sixteenth 
century.] 

About  7  species,  all  American.     Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States. 


i.  Thalia  dealbata  Roscoe.     Powdery 
Thalia.     (Fig.  1086.) 

Thalia  dealbata   Roscoe,   Trans.    t,inn.  Soc.  8:  340. 
1807. 

Plant  finely  white-powdery  nearly  all  over. 
Scapes  rather  stout,  terete,  3°-6°  tall;  petioles  i°- 
2^°  long,  terete;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded,  narrowed  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  }4°-i°  long,  3/-5/  wide;  pan- 
icle 8/-i8/  long,  its  spikes  numerous,  usually  erect 
or  ascending;  bracts  of  the  panicle  narrow,  decid- 
uous, not  longer  than  the  spikes;  bractlets  ovate, 
unequal,  coriaceous,  about  l/zf  long;  flowers  pur- 
ple, longer  than  the  bractlets;  capsule  ovoid, 
about  4X/  in  diameter. 


In  ponds  and  swamps,  South  Carolina  to  Louisiana, 
Missouri  and  Texas. 


Family  27.     BURMANNIACEAE  Blume,  Enum.  PI.  Jav.  i:  27.       1830.* 

BURMANNIA  FAMILY. 

Low  annual  herbs,  with  filiform  stems  and  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  basal  or 
reduced  to  cauline  scales  or  bracts.  Flowers  regular,  perfect,  the  perianth  with 
6  small  thick  lobes,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Stamens  3  or  6,  included,  in- 
serted on  the  tube  of  the  perianth;  anthers  2 -celled,  the  sacs  transversely  dehis- 
cent. Style  slender;  stigmas  3,  dilated;  ovary  inferior,  with  3  central  or  parietal 
placentae.  Ovules  numerous.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute,  oblong; 
endosperm  none. 

Ten  genera  and  about  60  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions.  The  family  is  repre- 
sented in  North  America  by  the  following  genus  and  Apteria  of  the  Gulf  States. 

i.   BURMANNIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  287.       1753. 

Erect  herbs,  with  simple  stems  and  small  alternate  scale-like  or  bract-like  leaves.  Tube 
of  the  perianth  strongly  3-angled  or  3-winged,  the  3  outer  lobes  longer  than  the  inner.  Sta- 
mens 3,  opposite  the  inner  perianth-lobes.  Filaments  very  short;  connective  of  the  anthers 
prolonged  beyond  the  sacs  into  a  2-cleft  crest.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  3  thick  2-lobed  central 
placentae;  stigmas  globose  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  crowned  by  the  persistent  perianth,  open- 
ing by  irregular  lateral  ruptures.  [In  honor  of  Johann  Burmann,  Dutch  botanist  of  the 
eighteenth  century.] 


About  20  species,  natives  of  warm  regions, 
eastern  States. 


Besides  the  following  another  occurs  in  the  south- 


*  Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


BURMANNIACEAE. 

i.    Burmannia  biflora  I,.     Northern 
Burmannia.      (Fig.  1087.) 

Burmannia  biflora  L.  Sp.  PI.  287.      1753. 
Tripterella  coerulea  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  22.      1818. 

Stems  very  slender,  2/-6/  high,  from  a  few 
fibrous  roots,  simple  or  forked  above.  Flowers 
i  or  several,  often  2,  terminal.  Angles  of  the 
perianth-tube  conspicuously  winged,  the  outer 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  the  inner  linear  and  in- 
curved; seeds  very  numerous,  oblong-linear, 
sparingly  striate,  escaping  through  irregular 
fissures  in  the  sides  of  the  capsule. 


In  swamps  and  bogs,  Virginia  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana.     Sept.-Nov. 


Family  28. 


i836.: 


ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  336. 

ORCHID  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  corms,  bulbs  or  tuberous  roots,  sheathing  entire  leaves, 
sometimes  reduced  to  scales,  the  flowers  perfect,  irregular,  bracted,  solitary, 
spiked  or  racemed.  Perianth  superior,  of  6  segments,  the  3  outer  (sepals)  sim- 
ilar or  nearly  so,  2  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  lateral,  alike;  the  third  inner  one 
(lip)  dissimilar,  often  markedly  so,  usually  larger,  often  spurred,  sometimes  in- 
ferior by  torsion  of  the  ovary  or  pedicel.  Stamens  variously  united  with  the 
style  into  an  unsymmetrical  column;  anther  i  or  in  Cypripedium  2,  2-celled;  pol- 
len in  2-8  pear-shaped  usually  stalked  masses  (pollinia) ,  united  by  elastic  threads, 
the  masses  waxy  or  powdery,  attached  at  the  base  to  a  viscid  disk  (gland). 
Style  often  terminating  in  a  beak  (rostellum)  at  the  base  of  the  anther  or  be- 
tween its  sacs.  Stigma  a  viscid  surface,  facing  the  lip  beneath  the  rostellum, 
or  in  a  cavity  between  the  anther-sacs  (clinandrium).  Ovary  inferior,  usually 
long  and  twisted,  3-angled,  i-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  on  3  parie- 
tal placentae.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  mostly  spindle 
shaped,  the  loose  coat  hyaline,  reticulated;  endosperm  none;  embryo  fleshy. 

About  410  genera  and  5000  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics,  many  of 
those  of  warm  regions  epiphytes. 

Anthers  2;  lip  a  large  inflated  sac.  i.  Cypripedinm. 

Anthers  solitary. 

Anther-sacs  divergent;  pollinia  with  acaudicle  which  is  attached  at  base  to  a  viscid  disk  or  gland. 
Glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  2.  Orchis. 

Glands  not  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  3.  Habenaria. 

Anther-sacs  parallel;  pollinia  not  produced  into  a  caudicle  (except  apparently  in  no.  14). 
Pollinia  granulose  or  powdery. 

Flowers  solitary  or  few;  anther  incumbent  on  a  column  4"  long  or  less. 
Lip  crested  with  straight,  somewhat  fleshy  hairs. 

Column  clavate;  lip  free.  4.  Pogonia. 

Column  linear,  dilated  above,  the  lip  adherent  to  its  base.        5.  Arethiisa. 
Lip  bearded  with  long  club-shaped  hairs.  15.  Limodornni. 

Flowers  numerous,  in  spikes  or  racemes;  anther  erect,  jointed  to  a  column  not  over  2" 

long. 

Anther  operculate;  leaves  broad,  alternate. 
Anther  not  operculate. 

Leaves  green,  borne  on  the  stem. 

I/eaves  alternate ;  spike  mostly  twisted. 
Leaves  2,  opposite;  spike  not  twisted. 
Leaves  white-reticulated,  basal. 
Pollinia  smooth  and  waxy. 

Plants  with  corms  or  solid  bulbs;  leaves  basal  or  cauline. 
Leaves  unfolding  before  or  with  the  flowers. 

Leaf  cauline;  lip  ovate,  or  auricled  at  the  base. 
Leaf  or  leaves  basal. 

Leaves  2;  lip  flat;  flowers  racemed. 
Leaf  i ;  lip  saccate ;  flower  solitary. 


6.  Epipactis. 

7.  Gyrost  achys. 

8.  Listera. 

9.  Periamium. 


10.  Achroanthes. 


11.  Leptorchis. 

12.  Calypso. 


*Text  contributed  by  the  late  Rev.  THOMAS  MORONG. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


457 


1.  C.  arie/inii)ii. 

2.  C.  acaule. 

3.  C.  reginae. 

4.  C.  caudidum. 

5.  C.  hirsutum. 

6.  C.  parviflorum. 


Leaf  i,  basal,  unfolding  after  the  flowering-  time. 

Flowers  long-spurred;  lip  3-lobed.  14.  Tipularia. 

Flowers  not  spurred;  lip  3-ridged.  17.  Aplectrum. 
Plants  with  coralloid  roots,  bulbless,  the  leaves  reduced  to  scales. 

Pollinia  4,  in  2  pairs;  flowers  gibbous  or  spurred.  13.  Corallorhiza, 

Pollinia  8,  united;  flowers  not  gibbous  nor  spurred.  16.  Hexalectris. 

i.    CYPRIPEDIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  951.       1753. 

Glandular-pubescent  herbs,  with  leafy  stems  or  scapes  and  tufted  roots  of  thick  fibres. 
Leaves  large,  broad,  many-nerved.  Flowers  solitary  or  several,  drooping,  large,  showy. 
Sepals  spreading,  separate,  or  2  of  them  united  under  the  lip.  Lip  a  large  inflated  sac. 
Column  declined,  bearing  a  sessile  or  stalked  anther  on  each  side  and  a  dilated  petaloid 
sterile  stamen  above,  which  covers  the  summit  of  the  style.  Pollinia  granular,  without  a 
caudicle  or  glands.  Stigma  terminal,  broad,  obscurely  3-lobed.  [Name  Greek,  Venus'  sock 
or  buskin.] 

About  40  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Besides  the  following,  some  4 
others  occur  in  western  North  America. 
Sepals  separate ;  stem  leafy,  i -flowered. 
Lateral  sepals  more  or  less  united. 
Plant  2-leaved ;  scape  i-flowered. 
Stem  leafy  to  the  top,  i-several-flowered. 
Sepals  and  petals  not  longer  than  the  lip. 
Sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  lip. 
Sterile  stamen  lanceolate;  lip  white. 
Sterile  stamen  triangular;  lip  yellow. 
Lip  iK'-2'  long,  pale  yellow. 
Lip  7" -i 5"  long,  bright  yellow. 


1.  Cypripedium    arietinum    R.    Br. 

Ram's-head  Ladies'  Slipper. 
(Fig.  1088.) 

Cypripedium  arietinum  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  lid. 

2,  5:  222.      1813. 

Stem  8/-i2/  high,  i-flowered.  Leaves  3  or  4,  el- 
liptic or  lanceolate,  2/-4/  long,  ^'-3'  wide;  sepals 
separate,  lanceolate,  8//-io//  long,  longer  than  the 
lip;  petals  linear,  greenish  brown,  about  as  long  as 
the  sepals;  lip  7//-8//  long,  red  and  white,  veiny, 
prolonged  at  the  apex  into  a  long  blunt  spur,  some- 
what distorted  at  the  upper  end  which  resembles  a 
ram's  head,  whence  the  specific  name. 

In  cold  and  damp  woods,  Quebec  to  Ontario,  New 
York  and  Minnesota.  May-Aug. 


2.  Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.     Moccasin 

Flower.     Noah's  Ark.     Stemless 

Ladies'  Slipper.     (Fig.  1089.) 

Cypripedium  acaule  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  303.      1789. 

Scape  6/-i2/  high,  i-flowered.  Leaves  2, 
basal,  elliptic,  6/-8/  long,  2'-$'  wide,  thick;  oc- 
casionally a  smaller  leaf  is  borne  on  the  scape; 
sepals  greenish  purple,  spreading,  i^/-2/  long, 
lanceolate,  the  2  lateral  ones  united;  petals  nar- 
rower and  somewhat  longer  than  the  sepals; 
lip  often  over  2'  long,  somewhat  obovoid,  folded 
inwardly  above,  pink  with  darker  veins  or 
sometimes  white,  the  upper  part  of  its  interior 
surface  crested  with  long  white  hairs;  sterile 
stamen  triangular,  acuminate,  keeled  inside. 

In  sandy  or  rocky  woods,  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario, south  to  North  Carolina,  Kentucky  and  Min- 
nesota. Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  Virginia.  The  hairs 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  bract  and  on  the  base  of  the 
ovary  are  often  tipped  with  scarlet  glands.  Flower 
fragrant.  May-June. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


3.  Cypripedium  reginae  Walt.    Showy 
Ladies'  Slipper.      (Fig.  1090.) 

Cypripedium  reginae  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  222.      1788. 
Cypripedium  album  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  303.      1789. 

Cypripedium.  spectabile  Salisb.  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  i: 
78.      1791. 

Stem  stout,  i°-2°  high,  leafy  to  the  top. 
Leaves  elliptic,  acute,  3/-7/  long,  i'-4'  wide, 
flowers  1-3;  sepals  round-ovate,  white,  not 
longer  than  the  lip,  the  lateral  ones  united  for 
their  whole  length;  petals  somewhat  narrower 
than  the  sepals,  white;  lip  much  inflated,  over 
i'  long,  variegated  with  purple  and  white  stripes; 
stamen  cordate-ovate. 


In  swamps  and  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Georgia.    June-Sept. 


4.  Cypripedium  candidum  Willd.    Small 
White  Ladies'  Slipper.      (Fig.  1091.) 

Cypripedium  candidum  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  142.      1805. 

Stem  6/-i2/  high,  leafy.  Leaves  3  or  4,  elliptic 
or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  $'-$'  long,  8//- 
i6//  wide,  with  several  obtuse  sheathing  scales  be- 
low them;  bracts  i'-zf  long,  lanceolate;  flower  soli- 
tary; sepals  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  lip,  green- 
ish, purple  spotted;  petals  somewhat  longer  and 
narrower  than  the  sepals,  wavy -twisted,  greenish; 
lip  white,  striped  with  purple  inside,  about  io// 
long;  sterile  stamen  lanceolate. 

In  bogs  and  meadows,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Minnesota  and  Missouri.  May-July. 


5.    Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill. 

Large  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 

(Fig.  1092.) 

Cypripedium  hirsutum  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8, 

no.  3.      1768. 
Cypripedium  pubescens  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  143. 

1805. 

Stems  leafy,  i°-2°  high.  Leaves  oval  or 
elliptic,  s'-s'  long,  iX/~3/  wide,  acute  or 
acuminate;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  usually 
longer  than  the  lip,  yellowish  or  greenish, 
striped  with  purple;  petals  narrower,  usually 
twisted;  lip  much  inflated,  i'-2'  long,  pale 
yellow  with  purple  lines;  its  interior  with  a 
tuft  of  white  jointed  hairs  at  the  top;  sterile 
stamen  triangular;  stigma  thick,  somewhat 
triangular,  incurved. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Alabama  and  Nebraska. 
Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Petals  often 
elongated.  May-July. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


459 


6.  Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb. 

Small  Yellow  Ladies'  Slipper. 

(Fig.  1093.) 

Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  Trans.  L,inn. 
Soc.  i:  77.      1791. 

Stems  i°-2°  high,  slender,  leafy.  Leaves 
oval,  elliptic  or  lanceolate,  2/-6/  long,  \'-2%f 
wide;  sepals  and  petals  longer  than  the  lip; 
petals  usually  twisted;  lip  7//-i5//  long, 
bright  yellow,  more  or  less  marked  with  pur- 
ple stripes,  spots  or  blotches;  sterile  stamen 
triangular,  yellow  and  purple  spotted  like 
the  lip. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to 
British  Columbia  and  Washington,  south  along 
the  mountains  to  Georgia,  and  to  Missouri.  As- 
cends to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  with  which  it  appears  to  in- 
tergrade,  or  of  which  it  may  be  but  a  form,  but 
usually  distinguished  by  the  smaller  size  and 
brighter  yellow  color  of  the  lip.  Sepals  and 
petals  sometimes  purple.  May-July. 


2.  ORCHIS  L,  Sp.  PI.  939.      1753. 

Roots  of  numerous  fleshy  fibres,  stems  in  our  species  scape-like,  i-2-leaved  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  short  terminal  spikes.  Sepals  separate,  subequal,  spreading  or  connivent.  Petals 
similar  to  the  sepals.  Lip  connate  with  the  base  of  the  column,  produced  below  into  a 
spur.  Column  short,  scarcely  extending  beyond  the  base  of  the  lip.  Anther  2-celled,  the 
sacs  contiguous  and  slightly  divergent;  pollinia  granulose,  i  large  mass  in  each  sac,  pro- 
duced into  a  slender  caudicle,  the  end  of  which  is  attached  to  a  small  gland.  Stigma  a  hol- 
lowed surface  between  the  anther-sacs,  the  rostellum  a  knob-like  projection  under  the  an- 
ther. Glands  enclosed  in  a  pouch.  Capsule  oblong,  erect,  without  a  beak.  [Name 
ancient.] 


About  8p  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
North  America. 

Plant  2-leaved  at  the  base. 
Plant  i -leaved  at  the  base. 


Only  the  following  are  known  in 


1.  O.  spectabilis. 

2.  O.  rotundifolia. 


i.    Orchis  spectabilis  L,.     Showy  Orchis.     (Fig.  1094.) 


Orchis  spectabilis  L.  Sp.  PI.  943.      1753. 

Stems  4/-i2/  high,  thick,  fleshy,  5-angled. 
Leaves  2,  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  i  or  2 
scales  below  them,  obovate,  sometimes  8/  long  and 
4/  wide,  but  usually  smaller,  clammy  to  the  touch; 
spike  3-6-flowered;  flowers  about  i'  long,  violet- 
purple  mixed  with  lighter  purple  and  white;  bracts 
foliaceous,  sheathing  the  ovaries;  sepals  united  in 
an  arching  galea;  petals  connivent  under  the  sepals, 
more  or  less  attached  to  them;  lip  whitish,  diver- 
gent, entire,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur  ob- 
tuse, about  8"  long;  column  violet  on  the  back; 
capsule  about  i/  long,  strongly  angled. 


In  rich  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  Georgia,  Kentucky  and  Nebraska. 
Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  Virginia.  April-June. 


460  ORCHIDACEAE. 

2.   Orchis  rotundifolia  Pursh.     Small  Round-leaved  Orchis.     (Fig.  1095.) 

Orchis  spectabilis  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  588       1814. 

Platanthera  rotundifolia   L,indl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  292. 
1835- 

Stein  slender,  S'-ic/  high,  i-leaved  near  the  base. 
Leaf  varying  from  nearly  orbicular  to  oval,  iX'~3/ 
long,  i/-2/  wide,  with  I  or  2  sheathing  scales  below  it; 
spike  2-6-flowered ;  flowers  6//-8//  long,  subtended  by 
small  bracts;  lateral  sepals  spreading,  sometimes 
longer  than  the  petals;  sepals  and  petals  oval,  rose- 
color;  lip  white,  purple  spotted,  longer  than  the 
petals,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  dilated,  2-lobed 
or  notched  at  the  apex;  spur  slender,  shorter  than  the 
lip. 

In  damp  woods,  Greenland  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
Maine,  New  York  and  Minnesota.  June-July. 


3.    HABENARIA  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  44.       1805. 

Herbs,  with  thick  fibrous  or  tuberous  roots,  our  species  with  leafy  stems.  Flowers 
greenish,  white,  purple  or  yellow,  mostly  in  spikes  or  racemes.  Sepals  equal  or  nearly  so, 
separate,  or  coherent  at  the  base,  the  lateral  ones  usually  spreading.  Petals  mostly  smaller 
than  the  sepals;  lip  spreading,  or  drooping,  with  a  spur  at  its  base,  entire,  or  3~5-cleft,  or 
lacerate.  Column  very  short.  Anther-sacs  elevated,  more  or  less  divergent.  Pollinia 
coarsely  granular;  caudicles  short;  glands  naked.  [Latin;  a  rein  or  strap.] 

About  400  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following,  some  20  others  occur  in  the 
southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 


Leaves  only  2,  basal. 
Scape  bracted. 
Scape  naked. 
Leaf  solitary. 

Leaves  several  or  numerous. 
Lip  not  3-parted. 
Lip  entire. 

Ovary  not  twisted. 

Ovary  more  or  less  twisted. 

Lip  lanceolate;  flowers  greenish  yellow. 
Lip  rhombic,  dilated  at  the  base;  flowers  white. 
Lip  crenulate  or  erose-dentate;  flowers  orange-yellow. 
Lip  2-3-toothed. 

Lip  toothed  at  the  apex. 

Spur  sac-like,  shorter  than  the  ovary. 
Spur  slender,  longer  than  the  ovary. 
Lip  with  an  obtuse  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  and  a  central 

Lip  pectinately  fringed. 

Spur  half  as  long  as  the  ovary;  flowers  yellow. 
Spur  longer  than  the  ovary. 
Flowers  bright  yellow. 
Flowers  white. 
Lip  3-parted. 

Segments  of  the  lip  deeply  fringed. 

Segments  narrow;  fringe  of  a  few  threads. 
Segments  broadly  fan-shaped ;  fringe  copious. 

Segments  fringed  to  the  middle;  flowers  white. 
Segments  fringed  to  about  one-third  or  less;  flowers  lilac. 
Raceme  2' -2^'  thick;  lip  Vz -\'  broad. 
Raceme  i'-iM'  thick;  lip  4" -6"  broad. 
Segments  of  the  lip  cut-toothed;  flowers  violet-purple. 


1.  H.  orbiculata. 

2.  H,  Hookeriana. 

3.  H.  obtusata. 


4.  H.  nivea. 

5.  H.  hyperborea. 

6.  H.  dilatata. 

7.  H.  integra. 


8.  H.  bracteafa. 

9.  H.  clavellata. 
tubercle. 

10.  H.flava. 

11.  H.  cristata. 

12.  H.  ciliaris. 

13.  H.  blephariglottis. 


14.  H.  lacera. 

15.  H.  leucophaea. 

16.  H.  grandiflora. 

17.  H-  psy codes. 

18.  H.  peramoena. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 


461 


Large  Round-leaved  Orchis. 


1.  Habenaria  orbiculata  (Pursh)  Torr. 

(Fig.  1096.) 

Orchis  orbiculata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  588.      1814. 
Habenaria  orbiculata  Torr.  Comp.  318.      1826. 

Scape  stout,  bracted,  i°-2°  high,  occasionally 
bearing  a  small  leaf.  Basal  leaves  2,  orbicular, 
spreading  flat  on  the  ground,  shining  above,  sil- 
very beneath,  4/-y/  in  diameter;  raceme  loosely 
many- flowered;  pedicels  nearly  ^'  long,  the  fruit- 
ing ones  erect;  flowers  greenish  white;  upper  sepal 
short,  rounded;  lateral  sepals  spreading,  falcate- 
ovate,  obtuse  4//-5//  long;  petals  smaller;  lip  ob- 
long-linear, entire,  obtuse,  white,  about  6"  long; 
spur  much  longer  than  the  ovary,  often  i^'  long; 
anther-sacs  prominent,  converging  above;  glands 
small,  orbicular,  nearly  Xx  apart,  their  faces  turned 
toward  the  axis. 

In  rich  woods,  Newfoundland  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Minnesota.  Ascends  to 
4500  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Aug. 

2.  Habenaria  Hookeriana  A.  Gray.     Hooker's  Orchis.     (Fig.  1097.) 

Habenaria  Hookeriana  A.  Gray,  Ann.  L,yc.  .N.  Y.  3: 

229.      1836. 
Habenaria  orbiculata  Goldie,  Kdinb.  Phil.  Journ.  6: 

331.      1822.     Not  Orchis  orbiculata  Pursh,  1814. 
Habenaria  Hookeri  var.  oblongifolia  Paine,  Cat.  PI. 

Oneida.  83.      1865. 

Scape  8/-i5/  high,  not  bracted.  Leaves  2,  basal, 
fleshy,  shining,  spreading  or  ascending,  oval,  or- 
bicular or  obovate,  z'-SY*'  l°ng;  raceme  rather 
loosely  many-flowered,  4/-8/  long;  bracts  acute, 
about  as  long  as  the  yellowish  green  flowers;  lat- 
eral sepals  greenish,  lanceolate,  acute,  spreading, 
about  4//  long;  petals  narrowly  linear  or  awl- 
shaped;  lip  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  4//-5//  long; 
anther-sacs  widely  diverging  below;  glands  small, 
their  faces  turned  inward;  spur  slender,  acute,  8/A 
long  or  more,  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  considerably 
longer. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Iowa.  June-Sept. 

3.  Habenaria  obtusata  (Pursh)  Richards. 
Small  Northern  Bog  Orchis.   (Fig.  1098. ) 

Orchis  obtusata  Pursh.  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  588.      1814. 
Habenaria  obtusata  Richards,  App.  Frank.  Journ.  750. 
1823. 

Scape  slender,  naked,  4/-io/  high,  4-angled. 
Leaf  solitary,  basal,  obovate,  2'-*,'  long,  5//-i2// 
wide;  spike  I'-a^'  long,  loose  flowers  greenish 
yellow,  about  3X/  long;  upper  sepal  erect,  round- 
ovate,  green  with  whitish  margins;  lateral  sepals 
spreading,  oblong,  obtuse;  petals  shorter,  dilated 
or  obtusely  2-lobed  at  the  base,  connate  with  the 
base  of  the  column ;  lip  entire,  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
deflexed,  about  3"  long;  spur  about  as  long  as  the 
lip,  slender,  nearly  straight,  blunt;  anther-sacs 
widely  divergent  below,  glands  small,  rather  thick. 

In  bogs,  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  Maine,  New  York  and  Colorado.  July-Sept. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


4.    Habenaria  nivea  (Nutt.)  Spreng. 

Southern  Small  White  Orchis. 

(Fig.  1099.) 

Orchis  nivea  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  188.      1818. 
Habenaria  nivea  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  689.      1826. 

Stem  slender,  angled,  la'-is'  high.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  4/-8/  long,  the  upper 
much  shorter  and  passing  into  the  bracts  of  the 
spike;  spike  2x-4/  long,  loosely  many-flowered; 
flowers  small,  white;  lateral  sepals  broadly  oblong, 
dilated  or  slightly  eared  at  the  base,  spreading, 
about  3X/  long;  petals  and  upper  sepal  smaller; 
spur  capillary,  as  long  as  the  ovary  or  longer; 
stigma  appendaged  by  2  small  horns  affixed  to  the 
back  of  the  anther;  ovary  straight. 

In  pine  barren  bogs,  Delaware  to  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama. Aug. 


5.    Habenaria   hyperborea    (I,.)    R.    Br. 
Tall  Leafy  Green  Orchis.     (Fig.  noo.) 

Orchis  hyperborea  L-  Mant.  121.      1767. 

Habenaria  hyperborea  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed. 
2,  5:  193.      1813. 

Stem  rather  stout,  8'-3°  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, mostly  acute,  2/-i2/  long,  6//-i8//  wide;  spike 
narrow,  3'-8'  long;  flowers  small,  greenish  or 
greenish  yellow;  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  obtuse, 
2//-3//  long;  upper  sepal  slightly  crenulate  at  the 
apex;  lip  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  about  3"  long; 
spur  about  equalling  the  lip,  shorter  than  the 
ovary,  blunt,  slightly  incurved,  sometimes  clavate; 
anther-sacs  parallel,  diverging  at  the  base;  glands 
small ;  ovary  more  or  less  twisted. 

In  bogs  and  wet  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south 
to  New  Jersey,  Colorado  and  Oregon.  Ascends  to  4000 
ft.  in  Vermont.  May-Aug. 


6.    Habenaria    dilatata    (Pursh)    Hook. 
Tall  White  Bog  Orchis.     (Fig.  1 1 01 . ) 

Orchis  dilalata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  588.      1814. 
Habenaria  dilatata  Hook.  F,xot.  Fl.  2:  pi.  93.      1825. 

Stem  slender,  leafy,  i°-2°  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, 3/-i2/  long,  3//-io//  wide,  obtuse  or  acute; 
spike  2/-io/  long;  bracts  acute,  the  lower  longer 
than  the  ovary,  the  upper  shorter;  flowers  small, 
white;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  3"  long;  lip  en- 
tire, dilated  or  obtusely  3-lobed  at  the  base,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  about  as  long  as  the  blunt  incurved 
spur;  anther-sacs  nearly  parallel;  glands  close  to- 
gether, strap-shaped,  nearly  as  long  as  the  pollinia 
and  caudicle;  stigma  with  a  trowel -shaped  beak  be- 
tween the  bases  of  the  anther-sacs;  ovary  more  or 
less  twisted. 

In  bogs  and  wet  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south 
to  Maine,  New  York,  Utah  and  Oregon.  Ascends  to 
5000  ft.  in  New  Hampshire.  June-Sept. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 

7.  Habenaria  Integra  (Nutt.)  Spreng. 

Small  Southern  Yellow  Orchis. 
(Fig.  1 102.) 

Orchis  Integra  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  188.      1818. 
Habenaria  integra  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  689.      1826. 

Stem  i°-2°  high,  angled,  with  1-3  linear- 
lanceolate  leaves  below,  and  numerous  bract-like 
ones  above.  Lower  leaves  2/-8/  long,  acute; 
spike  i '-3'  long,  densely  flowered;  flowers 
orange-yellow;  upper  sepals  and  petals  conni- 
vent;  lateral  sepals  longer,  oval  or  obovate, 
spreading;  lip  oblong,  mostly  crenulate  or  erose, 
sometimes  entire ;  spur  straight,  longer  than  the 
lip,  shorter  than  the  ovary;  stigma  with  2  lateral 
fleshy  appendages  and  a  narrow  beak. 

In  wet  pine  barrens,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana.  The  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  often 
reticulated  with  hexagonal  cells.  July. 

8.  Habenaria  bracteata  (Willd.)  R.  Br.     L/ong-bracted  Orchis.     (Fig.  1103.) 

Orchis  bracteata  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  34.      1805. 
Habenaria  bracteata  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew:  Ed.  2, 

5:  192.      1813. 
Habenaria  viridis  var.   bracteata  Reichenb.    Ic.    Fl. 

Germ.  13:  130.  /  435.      1851. 

Stem  slender  or  stout,  leafy,  6'-2°  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval,  or  the  lowest  sometimes 
obovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  2 '-5'  long,  the  upper 
much  smaller;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries,  the 
lower  ones  2  or  3  times  as  long;  spike  3/-5/  long, 
loosely  flowered;  flowers  green  or  greenish;  sepals 
ovate-lanceolate,  spreading,  dilated  or  somewhat 
gibbous  at  the  base,  about  3//long;  petals  very  nar- 
row, sometimes  thread-like;  lip  3x/-4r/  long,  ob- 
long-spatulate,  2-3-toothed  or  lobed  at  the  apex, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  white  sac-like  spur; 
anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base. 

In  woods  and  meadows,  New  Brunswick  to  British 
Columbia,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Nebraska. 
Also  in  Europe.  Ascends  to  3600  ft.  in  Virginia.  May- 
Sept. 

9.  Habenaria  clavellata  (Michx.)  Spreng. 
Small  Green  Wood  Orchis.    (Fig.  1104.) 

Orchis  clavellata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  155.     1803, 
Orchis  tridentata  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  41.      1805. 
Habenaria  tridentata  Hook.  Exot.  Fl.  2:  pi.  Si.     1825. 
Habenaria  clavellata  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  689.      1826. 

Stem  8/-i8/  high,  angled,  i-leaved  near  the  base, 
often  with  several  small  bract-like  leaves  above,  or 
one  of  these  larger.  Basal  leaf  oblanceolate,  2/-6/ 
long;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries;  spikes  ^/-2/ 
long,  loosely  flowered;  flowers  small,  greenish  or 
whitish;  sepals  and  petals  ovate,  lip  dilated  and  3- 
toothed  at  the  apex,  the  teeth  often  small  and  in- 
conspicuous; spur  longer  than  the  ovary,  incurved, 
clavate;  stigma  with  3  club-shaped  appendages; 
anther-sacs  nearly  parallel;  capsule  ovoid,  3//-4// 
long,  nearly  erect. 

In  wet  or  moist  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in 
North  Carolina.  July-Aug* 

30 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


10.    Habenaria    flava    (L/.)    A.    Gray. 
Tubercled  Orchis.     Small  Pale- 
green  Orchis.     (Fig.  1105.) 

Orchis  flava  L-  Sp.  PI.  942.      1753. 
Orchis  virescens  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  37.      1805. 
Habenaria  virescens  Spreng.  Syst.  3:  688.      1826. 
Habenaria  flava  A.  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  38:  308. 
1840. 

Stem  rather  stout,  i°-2°  high,  leafy.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  4/-ia/ 
long,  8//-3/  wide;  spike  2/-6/  long;  bracts  acu- 
minate, longer  than  the  ovaries;  petals  greenish ; 
sepals  and  petals  ovate  or  roundish,  about  3//r 
long;  sepals  greenish  yellow,  lip  a  little  longer 
than  the  petals,  entire  or  crenulate,  with  an  ob- 
tuse tooth  on  each  side  and  a  central  tubercle  at 
the  middle  of  the  base;  anther-sacs  parallel,  the 
sides  forming  a  rounded  cavity,  in  which  lie  the 
orbicular  incurved  glands;  capsule  about  4//  long. 

In  moist  soil,  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Flor- 
ida and  Louisiana  and  Missouri.  June-July. 


ii.    Habenaria  cristata  (Michx.)  R.  Br. 
Crested  Yellow  Orchis.     (Fig.  1106.) 

Orchis  cristata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  156.      1803. 

Habendria  cristata  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5: 
194.      1813. 

Stem  slender,  angled,  8/-2°  high.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  2/-8/  long,  3//-8//  wide,  the  upper 
much  smaller,  similar  to  the  bracts;  bracts  as 
long  as  the  flowers;  spike  2/-4/ long,  dense;  flowers 
orange;  sepals  roundish-ovate,  about  iX/x  l°ng,  the 
lateral  ones  spreading;  petals  narrower,  pectinate- 
fringed;  lip  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals,  not  3- 
parted,  but  deeply  fringed  to  the  middle  or  beyond; 
spur  2//~3//  long,  about  half  as  long  as  the  ovary; 
anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base,  widely  separated. 

In  bogs,  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
July-Aug. 


12.     Habenaria    ciliaris    (L.)    R.    Br. 
Yellow  Fringed  Orchis.     (Fig.  1107.) 

Orchis  ciliaris  L  Sp.  PI.  939-      !753- 

Habenaria  ciliaris  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2, 

5:  194.      1813. 

Stem  slender,  i°-2^°  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  4/-8/  long,  6//-i8//  wide,  the  upper 
smaller;  spike  closely  many -flowered,  3/-6/  long, 
sometimes  nearly  3'  thick;  flowers  orange  or 
yellow,  large,  showy;  sepals  orbicular  or  broadly 
ovate,  oblique  at  the  base,  2//~4/^  long;  the  lat- 
eral ones  mostly  reflexed;  petals  much  smaller, 
oblong  or  cuneate,  usually  toothed ;  lip  oblong, 
5//_y//  long,  copiously  fringed  more  than  half- 
way to  the  middle;  spur  I'-ij^'  long,  very 
slender;  anther-sacs  large,  divergent  at  the  base, 
bearing  a  small  white  tubercle  on  the  outer  side. 

In  meadows,  Vermont  (?)  and  Ontario  to  Michi- 
gan, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  July-Aug. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 


465 


13.    Habenaria  blephariglottis  (Willd.)  Torr.     White  Fringed  Orchis. 

-   (Fig.  1108, 

Orchis  ciliaris  var.  alba  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  156. 

1803.     Not  O.  alba  Lam.  1778. 
Orchis  blephariglottis  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  9.      1805. 
Habenaria  blephariglottis  Torr.  Comp.  317.      1826. 
Habenaria  ciliaris  var.  alba  Morong,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 

20:  38.      1893. 

Steins  and  leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  preced- 
ing species.  Spikes  densely  or  rather  loosely 
many  -flowered  ;  flowers  pure  white,  usually  a  little 
smaller  than  those  of  H.  ciliaris  ;  lip  narrower, 
oblong;  petals  toothed  or  somewhat  fringed  at  the 
apex  ;  fringe  of  the  lip  copious  or  sparse. 

In  bogs  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  Minnesota 
and  New  Jersey.  Intermediate  forms  between  this  and 
the  preceding-  species,  with  light  yellow  flowers,  are 
probably  hybrids.  Blooms  a  few  days  earlier  than 
ciliaris  where  the  two  grow  together.  July-Aug. 

Habenaria  blephariglottis  holopetala  (Lindl.)  A.  Gray, 

Man.  Ed.  5,  502.      1867. 
Platanthera  holopetala  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  291. 

1835- 

One  or  both  of  the  petals  entire;  lip  often  sparingly 
fringed.  With  the  type.  Probably  a  mere  form. 


14. 


Habenaria  lacera  (Michx.)  R.  Br.     Ragged  Orchis.     (Fig.  1109.) 

Orchis  lacera  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  156.      1803. 
Habenaria  lacera  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Holl.  i:  312. 
1810. 

Stem  rather  slender,  i°-2°  high.  Leaves  firm, 
lanceolate,  5/-8/  long,  io//-i8//  wide,  the  upper 
gradually  smaller;  spike  2/-6/  long,  loose;  flowers 
greenish  yellow;  sepals  ovate,  obtuse,  about  3" 
long,  the  upper  one  a  little  broader  than  the  others, 
petals  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  about  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  lip  3-parted,  the  segments  narrow,  deeply 
fringed,  the  fringe  of  a  few  threads,  about  %'  long; 
spur  y//-8//  long,  curved,  shorter  than  the  ovary, 
clavate  at  the  apex;  anther-sacs  divergent  at  the 
base,  their  bases  beaked  and  projecting  upward; 
glands  oblong-linear,  hyaline,  as  long  as  the  cau- 
dicle. 


In  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minne- 
sota, south  to  Georgia  and  Missouri.     June-July. 


15.  Habenaria  leucophaea  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray. 
Prairie  White-fringed  Orchis.    (Fig.  1 1 10. ) 

Orchis  leucophaea  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.)  5: 161. 

I833-37- 
Habenaria  leucophaea  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  502.      1867. 

Stem  stout,  angled,  i>£°-2>£0  high.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, 4/-8/  long;  spike  3'-$'  long,  very  thick,  loosely 
flowered;  flowers  large,  white,  fragrant,  sometimes 
tinged  with  green;  sepals  broadly  ovate;  petals  obovate, 
minutely  cut  toothed,  about  3"  long;  lip  3-parted,  6"- 
*]"  long,  the  segments  broadly  wedge-shaped  and 
copiously  fringed.  Spur  \'-\y2'  long,  longer  than  the 
ovary;  anther-sacs  widely  diverging  at  the  base;  cau- 
dicles  long  and  slender;  glands  transversely  oval;  ovary 
often  recurved. 

On  moist  prairies,  western  New  York  to  Minnesota, 
Kentucky  and  Arkansas.  July. 


466 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


16.    Habenaria  grandiflora  (Bigel.)  Torr.     Large  Purple-fringed  Orchis. 

(Fig.  mi.) 

Orchis  grandiflora  Bigel.  Fl.  Bost.  Ed.  2,  321.      1824. 
Orchis  fimbriata  Willd.   Sp.    PI.   4:  39.      180.5.     Not 

Dryand.  1789. 

Habenaria  grandiflora  Torr.  Comp.  319.      1826. 
Habenaria  fimbriata  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  503.      1867. 

Not  R.  Br.  1813. 

Stem  i°-5°  high.  Leaves  oval  or  lanceolate,  4'- 
10'  long,  io//-3/  wide,  obtuse,  or  the  upper  smaller 
and  acute;  raceme  3/-i5/  long,  sometimes  2^' 
thick,  densely  flowered;  flowers  lilac  or  purplish, 
sometimes  white  or  nearly  so,  fragrant;  upper 
sepal  and  petals  erect,  connivent;  petals  oblong  or 
oblanceolate,  more  or  less  toothed,  %'  long;  lip  3- 
parted,  y2'-\f  broad,  about  >£'  long,  the  segments 
broadly  fan-shaped,  copiously  fringed  to  about  the 
middle,  anther-sacs  divergent  at  the  base;  glands 
orbicular,  turned  inward;  spur  filiform,  clavate, 
i'-i#'  long. 


2 


In  rich  woods  and  meadows,  New  Brunswick  to  On- 
tario and  Michigan,  south  to  North  Carolina.  June-Aug. 


17.    Habenaria  psycodes  (L,.)  A.  Gray. 
Smaller  Purple-fringed  Orchis.   (Fig.  1112.) 

Orchis  psycodes  L.  Sp.  PI.  943-      *753- 

Orchis  fimbriata  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  297.      1789. 

Habenaria  psycodes  A.  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  38:  310. 

1840. 

Stem  rather  slender,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves  oval, 
elliptic  or  lanceolate,  2/-io/  long,  8//-3/  wide,  the 
upper  smaller;  raceme  2/-6/  long,  i/-\%/  thick, 
loosely  or  densely  several-many-flowered;  flowers 
lilac,  rarely  white,  fragrant;  lower  sepals  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, about  4X/  long,  the  upper  one  a  little  nar- 
rower; petals  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  toothed  on 
the  upper  margin;  lip  3-parted,  4//-6//  broad,  the 
segments  fan-shaped  and  copiously  fringed,  the 
fringe  of  the  middle  segment  shorter  than  that  of 
the  lateral  ones;  spur  somewhat  clavate  at  the  apex, 
about  8//  long,  longer  than  the  ovary. 

In  meadows,  swamps  and  wet  woods,  Newfoundland 
to  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and  Indiana. 
Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July-Aug. 


2 


18.    Habenaria    peramoena    A.    Gray. 

Fringeless  Purple  Orchis.     (Fig.  1113.) 

Orchis  fissa  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.   589.      1814.     Not 

Willd.  1805. 
H.  peramoena  A.  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  38:  310.      1840. 

Stem  \°-2l/2°  high.  Leaves  elliptic  or  lanceo- 
late, 4/-8/  long,  yz'-iYz'  wide,  the  upper  gradually 
smaller;  spike  a'-y'  long,  i/-2^/  thick,  densely  or 
rather  loosely  many-flowered;  flowers  large,  showy, 
violet-purple;  lateral  sepals  round-ovate,  3X/-4X/ 
long,  the  upper  one  smaller;  petals  smaller,  round- 
obovate,  clawed,  entire,  or  slightly  erose;  lip  l"- 
\Q"  long,  3-parted,  the  segments  fan-shaped,  cut- 
toothed,  not  fringed,  the  middle  one  2-lobed;  spur 
about  as  long  as  the  ovary,  curved,  clavate;  anther- 
sacs  widely  divergent,  little  separated;  glands  or- 
bicular, oblique. 

In  moist  meadows,  New  Jersey  to  Illinois,  Virginia 
and  Kentucky.  July-Aug. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


467 


i..  P.  ophioglossoides. 

2.  P.  trianthophora. 

3.  P.  divaricata. 


4.    POGONIA  Juss.  Gen.  PI.  65.       1789. 

Mostly  low  herbs,  the  flowers  terminal,  solitary  or  in  racemes,  the  leaves  usually  alternate 
or  verticillate.  Sepals  and  petals  separate,  erect  or  ascending.  Lip  erect  from  the  base  of 
the  column,  spurless.  Column  elongated,  club-shaped  at  the  summit.  Anther  terminal, 
stalked,  attached  to  the  back  of  the  column,  its  sacs  parallel;  pollinia  2,  i  in  each  sac,  pow- 
dery-granular, without  a  caudicle.  Stigma  a  flattened  disk  below  the  anther.  Capsule  ob- 
long or  ovoid,  erect  or  drooping.  [Greek,  bearded,  from  the  bearded  lip  of  some  species.] 

About  30  species,  widely  distributed.     Only  the  following  are  known  in  North  America. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal  and  alike. 

Lip  crested. 

Lip  not  crested. 
Sepals  longer  and  narrower  than  the  petals. 

Stem  bearing  a  single  leaf  near  the  middle. 

Stem  bearing  a  whorl  of  leaves  at  the  top. 

Lip  crested  along  a  narrow  line  down  the  face;  peduncle  as  long  as  the  capsule  or  longer. 

4.  P.  verticillata. 
Lip  crested  over  the  whole  face  and  lobes;  peduncle  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

5.  P.  affinis. 

i.  Pogonia  ophioglossoides  (L,.)  Ker. 

Rose  Pogonia.     Snake-mouth. 

(Fig.  1114.) 

Arethusa  ophioglossoides  L-  Sp.  PL  951.      1753. 

Pogonia  ophioglossoides  Ker  in  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
pi.  148.      1816. 

Stem  8/-i5/  high,  i-3-leaved,  not  rarely  with 
a  long-petioled  basal  leaf.  Stem  leaf  or  leaves 
Yz'-Z'  long,  lanceolate  or  ovate,  erect,  bluntly 
acute;  flowers  fragrant,  pale  rose-color,  slightly 
nodding,  large,  solitary  or  occasionally  in  pairs, 
subtended  by  a  foliaceous  bract;  sepals  and  petals 
about  equal,  elliptic  or  oval,  6//-io//  long;  lip 
spatulate,  free  or  somewhat  appressed  to  the 
column  below, crested  and  fringed;  column  much 
shorter  than  the  petals,  thick,  club-shaped. 

In  meadows  and  swamps,  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario, Florida  and  Kansas.  Also  in  Japan.  Roots 
fibrous.  June-July, 

2.    Pogonia  trianthophora  (Sw.)  B.S. P.      Nodding  Pogonia.     (Fig.   1115.) 


Arethusa  irianthophora  Sw.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl. 
(II.)  21 1230.      1800. 

Pogonia  pendula  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg.  pi.  908.      1825. 
Pogonia   trianthophora  B.S.P.    Prel.    Cat.   N.   Y.   52. 


Stem  glabrous,  3/-8/  high,  from  a  tuberous  root, 
often  clustered.  Leaves  2-8,  alternate,  ovate,  3/x- 
9X/  long,  clasping;  flowers  1-7,  on  axillary  pedun- 
cles, pale  purple,  at  first  nearly  erect,  soon  droop- 
ing; perianth  6//-8//  long;  sepals  and  petals  about 
equal,  connivent,  elliptic,  obtuse;  lip  clawed,  some- 
what 3-lobed,  roughish  or  crisped  above,  not  crested, 
about  as  long  as  the  petals;  capsule  oval,  drooping, 
about  6/x  long. 


In  rich  woods,  Canada  (?),  Rhode  Island  to  Florida, 
Wisconsin  and  Kansas.  Ascends  to  3500  ft.  in  North 
Carolina.  Local.  Aug.-Sept. 


468 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


3.  Pogonia  divaricata  (L.)  R.  Br.  Spread- 
ing Pogonia.     (Fig.  1116.) 

Arethusa  divaricata  L,.  Sp.  PI.  951.      1753. 

Pogonia  divaricata  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5: 
203.      1813. 

Stem  i°-2°  high,  bearing  a  leaf  near  the  middle, 
and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  the  flower.  Leaf  lanceo- 
late, or  narrowly  elliptic,  obtuse,  clasping,  a/-4/ 
long;  flower  terminal,  solitary,  about  \'  long; 
sepals  linear,  longer  and  narrower  than  the  petals, 
diverging  dark  colored;  petals  flesh -color,  lanceo- 
late, narrowed  at  the  apex,  lip  as  long  as  the  petals, 
3-lobed,  crenulate  or  wavy -margined,  greenish, 
veined  with  purple,  crested,  but  not  bearded,  the 
upper  lobe  long. 


In  swamps,  southern  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Ala- 
bama. Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Reported 
from  Wisconsin.  July. 


4.    Pogonia  verticillata  (Willd.)  Nutt. 
Whorled  Pogonia.     (Fig.  1117.) 

Arethusa  verticillata  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  81.     1805. 
Pogonia  verticillata  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  192.      1818. 

Stem  io/-i2/  high,  from  long  fleshy  roots, 
bearing  a  whorl  of  5  leaves  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  obovate,  abruptly  pointed  at  the  apex, 
sessile,  \r-^f  long;  flower  solitary,  erect  or  de- 
clined; peduncle  6//-8//  long,  in  fruit  usually 
equalling  or  exceeding  the  capsule;  sepals  lin- 
ear, i^/-2/  long,  about  i"  wide,  spreading, 
dark  purple;  petals  linear,  erect,  obtuse,  green- 
ish yellow,  about  io//  long;  lip  3-lobed,  crested 
along  a  narrow  band,  the  upper  part  expanded, 
undulate;  capsule  erect,  i/  or  more  long. 

In  moist  woods,  Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  Indiana 
and  Florida.  Ascends  to  4500  in  Virginia.  May- 
June. 


5.    Pogonia    affinis    Austin.       Smaller 
Whorled  Pogonia.     (  Fig.  1 1 1 8. ) 

Pogonia  affinis  Austin;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  507. 
1867. 

Smaller  than  the  preceding  species,  stem  8'- 
io/  high.  Leaves  in  a  whorl  of  5  at  the  summit, 
i/-2/  long;  flowers  2  or  solitary,  greenish  yellow; 
peduncle  2//-4//  long,  much  shorter  than  the 
ovary  and  capsule;  sepals  equalling  the  petals, 
or  but  little  longer,  somewhat  narrowed  at  the 
base;  lip  crested  over  nearly  the  whole  face  and 
lobes;  capsule  erect,  i'  long  or  less. 

In  moist  woods,  Connecticut  to  southern  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  Rare  and  local.  The  species 
is  imperfectly  known.  Our  figure  is  taken  from 
Mr.  Austin's  original  sketches.  June. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 


469 


5.    ARETHUSA  L.  Sp.  PI.  950.      1753. 


Low  herbs,  with  small  bulbs  and  mostly  solitary  flowers  on  bracted  scapes,  the  solitary  leaf 
linear,  hidden  at  first  in  the  upper  bract,  protruding  after  flowering.  Sepals  and  petals  about 
equal,  connivent  and  hooded  above,  coherent  below.  Lip  dilated  and  recurved-spreading  at  the 
apex,  crested  on  the  face  with  straight  somewhat  fleshy  hairs,  slightly  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Column  adherent  to  the  lip  below,  linear,  narrowly  winged  and  dilated  at  the  summit. 
Anther  operculate,  of  2  approximated  sacs  incumbent  upon  the  column;  pollinia  4,  2  in  each 
sac,  powdery-granular.  Capsule  erect,  ellipsoid,  strongly  angled.  [Dedicated  to  the  nymph 
Arethusa.  ] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  occurring  in 
North  America,  the  other  in  Japan. 


i.   Arethusa  bulbdsa  L. 
(Fig.  1119.) 


Arethusa. 


Arethusa  bulbosa  L,.  Sp.  PI.  950.      1753. 

Scape  glabrous,  5/-io/  high,  bearing  1-3  loose 
sheathing  bracts.  Leaf  linear,  many-nerved,  be- 
coming 4/-6/  long;  flower  solitary  (rarely  2),  aris- 
ing from  between  a  pair  of  small  unequal  scales, 
rose-purple,  i/-2/ high;  sepals  and  petals  linear  to 
elliptic,  obtuse,  arched  over  the  column;  lip  usually 
drooping  beneath  the  sepals  and  petals,  the  apex 
broad,  rounded,  often  fringed  or  toothed,  variegated 
with  purplish  blotches,  bearded,  crested  down  the 
face  in  three  white  hairy  ridges;  capsule  about  i/ 
long,  ellipsoid,  strongly  6-ribbed,  rarely  maturing. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  North  Carolina  and  Indiana.  May-June. 

6.    EPIPACTIS  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:  201.       1813. 

Tall  stout  herbs  with  fibrous  roots  and  simple  leafy  stems.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
plicate,  clasping.  Flowers  leafy -bracted,  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  all  separ- 
ate. Spur  none.  Lip  free,  sessile,  broad,  concave  below,  constricted  near  the  middle,  the 
upper  portion  dilated  and  petal-like.  Column  short,  erect.  Anther  operculate,  borne  on  the 
margin  of  the  clinandrium,  erect,  ovate  or  semiglobose,  its  sacs  contiguous.  Pollinia  2- 
parted,  granulose,  becoming  attached  to  the  glandular  beak  of  the  stigma.  Capsule  oblong, 
beakless.  [Greek  name  for  Helleborine.  ] 

About  10  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  western 
United  States. 

i.   Epipactis  viridiflora  (Hoffm.)  Reichb. 
Helleborine.     (Fig.  1120.) 

Serapias  viridiflora  Hoffm.  Deutsch.  Fl.  2:  182.    1804. 
Epipactis  latifolia  var.  viridiflora  Irm.  Linnaea,  16: 
451.      1842. 

Epipactis  viridiflora  Reichb.  Fl.  Exc.  134.      1830. 
Epipactis  Helleborine  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  504.     1890 
Not  Crantz.  1769. 

Stem  i°-2°  high,  glabrous  below,  pubescent 
above.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute, 
I^/-3/  long,  9"-i/4'  wide;  flowers  greenish  yel- 
low to  purple;  pedicels  2//-$//  long;  sepals  4//-5// 
long,  lanceolate;  petals  narrower;  lip  expanded 
into  a  slightly  undulate  apex,  tapering  to  a  point; 
bracts  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Near  Toronto,  Ontario;  Syracuse  and  Buffalo,  New 
York;  the  only  American  stations  known.  Widely 
distributed  in  Europe.  Sometimes  confounded  with 
the  European  E.  latifolia,  but  differs  in  having  the  lip 
free  from  callosities,  its  apex  acute,  the  sepals  and 
petals  longer  and  more  tapering.  July-Aug. 


4?o 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


7.   GYROSTACHYS  Pers.  Syn.  2:  511.       1807. 
[SPIRANTHES  L.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Mus.  Paris,  4:  42.      iSiS.] 

Erect  herbs,  with  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots  and  slender  stems  or  scapes,  leaf -bear- 
ing below  or  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  spurless,  spiked,  i-3-rowed,  the  spikes  more  or  less 
twisted.  Sepals  free,  or  more  or  less  coherent  at  the  top,  or  united  with  petals  into  a 
galea.  Lip  sessile  or  clawed,  concave,  erect,  embracing  the  column  and  often  adherent  to 
it,  spreading  and  crisped,  or  rarely  lobed  or  toothed  at  the  apex,  bearing  minute  callosities  at 
the  base.  Column  arched  below,  obliquely  attached  to  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Anther  with- 
out a  lid,  borne  on  the  back  of  the  column,  erect.  Stigma  ovate,  prolonged  into  an  acumi- 
nate beak,  at  length  bifid,  covering  the  anther  and  stigmatic  only  underneath.  Pollinia  2,  i 
in  each  sac,  powdery.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect,  [Greek,  referring  to  the  twisted  spikes] . 

About  80  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following, 
another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States  and  one  in  California.  The  flowers  are  often  fragrant. 


i.  G.  Romanzoffiana. 


Flowers  3-ranked;  stems  not  twisted,  or  but  slightly  so. 
Sepals  and  petals  more  or  less  connivent  into  a  hood. 
Lateral  sepals  separate,  free. 

Spike  short,  about  2'  long,  4" -5"  thick;  callosities  none,  or  mere  thickenings  of  the  basal 

margins  of  the  lip.  2.  G.  plantaginea. 

Spike  4' -6'  long,  6"-io"  thick;  callosities  nipple-shaped. 

Spike  6" '-7"  thick;  callosities  hairy,  straight.  3.  G.  cernua. 

Spike  8"-io"  thick;  callosities  glabrous,  incurved.  4.  G.  odorata. 

Flowers  merely  alternate,  appearing  secund  from  the  spiral  twisting  of  the  stem. 

Stem  leafy;  lower  leaves  elongated,  mostly  persistent  through  the  flowering  season. 

5.  G.  praecox. 
Stem  a  bracted  scape;  leaves  basal,  mostly  withering  before  the  flowering  season. 

Root  a  single  tuber;  spike  about  i'  long.  6.  G.  simplex. 

Root  a  cluster  of  tubers;  spike  i'-vV  long.  7.  G.  gracilis. 

i.    Gyrostachys  Romanzoffiana  (Cham.) 
MacM.    Hooded  Ladies'  Tresses.   (Fig.  1121.) 

Spiranthes  Romanzoffiana  Cham.  Linnaea,  3:  32.     1828. 
Gyrostachys  Romanzoffiana  MacM.  Met.  Minn.  171.     1892, 

Stem  6/-i5/  high,  glabrous,  leafy  below,  bracted 
above,  the  inflorescence  rarely  puberulent.  Lower 
leaves  $'-8'  long,  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate;  spike 
2/~4/  long,  4//-7//  thick;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  flowers  in  3  rows,  white  or  greenish,  ringent, 
$"-4"  long,  spreading  horizontally,  very  fragrant; 
sepals  and  petals  broad  at  the  base,  all  more  or  less 
connivent  into  a  hood ;  lip  oblong,  broad  at  the  base, 
contracted  below  the  dilated  crisped  apex,  thin,  trans- 
parent, veined;  callosities  mere  thickenings  of  the 
basal  margins  of  the  lip,  or  none. 

In  bogs,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  Penn- 
sylvania, Minnesota  and  California.  July-Aug. 

2.    Gyrostachys  plantaginea  (Raf.)  Britton.     Wide-leaved  Ladies'  Tresses. 

(Fig.  1 122.) 

Neottia  plantaginea  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  206.      1818. 
Spiranthes  cernua  var.?  latifolia  Torr.  Comp.  320.      1826. 
Spiranthes  plantaginea  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  284.      1843. 
5.  latifolia  Torr.;  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  467.      1840. 
Gyrostachys  latifolia  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  664.      1891. 

Stem  4/-io/  high,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  bracted 
above,  bearing  4  or  5  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  leaves 
below.  Leaves  i/-5/  long;  spike  i/-2/  long,  4//-5// 
thick,  dense;  floral  bracts  mostly  much  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  flowers  spreading,  about  3"  long;  petals  and 
sepals  white;  lateral  sepals  free,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
the  upper  somewhat  united  with  the  petals;  lip  pale 
yellow  on  the  face,  oblong,  not  contracted  in  the  mid- 
dle, the  wavy  apex  rounded,  crisped  or  fringed,  the 
base  short-clawed;  callosities  none,  or  mere  thicken- 
ings of  the  lip  margins. 

Moist  banks  and  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Virginia  and  Michigan.  June-Aug. 


ORCHID   FAMILY 


3.    Gyrostachys  cernua  (L.)  Kuntze. 
Nodding  Ladies'  Tresses.    (Fig.  1123.) 

Ophrys  cernua  L.  Sp.  PI.  946.  1753. 
Spiranthes  cernua  'L,.  C.  Rich.  Orch.  Ann.  37.  1817. 
Gyrostachys  cernua  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  664.  1891. 
Stem  6/-25/  high  (rarely  taller),  usually  pubes- 
cent above,  mostly  bearing  2-6  acuminate  bracts. 
Leaves  nearly  basal,  linear-oblanceolate  or  linear, 
3/-i4/  long,  the  blade  narrow,  the  petiole  2/-io/ 
long;  spike  4/-5/  long,  6" -7"  thick;  flowers  white 
or  yellowish,  fragrant,  nodding  or  spreading,  about 
5X/  long,  in  3  rows;  lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper 
arching  and  connivent  with  the  petals;  lip  oblong, 
or  sometimes  ovate,  the  broad  apex  rounded,  crenu- 
late  or  crisped;  callosities  nipple-shaped,  straight, 
hairy. 

In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario 
and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Aue  - 
Oct. 


4.   Gyrostachys  odorata  (Nutt.)  Kuntze. 
Fragrant  Ladies' Tresses.    (Fig.  1124.) 

Neottia  odorata  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phil.  7:  98.  1834. 
Spiranthes  odorata  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  467.  1840. 
Gyrostachys  odorata  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  664.  1891. 

Stem  stout,  i°-2°  high,  strongly  pubescent  above. 
Lower  and  basal  leaves  8/-i5/  long,  y//-2/  wide, 
tapering  into  sheathing  petioles,  the  upper  reduced 
to  bracts;  spike  $'-6'  long,  S^-io"  thick,  floral 
bracts  often  exceeding  the  flowers,  long-acuminate; 
flowers  yellowish  white,  fragrant,  5"  long;  lateral 
sepals  free;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals,  oblong,  broad 
at  the  base,  contracted  above  the  middle,  the 
dilated  apex  crisped  or  toothed;  callosities  nipple- 
shaped,  incurved,  glabrous. 

On  river  banks,  often  in  the  water,  North  Carolina 
to  Kentucky,  Florida  and  Louisiana.  Sept. -Oct. 

5.  Gyrostachys  praecox  (Walt.)  Kuntze.     Grass-leaved  Ladies'  Tresses. 

(Fig.  1125.) 

Limodorum  praecox  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  221.      1788. 
Spiranthes graminea  var.  Walteri  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  5,  505.      1867. 
Spiranthes  praecox  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

6,  505.      1890. 

Gyrostachys  praecox  Kuntze,   Rev.   Gen.   PI.  663. 
1891. 

Stem  slender,  io/~3o/  high,  glandular-pubes- 
cent above,  leafy.  Leaves  linear,  4/-i2/  long, 
with  narrow  grass-like  blades  and  long  sheath- 
ing petioles,  mostly  persistent  through  the  flow- 
ering season,  the  upper  smaller;  spike  usually 
much  twisted,  2/-8/  long,  4//-6//  thick;  bracts 
about  as  long  as  the  ovaries;  flowers  white  or 
yellowish,  about  4"  long,  spreading;  lateral 
sepals  free,  the  upper  somewhat  connivent  with 
the  petals;  lip  about  3"  long,  short -clawed,  ob- 
long, contracted  above,  the  dilated  apex  obtuse, 
crenulate,  often  dark-striped  in  the  middle;  ros- 
tellum  very  acute;  callosities  small,  glabrous. 

In  grassy  places,  southern  New  York  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana.  July-Aug. 


-472 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


6.    Gyrostachys    simplex    (A.    Gray) 

Kuntze.     Little  Ladies'  Tresses. 

(Fig.  1126.) 

Spiranthes  simplex  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  506.     1867. 

Gyrostachys  simplex  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  664. 
1891. 

Steins  very  slender,  $'-<)'  high,  with  small  de- 
ciduous bracts  above.  Leaves  basal,  ovate  or 
oblong,  short,  abruptly  narrowed  into  a  petiole, 
mostly  disappearing  at  or  before  the  flowering 
time;  spike  slender,  about  i/  long  and  •$"  thick, 
glabrous,  little  twisted;  flowers  white,  i"-!^" 
long;  lip  thin,  striped,  obovate-oblong,  crisped 
at  the  summit,  short-clawed;  callosities  nipple- 
shaped,  slender;  root  a  solitary  spindle-shaped 
tuber. 


In  dry  sandy  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Maryland. 
Aug. -Sept. 


Slender  Ladies'  Tresses. 


7.   Gyrostachys  gracilis  (Bigel.)  Kuntze. 

(Fig.  1127.) 

-Neottia  gracilis  Bigel.  Fl.  Bost.  Ed.  2,  322.      1824. 
Spiranthes  gracilis  Beck,  Bot.  343.      1833. 
Gyrostachys  gracilis  Kuntze,   Rev.   Gen.   PI.  664. 
1891. 

Stem  slender,  8/-2°  high,  from  a  cluster  of 
spindle-shaped  tuberous  roots,  glabrous,  or  rarely 
pubescent  above,  bearing  small  deciduous  bracts. 
Leaves  basal,  obovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  peti- 
oled,  the  blades  X/-2/  l°ng>  4//-io//  wide,  mostly 
perishing  before  the  flowering  season;  spike  \'- 
3'  long,  4//-6//  thick,  loose,  usually  much 
twisted;  flowers  white,  fragrant,  2//-2^//  long; 
sepals  a  little  longer  than  the  lip,  the  lateral 
ones  free;  lip  about  2X/  long,  oblong,  dilated  and 
crenulate  or  wavy-crisped  at  the  apex,  usually 
thick  and  green  in  the  middle,  white  and  hya- 
line on  the  margins,  slightly  clawed  at  the  base; 
callosities  small,  nipple-shaped. 

In  dry  fields  and  open  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Minnesota,  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Kansas.  As- 
cends to  2500  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  Aug.-Oct. 


8.    LISTERA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:-2oi.      1813. 

Small  herbs,  with  fibrous  or  sometimes  rather  fleshy-fibrous  roots,  bearing  a  pair  of  op- 
posite green  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  I  or  2  small  scales  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  Flowers 
in  terminal  racemes,  spurless.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  spreading  or  reflexed,  free. 
Anther  without  a  lid,  erect,  jointed  to  the  column.  Pollinia  2,  powdery,  united  to  a  minute 
gland.  Capsule  ovoid  or  obovoid.  [Name  in  honor  of  Martin  Lister,  1638  (?)-i7i2,  a  cor- 
respondent of  Ray.] 


About  10  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones, 
other  occurs  in  northwestern  North  America. 

Lip  broadly  wedge-shaped,  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 
Lip  narrowly  linear  or  setaceous. 

Lip  2-cleft,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals. 

Lip  2-parted,  4-8  times  as  long  as  the  petals. 


Besides  the  following,  an- 

1.  L.  convallarioides. 

2.  L.  cordata. 

3.  L.  atistralis. 


ORCHID  FAMILY. 

i.    Listera  convallarioides  (Sw.)  Torr. 

(Fig.  1128.) 

Epipactis  convallarioides  Sw.  Kongl.  Vet.  Acad.  Handl, 

(II.)  21 :  232.      1800. 
Listera  convallarioides  Torr.  Comp.  320.      1826. 

Stem  4/-io/  high,  glandular-pubescent  above  the 
leaves.  Leaves  smooth,  round-oval  or  ovate,  obtuse 
or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  sometimes  slightly  cordate 
or  reniform  at  the  base,  3~9-nerved.  Raceme  iK/~3/ 
long,  loosely  3- 12 -flowered;  flowers  greenish  yellow, 
pedicels  filiform,  bracted,  3//-4//  long;  petals  and 
sepals  linear-lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  lip; 
lip  broadly  wedge  shaped,  with  2  obtuse  lobes  at  the 
dilated  apex,  generally  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at 
base;  column  elongated,  but  shorter  than  the  lip,  a 
little  incurved,  with  2  short  projecting  wings  above 
the  anther;  capsule  obovoid,  about  37/  long. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  and  California,  south 
to  Vermont,  along  the  mountains  to  North  Carolina. 
Ascends  to  4500  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  June-Aug. 


473 


Broad-lipped  Twayblade. 


2.    Listera  cordata  (L.)  R.  Br.     Heart- 
leaved  Twayblade.     (Fig.  1129.) 

Ophrys  cordata  L.  Sp.  PI.  946.      1753. 

Listera  cordata  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:  201. 
1813. 

Stem  very  slender,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  3/-io/ 
high.  Leaves  sessile,  cordate,  ovate,  mucronate, 
Yz'-\f  long;  racemes  rather  loose,  ^/-2/  long,  4-20- 
flowered;  flowers  purplish,  minute;  pedicels  bracted, 
about  i//  long;  sepals  and  petals  oblong-linear, 
scarcely  i"  long;  lip  narrow,  often  with  a  subulate 
tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base,  twice  as  long  as  the 
petals,  2-cleft,  the  segments  setaceous  and  ciliolate; 
column  very  small,  the  clinandrium  just  appearing 
above  the  anther;  capsule  ovoid,  2//  long. 

In  moist  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  New  Jersey 
and  Oregon.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 


3.    Listera  australis  Lindl.      Southern 
Twayblade.     (Fig.  1130.) 

Listera  australis  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch.  456.    1840. 

Stem  slender,  4/-io/  high,  more  or  less  pubes- 
cent above.  Leaves  ovate,  acutish,  mucronate, 
glabrous,  shining,  8//-io//  long,  3-7-nerved;  ra- 
ceme 2/-3/  long,  loosely  8-i5-flowered;  flowers 
yellowish  green  with  purplish  stripes;  sepals  and 
petals  minute;  lip  ^'-Yz'  long,  2-parted,  split 
nearly  to  the  base,  4-8  times  as  long  as  the  petals, 
its  segments  linear-setaceous;  column  very  small; 
capsule  ovoid. 

In  bogs,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to  Florida 
and  Alabama  and  Louisiana.  A  third  leaf  is  rarely 
t>orne  below  the  flowers. 


474 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


g.    PERAMIUM  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i:  301.      1812. 

[GOODYERA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:  197.     1813.] 

Herbs  with  bracted  erect  scapes,  the  leaves  basal,  tufted,  often  blotched  with  white,  the 
roots  thick  fleshy  fibres.  Flowers  in  bracted  spikes.  Lateral  sepals  free,  the  upper  one 
united  with  the  petals  into  a  galea.  Lip  sessile,  entire,  roundish  ovate,  concave  or  saccate; 
without  callosities,  its  apex  reflexed.  Anther  withont  a  lid,  erect  or  incumbent,  attached  to 
the  colnmn  by  a  short  stalk;  pollinia  one  in  each  sac,  attached  to  a  small  disk  which  coheres 
with  the  top  of  the  stigma,  composed  of  angular  grains. 

About  25  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Spike  one-sided.  i.  P.  repens. 
Spike  not  one-sided. 

Flowers  2" -3"  long;  galea  ovate,  its  short  tip  usually  not  recurved.  2.  P.  pubescens. 

Flowers  3" -4"  long;  galea  ovate-lanceolate,  its  long  tip  recurved.  3.  P.  Menziesii* 

i.  Peramium  repens  (1,. )  Salisb.    Lesser  Rattlesnake  Plantain.    (Fig.  1131.) 

Satynum  repens  L,.  Sp.  PI.  945.     1753- 

Goodyera  repens  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed. 
5:  198.     1813. 

Peramium  repens  Salisb.  Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  i: 
301.     1812. 

Scape  s'-io'  high,  glandular-pubescent, 
bearing  several  small  scales.  Leaves  ovate, 
the  blade  6//-i5//  long,  4//-8//  wide,  some- 
what reticulated  or  blotched  with  white, 
tapering  into  a  sheathing  petiole  spike  short, 
i-sided;  flowers  greenish  white,  2"-?,"  long; 
galea  concave,  ovate,  with  a  short  spreading 
or  slightly  recurved  tip;  lip  saccate,  with  a 
narrow  recurved  or  spreading  apex;  column 
very  short;  anther  2-celled;  pollinia  not  pro- 
longed into  a  caudicle. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska  (?),  south  to 
Florida  and  Minnesota  and  Colorado.  Also  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  Ascends  to  5000  ft.  in  Vir- 
ginia. July-Aug. 


2.    Peramium  pubescens  (Willd.)  MacM. 

(Fig.  1132.) 


Downy  Rattlesnake  Plantain. 


Neottia  pubescens  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  76.      1805. 

Goodyera  pubescens  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew,  Ed. 
2,  5:  198.      1813. 

Peramium  pubescens  MacM.  Met.  Minn.  172.    1892. 

Usually  larger  than  the  preceding  species, 
scape  6/-2o/  high,  densely  glandular-pubescent, 
bearing  5-10  lanceolate  scales.  Leaves  i/-2/ 
long,  8//-i/  wide,  strongly  white-reticulated, 
oval  or  ovate;  spike  not  i-sided;  flowers  2//~3// 
high,  greenish  white;  lateral  sepals  ovate;  galea 
ovate,  its  short  tip  usually  not  recurved;  lip 
strongly  saccate  with  a  short  broad  obtuse 
recurved  or  spreading  tip. 

In  dry  woods,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Tennessee.  As- 
cends to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July-Aug. 


ORCHID   FAMILY. 


475 


3.    Peramium  Menziesii  (Lindl.)  Morong.     Menzies'  Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

(Fig.  1133.) 

Spiranthes  decipiens  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  203. 
1839? 

Goodyera  Menziesii  Lindl.  Gen.  &  Sp.  Orch. 
492.      1840. 

Peramium  Menziesii  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 
5:  124.  1894. 

Scape  stout,  8/-i^/  high,  glandular-pubes- 
cent. Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  i^/-2^/ 
long,  8//-i5//  wide,  the  blade  acute  at  both 
ends,  often  without  white  blotches  or  reticula- 
tions; spike  not  I -sided;  flowers  $"-\"  long; 
galea  concave,  ovate-lanceolate,  the  tip  long, 
usually  recurved,  lip  swollen  at  the  base, 
with  a  long  narrow  recurved  or  spreading 
apex;  anther  ovate,  pointed,  on  the  base  of 
the  column,  which  is  prolonged  above  the 
stigma  into  a  gland-bearing  awl-shaped  beak. 

In  woods,  Quebec  to  British  Columbia,  New 
Hampshire,  New  York,  Minnesota,  Arizona  and 
California.  Aug. 

10.    ACHROANTHES  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352.       1808. 
[MICROSTYUS  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  196.      1818.] 

Low  herbs,  from  a  solid  bulb,  our  species  i-leaved,  and  with  i-several  scales  at  the  base 
of  the  stem.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in  a  terminal  raceme.  Sepals  spreading,  separ- 
ate, the  lateral  ones  equal  at  the  base.  Petals  filiform  or  linear,  spreading.  Lip  cordate  or 
eared  at  the  base,  embracing  the  column.  Anther  erect  between  the  auricles,  2-celled;  pol- 
linia  4,  smooth  and  waxy,  2  in  each  sac,  the  pairs  cohering  at  the  summit,  without  caudicles 
or  glands.  Capsule  oval,  sometimes  nearly  globose,  beakless.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the 
green  flowers  ?] 

About  40  species,  widely  distributed.  Besides  the  following,  about  4  others  occur  in  the  south- 
ern and  western  parts  of  North  America. 


Leaf  sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem. 
Leaf  clasping  the  stem  near  the  middle. 


1.  A.  monophylla. 

2.  A.  unifolia. 


i.    Achroanthes    monophylla    (L,.) 

Greene.     White  Adder 's-mouth. 

(Fig.  1134.) 

Ophrys  monophyllos  L.  Sp.  PI.  947.     1753. 

Microstylis  monophylla   Lindl.    Bot.    Reg.  pi. 
1290.     1829. 

Achroanthes  monophylla   Greene,  Pittonia,    2: 
183.     1891. 

Stem  slender,  4/-6/  high,  smooth,  glabrous, 
striate.  Leaf  sheathing  the  stem  at  its  base, 
the  blade  i/-2/  long,  %'-!%'  wide;  raceme 
i '-3'  long,  narrow,  3//~5//  thick;  flowers 
whitish,  about  \"  long;  pedicels  nearly  erect, 
bracted,  i//-2//  long;  sepals  acute;  lip  tri- 
angular or  ovate,  acuminate,  the  lateral  lobes 
obtuse;  capsule  oval,  about  $"  long. 

In  woods,  Quebec  to  Minnesota,  Pennsylvania 
and  Nebraska.  July. 


476 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


2.   Achroanthes   unifolia    (Michx.) 

Raf.     Green  Adder' s-mouth. 

(Fig.  1135.) 

Malaxis  unifolia  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2-  157 
1803. 

Achroanthes  unifolia  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5- 
352.      1808. 

Microstylis  ophioglossoid.es  Nutt.  Gen.  2-  196. 
1818. 

Stem  glabrous,  striate,  4/-io'  high.  Leaf 
clasping  the  stem  near  the  middle,  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular,  i/-2^/  long,  io//-i^/  wide; 
raceme  1.'-$'  long,  sometimes  i'  thick;  flow- 
ers greenish,  about  \"  long,  the  pedicels 
very  slender,  spreading,  3//~5//  long;  sepals 
oblong;  lip  broad,  3-toothed  at  the  apex; 
capsule  oval  or  subglobose. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Newfoundland  to  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Alabama 
and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  North  Car- 
olina. July. 


ii.    LEPTORCHIS  Thouars,  Nouv.  Bull.  Soc.  Plilom.  314.       1808. 

[LIPARIS  L,.  C.  Richard,  Mem.  Mus.  Paris,  4:  43.      1818.] 

Low  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  the  base  of  the  stem  sheathed  by  several  scales  and  2  broad 
shining  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal,  linear,  spread- 
ing, petals  usually  very  narrow.  Column  elongated,  incurved,  thickened  and  margined 
above.  Pollinia  2  in  each  sac  of  the  anther  smooth  and  waxy,  the  pairs  slightly  united, 
without  stalk,  threads  or  glands.  Lip  nearly  flat,  often  bearing  2  tubercles  above  the  base. 
[Greek,  signifying  a  slender  orchid.] 

About  zoo  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions;  only  the  following 
known  to  occur  in  North  America. 


Raceme  many-flowered;  lip  as  long  as  the  petals. 
Raceme  few-flowered;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals. 


1.  L.  liliifolia. 

2.  L.  Loeselii. 


i.    Leptorchis  liliifolia  (I,.)  Kuntze.     Large  Twayblade.     (Fig.  1136.) 


Ophrys  liliifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  946.     1753. 

Liparis  liliifolia  I<.  C.  Rich.  Lindl.  Bot.  Reg. 
pi.  882.     1825. 

Leptorchis  liliifolia  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  671. 
1891. 

Scape  4/-io/  high,  5-io-striate.  Leaves 
ovate  or  oval,  2/-5/  long,  i/-2>^/  wide,  ob- 
tuse, keeled  below,  the  sheaths  large  and 
loose.  Raceme  sometimes  6'  long;  flowers 
numerous,  showy;  sepals  and  petals  some- 
what reflexed;  petals  very  narrow  or  thread- 
like; lip  erect,  large,  5//-6//  long,  about  as 
long  as  the  petals,  wedge-obovate;  column 
"iYz"  long,  incurved,  dilated  at  the  summit; 
pedicels  slender,  ascending  or  spreading, 
4//-8//  long;  capsule  somewhat  club-shaped, 
about  6"  long,  the  pedicel  thickened  in  fruit. 

In  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Maine  to  Min- 
nesota. Georgia  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  3000 
ft.  in  Virginia.  May-July. 


ORCHID   FAMILY.  477 

2.   Leptorchis  Loeselii  (I,.)  MacM.     Fen 
Orchis.    Loesel's  Tway blade.     (Fig.  1137.) 

Opluys  Loeselii  L.  Sp.  PL  947.     1753. 

Liparis  Loeselii  L.  C.  Rich.;  Lindl.  Bot.~Reg.  pi.  882. 

1825. 
Leptorckis  Loeselii  MacM.  Met.  Minn.  173.     1892. 

Scape  2'-Sx  high,  strongly  5-y-ribbed.  Leaves 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  2/-6/  long,  ^/-2/ 
wide,  obtuse;  raceme  few-flowered;  flowers  green- 
ish, smaller  than  those  of  the  preceding  species, 
2//-3//  long;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  spreading; 
petals  linear,  somewhat  reflexed;  lip  obovate, 
pointed,  rather  shorter  than  the  petals  and  sepals, 
its  tip  incurved;  column  half  as  long  as  the  lip  or 
less;  capsule  about  5"  long,  wing-angled,  on  a 
thickened  pedicel. 

In  wet  thickets  and  on  springy  banks,  Nova  Scotia 
to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Maryland  and 
Missouri.  Also  in  Europe.  May-July. 

12.    CALYPSO  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  pi.  89.       1807. 

Bog  herb,  with  a  solid  bulb  and  coralloid  roots,  the  low  i-flowered  scape  sheathed  by  2 
or  3  loose  scales  and  a  solitary  petioled  leaf  at  the  base.  Flower  large,  showy  terminal, 
bracted.  Sepals  and  petals  similar,  nearly  equal.  Lip  large,  saccate  or  swollen,  2-parted 
below.  Column  dilated,  petal-like,  bearing  the  lid-like  anther  just  below  the  summit.  Pol- 
linia  2,  waxy,  each  2-parted,  without  caudicles,  sessile  on  a  thick  gland,  the  stigma  at  the 
base.  [Dedicated  to  the  goddess  Calypso.] 

A  monotypic  species  of  the  cooler  portions  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

i.    Calypso  bulbosa  (L.)  Oakes.      Calypso. 
(Fig.  1138.) 

Cypripedium  bulbosum  L-  Sp.  PI.  951.      1753. 
Calypso  borcalis  Salisb.  Par.  Lond.  ^  pi.  89.  "  1807. 
Calypso  bulbosa  Oakes,  Cat.  Vermont  PL  28.      1842. 

Bulb  5X/  in  diameter  or  less.  Scape  ^/-6/  high;  leaf 
round-ovate,  \'-\y2'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  obtusely 
pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
the  petiole  i/-2/  long;  flowers  variegated,  purple,  pink 
and  yellow,  the  peduncle  jointed;  petals  and  sepals 
linear,  erect  or  spreading,  5//-7//  long,  with  3  longitu- 
dinal purple  lines;  lip  large,  saccate,  2-divided  below, 
spreading  or  drooping,  with  a  patch  of  yellow  woolly 
hairs  near  the  point  of  division;  column  erect,  broadly 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  petals;  capsule  about  l/z'  long, 
many-nerved. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Maine,  Michigan,  Califor- 
nia, and  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Arizona.  Also  in 
Europe.  Flower  somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  small 
Cypripedium.  May-June. 

13.    CORALLORHIZA  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:  209.      1813. 

Scapose  herbs,  saprophytes  or  root-parasites,  with  large  masses  of  coralloid  branching 
roots,  the  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing  scales.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Sepals 
nearly  equal,  the  lateral  ones  united  at  the  base  with  the  foot  of  the  column,  forming  a 
short  spur  or  gibbous  protuberance,  the  other  one  free,  the  spur  adnate  to  the  summit  of  the 
ovary.  Petals  about  as  long  as  the  sepals,  i-3-nerved.  Lip  i-3-ridged.  Column  nearly 
free,  slightly  incurved,  somewhat  2-winged.  Anther  terminal,  operculate.  Pollinia  4,  in  2 
pairs,  oblique,  free,  soft-waxy.  [Greek,  from  the  coral-like  roots.] 

About  15  species,  \videlydistributed  in  the  north  temperate  zone.     Besides  the  following,  some 
4  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 
Spur  small  or  sac-like,  adnate  to  the  top  of  the  ovary. 
Lip  not  deeply  3-lobed. 

Lip  2-toothed  or  2-lobed  above  the  base.  i.  C.  Corallorhiza. 

Lip  entire,  or  merely  denticulate. 

Flowers  about  3" -4"  long;  lip  not  notched;  column  narrowly  winged.  2.   C.  odontorhiza. 
Flowers  7"  long;  lip  notched;  column  manifestly  winged.  3.   C.  Wisteriana. 

Lip  deeply  3-lobed;  flowers  6" -9"  long.  4.  C.  multiflora. 

No  spur  or  sac.  5.  C.  striata. 


478  ORCHIDACEAE. 

i.    Corallorhiza  Corallorhiza  (I,.)  Karst.      Early  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1139.) 

Ophrys  Corallorhiza  L,.  Sp.  PI.  945.     1753. 

Corallorhiza  innala  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2, 
5:  209.    1813. 

Corallorhiza   Corallorhiza   Karst.   Deutsch.   Fl.  448. 
1880-83. 

Scape  glabrous,  4/-ia'  high,  clothed  with  2-5 
closely  sheathing  scales.  Raceme  i/-3/  long,  3-12- 
flowered;  flowers  dull  purple,  about  y2'  long,  on 
very  short  minutely  bracted  pedicels;  sepals  and 
petals  narrow,  about  3X/  long;  lip  shorter  than  the 
petals,  oblong,  whitish,  2-toothed  or  2-lobed  above 
the  base;  spur,  a  sac  or  small  protuberance  adnate 
to  the  summit  of  the  ovary;  capsule  4//-6//  long, 
oblong  or  somewhat  obovoid. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sey, in  the  mountains  to  Georgia,  and  to  Michigan  and 
Washington.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Vermont.  Also  in 
Europe.  May-June. 


2.    Corallorhiza  odontorhiza  (Willd. ) 

Nutt.     Small-flowered  Coral-root. 

(Fig.  1140.) 

Cymbidium  odontorhizon  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4'-    IID- 
1805. 

Corallorhiza  odontorhiza  Hutt.  Gen.  2:  197.     1818. 

Scape  slender,  purplish,  6/-is/ high.  Raceme 
2x-47  long,  6-2o-flowered;  flowers  3//-4//  long, 
purplish,  sepals  and  petals  lanceolate,  2X/  long 
or  less,  marked  with  purple  lines;  lip  as  long  as 
the  petals,  broadly  oval  or  obovate,  entire  or 
denticulate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  notched, 
whitish;  spur,  a  small  sac  adnate  to  the  top  of 
the  ovary;  wings  of  the  column  very  narrow. 

In  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  Florida 
and  Missouri.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  North  Caro- 
lina. July-Sept. 


3.    Corallorhiza  Wisteriana  Conrad. 
Wister's  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1141.) 

Corallorhiza  Wisteriana  Conrad,  Journ.  Acad.  Phila. 
6:  145.      1829. 

Stem  slender,  but  usually  stouter  than  that  of  the 
preceding  species,  %'-\&  high,  bearing  several 
sheathing  scales.  Raceme  2/-5/  long,  loose,  6-15- 
flowered;  flowers  about  7"  long,  slender-pedicelled, 
ascending  or  erect;  lip  broadly  oval  or  obovate, 
4//-5"  long,  4//-5//  wide;  abruptly  clawed,  white 
with  crimson  spots,  crenulate,  notched  at  the  apex; 
lamellae,  2  short  prominent  ridges;  spur,  a  some- 
what conspicuous  protuberence  adnate  to  the  top  of 
the  ovary;  column  strongly  2-winged  toward  the 
base;  capsule  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong-obovoid, 
about  5"  long,  drooping  when  ripe. 

In  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Ohio,  Florida  and  Texas. 
Feb. -May. 


ORCHID   FAMILY.  479 

4.    Corallorhiza  multiflora  Nutt.     Large  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1142.) 


Corallorhiza  multiflora  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila 
3:  138.  pi.  7-      1823. 


Scape  8'-2c/  high,  purplish,  clothed  with  sev- 
eral appressed  scales.  Raceme  2/-8/  long,  10- 
3o-flowered ;  flowers  6//~9//  high,  brownish  pur- 
ple, short -pedicelled;  sepals  and  petals  some- 
what counivent  at  the  base,  linear-lanceolate, 
about  3"  long;  lip  white,  spotted  and  lined  with 
purple,  oval  or  ovate  in  outline,  deeply  3-lobed, 
crenulate,  the  middle  lobe  broader  than  the 
lateral  ones,  its  apex  curved;  spur  manifest,  yel- 
lowish; capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  5//-8//  long, 
drooping. 


In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  Florida,  Missouri  and  California.  A  form  with 
yellow  scapes  and  flowers  occurs  in  Nebraska  (ac- 
cording to  Williams).  July-Sept. 


5.    Corallorhiza  striata  Lindl.     Striped  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1143.) 


Corallorhiza  striata   L,indl.   Gen.   &  Sp.   Orch.   534. 
1840. 

Corallorhiza  Macraei  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  453.    1856. 


Scape  stout,  purplish,  8/-2o/  high.  Raceme  z'-6' 
long,  io-25-flowered.  Flowers  dark  purple;  sepals 
and  petals  narrowly  elliptic,  striped  with  deeper 
purple  lines,  6X/-7X/  long,  spreading;  lip  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  entire  or  a  little  undulate,  somewhat  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  about  as  long  as  the  petals;  spur 
none,  but  the  perianth  has  a  gibbous  saccate  base; 
capsule  ellipsoid,  reflexed,  8//-io//  long. 


In  woods,  Ontario  and  northern  New  York  to  Michi- 
gan, Oregon  and  California.    July. 


14.  TIPULARIA  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  195.       1818. 

Slender  scapose  herbs,  with  solid  bulbs,  several  generations  connected  by  offsets,  the 
flowers  in  a  long  loose  terminal  raceme.  Leaf  solitary,  basal,  unfolding  long  after  the  flow- 
ering season  (in  autumn),  usually  after  the  scape  has  perished.  Scape  with  several  thin 
sheathing  scales  at  the  base.  Flowers  green,  nodding,  bractless.  Sepals  and  petals  similar, 
spreading.  Lip  3-lobed,  produced  backwardly  into  a  very  long  spur.  Column  erect,  wing- 
less or  very  narrowly  winged.  Anther  terminal,  operculate,  2-celled.  Pollinia  4,  ovoid, 
•waxy,  2  in  each  anther-sac,  separate,  affixed  to  a  short  stipe,  which  is  glandular  at  the  base. 
[Latin,  similar  to  Tipula,  a  genus  of  insects,  in  allusion  to  the  fol*n  of  the  flower.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  Himalayan. 

31 


480 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


i.  Tipularia  unifolia  (Muhl.)  B.S.P.     Crane-fly  Orchis.     (Fig.  1144.) 

Limodorum  unifolium  Muhl.  Cat.  81.      1813. 
Tipularia  discolor  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  195.      1818. 
Tipularia  unifolia  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat.  N.  Y.  51.      1888. 

Scape  glabrous,  I5/-2O/  high,  from  a  hard,  often 
irregular  solid  bulb  or  corm.  Leaf  arising  in 
autumn  from  a  fresh  lateral  corm,  ovate,  2X-3X  long, 
dark  green,  frequently  surviving  through  the  win- 
ter, i/-2/  wide.  Raceme  s'-io'  long,  very  loose; 
flowers  green,  tinged  with  purple;  pedicels  filiform, 
bractless;  4//-6//  long;  sepals  and  petals  3//-4//r 
long,  narrow;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals  or  equal- 
ling them,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrow,  pro- 
longed, dilated  at  the  apex,  the  lateral  lobes  short, 
triangular;  spur  very  slender,  straight  or  curved, 
often  twice  as  long  as  the  flower;  column  narrow, 
erect,  shorter  than  the  petals,  the  beak  minutely 
pubescent;  capsule  ellipsoid,  6-ribbed,  about  6" 
long. 

In  woods,  Vermont  to  Michigan,  south  to  Florida 
and  Louisiana.  Local  and  rare.  July-Aug. 

15.  LIMODORUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  950.      1753. 
[CAI.OPOGON  R.  Br.  in  Alt.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2,  5:  204.     1813.] 

Scapose  herbs,  with  round  solid  bulbs  which  arise  from  the  bulb  of  the  previous  year,  a 
leaf  appearing  the  first  season,  succeeded -in  the  following  year  by  the  scape.  Flowers  sev- 
eral in  a  loose  terminal  spike  or  raceme.  Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  separate,  spread- 
ing. Column  elongated,  2-winged  above.  Anther  terminal,  operculate,  sessile;  pollinia 
solitary,  i  in  each  sac,  loosely  granular.  Lip  spreading,  raised  on  a  narrow  stalk,  dilated  at 
the  apex,  bearded  on  the  upper  side  with  long  club-shaped  hairs.  [Greek,  a  meadow-gift.] 

i.    Limodorum  tuberosum  L.     Grass- 
pink.     Calopogon.     (Fig.  1145.) 

Limodorum  tuberosum  L.  Sp.  PI.  950.      1753. 
Cymbidium  pulchellum  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  105.      1805. 
Calopogon  pulchellus  R.  Br.  in  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  Ed.  2, 
5: 204.      1813. 

Scape  slender,  naked,  i°-i^°  high.  Leaf  lin- 
ear-lanceolate, 8/-i2/  long,  3//-io//  wide,  sheath- 
ing, with  several  scales  below  it;  spike  4'- 15'  long, 
3-i5-flowered;  flowers  about  \'  long,  purplish 
pink,  subtended  by  small  acute  bracts;  sepals  ob- 
liquely ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  io//  long; 
petals  similar;  column  incurved;  anther-sacs  par- 
allel, attached  by  a  slender  thread  to  the  back  of 
the  column;  lip  as  long  as  the  column,  broadly 
triangular  at  the  apex,  crested  along  the  face  with 
yellow,  orange  and  rose-colored  hairs ;  capsule 
oblong,  nearly  erect. 

In  bogs  and  meadows,  Newfoundland  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and  Missouri.  June-July. 

16.  HEXALECTRIS  Raf.  Neog.  4.       1825. 

Scapose  herbs,  from  thick  scaly  rootstocks  and  fleshy  coralloid  roots,  the  leaves'reduced 
to  purplish  scales,  sheathing  the  scape.  Flowers  bracted  in  a  loose  terminal  raceme.  Peri- 
anth not  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base,  the  petals  and  sepals  similar,  nerved,  spreading. 
Lip  obovate,  with  several  crested  ridges  down  the  middle,  somewhat  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  a  little  concave.  Column  free,  thick,  slightly  incurved.  Pollinia  8,  united  in  a  cluster. 
Capsule  ellipsoid,  the  fruiting  pedicels  thick.  [Greek,  signifying  six  crests.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  southeastern  United  States  and  Mexico. 


2 


ORCHID   FAMILY.  481 

i.    Hexalectris  aphyllus  (Nutt.)  Raf.     Crested  Coral-root.     (Fig.  1146.) 

Bletia  aphylla  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  194.      1818. 
Hexalectris  squamosus  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  4:  48.      1836. 

Hexalectris  aphyllus  Raf.;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  501. 
1890. 

Scape  stout,  8/-2o/  high,  its  upper  scales  lanceo- 
late, the  lower  sheathing  and  truncate  or  acute. 
Raceme  4/-7/  long,  8-i2-flowered;  flowers  large, 
brownish  purple,  ix  high  or  more;  pedicels  short, 
stout;  sepals  and  petals  narrowly  elliptic,  obtuse  or 
acutish,  spreading,  striped  with  purple  veins,  6//- 
9/x  long,  longer  than  the  broad  lip;  middle  lobe  of 
the  lip  rounded  or  crenulate,  the  lateral  ones 
shorter,  rounded;  column  slightly  spreading  at  the 
summit,  shorter  than  the  lip;  capsule  ellipsoid, 
nearly  \f  long,  the  fruiting  pedicels  4//-5//  long. 

In  rich  woods,  North  Carolina  to  Kentucky  and  Mis- 
souri, south  to  Florida  and  northern  Mexico.  Aug. 

17.    APLECTRUM  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  197.       1818. 

Scapose  herbs,  from  a  corm,  produced  from  the  one  of  the  previous  season  by  an  offset, 
the  scape  clothed  with  several  sheathing  scales.  Leaf  solitary,  basal;  developed  in  autumn 
or  late  summer,  broad,  petioled.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  the  pedicels  subtended  by 
small  bracts.  Petals  and  sepals  similar,  narrow.  Lip  clawed,  somewhat  3-ridged,  spur 
none.  Column  free,  the  anther  borne  a  little  below  its  summit.  Pollinia  4,  lens-shaped, 
oblique.  [Greek,  meaning  without  a  spur.) 

A  monotypic  North  American  genus. 

i.   Aplectrum  spicatum  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Adam-and-Eve.     Putty-root. 

(Fig.  1147.) 

Arethusa  spicata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  222.      1788. 
Cymbidium  hyemale  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  107.      1805. 
Aplectrum  hyemale  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  198.      1818. 

Aplectrum  spicatum   B.S.P.   Prel.    Cat.   N.  Y.  sr. 

1888. 

Scape  glabrous,  i°-2°  high,  bearing  about  3 
scales.  Leaf  arising  from  the  corm,  at  the  side 
of  the  scape,  elliptic  or  ovate,  4/-6/  long,  %'-$' 
wide,  usually  lasting  over  winter;  raceme  2/-4/ 
long,  loosely  several-flowered;  flowers  dull  yel- 
lowish brown  mixed  with  purple,  about  i'  long, 
short-pedicelled;  sepals  and  petals  linear-lance- 
olate, about  yzf  long;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals, 
obtuse,  somewhat  3-1  obed  and  undulate;  column 
slightly  curved,  shorter  than  the  lip;  capsule 
oblong-ovoid,  angled,  about  io/x  long. 

In  woods  and  swamps,  Ontario  to  the  Northwest 
Territory  and  Oregon,  south  to  Georgia,  Missouri 
and  California.  Several  old  corms  usually  remain 
attached  to  the  latest  one.  May-June. 


T 


482 


SAURURACEAE. 
Sub-class  2.     DlCOTYLEDONES. 


Embryo  of  the  seed  with  two  cotyledons  (in  a  few  genera  one  only,  as  in 
Cyclamen,  Pinguicula  and  some  species  of  Capnoides) ,  the  first  leaves  of  the 
germinating  plantlet  opposite.  Stem  exogenous,  of  pith,  wood  and  bark  (endo- 
genous in  structure  in  Nymphaeaceae),  the  wood  in  one  or  more  layers  sur- 
rounding the  pith,  traversed  by  medullary  rays  and  covered  by  the  bark. 
Leaves  usually  pinnately  or  palmately  veined,  the  veinlets  forming  a  network. 
Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  3*5  or  6's. 

Dicotyledonous  plants  are  first  definitely  known  in  Cretaceous  time.  They  constitute  between 
two-thirds  and  three-fourths  of  the  living  angiospermous  flora. 

Series  i.      Choripetalae. 

Petals  separate  and  distinct  from  each  other,  or  wanting. 

The  series  is  also  known  as  Archichlamideae,  and  comprises  most  of  the  families  formerly 
grouped  under  Apetalae  (without  petals)  and  Polypetalae  (with  separate  petals).  Exceptions  to 
the  typical  feature  of  separate  petals  are  found  in  the  Leguminosae,  in  which  the  two  lower  petals 
are  more  or  less  united;  in  the  Fumariaceae,  where  the  two  inner  petals  or  all  four  of  them  are 
sometimes  coherent;  the  Polygalaceae,  in  which  the  three  petals  are  united  with  each  other,  and 
with  the  stamens;  Oxalis  in  Geraniaceae;  and  Ilicaceae,  whose  five  petals  are  sometimes  joined 
at  the  base. 

Family  i.     SAURURACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  184.       1836. 

LIZARD'S  TAIL  FAMILY. 

Perennial  herbs  with  broad  entire  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  perfect 
incomplete  bracteolate  flowers,  in  peduncled  spikes.  Perianth  none.  Stamens 
6-8,  or  sometimes  fewer,  hypogynous;  anthers  2 -celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  3-4-carpelled,  the  carpels  distinct  or  united,  i-2-ovuled; 
ovules  orthotropous.  Fruit  capsular  or  berry-like,  composed  of  3-4  mostly  in- 
dehiscent  carpels.  Seeds  globose  or  ovoid,  the  testa  membranaceous.  Endo- 
sperm copious,  mealy.  Embryo  minute,  cordate,  borne  in  a  small  sac  near  the 
end  of  the  endosperm. 

Three  genera  and  4  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia.  The  family  differs  from 
the  Piperaceae  in  having  more  than  one  carpel  to  the  ovary.  It  is  represented  in  North  America 
by  the  following  and  by  Anemopsis,  occurring  in  California  and  Arizona. 

i.    SAURURUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  341.      1753. 

Marsh  herbs,  with  slender  rootstocks,  jointed  stems  and  cordate  leaves,  their  petioles 
sheathing  the  stem  at  the  nodes,  and  small  white  flowers,  in  i  or  2  dense  elongated  spikes 
opposite  the  leaves.  Bractlets  adnate  to  the  flowers  or  to  their  minute  pedicels.  Stamens 
6-8.  Filaments  filiform,  distinct.  Carpels  united  at  the  base.  Styles  as  many  as  the  car- 
pels, recurved,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  rugose,  depressed-globose,  separating 
into  3  or  4  one-seeded  carpels.  [Name  Greek,  meaning  the  tail  of  a  lizard,  in  allusion  to  the 
long  slender  spike.] 

Two  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  other  of  eastern  Asia. 

i.  Saururus  cernuus  L,.     Lizard' s-tail. 
(Fig.  1148.) 

Saururus  cernuus  L.  Sp.  PI.  341.     1753. 

Somewhat  pubescent  when  young,  becoming 
glabrous,  stem  rathei  slender,  erect,  sparingly 
branched,  2°-5°  high.  Leaves  ovate,  thin,  pal- 
niately  s-g-ribbed  and  with  a  pair  of  strong  ribs 
above,  which  run  nearly  to  the  apex,  dark  green, 
entire,  deeply  cordate  at  the  base,  acuminate, 
3/-6/  long,  2/-3>£/  wide;  petioles  stout,  shorter 
than  the  blades,  striate;  spikes  few,  very  dense, 
longer  than  their  peduncles,  4/-6/  long,  the  apex 
drooping  in  flower;  flowers  fragrant;  stamens 
white,  spreading,  about  -2"  long;  fruit  slightly 
fleshy,  \y2"  in  diameter,  strongly  wrinkled 
•when  dry. 

In  swamps  and  shallow  water,  Connecticut  to 
Florida,  west  to  southern  Ontario,  Minnesota  and 
Texas.  June-Aug. 


WALNUT  FAMILY.  483 

Family  2.     JUGLANDACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  180.       1836. 

WAI.NUT  FAMILY. 

Trees  with  alternate  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  monoecious  bracteolate 
flowers,  the  staminate  in  long  drooping  aments;  the  pistillate  solitary  or  several 
together.  Staminate  flowers  consisting  of  3-riumerous  stamens  with  or  without 
an  irregularly  lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the  bractlet,  very  rarely  with  a  rudi- 
mentary ovary.  Anthers  erect,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent; 
filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  bracted  and  usually  2 -bracteolate,  with  a 
3-5-lobed  (normally  4-lobed)  calyx  or  with  both  calyx  and  petals,  and  an 
inferior  i -celled  or  incompletely  2-4-celled  ovary.  Ovule  solitary,  erect,  orthot- 
ropous;  styles  2,  stigmatic  on  the  inner  surface.  Fruit  in  our  genera  a  drupe 
with  indehiscent  or  dehiscent,  fibrous  or  woody  exocarp  (husk;  ripened  calyx; 
also  regarded  as  an  involucre),  enclosing  the  bony  endocarp  or  nut  which  is 
incompletely  2-4-celled.  Seed  large,  2-4-lobed.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons 
corrugated,  very  oily.  Radicle  minute,  superior. 

Six  genera  and  about  35  species,  mostly  of  the  warmer  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone, 
extending  in  America  south  along  the  Andes  to  Bolivia.  The  young  leaves  in  the  bud  are  stipulate 
in  at  least  two  species  of  Hicoria. 

Husk  indehiscent;  nut  rugose. 

Husk  at  length  splitting  into  segments;  nut  smooth  or  angled. 


1.  Juglans. 

2.  Hicoria. 


i.  JUGLANS  L.  Sp.  PI.  997.       1753. 

Trees,  with  spreading  branches,  superposed  buds,  fragrant  bark,  and  odd-pinnate  leaves, 
with  nearly  or  quite  sessile  leaflets,  the  terminal  one  sometimes  early  perishing.  Staminate 
flowers  in  drooping  cylindric  aments,  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  previous  year;  perianth  3-6- 
lobed;  stamens  8-40  in  2  or  more  series.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  or  several  together  on  a 
terminal  peduncle  at  the  end  of  shoots  of  the  season,  the  calyx  4-lobed,  with  4  small  petals 
adnate  to  the  ovary  at  the  sinuses;  styles  fimbriate,  very  short.  Drupe  large,  globose  or 
ovoid,  the  exocarp  somewhat  fleshy,  fibrous,  indehiscent,  the  endocarp  bony,  rugose  or 
sculptured,  2-4-celled  at  the  base,  indehisceut,  or  in  decay  separating  into  2  valves.  [Name 
a  contraction  of  the  Latin  Jovis  glans,  the  nut  of  Jupiter.] 

About  8  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  one  in  the  West  Indies,  i  or  2  in  the 
Andes  of  South  America.  Besides  the  following  i  or  2  others  occur  in  the  southwestern  United 
States. 


Fruit  globose,  obtuse,  not  viscid;  petioles  puberulent. 
Fruit  oblong,  pointed,  viscid;  petioles  pubescent. 

i.   Juglans  nigra  L.     Black  Walnut. 
(Fig.  1149.) 

Juglans  nigra  L.  Sp.  PI.  997.      1753- 

A  large  forest  tree  with  rough  brown  bark, 
maximum  height  about  150°,  trunk  diameter  8°, 
the  twigs  of  the  season  and  petioles  puberulent, 
the  older  twigs  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so. 
Leaflets  13-23,  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less 
inequilateral,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  serrate  with  low  teeth, 
glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath, $'-$'  long,  i/-2/  wide;  staminate  aments 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  of  the  preced- 
ing season,  3/~5/  long;  drupes  usually  solitary 
or  2  together,  globose  or  a  little  longer  than 
thick,  i  ^'-3'  in  diameter,  glabrous  but  papil- 
lose, not  viscid;  nut  corrugated,  slightly  com- 
pressed, 4  celled  at  the  base. 

In  rich  woods,  Massachusetts  to  southern  Onta- 
rio and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and 
Texas.  Wood  strong,  hard,  rich  brown;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  38  Ibs.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 


1.  J.  nigra. 

2.  J.  cinerea. 


484 


JUGLANDACEAE. 


2.  Juglans  cinerea  L.     Butternut.     White 
Walnut.     Oil-nut.     (Fig.  1150.) 

Juglans  cinerea  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1415.      1763. 

A  forest  tree,  resembling  the  Black  Walnut,  but 
smaller,  rarely  over  100°  high  and  3°  in  trunk  dia- 
meter, the  bark  gray,  smoother,  the  twigs,  petioles 
and  leaflets  viscid-pubescent,  at  least  when  young. 
Leaflets  11-19,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  scarcely  inequilateral,  obtuse,  rounded  or  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  serrate  with  low  teeth;  drupes 
racemed,  oblong,  densely  viscid-pubescent,  2/-3/  long 
and  about  one-half  as  thick,  pointed;  nut  4-ribbed, 
deeply  sculptured,  and  with  sharp  longitudinal  ridges, 
firmly  adherent  to  the  husk,  2-celled  at  the  base. 

In  rich  or  rocky  woods.  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  to 
North  Dakota,  south  to  Delaware,  in  the  Alleghenies  to 
Georgia,  to  Mississippi  and  Arkansas.  Ascends  to  2500  ft. 
in  Virginia.  Wood  soft,  rather  weak,  light  brown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  25  Ibs.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  Oct. -Nov. 


1808. 


1.  H.  Pecan. 

2.  H.  minima. 

3.  H.  aquatica. 


2.    HICORIA  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  352. 

[CARYA  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  221.      1818.] 

Trees,  with  close  or  shaggy  bark,  odd-pinnate  leaves  and  serrate  or  serrulate  leaflets. 
Staminate  flowers  in  slender  drooping  aments,  borne  in  3*3  on  a  common  peduncle  at  the 
base  of  the  shoots  of  the  season,  or  clustered  and  sessile  or  nearly  so  in  the  axils  of  leaf- 
scars  at  the  summit  of  twigs  of  the  preceding  year;  calyx  adnate  to  the  bract,  2-3-lobed  or 
2-3-cleft;  stamens  3-10;  filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  2-6,  together  on  a  terminal  pedun- 
cle; bract  fugacious  or  none;  calyx  4-toothed;  petals  none;  styles  2  or  4,  papillose  or  fitnbri- 
ate,  short.  Fruit  subglobose,  oblong  or  obovoid,  the  husk  separating  more  or  less  com- 
pletely into  4  valves;  nut  bony,  smooth  or  angled,  incompletely  2-4-celled;  seed  sweet  and 
delicious  or  very  bitter  and  astringent.  [Prom  the  aboriginal  name  Hicori.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America,  one  in  Mexico. 
Bud-scales  valvate ;  lateral  leaflets  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  falcate. 
Nut  not  compressed  or  angled;  seed  sweet. 
Nut  somewhat  compressed  or  angled;  seed  intensely  bitter. 
Leaflets  7-9;  nut  smooth. 
Leaflets  9-13;  nut  angled. 
Bud-scales  imbricate;  lateral  leaflets  not  falcate. 

Husk  of  the  fruit  freely  splitting  to  the  base;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  at  least  twice 

as  long  as  the  lateral  ones. 
Bark  shaggy,  separating  in  long  plates;  foliage  glabrous  or  puberulent. 

Leaflets  5  (rarely  7);  nut  rounded  at  the  base,  6"-io"  long.  4.  H.  ovata. 

Leaflets  7-9;  nut  usually  pointed  at  both  ends,  i'-i^'  long.  5.  H.  laciniosa. 

Bark  close,  rough;  foliage  very  pubescent  and  fragrant.  6.  H.  alba. 

Husk  of  fruit  thin,  not  freely  splitting  to  the  base;  lobes  of  the  staminate  calyx  nearly  equal. 
Lateral  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  not  falcate;  fruit  rounded  or  scarcely  ridged. 

Fruit  nearly  globular;  nut  thin-shelled;  bark  shaggy  (.7.  H.  microcarpa. 

Fruit  obovoid;  nut  thick-shelled;  bark  close. ^J  ^.^H.  glabra. 

i.    Hicoria  Pecan  (Marsh.)  Britton.     Pecan. 

(Fig.  1151.) 

Juglans  Pecan  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  69.      1785. 

Carya  olivaeformis  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  221.     1818. 

Hicoria  Pecan  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  282.      1888. 

A  large  slender  tree,  with  somewhat  roughened  bark, 
maximum  height  of  170°  and  trunk  diameter  6°.  Young 
twigs  and  leaves  pubescent;  mature  foliage  nearly  gla- 
brous; bud-scales  few,  small,  valvate;  leaflets  11-15,  fal- 
cate,  oblong-lanceolate,  short-stalked,  inequilateral,  acu- 
minate, 4/-7/  long;  stamiuate  aments  sessile  or  nearly  so 
in  the  axils  of  leaf-scars  near  the  end  of  twigs  of  the  pre- 
ceding season  or  sometimes  on  the  young  shoots,  $'-(>' 
long;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  much 
longer  than  the  broadly  oblong  lateral  ones;  fruit  oblong- 
cylindric,  i^/-2^/long;  husk  thin,  4-valved;  nut  smooth, 
oblong,  thin-shelled,  pointed,  2-celled  at  base,  dissepi- 
ments thin,  very  astringent;  seed  delicious. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Indiana  to  Iowa  and 
Missouri,  south  to  Kentucky  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  brittle, 
light  brown;  weight  45  Ibs.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


WALNUT  FAMILY. 


485 


2.  Hicoria  minima  (Marsh.)  Britton.  Bitter-nut.  Swamp  Hickory.  (Fig.  1152.) 

Juglans  alba  minima  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  68.     1785. 
Juglans  sulcata  Willd.  Berl.  Baumz.  154.     1796. 
Carya  amara  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  222.     1818. 
Hicoria  minima  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  284.     1888. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  100°  high,  with  trunk  3° 
in  diameter,  the  bark  close  and  rough.  Bud-scales 
6-8,  small,  valvate,  caducous,  young  foliage  puberu- 
lent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous;  leaflets  7-9,  sessile, 
long-acuminate,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  3/-6/ 
long,  /^/-i^/  wide,  the  lateral  ones  falcate;  staminate 
aments  slightly  pubescent,  peduncled  in  3*3  at  the 
bases  of  shoots  of  the  season  or  sometimes  on  twigs  of 
the  previous  year;  lobes  of  the  staminate  calyx  about 
equal,  the  middle  one  narrower;  fruit  subglobose,  nar- 
rowly 6-ridged  I'-i^'  in  diameter;  husk  thin,  tardily 
and  irregularly  4-valved;  nut  little  compressed,  not 
angled,  short-pointed,  9//-i2//  long,  thin-shelled; 
seed  very  bitter. 

In  moist  woods  and  swamps,  Quebec  to  southern  On- 
tario and  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  3500 
ft.  in  Virginia.  Wood  hard  and  strong,  dark  brown;  weight 
per  cubic  £00147  Ibs.  May-June.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

3.    Hicoria  aquatica  (Michx.  f.)  Britton. 
Water  Hickory.      (Fig.  1153.) 

Juglans  aquatica   Michx.  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i:   182.  pi.  5. 

1810. 

Carya  aquatica  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  222.     1818. 
Hicoria  aquatica  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  284.     1888. 

A  swamp  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about 
100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  bark  close,  the 
young  foliage  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous  when 
mature.  Leaflets  9-13,  lanceolate,  or  the  terminal  one 
oblong,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  3'-5'  l°ng>  /^/~I/  wide,  the  lateral  strongly  falcate; 
staminate  aments  and  calyx  as  in  the  preceding  species; 
fruit  oblong,  ridged,  i'-i}4' long,  pointed;  husk  thin, 
tardily  splitting ;  nut  oblong,  thin-shelled,  angular; 
seed  bitter. 

In  wet  woods  and  swamps,  Virginia  to  Florida,  west  to 
Illinois,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Wood  soft,  strong,  dense, 
dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  46  Ibs.  March-April. 
Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

4.  Hicoria  ovata  (Mill.)  Britton.  Shag-bark.    Shell-bark  Hickory.  (Fig.  1154.) 

Juglans  ovata  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  No.  6.     1768. 
Carya  alba  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  221.     1818.     Not  Juglans  alba  L,. 
Hicoria  ovata  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  283.     1888. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  120°  high,  with  a  trunk  di- 
ameter of  4°;  bark  shaggy  in  narrow  plates;  young 
twigs  and  leaves  puberulent,  becoming  glabrous. 
Leaflets  5,  or  sometimes  7,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate 
or  the  upper  obovate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
to  the  sessile  base,  4/-6/  long,  those  of  young  plants 
much  larger,  bud-scales  S-io,  imbricated,  the  inner  be- 
coming very  large  and  tardily  deciduous;  staminate 
aments  in  3*3,  on  slender  peduncles  at  the  bases  of 
shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate  calyx 
linear,  longer  than  the  lateral  ones;  fruit  subglobose, 
i X/~2X/  l°ng;  husk  thick,  soon  splitting  into  4  valves; 
nut  white,  somewhat  compressed,  4-celled  at  the  base, 
2-celled  (rarely  3-celled)  above,  pointed,  slightly 
angled,  thin-shelled;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  soil,  Quebec  to  southern  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Wood  strong  and 
tough,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  52  Ibs.  Some- 
times called  White  Walnut.  May.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Nov. 


486 


JUGLANDACEAE. 


5.  Hicoria  laciniosa  (Michx.  f.)  Sarg.  Big  Shag-bark.  King-nut.  (Fig.  1155.) 

Carya  sulcata  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  221.  1818.  Not  Juglans  sul- 
cata Willd.  1796. 

Juglans  laciniosa  Michx.  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  i:  199.  pi.  8. 
1810. 

Hicoria  sulcata  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  283.      1888. 

Hicoria  laciniosa  Sarg.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  354.      1894. 

A  large  tree,  reaching  about  the  size  of  the  preceding 
species,  the  bark  separating  in  long  narrow  plates,  the 
young  foliage  densely  puberulent,  the  mature  leaves 
somewhat  so  beneath.  L/eaflets  7-9,  (rarely  5 )  acute  or 
acuminate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  obovate,  some- 
times 8/  long  by  5'  wide;  staminate  aments  peduncled  in 
3's  at  the  base  of  shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the 
staminate  calyx  linear,  twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones; 
fruit  oblong,  2/~3/  long;  husk  thick,  soon  splitting  to  the 
base;  nut  oblong,  somewhat  compressed,  thick-shelled, 
pointed  at  both  ends,  yellowish-white;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  soil,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  to  Indiana,  Iowa, 
Tennessee,  Kansas  and  the  Indian  Territory.  Wood  strong 
and  tough,  darker  than  the  preceding;  weight  50  Ibs.  per 
cubic  foot.  May.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

6.  Hicoria  alba  (1^. )  Britton.  White-heart  Hickory.   Mocker-nut.  (Fig.  1156.) 

Juglans  alba  L,.  Sp.  PL  997.      1753. 

Jtiglans  tomentosa  L,am.  Encycl.  4:  504.      1-797. 

Carya  tomentosa  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  221.      1818. 

Hicoria  alba  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  283.      1888. 

A  large  tree,  maximum  height  100°,  and  trunk 
diameter  3^°,  the  foliage  and  twigs  persistently 
tomentose-pubescent,  fragrant  when  crushed,  the  bark 
rough  and  close;  bud-scales  very  large,  imbricated; 
leaflets  7-9,  oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  oblanceo- 
late  or  obovate,  sessile,  long-acuminate,  narrowed  or 
rounded  and  somewhat  inequilateral  at  the  base;  stami- 
nate aments  peduncled  in  3*3,  tomentose;  middle  lobe 
of  the  staminate  calyx  linear,  much  longer  than  the 
lateral  ones;  fruit  globose  or  oblong-globose,  T-Y^'~2>Yzf 
long;  husk  thick,  freely  splitting  to  the  base;  nut  gray- 
ish-white, angled,  pointed  at  the  summit,  little  com- 
pressed, thick-shelled,  4-celled  at  the  base;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  soil,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  southern  Ontario, 
Illinois  and  Nebraska,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  As- 
cends to  3500  ft.  in  Virginia.  Wood  very  hard  and  tough, 
dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot 51  Ibs.  Called  also 
Fragrant  Hickory.  May-June.  Fruit  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

7.  Hicoria  microcarpa  (Nutt.)  Britton.    Small-fruited  Hickory.    (Fig.  1157.) 

Juglans  alba  odorata  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  68.      1785? 
Carya  microcarpa  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  221.      1818. 
H.  microcarpa  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club.  15:  283.      1888. 
H.  glabra  var.  odorata  Sarg.  Silva,  7:  167.  pi.  354.      1895. 

A  forest  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
90°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  3^°,  the  bark  close,  when 
older  separating  in  narrow  plates,  the  foliage  glabrous 
throughout.  Bud-scales  6-8,  imbricated,  the  inner 
ones  somewhat  enlarging;  leaflets  5-7,  oblong,  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
sometimes  rounded  at  the  base,  zYz'^'  l°nS!  stami- 
nate aments  glabrous,  peduncled  in  3's  at  the  base  of 
shoots  of  the  season;  middle  lobe  of  the  staminate 
calyx  equalling  or  somewhat  longer  than  the  lateral 
ones;  fruit  globose  or  globose-oblong,  less  than  T.f  long, 
the  husk  thin,  tardily  and  incompletely  splitting  to 
the  base;  nut  subglobose,  nearly  white,  slightly  com- 
pressed, not  angled,  thin-shelled,  pointed;  seed  sweet. 

In  rich  woods,  Massachusetts  to  Michigan,  south  to  Vir- 
ginia, Illinois  and  Missouri.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,, 
light  brown.  May-June.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


WALNUT  FAMILY. 


487 


(Fig.  1158.) 


1829. 


8.    Hicoria  glabra  (Mill.)  Britton.     Pig-nut  Hickory. 

Juglans  glabra  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.'S,  No.  5.  1768. 
Carya  porcina  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  222.  1818. 
Hicoria  glabra  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  15:  284.  1888. 
A  tree,  sometimes  120°  high  and  with  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  5°,  bark  close,  rough;  foliage  glabrous,  or 
sometimes  pubescent.  Bud-scales  8-10,  imbricated, 
the  inner  ones  enlarging;  leaflets  3-7,  rarely  9,  ob- 
long, oblong-lanceolate  or  the  upper  obovate,  sessile, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base, 
$'-6'  long,  in  young  plants  much  larger;  staminate 
aments  glabrous,  peduncled  in  3*5;  lobes  of  the  stami- 
nate calyx  about  equal  in  length,  the  middle  one  nar- 
rower; fruit  obovoid  or  obovoid-oblong,  ij^-a7  long; 
husk  thin,  the  valves  very  tardily  dehiscent;  nut 
brown,  angled,  pointed,  very  thick-shelled;  seed 
astringent  and  bitter,  not  edible. 

In  dry  or  moist  woods,  Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.  Wood 
hard,  strong,  tough,  rather  dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  51  Ibs.  May-June.  Fruit  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

Family  3.     MYRICACEAE  Dumort.  Anal.  Fam.  95. 

BAYBERRY  FAMILY. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  mostly  coriaceous  and  aromatic  simple  leaves 
and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  in  linear,  oblong  or  globular  bracted 
aments.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts.  Perianth  none.  Staminate 
flower  with  2-16  (usually  4-8)  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle;  filaments 
short,  distinct  or  somewhat  united;  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudin- 
ally dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitary  i -celled  ovary,  subtended  by 
2-8  bractlets;  ovule  solitary,  orthotropous;  style  very  short;  stigmas  2,  linear. 
Fruit  a  small  oblong  or  globose  drupe  or  nut,  the  exocarp  often  waxy.  Seed 
erect.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex.  Radicle  very  short. 

Two  genera  and  35  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Ovary  subtended  by  2-4  bractlets;  leaves  serrate  or  entire,  exstipulate.  i.  Myrica. 

Ovary  subtended  by  8  linear  persistent  bractlets;  leaves  pinnatind,  stipulate.  2.  Complonia. 

i.    MYRICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1024.       1753. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees  with  entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  mostly  resinous  dotted  leaves,  our 
species  usually  dioecious.  Staminate  arneuts  oblong  or  narrowly  cylindric,  expanding  be- 
fore or  with  the  leaves.  Stamens  4-8.  Pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  subglobose;  ovary  sub- 
tended by  2-4,  mostly  short,  deciduous  or  persistent  bractlets.  Drupe  globose  or  ovoid,  its 
exocarp  waxy.  [Ancient  Greek  name  of  the  Tamarisk.] 

Besides  the  following  species,  another  occurs  in  the  Southern  States  and  2  on  the  Pacific  coast. 
Bractlets  of  pistillate  aments  persistent,  clasping  the  drupes;  low  bog  shrub,     i.  M.  Gale. 
Bractlets  of  pistillate  aments  deciduous,  the  ripe  drupes  separated. 

Slender  tree;  leaves  mostly  acute,  narrow;  drupe  less  than  i"  in  diameter.  2.  M.  cerifera. 

>;  leaves  mostly  obtuse,  broader;  drupe  i"-ilA"  in  diameter.  3.  M.  Carolinensis. 

i.  Myrica  Gale  L,.  Sweet  Gale.  (Fig.  1159.) 

Myrica  Gale  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1024.      1753. 

A  shrub,  usually  strictly  dioecious,  the  twigs  dark 
brown.  Leaves  oblanceolate,  obtuse  and  dentate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  cuneate  entire  base,  short- 
petioled,  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and 
puberuleut  or  glabrous  beneath,  i/-2)4/  long,  $"- 
io//  wide,  unfolding  after  the  aments;  staminate 
aments  linear-oblong,  6//-io//  long,  crowded;  pis- 
tillate ameuts  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  about  \"  long 
and  2X/  in  diameter  in  fruit,  their  bracts  imbricated; 
drupe  resinous -waxy,  not  longer  than  the  2  ovate 
persistent  bractlets,  which  clasp  it  on  each  side  and 
are  adnate  to  its  base. 

In  swamps  and  along  ponds  and  streams,  Newfound- 
land to  Alaska,  southern  New  York,  Virginia,  Michigan 
and  Washington.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Ascends 
to  3000  ft.  in  the  Adirondacks.  April-May. 


Shrub; 


MYRICACEAE. 
2.    Myrica  cerifera  L,.     Wax-myrtle.     (Fig.  1160.) 

Myrica  cerifera  L.  Sp.  PI.  1024.      1753. 


A  slender  dioecious  tree,  maximum  height 
about  40°,  trunk  diameter  i)^0,  the  bark  gray, 
nearly  smooth.  Leaves  narrow,  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute  at  the  apex,  entire  or 
sparingly  dentate,  narrowed  or  somewhat  cune- 
ate  at  the  base,  fragrant  when  crushed,  short- 
petioled,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  sometimes 
pubescent  beneath;  golden-resinous,  i/-3/  long, 
3//_<j<v  wide,  unfolding  with  or  before  the 
aments;  staminate  aments  cylindric;  pistillate 
aments  short,  oblong;  ripe  drupes  separated, 
globose,  bluish-white,  waxy,  less  than  \"  in  di- 
ameter, tipped  with  the  minute  base  of  the 
style,  long  persistent,  the  bracts  and  bractlets 
deciduous. 


In  sandy  swamps  or  wet  woods,  Maryland  to  Flor- 
ida and  Texas,  north  to  Arkansas.  March-April. 
Leaves  mostly  persistent  through  the  winter. 
Wood  light,  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  35  Ibs. 


3.    Myrica  Carolinensis  Mill.     Waxberry.     Bayberry.     (Fig.  1161.) 


Myrica  Carolinensis  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  no. 
3-      1768. 

A  shrub,  2°-8°  high,  with  smooth  gray  bark, 
the  twigs  glabrous  or  often  pubescent.  Leaves 
•oblanceolate  or  obovate,  glabrous  above,  often 
pubescent  beneath,  resinous,  i'-\'  long,  6//-i8// 
wide,  serrate  with  a  few  low  teeth  above  the 
middle,  or  entire,  obtuse  or  sometimes  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- petioled; 
staminate  aments  cylindric  or  oblong,  •$,"-<)" 
long;  pistillate  aments  short,  oblong;  ripe 
drupes  separated,  globose,  bluish  white,  very 
waxy,  \ff-\y2"  in  diameter,  long-persistent,  the 
bracts  and  bractlets  deciduous. 


In  dry  or  moist  sandy  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Flor- 
ida and  Alabama  and  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie. 
Occurs  also  in  bogs  in  northern  New  Jersey  and 
Pennsylvania.  April-May.  The  fruit  was  much 
used  as  a  source  of  wax  by  the  early  settlers  of  the 
eastern  United  States,  and  is  still  utilized  along  the 
•coast  of  New  England. 


2.    COMPTONIA  Banks;  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  58.  pi.  90.       1791. 

A  low,  monoecious  or  dioecious  branching  shrub  with  terete  brown  branches  and  nar- 
row, deeply  pinnatifid,  stipulate  leaves,  the  young  foliage  pubescent.  Aments  expanding 
with  the  leaves,  the  staminate  ones  and  their  flowers  as  in  Myrica.  Fertile  aments  globose- 
ovoid,  on  monoecious  plants  appearing  below  the  staminate,  several-flowered.  Ovary  sub- 
tended by  8  linear-subulate  persistent  bractlets,  which  form  an  involucre  to  the  ovoid-ob- 
long bony  nut.  [Name  in  honor  of  Rev.  Henry  Compton,  1632-1713,  bishop  of  Oxford.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  eastern  North  America. 


BAYBERRY  FAMILY.  489 

i.    Comptonia  peregrina  (1,.)  Coulter. 
Sweet  Fern.     (Fig.  1162.) 

Liquidambar  peregrina  L.  Sp.  PI.  999.     1753. 
Myrica  asplenifolia  L-  Sp.  PI.  1024.     1753. 
Liquidambar  asplenifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1418.     1763. 
C.  asplenifolia  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  58.      1791. 
C.  peregrina  Coulter,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  127.     1894. 

A  shrub,  i°-2^°  tall,  the  branches  erect  or 
spreading.  Leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  short-petioled,  obtuse  or  subacute 
at  the  apex,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  numerous  ob- 
lique rounded  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  lobes,  3'- 
6/  long,  X/~/^/  wide,  fragrant  when  crushed,  the 
sinuses  very  narrow;  stipules  semi-cordate,  mostly 
deciduous;  staminate  aments  clustered  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  i'  or  less  long,  their  bracts  reni- 
form,  acute;  pistillate  aments  bur-like  in  fruit,  the 
subulate  bractlets  longer  than  the  light  brown, 
shining,  striate,  obtuse  nut. 

In  dry  soil,  especially  on  hill-sides,  Nova  Scotia  to 
Manitoba,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Indiana  and  Michi- 
gan. Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  Virginia.  April-May. 

Family  4.     LEITNERIACEAE  Drude,  Phanerog.  407.       1879. 

CORK-WOOD  FAMILY. 

Dioecious  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  large  entire  petioled  alternate  exstipulate 
(or  sometimes  stipulate  ?)  leaves,  and  flowers  of  both  sexes  in  aments,  which  ex- 
pand before  the  leaves.  Staminate  flowers  with  no  perianth;  stamens  8-12,  in- 
serted on  the  receptacle;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  oblong,  erect,  2-celled,  the 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitary  i -celled  ovary, 
subtended  by  3  or  4  minute  glandular-lacerate  bractlets  (perianth?);  style  ter- 
minal, simple,  grooved  and  flattened,  slender,  recurved  and  stigmatic  above, 
caducous;  ovule  solitary,  laterally  affixed  to  the  ovary  wall,  amphitropous.  Fruit 
an  oblong  drupe  with  thin  exocarp  and  hard  endocarp.  Testa  thin.  Endosperm 
thin,  fleshy.  Cotyledons  flat,  cordate  at  the  base;  radicle  short,  superior. 

A  family  related  morphologically  to  the  Myricaceae,  but  its  anatomical  characteristics  point  to 
affinity  with  Liquidambar  and  Platanus.  It  comprises  only  the  following  monotypic  genus  of 
the  southern  United  States. 

i.    LEITNERIA  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  427.       1860. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [In  honor  of  Dr.  E.  F.  Leitner,  a  German  naturalist,  killed  in 
Florida  during  the  Seminole  war.] 

i.    Leitneria  Floridana  Chapm.     Leit- 
neria.     Cork-wood.     (Fig.   1163.) 

Leitneria  Floridana  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  428.      1860. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  attaining  a  maximum 
height  of  about  20°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  5',  the 
bark  gray  and  rather  smooth,  the  young  twigs, 
leaves  and  aments  densely  pubescent.  Leaves  ob- 
long or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  obtuse  or  cuspi- 
date at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright 
green,  firm,  $'-6'  long,  i/~3/  wide,  when  mature, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  finely  pubescent,  at 
,  least  on  the  veins,  and  rugose-reticulated  beneath; 
petioles  9//-i5//  long;  staminate  aments  ascending, 
i '-2'  long,  their  bracts  triangular-ovate,  acute,  to- 
mentose;  pistillate  aments  shorter,  borne  toward 
the  ends  of  the  twigs;  drupe  slightly  compressed, 
about  io//  long,  3//~4//  thick,  rugose-reticulated. 

In  swamps,  southern  Missouri  to  Texas,  and  in 
Florida.  Wood  lighter  than  cork  and  probably  the 
lightest  wood  known,  weighing  only  about  121A  Ibs. 
per  cubic  foot.  March. 


490 


SALICACEAE. 


Family  5.     SALICACEAE  Ivindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  186.       1836. 

WILLOW  FAMILY. 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs  with  light  wood,  bitter  bark,  brittle  twigs,  alternate 
stipulate  leaves,  the  stipules  often  minute  and  caducous.  Flowers  of  both 
sexes  in  aments,  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Aments  expanding  before 
or  with  the  leaves.  Staminate  aments  often  pendulous;  staminate  flowers  con- 
sisting of  from  one  to  numerous  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  subtended 
by  a  gland-like  or  cup-shaped  disk;  filaments  distinct  or  more  or  less  united; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  aments  pendulous, 
erect  or  spreading,  sometimes  raceme-like;  pistillate  flowers  of  a  sessile  or  short- 
stipitate  i -celled  ovary  subtended  by  a  minute  disk;  placentae  2-4,  parietal; 
ovules  usually  numerous,  anatropous;  style  short,  slender,  or  almost  wanting; 
stigmas  2,  simple  or  2-4-cleft.  Fruit  an  ovoid,  oblong  or  conic  2-4-valved  cap- 
sule. Seeds  small  or  minute,  provided  with  a  dense  coma  of  long,  mostly  white, 
silky  hairs.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex.  Radicle  short. 

The  family  includes  only  the  2  following  genera,  consisting  of  200  or  more  species,  mostly 
natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones. 

Bracts  fimbriate  or  incised;  stamens  numerous;  stigmas  elongated.  i.  Populus. 

Bracts  entire ;  stamens  2-10;  stigmas  short.  2.  Salix. 

i.    POPULUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.       1753. 

Trees  with  scaly  resinous  buds,  terete  or  angled  twigs  arid  broad  or  narrow,  usually  long- 
petioled  leaves,  the  stipules  minute,  fugacious.  Bracts  of  the  aments  fimbriate  or  incised. 
Disk  cup-shaped,  oblique,  lobed  or  entire.  Staminate  aments  dense,  pendulous.  Staminate 
flowers  with  from  4-60  stamens,  their  filaments  distinct.  Pistillate  aments  sometimes 
raceme-like  through  the  elongation  of  the  pedicels,  pendulous,  erect  or  spreading.  Ovary 
sessile;  style  short,  stigmas  2-4,  entire  or  4-lobed.  Capsule  2-4-valved.  Coma  of  the  seeds 
often  very  long  and  conspicuous.  [Name  ancient,  used  for  these  trees  by  Pliny.] 

About  25  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  3  others 
occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

^c  Petioles  terete  or  channeled,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  flattened  laterally.     (POPLARS.) 
Leaves  persistently  and  densely  white-tomentose  beneath.  i.  P.  alba. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so  when  mature,  crenulate. 

Foliage  strictly  glabrous  (except  in  P.  balsamifera  candicans);  capsule  very  short-pedicelled. 


Leaves  broadly  ovate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaves  acute,  short-petioled. 

Leaves  acuminate,  long-petioled. 
Foliage  densely  tomentose  when  young;  capsules  slender-pedicelled. 

>£^  Petioles  strongly  flattened  laterally.     (ASPENS. ) 
Leaves  coarsely  undulate-dentate. 
Leaves  crenulate-denticulate. 

Leaves  ovate  or  suborbicular,  short-pointed. 
Leaves  broadly  deltoid,  abruptly  acuminate. 

Leaves  obtuse  at  the  base;  capsules  nearly  sessile. 
Leaves  truncate  at  the  base;  capsules  slender-pedicelled. 


2.  P.  balsamifera. . 

3.  P.  angustifolia. 

4.  P.  acuminata. 

5.  P.  heterophylla. 


6.  P.  grandidentata. 
•j.  P.  tremuloides. 

8.  P.  nigra. 

9.  P.  deltoides. 


i.  Populus  alba  L,.     Abele.     White  or 
Silver-leaf  Poplar.     (Fig.  1164.) 

Populus  alba  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.      1753. 

A  large  tree,  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  at- 
taining a  maximum  height  of  about  120°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  6°.  Young  foliage  densely 
white-tomentose,  the  leaves  becoming  glabrate 
and  dark  green  above,  persistently  tomentose 
beneath,  broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular  in 
outline,  apex  acute,  base  truncate  or  subcordate, 
3-5-lobed  or  irregularly  dentate,  2^-4'  long; 
petioles  nearly  terete,  shorter  than  the  blade; 
staminate  aments  i/-2/  long. 

In  yards  and  along  roadsides,  springing  up  from 
suckers  of  older  trees.  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia. 
Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Wood  soft,  nearly 
white ;  weight  38  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot.  March-May. 


WILLOW  FAMILY. 


491 


2.  Populus  balsamifera  L.     Tacamahac. 

Balsam  Poplar.      (Fig.  1165.) 
Populus  balsamifera  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.     1753. 

A  large  tree,  with  nearly  smooth  gray  bark,  reach- 
ing a  maximum  height  of  about  80°  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  7°,  the  branches  stout,  spreading,  the 
large  buds  very  resinous,  the  foliage  glabrous. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  pale  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  crenulate, 
3/-5/  long,  petioles  terete;  aments  and  bracts  some- 
what pubescent;  stamens  18-30;  lobes  of  the  stigmas 
broad;  capsule  ovoid,  2-valved,  short-pedicelled. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  especially  along  streams  and 
lakes,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska,  south 
to  Maine,  New  York,  Michigan,  Idaho  and  British 
Columbia.  Wood  soft,  weak,  brown,  compact;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  23  Ibs.  April. 

Populus  balsamifera  candicans  (Ait.)  A.  Gray,  Man. 

Ed.  2,  419.     1856.    BALM  OF  GILEAD. 
Populus  candicans  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  406.     1789. 

Leaves  broader,  cordate  at  the  base;  petioles  usually  pubescent.     New  Brunswick  to  New  Jer- 
sey, west  to  Minnesota,  mostly  escaped  from  cultivation,  apparently  indigenous  northward. 

3.  Populus  angustifolia  James.     Narrow-leaved  Cottonwood.     (Fig.  1166.) 

Populus  angustifolia  James,  Long's  Exp.  i:  497.     1823. 
Populus  balsamifera  var.   angustifolia  S.   Wats.    Bot. 
King's  Exp.  327.     1871. 

A  slender  tree,  maximum  height  about  65°,  trunk 
diameter  2°;  crown  narrowly  pyramidal,  branches  as- 
cending, foliage  glabrous.  Twigs  terete,  gray;  leaves 
lanceolate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  ovate,  spreading,  dry- 
ing brownish,  gradually  acuminate  or  acute  at  the 
apex  or  some  of  them  obtuse,  narrowed,  rounded  or 
rarely  subcordate  at  the  base,  -2'-^%'  long,  j^'-iX' 
wide,  finely  crenulate  from  base  to  apex;  petioles 
plano-convex,  not  flattened  laterally;  %'-%'  long; 
lateral  veins  8-15  on  each  side  of  the  blade;  stami- 
nate  aments  oblong-cylindric,  I'-z^'  long;  lobes  of 
the  stigmas  broad;  capsules  ovoid,  short-pedicelled. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory to  Dakota,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 
Wood  soft,  weak,  brown,  compact;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
24  Ibs.  April-May. 


4.  Populus  acuminata  Rydberg.     Black 
Cottonwood.     (Fig.  1167.) 

Populus  acuminata  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  20:  50. 

1893- 

A  slender  tree,  with  terete  twigs,  reaching  ap- 
proximately the  dimensions  of  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, the  crown  broadly  pyramidal  with  spreading 
branches,  the  foliage  glabrous.  Leaves  rhomboid- 
lanceolate,  spreading  or  drooping,  drying  green, 
abruptly  or  gradually  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
cuneate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base,  2/-6/  long, 
i/-2^/  wide,  crenulate  or  the  base  entire;  petioles 
slender,  i'-2%'  long;  staminate  aments  about  il/2f 
long;  pistillate  aments  slender,  drooping,  z/~5/ 
long;  capsules  ovoid,  obtuse,  distinctly  pedicelled. 

Range  apparently  nearly  that  of  the  preceding 
species.  April-May. 


492 


SALICACEAE. 


Populus  heterophylla  L/. 


Swamp  or  Downy  Poplar.     (Fig.  1168.) 

Populus  heterophylla  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.      1753. 

An"  irregularly  branching  tree,  sometimes  80° 
high  and  with  a  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  the  bark 
rough.  Young  foliage  densely  tomentose.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  subacute  at 
the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  crenulate-denticulate,  5/-6/  long,  or  those  of 
young  plants  much  larger,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
floccose  beneath  when  mature;  petioles  terete; 
bracts  glabrous  or  nearly  so;  staminate  aments 
stout,  3/~4/  long,  9//-i2//  in  diameter,  drooping; 
stamens  numerous;  pistillate  aments  raceme-like, 
peduncled,  erect  or  spreading,  loosely  flowered; 
capsules  ovoid,  acute,  2-valved,  4//-6//  long,  shorter 
than  or  equalling  their  pedicels. 

In  swamps,  southern  Connecticut  and  New  York  to 
Georgia,  west  to  Louisiana,  north  in  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley to  Indiana  and  Arkansas.  Wood  soft,  weak,  com- 
pact, brown ,  weight  per  cubic  foot  26  Ibs.  April-May. 

6.    Populus  grandidentata  Michx.     L,arge-toothed  Aspen.     (Fig.  1169.) 

Populus grandidentata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2: 243. 1803. 

A  forest  tree  with  smooth,  greenish-gray  bark, 
maximum  height  about  75°,  and  trunk  diameter 
2^°.  Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  those  of  very  young 
plants  densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  some- 
times i°  long,  with  irregularly  denticulate  margins, 
those  of  older  trees  tomentose  when  young,  gla- 
brous when  mature,  short-acuminate,  coarsely  un- 
dulate-dentate, obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base  2)^'- 
4X  long;  petioles  slender,  flattened  laterally;  bracts 
silky,  irregularly  4-7-cleft;  staminate  aments  2/- 
4X  long,  about  5"  in  diameter,  drooping;  pistillate 
aments  somewhat  pubescent,  dense,  z'~5f  l°ng  ^n 
fruit,  also  drooping;  stigma-lobes  narrow;  capsule 
conic,  acute,  2-valved,  about  3"  long,  rather  less 
than  \"  in  diameter,  papillose. 

In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minne- 
sota, south  to  New  Jersey  and  in  the  Alleghanies  to 
North  Carolina  and  Tennessee.  Wood  soft,  weak,  light 
brown,  compact;  weight  per  cubic  foot  29  Ibs.  April. 

7.    Populus  tremuloides  Michx.     Ameri- 
can Aspen.     (Fig.  1170.) 

Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  243.  1803. 
P.  At/ieniensisl^udwig,  Neue  Wilde  Baumz.  35.  1753. (?) 
A  slender  tree,  with  smooth,  light  green  bark, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  100°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  3°,  the  young  foliage  glabrous, 
excepting  the  ciliate  margins  of  the  leaves.  Pet- 
ioles very  slender,  flattened  laterally,  causing  the 
leaves  to  quiver  in  the  slightest  breeze;  leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  short-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  finely  crenulate  all  around,  truncate,  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base,  i'-2%'  broad,  or  those  of 
very  young  plants  much  larger;  bracts  silky,  deeply 
3-5-cleft  into  linear  lobes;  aments  drooping,  the 
staminate  i^'-2/^'  l°ng»  3"-4"  in  diameter,  the 
pistillate  longer,  dense;  stigma-lobes  linear;  cap- 
sule like  that  of  the  preceding  species,  but  some- 
what smaller. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Kentucky,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Mexico  and  to  Lower  California.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  m  the 
Adirondacks.  Wood  soft,  weak,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot,  25  Ibs.  March-May. 


WILLOW  FAMILY.  493 

8.   Populus  nigra  L,.     Black  Poplar. 
(Fig.  1171.) 

Populus  nigra  L.  Sp.  PI.  1034.     1753. 

A  large  tree,  sometimes  100°  tall  and  the  trunk 
4°  in  diameter,  usually  much  smaller.  Twigs  te- 
rete; young  foliage  somewhat  pubescent,  the  ma- 
ture leaves  firm,  nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  petioles 
slender,  flattened  laterally;  leaves  broadly  deltoid, 
abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  broadly  cuneate  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  crenate,  2/-4/  long;  staminate 
aments  i/-2/  long;  stamens  about  20;  pistillate 
aments  2/-5/  long  in  fruit,  spreading;  capsule  ob- 
long, very  obtuse,  borne  on  pedicels  of  much  less 
than  their  own  length. 

Valleys  of  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  Rivers,  natu- 
ralized from  Europe.  April-May. 

The  Lombardy  Poplar,  Populus  dilatata,  commonly 
planted  for  ornament,  occasionally  spreads  by  sending 
up  shoots  from  its  subterranean  parts. 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.     Cottonwood.     Necklace  Poplar.     (Fig.  1172.) 

Populus  deltoides  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  106.     1785. 
Populus  Carolinensis  Moench,  Verz.  PI.  81.     1785. 
Populus  mo  nil  if  era  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  406.     1789. 
Populus  angulata  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  407.     1789. 

A  large  tree,  the  greatest  of  the  poplars,  attain- 
ing a  maximum  height  of  150°  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  7^°,  the  bark  grayish-green,  somewhat 
rough  when  old.  Foliage  glabrous;  leaves  broadly 
deltoid-ovate,  abruptly  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cren- 
ulate,  truncate  at  the  base,  4/-7/  long;  petiole  flat- 
tened laterally,  stout,  about  as  long  as  the  blade; 
bracts  glabrous,  deeply  fimbriate;  staminate  amenta 
drooping,  3'-$'  long,  5//-6//  in  diameter;  pistillate 
aments  loosely  flowered,  becoming  6/-io/  long  in 
fruit;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  4//~5//  long,  2-4-valved, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  their  pedicels. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams  and  lakes,. 
Quebec  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  New  Jer- 
sey, Florida,  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  Wood  soft, 
weak,  dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  24  Ibs. 
April-May.  Also  called  Carolina  Poplar. 

2.   SALIX  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1015.       1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  single-scaled  buds,  the  scales  with  an  adherent  membrane  within, 
mostly  narrow  and  short-petioled  leaves  and  persistent  or  early  deciduous  broad  or  minute 
stipules.  Bracts  of  the  aments  entire.  Disk  gland  like,  ^mall  or  minute.  Staminate  amenta 
dense,  erect,  spreading  or  drooping.  Staminate  flowers  with  i-io,  mostly  2,  stamens,  their 
filaments  distinct  or  sometimes  united.  Pistillate  aments  usually  erect  or  spreading.  Ovary 
sessile  or  short-stipitate.  Style  short  or  filiform.  Stigmas  2,  entire  or  2-cleft.  Capsule 
mostly  2-valved.  [Name  ancient.] 

About  160  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution  throughout  the  north  temperate  and  arctic- 
zones,  a  few  in  the  southern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  45  others  occur  in  the 
northern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 

>fc  Filaments  pubescent,  at  least  toward  the  base;  stamens  more  than  2  (3-7). 
No  glands  on  petioles  or  stipules. 

Capsule  ovoid,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 
Leaves  short-petioled,  lanceolate. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  green  on  both  sides. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  silvery-white  beneath. 
Leaves  slender-petioled,  broadly  lanceolate. 
Capsule  long-conic,  much  longer  than  its  pedicel. 
Petioles  and  stipules  prominently  glandular. 


1.  S.  nigra. 

2.  S.  Wardi. 

3.  .S".  amygdaloides- 
5.  5.  fragilis. 

4.  S.  lucida. 


**  Filaments   pubescent;  stamens  only  2. 
Trees,  cultivated  and  natiiralized  or  adventive. 


494 


SALICACEAE. 


Capsule  glabrous;  filaments  distinct. 

Branches  not  drooping;  leaves  lanceolate. 
Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides. 
Leaves  silky  on  both  sides  when  young. 
Leaves  linear-lanceolate;  branches  drooping. 
Capsules  tomentpse ;  filaments  united;  leaves  oblanceolate. 
River-bank  shrub,  with  linear-lanceolate  leaves. 
Low  arctic  shrubs,  with  obovate  or  oval  obtuse  leaves. 
Leaves  glabrous,  strongly  reticulated  beneath. 
Leaves  densely  tomentose  silky  beneath. 


10. 
ii. 


S1.  fragilis. 
S.  alba. 
S.  Babylonica. 
S.  purpiirea. 
S.  fluviatilis. 

S.  reticidata. 
S.  vestita. 


Filaments  glabrous;  capsule  tomentose  or  pubescent. 


1  6. 
17. 


sericea. 
.  petiolaris. 


Stigmas  sessile  or  very  nearly  so. 
Leaves  tomentose  beneath. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  slender-petioled;  aments  expanding  with  the  leaves. 

12.  5".  Bebbiana. 
Leaves  oblanceolate,  short-petioled;  aments  expanding  before  the  leaves. 

Leaves  2' -4'  long;  fruiting  aments  about  i'  long.  13.  5.  humilis. 

Leaves  i'-2'  long;  fruiting  aments  ^'  long.  14.  5.  tristis. 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  or  slightly  silky  beneath. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute.  15.  5.  discolor. 

Leaves  elongated-lanceolate,  long-acuminate. 

Capsule  short-pedicelled,  i^"  long;  leaves  black  in  drying. 
Capsule  slender-pedicelled,  2" -3"  long;  leaves  green  in  drying. 
Style  filiform,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  stigmas. 
Leaves  persistently  tomentose  or  silky  beneath. 

Arctic  or  alpine  shrubs;  aments  unfolding  with  the  leaves. 
Fruiting  aments  i'  or  less  long. 
Pubescence  silvery-silky. 
Pubescence  tomentose. 
Fruiting  aments  2' -3'  long. 
Low  bog  shrub;  leaves  oblong. 

Introduced  tree ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate. 
Mature  leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

Leaves  2' -3'  long,  shining  above. 

Leaves  %'-^  long,  dull;  low  arctic  shrubs. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  short-petioled. 
Leaves  elliptic  or  broadly  obovate,  long-petioled. 

sfcsfc^^  Filaments  glabrous;  capsule  glabrous. 
Large  shrubs,  with  serrate  or  serrulate  leaves. 
Mature  leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate -lanceolate,  acuminate. 
Shrubs. 

Leaves  green  both  sides,  narrow;  capsules  2" -3"  long. 
Leaves  very  glaucous  beneath,  broad;  capsules  3" -5"  long. 
Tree  3o°-5o°  high. 
Leaves  elliptic,  obovate  or  oblong,  merely  acute. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath;  capsule  slender-pedicelled. 
Leaves  green  both  sides;  capsule  nearly  or  quite  sessile. 
Leaves  densely  silky-pubescent. 
Low  bog  shrub,  with  entire  glabrous  leaves. 
Low  diffuse  glabrous  alpine  and  arctic  shrubs. 

Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  narrowed  at  the  base;  aments  many-flowered.    33. 
Leaves  orbicular,  cordate  at  the  base;  pistillate  aments  few-flowered.         34. 


18.  ,£.  argyrocarpa. 

19.  5".  desertorum. 

20.  S.  glauca. 

21.  S.  Candida. 

22.  S.  viminalis. 

23.  S.  phyllicifolia. 

24.  S.  Brownii. 

25.  S.  arctica. 


26.  51.  cordata. 

27.  S.  glaucophylla. 

28.  S.  Missouriensis. 

29.  5.  balsamifera. 

30.  S.  Barclayi. 

31.  S.  adenophylla. 

32.  5.  myrtilloides. 


S.  Uva-ursi. 
S.  herbacea. 


i.   Salix  nigra  Marsh.     Black  Willow.     (Fig.  1173.) 

Salix  nigra  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  139.     1785. 

A  tree,  with  rough  flaky  dark  brown  bark, 
attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  120°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  3°.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  serrulate,  somewhat  pubescent 
when  young,  glabrous  and  green  above,  somewhat 
paler,  and  sometimes  pubescent  on  the  veins  be- 
neath when  mature,  2%' -5'  long,  2//~9//  wide; 
stipules  various,  persistent  or  deciduous;  aments  ex- 
panding with  the  leaves,  on  short  lateral  branches, 
the  staminate  i/-2/  long,  the  pistillate  iX/~3/  l°nS 
and  spreading  in  fruit;  stamens  3-7,  distinct,  their 
filaments  pubescent  below;  scales  deciduous;  stig- 
mas nearly  sessile;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous, 
about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 

Along  streams  and  lakes,  New  Brunswick  to  west- 
ern Ontario,  Florida  and  California.  Hybridizes  with 
5.  alba.  Wood  soft,  weak,  light  brown;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  28  Ibs.  April-May. 

Salix  nigra  falcata  (Pursh)  Torn  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  209.      1843. 
Salix  falcata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  2:  614.     1814. 

Leaves  narrower,  2" -3"  wide,  falcate,  green  on  both  sides.     Massachusetts  to  Florida. 


WILLOW  FAMILY.  495 

2.   Salix  Wardii  Bebb.     Ward's  Willow.     (Fig.  1174.) 

Salix  nigra  var.  Wardi  Bebb;  Ward,  Bull.  U.  S.  Nat. 

Mus.  22:  114.      1881. 
Salix  Wardi  Bebb,  Card.  &  For.  8:  363.      1895. 

A  tree,  sometimes  30°  high,  the  trunk  reaching  S' 
in  diameter,  the  branches  spreading  or  drooping, 
the  bark  dark  reddish  brown,  covered  with  small 
scales.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
long-acuminate  or  acute  at  the  apex,  rounded,  sub- 
cordate,  or  some  of  them  narrowed  at  the  base, 
2%'-l'  long,  YZ'-^^  wide,  bright  green  above,  sil- 
very white  and  usually  somewhat  pubescent  be- 
neath; stipules  often  large,  sometimes  persistent; 
aments  expanding  with  the  leaves,  terminal,  the 
staminate  2/-4/  long,  the  pistillate  as  long  or  shorter; 
stamens  3-6,  separate;  filaments  pilose  at  the  base; 
scales  villous  without,  deciduous;  capsule  conic, 
glabrous,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 

Along'  streams  and  lakes,  Maryland  to  Tennessee, 
Missouri  and  the  Indian  Territory,  south  to  Florida. 
Wood  dark  brown.  March-May. 

3.    Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.     Peach-leaved  Willow.     (Fig.  1175.) 

Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Ofv.  Handl.  Vet.  Akad. 
1858:  114.      1858. 

A  small  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  species, 
sometimes  70°  high  and  the  trunk  2°  in  diameter, 
the  brown  bark  scaly.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous  when 
old,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  slightly  glaucous 
beneath,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  s^'-s'  long,  about  i'  wide,  sharply  ser- 
rulate, slender-petioled ;  petioles  3//~7//  long, 
glandless;  stipules  commonly  fugacious;  aments 
appearing  with  the  leaves,  terminal  on  short  lateral 
branches,  the  staminate  i/-2/  long,  the  pistillate 
loose,  spreading  and  2^/-4/  long  in  fruit;  stamens 
more  than  2;  filaments  distinct,  pubescent  at  the 
base;  scales  deciduous;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  cap- 
sule narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  at  length 
about  as  long  as  its  filiform  pedicel. 

On  lake  and  river  shores,  Quebec  to  British  Colum- 
bia, New  York,  Missouri  and  New  Mexico.  Wood 
soft,  weak,  light  brown;  weight  28  Ibs.  April-May. 

4.    Salix  lucida  Muhl.     Shining  Willow.     Glossy  Willow.     (Fig.  1176.) 

.Salix  lucida  Muhl.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Berlin, 

4:  239.  pi.  6.  f.  7.      1803. 

A  tall  shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree  20°  high,  the 
bark  smooth  or  slightly  scaly,  the  twigs  yellowish- 
brown,  shining.  Leaves  lanceolate,  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  ovate,  mostly  long-acuminate,  narrowed 
or  rounded  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate  all  around, 
green  and  glossy  on  both  sides  or  bearing  a  few, 
scattered  hairs  when  very  young,  3'-$'  long,  i/-i^/ 
wide  when  mature;  stipules  small,  semi-cordate  or 
oblong,  very  glandular,  commonly  persistent;  peti- 
oles stout,  3//-6//  long,  glandular  at  the  base  of  the 
blade;  aments  on  short,  lateral  leafy  branches,  the 
staminate  stout,  i/-2/  long,  the  pistillate  dense, 
2/~3/  long  in  fruit,  often  long-persistent;  bracts  de- 
ciduous; stamens  about  5;  filaments  pubescent  be- 
low; stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid, 
acute,  glabrous,  much  longer  than  its  pedicel. 

In  swamps  and  along  streams  and  lakes,  Newfound- 
land to  the  Northwest  Territory,  New  Jersey,  Kentucky 
and  Nebraska.  A  most  beautiful  willow.  April-May. 

32 


496 


SALICACEAE. 


5.    Salix  fragilis  L..      Crack   Willow. 

Brittle  Willow.      (Fig.  1177.) 
Salix  fragilis  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1017.      1753. 

A  tall,  slender  tree,  with  roughish  gray  barkr 
attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  80°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  7°,  twigs  reddish  green,  very 
brittle  at  the  base.  Leaves  lanceolate,  long-acu- 
minate, narrowed  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate, 
glabrous  on  both  sides,  rather  dark  green  above, 
paler  beneath,  3 '-6'  long,  ^/-i/  wide;  glandu- 
lar at  the  base  of  the  blade;  petioles  3"-8"  long, 
glandular  above;  stipules  semicordate,  fugacious;, 
staminate  aments  i/-2/  long;  stamens  2,  or  some- 
times 3-4;  filaments  pubescent  below,  distinct; 
pistillate  aments  3/~5/  long  in  fruit,  rather  loose; 
stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  long-conic,  gla- 
brous, 2^//-3//  long,  short-pedicelled.  * 

Escaped    from    cultivation,    Massachuseetts    to- 
New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania.     Native  of  Europe. 
Hybridizes  with  the  following'  species.     The  twigs 
break  away  and  grow  into  new  plants.     April-May. 
Salix  fragilis  decipiens  (HofTm. )  Anders.,  with  yellowish  or  red  twigs  and  smaller  brighter  green 
leaves,  appears  to  be  known  only  in  cultivation  within  our  area. 

6.     Salix    alba    L>      White   Willow. 

Huntingdon  Willow.     (Fig.  1178.) 
Salix  alba  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1021.      1753. 

A  lai'ge  tree,  sometimes  90°  tall  and  a  trunk  diam- 
eter of  8°;  bark  gray,  rough;  twigs  brittle  at  the 
base.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  serrulate,  silky- 
pubescent  on  both  sides  when  young,  less  so  and  pale 
or  glaucous  beneath  when  mature,  2/-4^/  long,  4//- 
8x/wide;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  deciduous;  peti- 
oles 2//-4//  long,  glandless  or  sparingly  glandular; 
aments  on  short  lateral  leafy  branches;  scales  decid- 
uous; stamens  2;  filaments  distinct,  pubescent  at  the 
base;  pistillate  aments  linear-cylindric,  i^/-2>^/ 
long;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule  ovoid,  acute, 
glabrous,  short-pedicelled  or  sessile. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  New  Bruns- 
wick and  Ontario  to  Pennsylvania,  sparingly  escaped 
from  cultivation.  Native  of  Europe.  April-May. 

Salix  alba  coerulea  (J.  E.  Smith)  Koch,  Dendr.  2:  512. 
Salix  coerulea  J.  E.  Smith,  Engl.  Bot.  pi.  2431.      1801. 

Mature  leaves  bluish-green,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath. 
Salix  alba  vitellina  (L,.)  Koch,  Dendr.  2:  512. 
Salix  vitellina  L,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1442.      1763. 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  above;  twigs  yellowish-green. 


BLUE  WILLOW. 


Occasional  in  the  Eastern  States. 
860.    GOLDEN  OSIER. 


The  commonest  form  in  North  America. 

7.    Salix  Babylonica  L,.     Weeping  Willow. 

Ring  Willow.      (Fig.  1179.) 
Salix  Babylonica  L.  Sp.  PI.  1017.      1753. 

A  large  tree,  with  rough  gray  bark,  sometimes  at- 
taining a  height  of  70°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  6°,  the 
twigs  slender,  green,  elongated,  drooping.  Leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  ser- 
rulate all  around,  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparsely  pubes- 
cent when  young,  glabrous  when  mature,  green 
above,  paler  beneath,  ^-f  long,  3//-6//  wide,  some- 
times curling  into  rings;  petioles  3//-6//  long,  glandu- 
lar above;  aments  appearing  on  short  lateral  leafy 
branches;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  deciduous;, 
stamens  2;  style  almost  none;  capsule  ovoid-conic, 
sessile,  glabrous. 

Widely  cultivated  and  sometimes  spreading  by  the  dis- 
tribution of  its  twigs.  Native  of  Asia.  April-May. 


WILLOW  FAMILY. 


497 


Purple  Willow.     (Fig.  1180.) 


8.   Salix  purpurea  L/. 

Salix purpurea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1017."    1753. 

A  slender  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  purplish  flex- 
ible twigs,  maximum  height  about  12°;  branches 
often  trailing;  bark  smooth  and  very  bitter.  Leaves 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  acute,  serrulate,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  short -petioled,  glabrous,  green  above, 
paler  and  somewhat  glaucous  beneath,  i>^/-3/  long, 
2^//~4//  wide,  some  of  them  commonly  subop- 
posite;  stipules  minute;  petioles  i//-2//  long,  not 
glandular;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves, 
dense,  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  the  staminate 
about  i'  long,  the  pistillate  I'-a'  long,  sessile  or 
nearly  so;  stamens  2;  filaments  and  sometimes 
also  the  anthers  united,  pubescent;  scales  purple, 
persistent;  stigmas  very  nearly  sessile;  capsules 
ovoid-conic,  obtuse,  tomentose,  2j^//  long. 

Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation  in  the  Atlantic 
States.  Native  of  Europe.  Also  called  Bitter,  Rose 
and  Whipcord  Willow.  April-May. 

9.  Salix  fluviatilis  Nutt.    Sandbar  Willow.    River-bank  Willow.   (Fig.  1181.) 

Salix  longifolia  Muhl.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Ber- 
lin, 4:  238.  pi.  6.  f.  6.     1803.     Not  Lam.  1778. 
Salix fiuviattlis  Nutt.  Sylva,  i:  73.      1842. 

A  much-branched  shrub,  2°-i2°  high,  forming 
thickets,. or  sometimes  a  slender  tree,  2o°-3o°  tall,  and 
with  a  trunk  i°  in  diameter,  the  young  foliage  silky- 
pubescent,  the  mature  leaves  glabrous,  or  nearly  so, 
those  of  seedlings  pinnately  dentate  or  lobed.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  2^/-4/long,  2^x/- 
5/x  wide,  acuminate,  remotely  denticulate  with  some- 
what spreading  teeth,  short-petioled,  bright  green; 
petioles  not  glandular;  stipules  minute  or  none; 
aments  on  short,  leafy  branches,  linear-cylindric,  the 
staminate  dense,  I'-i^'  long,  the  pistillate  looser, 
about  i'  long  in  fruit;  scales  deciduous;  stamens  2; 
filaments  pubescent,  distinct;  stigmas  broad,  sessile; 
capsule  ovoid-conic,  glabrous  or  silky,  about  2"  long. 
Along  streams  and  lakes,  Quebec  to  the  Northwest 
Territory  and  Oregon,  south  to  Virginia,  Kentucky  and 
New  Mexico.  Wood  soft,  reddish-brown;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  31  Ibs.  April-May. 

10.   Salix  reticulata  L,.     Net-veined 
Willow.     (Fig.  1182.) 

Salix  reticulata  L.  Sp.  PI.  1018.      1753. 

A  procumbent  shrub,  3/-io/  high,  often  sending 
out  roots  from  the  twigs,  the  young  shoots  4-sided, 
purple-green.  Leaves  elliptic  or  obovate,  thick,  ob- 
tuse, narrowed,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base, 
slender-petioled,  glabrous  or  somewhat  silky -pubes- 
cent when  young,  dark  green  above,  not  shining, 
glaucous  and  strongly  reticulate-veined  beneath,  i'- 
2'  long;  petioles  4//-i2//  long,  channeled,  not  glan- 
dular; leaves  obscurely  crenulate  or  entire;  stipules 
oblong,  obtuse;  aments  terminal,  long-stalked, 
dense;  scales  obtuse;  stamens  2;  filaments  distinct, 
pubescent  at  the  base;  stigmas  sessile;  capsule  ovoid- 
conic,  sessile,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  about  3"  long. 

Labrador  and  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.  June. 


SALICACEAE. 


ii.    Salix  vestita  Pursh.      Hairy  Willow. 
(Fig.  1183.) 

Saline  vestita  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  610.      1814. 

A  low  shrub,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  the 
twigs  4-sided,  green.  Leaves  obovate,  thick,  mostly 
retuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  slightly  crenulate, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  dark  green  and 
glabrous  above,  persistently  tomentose-silky  be- 
neath, short-petioled,  i/-2/  long;  petioles  2//-4// 
long,  channeled,  not  glandular;  aments  terminal, 
unfolding  after  the  leaves,  stalked;  stamens  2;  fila- 
ments distinct;  capsules  narrowly  ovoid-conic, 
sessile,  densely  silky-tomentose,  about  $'f  long. 

Labrador  and  Quebec  to  the  Northwest  Territory. 
June. 


12.    Salix   Bebbiana  Sarg.     Bebb's  Willow.      (Fig.  1184.) 

Salix  rostrata  Richards.  Frank.  Journ.  App.  753. 

1823.     Not  Thuill.  1799. 
Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg.  Card.  &  For.  8:  463.     1895. 

A  shrub,  6°-i8°  tall,  or  sometimes  a  tree  25° 
high,  the  twigs  pubescent  or  puberulent,  terete. 
Leaves  elliptic,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  acuminate  or  some  of  them  blunt  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  sparingly 
serrate  or  entire,  dull  green  and  puberulent 
above,  pale,  reticulate-veined  and  tomentose  be- 
neath or  nearly  glabrous  on  both  sides  when  very 
old;  petioles  2//-6//  long;  stipules  semicordate, 
acute,  deciduous;  aments  sessile,  expanding  with 
or  before  the  leaves,  dense,  thestaminate  i/-i^/ 
long,  the  pistillate  2'  long  in  fruit;  scales  villous, 
persistent  or  deciduous;  stamens  2;  filaments 
distinct,  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly  sessile;  capsule 
very  narrowly  long-conic,  densely  pubescent, 
twice  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicel. 

In  dry  soil  and  along  streams,  Anticosti  to  Hud- 
son Bay  and  British  Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Nebraska  and  Utah.  April-May. 

Salix  humilis  Marsh.     Prairie  Willow.     (Fig.  1185.) 

Salix  humilis  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  140.      1785. 

A  shrub,  2°-8°  tall,  the  twigs  tomentose 
or  pubescent,  terete.  Leaves  oblanceolate, 
petioled,  2'-$'  long,  4//-8//  wide,  acute  at 
both  ends  or  the  lower  broader  and  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  sparingly  denticulate,  the  mar- 
gins slightly  revolute,  the  upper  surface 
dark  green,  dull,  puberulent  or  glabrous,  the 
lower  densely  and  persistently  gray-tomen- 
tose;  petioles  2//-3// long;  stipules  obliquely 
lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute,  commonly  per- 
sistent ;  aments  unfolding  much  before  the 
leaves,  sessile,  ovoid-oblong,  short,  dense, 
the  pistillate  about  i/  long  in  fruit;  stamens 
2;  filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly  sessile; 
capsule  narrowly  conic,  densely  pubescent, 
much  longer  than  its  pedicel. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  western  Ontario, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and  Ne- 
braska. Hybridizes  with  6".  discolor.  April- 
May. 


WILLOW   FAMILY. 


499 


Sage  Willow.     (Fig.  1186.) 


14-    Salix  tristis  Ait.     Dwarf  Gray  Willow. 

Salix  tristis  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  393.      1789. 

A  tufted,  slender  shrub,  i°-2°  tall,  the  twigs 
terete,  puberulent,  the  roots  long  and  thick. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  acute  or 
obtusish,  somewhat  undulate,  green  and  pu- 
berulent or  glabrous  above,  persistently  and 
densely  white-tomentose  beneath,  numerous, 
crowded,  i/-2/  long,  their  margins  revolute; 
petioles  about  \"  long;  stipules  minute,  decid- 
uous; aments  expanding  much  before  the  leaves, 
dense,  very  small,  comparatively  few-flowered, 
sessile,  the  pistillate  globose-ovoid  and  about 
l/z'  long  in  fruit;  scales  persistent;  stamens  2; 
filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  sessile  or  nearly  so; 
capsule  ovoid  with  a  long,  slender  beak,  tomen- 
tulose,  about  3//  long,  much  longer  than  its 
filiform  pedicel. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  (?),  Maine  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Tennessee.  March-April. 

15.    Salix  discolor  Muhl.     Glaucous  Willow.     Pussy  Willow.     (Fig.  1187.) 

Salix  discolor  Muhl.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Ber- 
lin, 4:  234.   pi.  6.  f.  i.      1803. 
Salix  eriocephala  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  225.      1803. 

A  shrub  or  low  tree,  maximum  height  25°,  trunk 
diameter  i°;  twigs  puberulent  or  glabrous;  young 
leaves  sometimes  pubescent.  Mature  leaves  usually 
glabrous,  bright  green  above,  glaucous  and  nearly 
white  beneath,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at 
both  ends,  irregularly  serrate  or  nearly  entire,  slen- 
der-petioled,  $'-$'  long,  8//-i8//  wide;  petioles  3"- 
\2"  long;  stipules  obliquely  lanceolate  or  semicor- 
date,  commonly  deciduous;  aments  unfolding  much 
before  the  leaves,  dense,  the  pistillate  i  %'-?>'  long  in 
fruit;  scales  persistent,  obtuse,  brown-purple,  vil- 
lous;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly 
sessile;  capsule  narrowly  conic,  tapering  to  a  slender 
beak,  tomentose,  2^//~3//  long,  much  longer  than 
its  pedicel. 

In  swamps  or  on  moist  hillsides,  Nova  Scotia  to  Man- 
itoba, Delaware  and  Missouri.  Wood  soft,  weak,  yel- 
low-brown; weight  per  cubic  foot  27  Ibs.  March-April. 

Salix  discolor  prinoides  (Pursh)  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr.  16:  Part  2,  209.      1868. 
Salix  prinoides  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  613.      1814. 

Pistillate  aments  looser;  capsules  less  tomentose;  leaves  commonly  narrower.    Range  of  the  type. 

16.    Salix  sericea  Marsh.     Silky  Willow. 
(Fig.  1188.) 

Salix  sericea  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  140.      1785. 

A  shrub,  5°-i2°  tall,  with  slender  purplish  puberulent 
twigs,  the  young  leaves  densely  silky-pubescent.  Ma- 
ture leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  serrulate  all  around  with 
gland-tipped  teeth,  dark  green  above,  paler  and  some- 
what glaucous  beneath,  turning  brown  or  black  in  dry- 
ing, 2^/-4/  long,  5//-io//  wide;  stipules  narrow,  de- 
ciduous; petioles  2//~7//  long,  sometimes  glandular; 
aments  expanding  before  the  leaves,  sessile,  usually 
with  a  few  leafy  bracts  at  the  base,  dense,  the  staminate 
about  \'  long,  the  pistillate  i/-i^/  long  in  fruit;  scales 
villous,  persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style 
very  short;  capsule  ovoid-oblong,  obtuse,  pubescent, 
short-pedicelled,  about  \yz"  long. 

In  swamps  and  along  steams,  Maine  to  Michigan  and 
Virginia.  May.  \\^'  [f  '  3~ 


500 


SALICACEAE. 


17.     Salix    petiolaris    J.    E.    Smith. 
Slender  Willow.      (Fig.  1 1 89. ) 


Salix  petiolaris  J.  E.  Smith,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  6: 
122.      1802. 

A  shrub,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
the  young  leaves  only  slightly  silky,  the 
branches  slender,  upright  or  ascending.  Ma- 
ture leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
serrulate  with  blunt  cartilaginous  teeth,  remain- 
ing green  in  drying,  4//-S//  wide;  petioles  2//-5// 
long;  stipules  deciduous;  aments  expanding  be- 
fore the  leaves,  the  pistillate  short-peduncled, 
usually  rather  loose,  about  i/  long  in  fruit;  sta- 
mens 2;  filaments  glabrous;  stigmas  nearly  ses- 
sile; capsule  tapering  from  an  ovoid  or  oblong 
base,  pubescent,  2//-3//  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  filiform  pedicel. 

In  swamps,  New   Brunswick  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Tennessee  and  Michigan.    May. 
Salix  petiolaris  gracilis  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr.  16:  Part  2,  235.      1868. 
Salix  gracilis  Anders.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  4:  67.      1858. 

Pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsules;  leaves  rather  narrower.     Range  undetermined. 

18.    Salix  argyrocarpa  Anders.     Silver 
Willow.     (Fig.  1190.) 

5".  argyrocarpa  Anders.  Mon.  Sal.  107.  f.  60.  1867. 
An  erect  or  diffuse  shrub,  6/-2°  high,  the  twigs 
dark  green,  nearly  terete,  shining.  Leaves  ob- 
long or  oblanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  or  the 
lower  obtuse,  short-petioled,  entire  or  crenu- 
late,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above,  persist- 
ently silvery-silky  beneath,  i/-2/  long,  3//-6// 
wide,  the  margins  slightly  revolute;  aments  un- 
folding with  the  leaves,  leafy -bracted  at  the  base, 
dense,  i'  or  less  long;  scales  persistent,  villous; 
stamens  2,  distinct,  their  filaments  glabrous; 
style  slender,  longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule 
oblong-conic,  densely  silvery,  acute,  \"-II/L" 
long,  about  twice  as  long  as  its  pedicel. 

Labrador  and  Quebec  to  the  White  Mountains  of 
New  Hampshire.  Hybridizes  with  5.  pliylicifolia. 
June-July. 

Salix  desertorum  Richards. 
Willow.     (Fig.  1191.) 

Salix  desertorum   Richards.   Frank.   Journ.  App. 

371.      1823. 

A  shrub,  6/-i2/  high,  with  purplish-green 
twigs.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  acute  at 
the  apex  and  cuneate  at  the  base  or  the  lower 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  entire  or  very  uearty  so, 
very  short-petioled,  tomentose  on  both  sides  or 
glabrate  above  when  old,  ^'-2'  long,  2" -4," 
wide;  stipules  fugacious;  aments  expanding  with 
the  leaves,  dense,  l/zf  or  less  long,  leafy-bracted 
at  the  base;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style 
about  as  long  as  the  deeply  2-cleft  stigmas; 
capsule  ovoid-conic,  acute,  densely  tomeutose, 
about  i"  long,  very  short-pedicelled. 

Anticosti  and  Quebec  to  western  arctic  America, 
south  along  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado. 
Summer. 


IQ. 


Desert 


FAMILY. 


501 


20.    Salix.  glauca  L,.     Northern  Willow. 

(Fig.  1192.) 
Sali.v  glauca  L.  Sp.  PI.  1019.      1753. 

A  low  arctic  shrub,  with  terete  brown  twigs,  the 
young  shoots  and  leaves  densely  tomentose,  becom- 
ing glabrate  when  old.  Leaves  elliptic  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  1'-$'  long,  y2'-i'  wide;  petioles 
i//-5//  long;  stipules  deciduous;  aments  borne  on 
short  leafy  branches,  the  statninate  dense,  about  i' 
long,  the  pistillate  2/-3/  long  in  fruit,  rather  loose; 
stamens  2;  filaments  distinct;  scales  persistent, 
•densely  white-villous;  capsule  ovoid-conic,  densely 
white-tomentose,  sessile  or  very  short-pedicelled, 
3"  long;  style  about  as  long  as  the  stigmas. 

Arctic  America  from  Labrador  to  Alaska.  Also  in 
arctic  and  alpine  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

21.    Salix  Candida  Fluegge.     Hoary  Willow.     (Fig.  1193.) 

Sali.v  Candida  Fluegge;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  708.  1806. 
An  erect  shrub,  2°-5°  tall,  the  older  twigs  red 
or  purple  and  terete,  the  younger  densely  white- 
tomeutose.  Leaves  persistently  white-tomeutose 
beneath,  green  and  loosely  tomentose  or  becom- 
ing glabrate  above  when  mature,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  thick,  sparingly  repand-denticulate  or 
entire,  acute  at  both  ends  or  the  lower  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  2/-4/  long,  3//-8//  wide,  their  margins 
slightly  revolute;  petioles  i^//-a//  long;  stipules 
lanceolate-subulate,  about  equalling  the  petioles, 
deciduous;  aments  expanding  before  the  leaves 
dense,  cylindric,  the  stamiuate  about  I7  long,  the 
pistillate  i/-2/longin  fruit;  bracts  villous,  persist- 
ent; stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  filiform, 
red,  three  times  as  long  as  the  stigmas;  capsule 
ovoid-conic,  acute,  densely  tomentose,  2>£//-3// 
long,  very  short-pedicelled. 

In  bogs,  Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay  to  the  North- 
west Territory,  south  to  New  Jersey,  western  New 
York  and  Iowa.  Hybridizes  with  S-petiolafisanA  S. 
cordata.  May. 

22.    Salix  viminalis  L,.     Osier  Willow. 
(Fig.  1194.) 

Salix  viminalis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1021.      1753. 

A  small  slender  tree  or  shrub,  with  terete 
green  twigs.  Leaves  elongated-lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
sparingly  repand-crenulate  or  entire,  revolute- 
margined,  short-petioled,  dark  green  and  gla- 
brous above,  persistently  silvery-silky  beneath, 
3/-6/  long,  2//-8//  wide;  stipules  narrow,  decidu- 
ous; aments  expanding  before  the  leaves,  dense, 
the  pistillate  2/~3/  long  and  nearly  yzf  in  diam- 
eter in  fruit;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style 
longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid- 
conic,  acute,  silky-pubescent,  about  3"  long, 
very  short-pedicelled. 

Cultivated  for  wicker-ware  and  occasionally  es- 
caped into  wet  places  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle 
States.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  April-May. 


502  SALICACEAE. 

23.    Salix  phylicifolia  L,.     Tea-leaved 
Willow.     (Fig.  1195.) 

Salix  phylicifolia  L.  Sp.  PI.  1016.      1753. 

A  shrub  i°-io°  high,  much  branched,  the  twigs 
glabrous,  dark  purple-green,  sometimes  glaucous. 
Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  elliptic,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  minutely  repand-crenulate  or 
entire,  narrowed  at  the  base,  bright  green  and 
shining  above,  pale  and  glaucous  beneath,  i^/-3/r 
long,  yzf-\f  wide;  petioles  3//-8//  long;  stipules 
minute,  fugacious,  or  wanting;  aments  sessile, 
sparingly  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  oblong- 
cylindric,  the  staminate  \'  or  less  long,  the  pistil- 
late i/-2/  long  in  fruit;  scales  villous,  persistent; 
stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  rather  longer 
than  the  stigmas;  capsule  conic,  acute,  pubescent 
or  tomentose,  2/^//  long,  much  longer  than  its 
pedicel. 

Swamps,  Labrador  to  Manitoba  and  the  White  Moun- 
tains of  New  Hampshire.  Also  in  Europe.  Summer. 

24.    Salix  Brownii  Bebb.     Robert  Brown's  Willow.     (Fig.  1196.) 

Salix  arctica  R.  Br.  Ross'  Voy.  cxliv.  1819.  Not  Pall. 
Salix  Brownii  Bebb,  Coult.  Bot.  Gaz.  14:  115.      1889. 

A  low,  much  branched  shrub,  the  twigs  4- 
angled,  slender.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
glabrous  or  sometimes  ciliolate,  acute  or  the  lower 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  rarely  with  a  few 
minute  distant  teeth,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
short-petioled,  i/-2/  long,  3//-8//  wide,  remaining 
green  in  drying,  the  lower  surface  pale  or  glaucous, 
the  margins  not  revolute;  petioles  only  i//-3// 
long;  stipules  narrow,  deciduous;  aments  borne 
on  short  leafy  branches,  the  pistillate  i/-2^/  long 
in  fruit;  scales  villous,  persistent;  obovate,  ob- 
tuse, green  or  black-tipped;  stamens  2;  filaments 
glabrous;  style  filiform,  much  longer  than  the 
stigmas;  capsule  ovoid-conic,  tomentose,  short- 
pedicelled,  acute,  about  \%ff  long. 

Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  Quebec,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Summer. 

25.    Salix  arctica  Pall.     Arctic  Willow. 
Ground  Willow .     (  Fig .  1197.) 

Salix  arctica  Pall.  Fl.  Ross,  i:  Part  2,  86.      1788. 

A  low  branching  shrub,  the  twigs  terete  or 
nearly  so.  Leaves  glabrous,  elliptic  or  broadly 
obovate,  entire,  obtuse  and  usually  rounded  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  long- 
petioled,  pale  and  glaucous  beneath,  i/-2/  long, 
Y^-iYy.'  wide;  petioles  slender,  ^/-i^/  long; 
aments  borne  at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  branches,, 
very  dense,  the  pistillate  i/-2/  long  in  fruit;  scales 
dark  purple,  obovate,  obtuse,  densely  white- vil- 
lous, persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous; 
style  filiform,  longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule 
conic,  villous,  very  short-pedicelled. 

3  Arctic  America  and  Asia.     Summer. 


WILLOW   FAMILY. 


503 


1867. 


26.    Salix  cordata  Muhl.     Heart-leaved 

Willow.      (Fig.  1198.) 

Sali.r  cordata  Mnhl.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr.  Ber- 
lin, 4:  236.   pi.  6.  f.  j.      1803. 

A  shrub,  5°-i2°  high,  the  twigs  puberulent  or 
glabrous;  young  leaves  pubescent.  Mature  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  green  on  both  sides  or  paler  be- 
neath, acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed,  obtuse  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  sharply  serrulate  with  glan- 
dular teeth,  green  in  drying;  stipules  oblique,  ser- 
rulate, usually  large  and  persistent;  petioles  \"-<^'f 
long;  aments  bracted  at  the  base,  expanding  before 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  about  i/  long,  the  pistil- 
late i^/-2^/  in  fruit;  scales  silk),  persistent;  sta- 
mens 2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  short;  capsules 
narrowly  ovoid,  acute,  glabrous,  2//-3//  long,  short- 
pedicelled. 

In  wet  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  Virginia,  Missouri,  Colorado  and  California. 
Hybridizes  with  5.  sericea  and  other  species.  April- 
May. 

Salix  cordata  angustata  (Pursh)  Anders.  Mon.  Sal.  159. 
Sali.r  angustata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  613.      1814. 

Leaves  narrower,  linear-lanceolate.     Range  of  the  type. 

Salix  cordata  Mackenzieana  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  149.     1839. 
Small  tree.    Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate.    Manitoba  and  Northwest  Territory  to  California. 

27.  Salix  glaucophylla  Bebb.     Broad- 
leaved  Willow.     (Fig.  1199.) 

5".  glaucophylla  Bebb,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  485.  1889. 
A  shrub,  4°-io°  high,  foliage  glabrous  or  when 
young  sparingly  pubescent.  Mature  leaves  ovate, 
obovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  firm,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  white-glaucous  beneath,  short- 
acuminate,  the  base  rounded  or  acute,  serrulate 
with  gland-tipped  teeth,  2/-4/  long,  ^/-2/  wide; 
stipules  large,  persistent;  petioles  stout,  3//-6//  long; 
aments  expanding  before  the  leaves,  leafy-bracted 
at  the  base,  the  staminate  i/-2/  long,  the  pistillate 
i^/-3/  long  in  fruit;  scales  densely  white- villous, 
persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  fili- 
form; capsule  beaked  from  an  ovoid  base,  acute, 
glabrous,  3//-5//  long,  slender-pedicelled. 

On  sand  dunes.  Lake  Michigan,  northern  Illinois  and 
Wisconsin.     Variable  in  leaf-form.     April. 


28.    Salix  Missouriensis  Bebb. 

Sali.v  cordata  var.  vestita  Anders.  Mon.  Sal.  159. 

Not  5.  res/Ha  Pursh,  1814. 
Sali.v  Jlissonriensis  Bebb,  Gard.  &  For.  8:  373.      1895. 

A  tree,  often  50°  high,  the  trunk  sometimes  i^°  in 
diameter,  the  thin  gray  bark  with  small  appressed 
scales.  Twigs  of  the  season  pubescent  or  puberulent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate,  finely 
serrate  with  minute  gland-tipped  teeth,  rounded  or 
narrowed  at  the  base,  pubescent  when  young,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  when  mature,  green  above,  pale  and  usu- 
ally glaucous  beneath,  3 '-6'  long,  )4/-^/4/  wide; 
pelioles  *4'  long  or  less;  stipules  often  }4'  long,  per- 
sistent or  deciduous;  aments  narrowly  cylindric,  un- 
folding long  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate  about 
\l/t'  long,  the  pistillate  3/~4/  long;  scales  persistent, 
villous;  stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  very 
short;  capsule  narrowly  ovoid,  glabrous,  3-4  times  as 
long  as  its  pedicel. 

On  river  banks,  Missouri  and  Nebraska.  Wood  dark 
brown.  March-April. 


Missouri  Willow. 
1867. 


(Fig.  1200.) 


504 


SALICACEAE. 


Salix  balsamifera  (Hook.)  Barratt.     Balsam  Willow.     (Fig.  1201.) 

Salix  cordata  var.  balsamifera  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am. 

2:  149.     1839. 
Sahx  balsamifera  Barratt;  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  loc. 

cit.     As  synonym.     1839. 

A  shrub,  4°-io°  high,  the  twigs  glabrous,  shin- 
ing, the  youngest  foliage  pubescent.  Mature 
leaves  elliptic,  ovate-oval  or  obovate,  thin,  gla- 
brous, acute  or  some  of  them  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  dark  green 
above,  glaucous  and  prominently  reticulate-veined 
beneath,  2/~3/  long,  i/-i^/  wide,  slightly  crenu- 
late-serrulate,  the  minute  teeth  glandular;  stipules 
minute  or  none;  petioles  slender,  3//-6//  long; 
aments  expanding  with  the  leaves,  leafy -bracted  at 
the  base,  cylindric,  the  staminate  dense,  about  i' 
long,  the  pistillate  rather  loose,  2/-3/  long  in  fruit; 
scales  villous,  persistent;  stamens  2;  filaments  gla- 
brous; style  almost  none;  capsules  very  narrow, 
acute,  glabrous,  2//-2^//  long,  slender-pedicelled. 

In  swamps,  Labrador  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Maine, 
Ontario  and  Minnesota.  May. 

30.  Salix  Barclayi  Anders.     Barclay's  Willow.      (Fig.  1202.) 
-S.  Barclayi  Anders.  Ofv.  Handl.Vet.  Akad.  1858: 125.  1858. 

A  low  shrub,  with  dark  brown  glabrous  twigs,  the 
young  shoots  pubescent.  Leaves  obovate,  oval,  or 
•oval-lanceolate,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  serrulate, 
floccose-pubescent  when  young,  when  mature  gla- 
brous, bright  green  above,  pale  beneath,  i/-2/  long, 
X'-i'  wide;  petioles  i//-2//  long;  stipules  ovate,  acute, 
-deciduous;  aments  unfolding  with  the  leaves,  borne 
at  the  ends  of  short  branches,  dense,  spreading  or 
erect,  the  staminate  \'  long,  the  pistillate  2/-3/  long 
in  fruit;  scales  persistent,  slightly  villous;  stamens  2; 
filaments  distinct;  capsule  narrowly  conic,  glabrous, 
acute,  3r/  long;  style  longer  than  the  stigmas. 

Northwestern  arctic  America.     Summer. 

Salix  Barclayi  latiuscula  Anders,  in  DC.  Prodr.  16:  Part  2, 

255-      1868. 

Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  subcordate  at  the  base;  stip- 
niles  cordate.     Newfoundland  (according  to  Andersson). 

31.  Salix  adenophylla  Hook.     Furry  Willow.     (Fig.  1203.) 

Salix  adenophylla  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2: 146.     1839. 

A  straggling  shrub,  3°-8°  high,  the  twigs,  peti- 
oles, stipules  and  leaves  densely  silky-tomentose, 
the  silky  hairs  falling  away  from  the  leaves  when 
old.  Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  short-acuminate,  or 
the  lower  obtuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  finely  serrulate  with  gland-tipped 
teeth,  i/-2/  long,  &"-!%'  "wide;  petioles  stout, 
1  W-2>"  l°ug)  dilated  at  the  base;  stipules  ovate- 
cordate,  obtuse,  serrulate,  persistent;  aments 
leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  expanding'with 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  about  i'  long,  the  pis- 
tillate iK'-4'  long  in  fruit;  scales  villous,  persist- 
ent; stamens  2;  filaments  glabrous;  style  fili- 
form, longer  than  the  stigmas;  capsule  sessile  or 
very  nearly  so,  ovoid-conic,  acute,  i^//-2//  long. 

On  lake  and  river  shores,  Labrador  to  Ontario, 
Pennsylvania  and  Michigan.  Hybridizes  with  S. 
rorda/a.  April-May. 


WILLOW   FAMILY. 


505 


32.    Salix  myrtilloides  L/.     Bog  Willow.     (Fig.  1204.) 

Sah'.v  myrtilloides  L-  Sp.  PI.  1019.      1753. 

An  erect  slender  glabrous  shrub,  i°-3°  high,  the 
twigs  light  brown,  terete.  Leaves  oblong,  elliptic 
or  somewhat  obovate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex, 
•entire,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  \'-2%f  long, 
4//-S//  wide,  short-petioled,  bright  green  above, 
pale  or  glaucous  beneath,  their  margins  slightly 
revolute;  aments  expanding  wdth  the  leaves,  leafy  - 
bracted  at  the  base,  rather  dense,  i'  or  less  long, 
•or  the  pistillate  longer  in  fruit;  scales  persistent, 
obtuse,  slightly  villous;  stamens  2;  filaments  gla- 
brous; style  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  stigmas; 
capsule  oblong-conic,  obtuse,  glabrous,  2^/r  long, 
2-3  times  as  long  as  the  filiform  pedicel  which 
slightly  exceeds  the  scale. 

In  bogs,  New  Brunswick  and  Quebec  to  British 
•Columbia,  south  to  New  Jersey  and  Iowa.  Also  in 
northern  Europe.  April-May. 

Salix  myrtilloides  pedicellaris  Anders.  Mon.  Sal.  96.      1867. 
Leaves  narrower,  oblong-linear  or  oblanceolate ;  pedicels  sometimes  longer.     Range  of  the  type. 

Salix  Uva-ursi  Pursh.     Bearberry  Willow.     (Fig.  1205.) 

Sali.i-  Uva-ursi  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  610.      1814. 
Saii.r  Cutleri  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  45:  36.     1843. 

A  depressed  or  prostrate  glabrous  shrub,  the 
terete  brown  branches  6/-i2/  long,  diffuse  from  a 
deep  central  root.  Leaves  obovate  or  elliptic,  ob- 
tuse or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
crenulate-denticulate  or  entire,  4//-io//  long,  2"- 
§"  wide,  prominently  veined,  deep  green  and 
shining  above,  pale  beneath;  petioles  i//-2//  long; 
aments  leafy-bracted  at  the  base,  dense,  about  y&' 
long  in  flower,  the  pistillate  i/-2/  long  in  fruit; 
scales  persistent,  obovate,  obtuse,  densely  silky; 
stamens  usually  solitary,  rarely  2;  filaments  gla- 
brous; style  short;  capsule  ovoid-conic,  acute, 
glabrous,  very  short-pedicelled. 

Labrador  and  Hudson  Bay,  south  to  the  summits  of 
the   mountains  of    New   York  and    New   England. 
May-June. 
V" 

34.    Salix  herbacea  L/.     Dwarf  Willow. 
(Fig.  1206.) 

.Sali.v  herbacea  L.  Sp.  PI.  1018.      1753. 

A  depressed  matted  shrub,  with  very  slender  angled 
twigs  i '-6'  long,  the  youngest  foliage  somewhat 
pubescent.  Mature  leaves  glabrous,  suborbicular, 
rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  cordate  or  rounded  at 
the  base,  thin,  crenulate-denticulate  all  around,  finely 
reticulate-veined,  bright  green  and  shining  on  both 
sides,  5//-io//  in  diameter;  petioles  very  slender,  z"- 
4"  long;  aments  terminating  2-leaved  branchlets,  4- 
lo-flowered,  2//-4//  long;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,  per- 
sistent, glabrous  or  nearly  so;  stamens  2;  filaments 
glabrous;  style  rather  longer  than  the  2-cleft  stigmas; 
capsule  narrowly  conic,  glabrous,  nearly  sessile. 

Labrador  and  Quebec,  through  arctic  America,  and  on 
the  White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and  Mt.  Katah- 
•din,  Maine.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 


506 


BETULACEAE. 


Family  6.     BETULACEAE  Agardh,  Aphor.  208.       1825. 

BIRCH  FAMILY. 

Monoecious  or  very  rarely  dioecious  trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  petioled 
simple  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  linear-cylindric  oblong  or  subglobose  aments. 
Stipules  mostly  fugacious.  Staminate  aments  pendulous.  Staminate  flowers 
1-3  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  membranous  2-zj.-parted 
calyx  or  none,  and  2-10  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  their  filaments  dis- 
tinct, their  anthers  2 -celled,  the  anther-sacs  sometimes  distinct  and  borne  on  the. 
forks  of  the  2-cleft  filaments.  Pistillate  aments  erect,  spreading  or  drooping, 
spike-like  or  capitate.  Pistillate  flowers  with  or  without  a  calyx  adnate  to  the 
solitary  i-2-celled  ovary;  style  2-cleft  or  2-divided;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary,  anatropous,  pendulous.  Fruit  a  small  compressed  or  ovoid-globose, 
mostly  i -celled  and  i -seeded  nut  or  samara.  Testa  membranous.  Endosperm 
none.  Cotyledons  fleshy.  Radicle  short. 

Six  genera  and  about  75  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  destitute  of  a  calyx;  pistillate  flowers  with  a  calyx. 
Staminate  flowers  with  no  bractlets;  pistillate  aments  spike-like;  nut  small,  subtended  by  or 

enclosed  in  a  large  bractlet. 

Fruiting  bractlet  flat,  3-cleft  and  incised.  i.   Carpinus. 

Fruiting  bractlet  bladder-like,  closed,  membranous.  2.  Ostrya. 

Staminate  flowers  with  2  bractlets;  pistillate  flowers  2-4,  capitate;  nut  large,  enclosed  by  a  leafy 

involucre.  3.  Corylus. 

Staminate  flowers  3-6  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  with  a  calyx ;  pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx. 
Stamens  2;  filaments  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac;  fruiting  bracts  3-lobed  or  entire, 

deciduous,  4.  Betula. 

Stamens  4;  anther-sacs  adnate;  fruiting  bracts  woody,  erose  ors-toothed,  persistent.  5.  Altius. 

i.    CARPINUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  998.      1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  smooth  gray  bark,  furrowed  and  ridged  stems  and  straight-veined 
leaves,  the  primary  veins  terminating  in  the  larger  teeth.  Aments  expanding  before  the 
leaves.  Staminate  aments  linear-cylindric,  sessile  at  the  ends  of  short  lateral  branches  of 
the  preceding  season,  their  flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  3-12  sta- 
mens; filaments  short,  2-cleft,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac.  Pistillate  flowers  in  small 
terminal  aments,  2  to  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  2-celled  ovary  adnate  to  a  calyx  and  sub- 
tended by  a  flat  persistent  bractlet,  which  becomes  much  enlarged,  foliaceous  and  lobed  or 
incised  in  fruit,  the  bracts  deciduous;  style  slender  or  almost  none;  stigmas  2,  subulate.  Nut 
small,  ovoid,  acute,  borne  at  the  base  of  the  large  bractlet.  [The  ancient  name.] 

About  12  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  only  the  following  American. 

Carpinus  Caroliniana  Walt.     American  Hornbeam.     Blue  Beech. 

(Fig.  1207.) 

Carpinus  Caroliniana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  236.     1788. 

A  small  tree,  with  slender  terete  gray  twigs, 
attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  40°  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  2^°.  Leaves  ovate-ob- 
long, acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sharply 
and  doubly  serrate  all  around,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  somewhat  inequilat- 
eral, 2^/-4/  long,  I'-i^'  wide,  green  on  both 
sides,  glabrous  above,  slightly  pubescent  on 
the  veins  beneath,  petioles  very  slender,  4"- 
']"  long;  Staminate  aments  \'-\l/z'  long,  their 
bracts  triangular-ovate,  acuminate,  puberu- 
lent;  anther-sacs  villous  at  the  summit;  bract- 
let  of  the  pistillate  flowers  3-lobed  at  the  base, 
firm-membranous,  strongly  veined  and  about 
i'  long  when  mature,  its  middle  lobe  lanceo- 
late, acute,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  lateral 
ones,  incised-dentate  on  one  side,  often 
nearly  entire  on  the  other;  nut  somewhat 
compressed,  2/x  long. 

In  moist  woods  and  along  streams,  Nova  Sco- 
tia to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida 
and  Texas.  Wood  very  hard  and  strong,  durable,  light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  45  Ibs.  April- 
May,  the  fruit  ripe  Aug.-Sept. 


I. 


Water  Beech. 


BIRCH   FAMILY. 


507 


2.   OSTRYA  Scop.  Fl.  Cam.  414.      1760. 

Trees  similar  to  the  Hornbeams,  the  trunks  furrowed,  the  primary  veins  of  the  leaves 
simple  or  forked,  the  aments  expanding  with  or  before  the  leaves.  Staminate  ameuts  ses- 
sile at  the  ends  of  branchlets  of  the  preceding  season,  their  flowers  as  in  Carpinus,  solitary  in 
the  axil  of  each  bract;  filaments  2-cleft.  Pistillate  aments  small,  terminal,  erect,  the  flowers 
2  to  each  bract,  subtended  by  a  tubular,  persistent  bractlet  which  enlarges  into  a  membran- 
ous, nerved,  bladder-like  sac  in  fruit.  Style  slender;  stigmas  2,  subulate.  Nut  ovoid-ob- 
long, compressed,  smooth,  sessile  in  the  base  of  the  inflated  sac.  Mature  pistillate  ament 
hop-like.  [The  ancient  name.] 

Four  species,  the  following-,  i  in  the  Southwest,  i  in  Europe  and  Asia,  i  Japanese. 

i.   Ostrya  Virginiana  (Mill.)  Willd.    Hop- 
hornbeam.     Iron-wood.      (Fig.  1208.) 

Carpinus  Virginiana  Mill  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8.     1768. 
Ostrya  Virginica  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  469.      1805. 

A  tree,  with  a  maximum  height  of  about  50°, 
trunk  diameter  of  2°,  twigs  of  the  season  pubescent. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  the  apex  acuminate, 
the  base  rounded  or  inequilateral,  sharply  and 
doubly  serrate,  sparingly  pubescent  and  green 
above,  pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath,  2^/~4/ 
long,  i/-i,^/  wide;  petioles  rarely  more  than  2X/ 
long;  staminate  aments  i/^/~3/  long,  their  bracts 
triangular-ovate,  acuminate;  anther-sacs  villous  at 
the  summit;  bractlet  of  each  fertile  flower  forming 
a  sac  6//-S//  long  and  4//-5//  in  diameter  in  fruit, 
acute,  cuspidate,  pubescent,  villous  near  and  at  the 
base  with  bristly  hairs,  parallel-veined  and  finely  re- 
ticulated; nut  2 yz"  long,  compressed,  shining;  ripe 
fertile  aments  erect  or  spreading,  i>^/-2^/  long. 

In  dry  woods,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas.     Wood  similar  to  that  of  the 
Hornbeam,  but  heavier;  weight  per  cubic  foot  51  Ibs.     April-May.     Fruit  ripe  July-Aug. 

3.  CORYLUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  998.      1753- 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  broad  thin  serrulate  or  incised  leaves.  Staminate  aments 
sessile  at  the  ends  of  twigs  of  "the  previous  season,  expanding  much  before  the  leaves,  the 
flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  of  about  4  stamens  and  2  bractlets;  filaments  2- 
cleft  or  2-divided,  each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac,  which  is  villous  at  the  summit.  Calyx 
none.  Pistillate  flowers  from  scaly  buds,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  short  branches  of  the  sea- 
son, each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract,  consisting  of  an  incompletely  2-celled  ovary  adnate  to  a 
calyx,  a  short  style  and  2  slender  stigmas;  bractlets  2,  enlarged  in  fruit,  forming  a  leaf-like 
involucre  to  the  nut,  remaining  nearly  distinct  or  united  into  a  tubular  beak.  Nut  ovoid  or 
oblong,  sometimes  compressed,  large,  bony.  [Name  Greek,  from  the  helmet-like  involucre.] 

Species  7,  in  the  northern  hemisphere.     Besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  California. 
Involucre  of  2  broad  laciniate  bractlets;  leaves  serrulate.  i.  C.  Americana. 

Involucral  bractlets  united,  prolonged  into  a  tubular  bristly  beak.  2.  C.  rostraia. 

i.  Corylus  Americana  Walt.     Hazel-nut. 
(Fig.  1209.) 

Corylus  Americana  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  236.      1788. 

A  shrub,  3°-8°  tall,  the  young  shoots  russet- 
brown,  densely  hispid -pubescent  with  pinkish  hairs, 
the  twigs  becoming  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or 
broadly  oval,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  serru- 
late all  around,  cordate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so  above,  finely  tomentose  beneath, 
3'-6'  long,  2/-4>£/  wide;  petioles  2//-4//  long;  stam- 
inate aments  mostly  solitary,  3'-4'  long;  involucre 
of  the  nut  compressed,  composed  of  the  2  nearly 
distinct  finely  pubescent  leaf-like  bractlets,  which 
are  laciniate  on  their  margins,  commonly  broader 
than  high  and  more  or  less  exceeding  the  nut; 
nut  compressed,  light  brown,  striate,  }4'  high. 

In  thickets,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Manitoba,  Florida 
and  Kansas.  March-April.  Nuts  ripe  July-Aug. 


5o8 


BETULACEAE. 


2.    Corylus  rostrata  Ait.     Beaked  Hazel- 
nut.     (Fig.  1210.  ) 

Corylus  rostrata  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  364.      1789. 

A  shrub,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the 
foliage  usually  less  pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  or 
narrowly  oval,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  incised-serrate  and  serrulate, 
glabrous,  or  with  some  scattered  appressed  hairs 
above,  sparingly  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins  be- 
neath, 2^/-4/  long,  I'-aJ^'  wide;  petioles  2//-4// 
long;  involucral  bractlets  bristly  hairy,  united  to  the 
summit  and  prolonged  into  a  tubular  beak  about 
twice  the  length  of  the  nut,  laciniate  at  the  summit; 
nut  ovoid,  scarcely  compressed,  striate,  5//-y//  high. 

In  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia,  south 
to  Georgia,  Tennessee,  Kansas  and  Oregon.  April- 
May.  Fruit  ripe  Aug.  -Sept. 

4.    BETULA  L.  Sp.  PI.  982.      1753. 

Aromatic  trees  or  shrubs,  with  dentate  or  serrate  leaves,  scaly  buds  and  flowers  of  both 
kinds  in  aments  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves,  the  pistillate  erect  or  spreading.  Stam- 
iuate  flowers  about  3  together  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  membranous,  usually 
4-toothed  perianth,  2  stamens,  and  subtended  by  2  bractlets;  filaments  short,  deeply  2-cleft, 
each  fork  bearing  an  anther-sac.  Pistillate  flowers  2  or  3  (rarely  i)  in  the  axil  of  each  bract, 
the  bracts  3-lobed,  or  sometimes  entire,  deciduous  with  the  fruits;  perianth  none;  ovary  ses- 
sile, 2-celled;  styles  2,  stigmatic  at  the  apex,  mostly  persistent.  Nut  small,  compressed, 
membranous-  winged  on  each  side  (a  samara),  shorter  than  the  bracts.  [The  ancient  name.] 

About  35  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones. 

*  Trees. 
Fruiting  aments  peduncled;  bark  chalky-white. 

Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate;  lateral  lobes  of  fruiting  bracts  short,  divergent, 

Leaves  ovate  or  suborbicular;  lateral  lobes  of  the  fruiting  bracts  ascending. 
Fruiting  aments  peduncled;  bark  greenish  -brown  or  brown. 

Western;  leaves  ovate,  often  obtuse  at  the  base. 

Eastern;  leaves  rhombic,  acute  at  both  ends. 
Fruiting  aments  sessile,  at  the  ends  of  short  branches;  bark  brown  or  yellowish. 

Fruiting  bracts  2"  long,  lobed  at  the  apex;  leaves  shining  above. 

Fruiting  bracts  4"  long,  lobed  to  about  the  middle;  leaves  dull  above. 

#*  Shrubs. 

Twigs  glandular-warty;  leaves  glabrous. 
Twigs  not  glandular-warty,  glabrous  or  pubescent. 

Leaves  glabrous;  upper  fruiting  bracts  mostly  entire. 

Young  foliage  densely  pubescent;  bracts  3-lobed. 

i.    Betula  populifolia  Marsh.     American  White  Birch.     (Fig.  1211.) 

Betula  populifolia  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  19.      1785. 

B.  alba  var.  populifolia  Spach,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (II.)  15: 

187.      1841. 

A  slender  tree  with  very  white  smooth  bark, 
tardily  separating  in  thin  sheets;  maximum  height 
45°;  trunk  diameter  i^°;  the  twigs  russet,  warty. 
Leaves  deltoid,  pubescent  on  the  veins  when 
young,  nearly  glabrous  when  old,  minutely  glandu- 
lar, dark  green  above,  light  green  beneath,  long- 
acuminate,  sharply  dentate  and  commonly  some- 
what lobed,  obtuse  or  truncate  at  the  base,  \y2'- 
2^'  long,  i/-2/  wide,  slender-petioled;  petioles 
channeled;  staminate  aments  2/~3/  long;  pistillate 
ameuts  cylindric,  in  fruit  9//-i8//  long,  3//~5//  in 
diameter,  slender-peduncled;  fruiting  bracts  pu- 
berulent,  i//-2//  long,  their  lateral  lobes  divergent, 
larger  than  the  middle  one;  nut  narrower  than  its 
wings. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  southern  On- 
tario, Pennsylvania  and  Delaware.     Wood  soft,  weak, 
light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  36  Ibs.     Leaves  tremulous  like  those  of  the  Aspens.     May. 


B.  populifolia. 
B.  papyrifera. 

3.  B.  occidentalis. 

4.  B.  nigra. 

5.  B.  lenta. 

6.  B.  lutea. 

7.  B.  glandulosa. 

8.  B.  nana. 

9.  B.  pumila. 


BIRCH    FAMILY. 


2.    Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.     Paper  or  Canoe  Birch.     (Fig.  1212.) 

Betula  papyrifera  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  19.      1785. 
Belnla  papyracea  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  337.      1789. 

A  large  forest  tree  with  maximum  height  of 
about  80°  and  truuk  diameter  of  3°.  Bark,  except 
of  the  young  wood,  peeling  in  thin  layers.  Leaves 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  dentate  and  denticulate, 
subcordate,  truncate  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  glandular  and  pubes- 
cent on  the  veins  beneath,  slender-petioled,  il/zf- 
^Yt'  long,  i/-3/  wide;  petioles  Y^'-^/z'  long;  stam- 
inate  aments  2/-4/  long;  pistillate  aments  cylin- 
dric,  slender-peduncled,  i/-2/  long,  l//-}4/  in  dia- 
meter in  fruit,  spreading  or  somewhat  drooping; 
fruiting  bracts  2//~3//  long,  puberulent  or  ciliate; 
nut  narrower  than  its  wings. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  northern  Pennsylvania, 
Michigan  and  Washington.  Wood  hard,  strong,  red- 
dish-brown; weight  per  cubic  foot  37  Ibs.  The  chalky- 
white  outer  bark  interesting  to  tourists.  April-May. 

Betula  papyrifera  minor  Tuckerm.  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  45:  31.     1843.     This  is  a  low  bushy  form,, 
occurring  on  the  higher  mountains  of  New  England  and  northern  New  York. 

3.    Betula  occidentalis  Hook.     Western 
Red  Birch.     (Fig.  1213.) 

Betula  occidentalis  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  155.      1839. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  40° 
and  a  trunk  diameter  of  i/^°,  the  bark  smooth,  dark 
bronze,  the  twigs  gray-brown,  warty.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate  or  nearly  orbicular,  acute  or  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the 
base,  short-petioled,  glabrous  on  both  sides  or  spar- 
ingly pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  i/-2/  long;, 
petioles  slender,  2//-6//  long;  pistillate  aments  man- 
ifestly peduncled,  cylindric,  spreading  or  pendant, 
i/-iX/  long,  about  5"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting 
bracts  ciliolate,  about  3"  long,  their  lateral  lobes 
ascending,  usually  shorter  than  the  middle  one; 
nut  much  narrower  than  its  wings. 

Western  Nebraska  to  British  Columbia,  California 
and  New  Mexico.  Wood  soft,  strong,  brittle,  light 
brown ;  weight  per  cubic  foot  38  Ibs.  April-May. 

4.    Betula  nigra  L>     River  Birch.     Red  Birch.     (Fig.  1214.) 

Betula  nigra  L.  Sp.  PI.  982.      1753. 

A  slender  tree,  sometimes  90°  high  and  the  trunk 
2%°  in  diameter;  bark  reddish  or  greenish-brown, 
peeling  in  very  thin  layers;  twigs  reddish.  Young 
shoots,  petioles  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  tomen- 
tose;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  apex  acute  or  obtuse, 
irregularly  serrate  or  somewhat  lobed,  base  cuneate, 
when  mature  dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  pale  and 
glabrous  or  somewhat  tomentose  beneath,  i/4/~3/ 
long;  petioles  3//-8//  long;  staminate  aments  mostly 
clustered  in  2's  or  3*8,  2}4'-T>}4/  long;  pistillate  aments 
oblong-cylindric,  spreading,  peduncled,  i/-2/  long, 
5//-6//  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting  bracts  tomen- 
tose, about  equally  3-lobed,  $"-$"  long;  nut  broadly 
obovate,  wider  than  its  wings,  pubescent  at  the  base. 

Along  streams  and  lakes,  Massachusetts  to  Iowa 
and  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  36  Ibs.  The  bark 
of  the  branches  peels  off  in  almost  membranous  layers. 
April-May. 


BETULACEAE. 


5.    Betula  lenta  L,.     Cherry,  Black  or  Sweet  Birch.     (Fig.  1215.) 

Be  till  a  lenta  L.  Sp.  PI.  983.      1753. 

A  large  forest  tree,  sometimes  80°  high,  with  dark 
brown  close  smooth  bark,  becoming  furrowed,  not 
separating  in  layers;  foliage  aromatic;  twigs  smooth, 
warty,  young  leaves  silky.  Mature  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  base  cordate 
or  rounded,  sharply  serrulate,  bright  green,  and 
shining  above,  dull  green  and  pubescent  on  the 
veins  beneath,  2j^/-4/  long,  i/-2/  wide;  petioles 
3//-6//  long;  staminate  aments  clustered,  2%'-tf 
long;  pistillate  aments  sessile,  dense,  oblong,  about 
i'  long  and  %'  in  diameter  in  fruit,  nearly  erect; 
bracts  glabrous  or  minutely  puberulent,  appressed, 
about  2X/  long,  nearly  equally  3-lobed,  the  lateral 
lobes  somewhat  divergent;  nut  oblong,  broader 
than  its  wings. 

Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario,  Florida  and  Ten- 
nessee.    Wood  hard,  strong,  dark  brown;   weight  per 
cubit  foot  47  Ibs.    The  aromatic  oil  of  the  branches  and 
foliage  (same  as  oil  of  wintergreen)   is  distilled  in 
quantities  and  is  an  important  article  of  commerce.    Tree  much  resembles  the  cherry.     April-May. 


6.    Betula  lutea  Michx.  f.     Yellow  Birch. 

Betula  lutea  Michx.  f.  Arb.  Am.  2:  152.    pi.  5.      1812. 

A  large  forest  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  species, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  100°  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  4°,  the  bark  yellowish  or  gray,  separating 
in  thin  layers  or  close,  the  twigs  gray-brown.  Leaves 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  mostly  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
rounded,  obtuse  or  rarely  subcordate  at  the  base, 
sharply  serrulate  all  around,  dark  green  and  dull 
above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  \l/tf-\f  long, 
petioles  4//-9//  long;  staminate  aments  usually  2-4 
together;  pistillate  aments  sessile,  oblong  or  oblong- 
cylindric,  1%'  or  less  long,  7//-g//  thick  in  fruit, 
rather  loose;  bracts  nearly  equally  3-lobed  to  the 
middle,  ciliolate,  the  lateral  lobes  ascending;  nut 
broadly  oblong,  wider  than  its  wings. 

Newfoundland  to  Manitoba,  south  to  North  Carolina 
and  Tennessee,  mainly  in  the  Alleghanies.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  light  brown ;  weight  per  cubic  foot  41  Ibs.  April- 
May. 


Gray  Birch.     (Fig.  1216.) 


7.    Betula  glandulosa  Michx.     Glandular 

or  Scrub  Birch.      (Fig.  1217.) 
Betula  glandulosa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  180.      1803. 

A  shrub,  i°-4°  high,  the  twigs  brown,  glandular- 
warty,  not  pubescent.  Leaves  orbicular,  oval  or  ob- 
ovate,  glabrous,  rounded  at  the  apex;  rounded,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  crenate-dentate,  bright 
green  above,  pale  green  and  glandular-dotted  beneath, 
short-petioled,  X'-i'  long;  petioles  i"-3"  long; 
staminale  aments  commonly  solitary,  about  y2'  long; 
pistillate  aments  cylindric,  erect,  peduncled,  5//-i2// 
long  and  about  2"  in  diameter  in  fruit;  fruiting  bracts 
glabrous,  the  lateral  lobes  divergent,  rather  shorter 
than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong,  usually  narrower 
than  its  wings. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  the  higher  mountains  of 
Maine  and  northern  New  York,  Michigan,  Minnesota  and 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  Asia. 
June-July. 


BIRCH  FAMILY. 

8.    Betula  nana  L.     Dwarf  Birch.     (Fig.  1218.) 
Betula.  nana  L.  Sp.  PI.  983.      1753. 
B.  Michauxii Spa/ch,  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (II.)  15: 195.  1841. 

A  low  diffuse  shrub,  similar  to  the  preceding 
species,  but  the  twigs  glandless,  puberulent  or 
glabrous.  Leaves  orbicular,  obovate,  or  reniform 
and  wider  than  long,  bright  green,  firm,  glabrous, 
on  both  sides  when  mature,  deeply  and  incisely 
crenulate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  rounded,  obtuse 
or  cuneate  at  the  base,  3//-io//  long;  petioles 
rarely  more  than  i"  long;  staminate  aments  %'- 
i'  long,  solitary  or  clustered;  pistillate  ameuts  ob- 
long, sessile  or  short-peduncled,  erect  or  some- 
what spreading,  3//-5//  long;  fruiting  bracts  gla- 
brous, the  lower  usually  3-lobed,  the  upper  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  mostly  entire;  nut  oblong,  wingless 
or  narrowly  winged. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay.  Also  in 
northern  Europe  and  Asia.  May-June. 

9.    Betula  pumila  L. 


Birch.     (Fig.  1219.) 

Betula  pumila  L.  Mant.  124.      1767. 

A  bog  shrub,  2°-i5°  tall,  the  twigs  brown,  be- 
coming glabrous,  the  young  foliage  densely 
brownish-tomentose.  Leaves  obovate,  broadly 
oval  or  orbicular,  rounded  at  both  ends  or  some 
of  them  cuneate-narrowed  at  the  base,  rather 
coarsely  dentate,  when  mature  glabrous  and 
dull  green  above,  pale,  persistently  tomentose 
or  becoming  glabrous  beneath  and  prominently 
reticulate-veined,  %'-i%'  long;  petioles  ^Yz"- 
3"  long;  fruiting  pistillate  aments  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  erect,  peduncled,  i'  long  or  less,  about  3" 
in  diameter;  bracts  puberulent  or  ciliolate,  the 
lateral  lobes  spreading  at  right  angles,  shorter 
than  the  middle  one;  nut  oblong,  mostly  rather 
broader  than  its  wings. 

In  bogs,  Newfoundland  to  western  Ontario  and 
the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  New  Jersey,  Ohio 
and  Minnesota.  May-June. 

5.    ALNUS  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  54.  pi.  90.       1791. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  dentate  or  serrulate  leaves,  few-scaled  buds,  and  flowers  of  both 
kinds  in  aments,  expanding  before,  with  or  after  the  leaves,  making  their  first  appearance 
during  the  preceding  season,  the  staminate  pendulous,  the  pistillate  erect,  clustered.  Stam- 
inate flowers  3  or  sometimes  6  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  consisting  of  a  mostly  4-parted  peri- 
anth, 4  stamens  and  subtended  by  i  or  2  bractlets;  filaments  short,  simple;  anther-sacs  ad- 
nate.  Pistillate  flowers  2-3  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  without  a  perianth,  but  subtended  by 
2-4  minute  bractlets;  ovary  sessile,  2-celled;  styles  2;  bracts  woody,  persistent,  5-toothed  or 
erose.  Nut  small,  compressed,  wingless  or  winged.  [Ancient  Latin  name  derived  from  the 
Celtic,  in  allusion  to  the  growth  of  these  trees  along  streams.] 

About  14  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  the  Andes  of  South  America.  Besides 
the  following,  some  4  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

Nut  bordered  by  a  membranous  wing  on  each  side.  i.  A.  Alnobetula. 

Nut  acute-margined,  wingless. 

Leaves  obovate,  broadly  oval  or  suborbicular,  dull;  aments  expanding  long  before  the  leaves. 
Leaves  finely  tomentose  or  glaucous  beneath.  2.  A.  incana. 

Leaves  green,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  beneath. 

Leaves  finely  serrulate;  foliage  not  glutinous;  native.  3.  A.  rugosa. 

Leaves  dentate-serrate;  twigs  glutinous;  introduced  tree.  4.  A.  glutinosa. 

Leaves  oblong,  bright  green  and  shining  above;  aments  expanding  in  autumn.  5.  A.  maritima. 

33 


512 


BETULACEAE. 


i.  Alnus  Alnobetula  (Ehrh.)  K.Koch.  Green  or  Mountain  Alder.  (Fig.i22o.) 

Betula  Alnobetula  Ehrh.  Beitr.  2:  72.  1788. 
Betula  viridis Chaix ;  Vill.  Hist.  PI.  Dauph.  3:  789.  1789. 
Alnus  viridis  DC.  Fl.  Fr.  3:  304.  1805. 
Alnus  Alnobetula  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  2:  Part  i,  625.  1872. 
A  shrub,  2°-io°  high,  the  young  foliage  glutinous 
and  more  or  less  pubescent.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  sharply  and  more  or  less  irregularly 
serrulate  or  incised-serrulate,  when  mature  dark 
green  and  glabrous  above,  light-green  and  usually 
pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  2/~5/  long,  i%f-if 
wide;  petioles  4//-i2// long;  aments  expanding  with 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  slender,  naked,  i^'-a^' 
long,  the  pistillate  from  scaly  buds,  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,slender-peduncled,becoming  6//-S//  long  and 
4//-5//  in  diameter  in  fruit,  their  bracts  irregularly  5- 
toothed;  nut  oblong,  the  thin  wings  about  as  broad 
as  the  body. 

Newfoundland  to  Alaska,  Massachusetts,  New  York, 
Michigan  and  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  higher  Alle- 
ghanies  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina.  Also  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  June. 


2.   Alnus  incana  (L,.)  Willd. 


(Fig.  1221.) 


Speckled  or  Hoary  Alder. 

Betula  Alnus  var.  incana  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1394.    1763. 
Alnus  incana  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  335.      1805. 

A  shrub,  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  8°-25°  high,  the 
twigs  glabrous,  the  young  shoots  pubescent.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
finely  serrulate  or  dentate,  with  the  teeth  serrulate, 
obtuse  or  some  of  them  acute  at  the  base,  dark  green 
above,  pale  or  glaucous  and  pubescent,  at  least  on 
the  veins  beneath,  2/~5/  long,  i)4/~4/  wide,  the  veins 
prominent  on  the  lower  surface;  stipules  oblong- 
lanceolate,  deciduous;  petioles  4//-i2// long;  aments 
appearing  from  naked  buds,  unfolding  much  before 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  iJ^/-3/  long,  the  pistillate 
ovoid,  about  %'  long  and  $"-5"  in  diameter  in  fruit, 
their  bracts  5-toothed;  nut  orbicular,  coriaceous- 
margined. 

In  wet  soil,  Newfoundland  to  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, south  to  southern  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and 
Nebraska.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Wood  soft,  light 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  28  Ibs.  April-May. 

3.   Alnus  rugosa  (DuRoi)  K.  Koch.     Smooth  Alder.     (Fig.  1222.) 

Betula  Alnus  rugosa  DuRoi,  Harbk.  i:  112.      1771. 
Alnus  serrulata  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  336.      1805. 
Alnus  rugosa  K.  Koch,  Dendr.  2:  Part  i,  635.      1872. 

A  shrub  5°-2o°  tall,  or  sometimes  a  small  tree, 
attaining  a  maximum  height  of  40°  and  a  trunk 
diameter  of  6X,  the  bark  smooth,  the  younger 
shoots  somewhat  pubescent.  Leaves  green  on 
both  sides,  obovate  or  oval,  mostly  obtuse  and 
rounded  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the 
base,  sharply  and  minutely  serrulate,  when  mature 
glabrous  above,  usually  pubescent  on  the  veins  be- 
neath, 3/-5/  long,  stipules  oval,  deciduour  petioles 
4//-i2//  long;  aments  appearing  from  naKed  buds, 
unfolding  much  before  the  leaves  (or  in  the  South 
after  the  leaves),  the  staminate  2x-4'  long,  the  pis- 
tillate ovoid,  6//-9//  long  in  fruit;  nut  ovate,  nar- 
rowly coriaceous-margined. 

In  wet  soil,  or  on  hillsides,  Maine  to  Ohio  and  Min- 
nesota, Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  soft,  light  brown;, 
weight  per  cubic  foot  29  Ibs.  March-April. 


BIRCH   FAMILY. 


513 


4.  Alnus  glutinosa  (L.)  Medic.    Euro- 
pean Alder.     (Fig.  1223.) 

Betula  Alnus  var.  glutinosa  L,.  Sp.  PI.  983.     1753. 
Alnus  glutinosa  Medic.  Pfl.  Anat.  393.      1800. 

A  tree,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about 
75°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  2>^0,  the  bark 
smooth,  the  branches  nearly  horizontal,  the 
foliage  glutinous.  Leaves  broadly  oval,  orbicu- 
lar or  obovate,  thick,  dark  green,  dull,  often 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  dentate  and  the  teeth  den- 
ticulate, glabrous  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins 
beneath,  2'-$'  long;  petioles  l/zf-\f  long; 
aments  appearing  from  naked  buds,  expanding 
much  before  the  leaves,  the  staminate  3/-4/ 
long,  the  pistillate  ovoid-oblong,  6//-9//  long 
in  fruit;  nut  wingless,  coriaceous-margined. 

In  wet  places,  southern  New  York  and  New  Jer- 
sey, escaped  from  cultivation  and  becoming  natu- 
ralized in  a  few  localities.  Native  of  Europe.  Wood 
soft,  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  35  Ibs.  April. 

5.  Alnus  maritima  (Marsh.)  Muhl. 
Seaside  Alder.     (Fig.  1224.) 

Betula  Alnus  maritima  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  20.  1785. 
Alnus  maritima  Muhl.;  Nutt.  Svlva,  i:  34.  /.  102. 

1865. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  30°  tall  and  the  trunk 
6'  in  diameter,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so 
throughout.  Leaves  oblong,  ovate-oblong  or 
obovate,  firm,  acute  at  both  ends,  bright  green 
and  shining  above,  pale  green  and  dull  beneath, 
sharply  serrulate,  2/-4/  long,  i/-2/  wide;  petioles 
3//-io//  long;  aments  unfolding  long  after  the 
leaves,  their  buds  developing  during  the  season, 
the  staminate  i/-2^/  long,  the  pistillate  oblong, 
9//-i2//  long,  5//-7//  in  diameter  in  fruit;  nut  ob- 
long-obovate,  wingless,  coriaceous-margined. 

In  wet  soil,  southern  Delaware  and  eastern  Mary- 
land; also  in  the  Indian  Territory.  Closely  related 
to  A .  Japonica  of  northeastern  Asia,  and  perhaps  not 
specifically  distinct  from  it.  Wood  soft,  light  brown; 
weight  per  cubic  foot  31  Ibs.  Aug.-Sept. 

Family  7.     FAGACEAE  Drude,  Phan.  409.       1879. 

BEECH  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  simple,  dentate,  serrate,  lobed, 
cleft  or  entire,  pinnately  veined,  the  stipules,  if  any,  deciduous.  Flowers  small, 
monoecious,  the  staminate  in  pendulous  erect  or  spreading  aments,  or  capitate, 
the  pistillate  solitary  or  several  together,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  partly  or 
wholly  united  bracts,  which  becomes  a  bur  or  cup.  Petals  none.  Staminate 
flowers  with  a  4-y-lobed  perianth  and  4-20  stamens;  filaments  slender,  distinct, 
simple;  anther-sacs  adnate,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-8- 
lobed  urn-shaped  or  oblong  perianth,  adnate  to  the  3~7-celled  ovary;  ovules  1-2 
in  each  cavity,  only  i  in  each  ovary  ripening,  pendulous,  anatropous;  styles  as 
many  as  t^e  cavities  of  the  ovary,  linear,  terminally  or  longitudinally  stigmatic. 
Fruit  a  i,  Deeded  nut,  with  a  coriaceous  or  somewhat  bony  exocarp.  Testa  thin. 
Endosperm  none;  cotyledons  large,  fleshy,  often  rugose;  radicle  short. 

About  5  genera  and  375  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Staminate  flowers  capitate ;  nut  sharply  triangular.  i.  Fagus. 

Staminate  flowers  in  slender  aments;  nut  rounded  or  plano-convex. 

Pistillate  flowers  2-5  in  each  involucre;  involucre  becoming  globose  and  very  prickly  in  fruit, 
enclosing  the  nuts.  2.  Castanea. 

Pistillate  flower  i  in  each  involucre ;  involucre  of  numerous  scales  forming  a  cup  in  fruit  and 
subtending-  the  acorn.  3.  Quercus. 


FAGACEAE. 


i.    FAGUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  997.       1753. 

Trees,  with  smooth  light  gray  bark,  and  serrate  straight-veined  leaves.  Flowers  appear- 
ing with  the  leaves,  the  staminate  in  slender-peduncled  pendulous  globose  heads,  the  pistillate 
about  2  together  in  short-peduncled  subulate-bracted  involucres  in  the  upper  axils.  Stamin- 
ate flowers  yellowish -green,  subtended  by  deciduous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  campanulate 
4-8-lobed  calyx,  and  8-16  stamens  with  filiform  filaments.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  6-lobed  peri- 
anth adnate  to  a  3-celled  ovary;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  usually  i  only  of  each  ovary  maturing; 
styles  3,  filiform.  Nut  coriaceous,  sharply  3-angled,  enclosed  in  the  4-valved  bur.  [Name 
from  the  Greek,  to  eat,  referring  to  the  esculent  nuts.] 

About  4  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Only  the  following  is  native  in  North 
America. 


i.    Fagus  Americana  Sweet.     American  Beech.     (Fig.  1225.) 

Fagns  Americana  [latifolid]  Muench.  Hausv.  5: 

162.     1770. 

Fagus  Americana  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  370.      1826. 
Fagtisferruginea  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  362.     1789. 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  maximum  height  of 
about  120°,  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4^°,  the 
lower  branches  spreading.  Leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-oblong,  firm,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse or  narrowed  at  the  base,  2/~4^/  long,  i'- 
3'  wide,  densely  silky  when  young,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so  when  mature,  green  on  both  sides,  not 
shining,  rather  coarsely  serrate;  petioles  2//-6// 
long;  heads  of  staminate  flowers  6//-o//in  dia- 
meter, hanging  on  peduncles  1'-$'  long;  bur 
6//-io//  high,  densely  tomentose,  its  soft 
prickles  recurved  or  spreading;  nut  pubescent, 
or  at  length  nearly  glabrous,  brown;  seed 
sweet. 

In  rich  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Wiscon- 
sin, south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  tough,  close-grained;  color  light  or  dark 
red;  weight  43  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot.  April-May. 
Nuts  ripe  Sept.-Oct.  Leaves  of  seedlings  and 
young  shoots  are  sometimes  pinnatifid. 


2.   CASTANEA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  375.       1763. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  straight-veined  leaves,  their  teeth  sharply  acuminate. 
Flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves,  the  staminate  in  erect  or  spreading  narrowly  cylindric 
interrupted  axillary  yellowish  aments,  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract,  the  bracts  fugacious, 
the  pistillate  borne  in  prickly  involucres  at  the  bases  of  the  staminate  aments  or  in  separate 
axils.  Staminate  flowers  2-bracteolate,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed  campanulate  perianth 
and  numerous  stamens,  sometimes  also  with  an  abortive  ovary;  filaments  filiform,  long  ex- 
serted.  Pistillate  flowers  2-5  (commonly  3)  in  each  involucre,  consisting  of  an  urn-shaped 
6-lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the  mostly  6-celled  ovary,  and  usually  with  4-1 2  abortive  stamens; 
ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  i  ovule  only  of  each  ovary  usually  maturing;  styles  as  many  as  the 
cavities  of  the  ovary,  slender,  exserted;  stigmas  minute.  Pistillate  involucre  enlarging  and 
becoming  a  globose  mostly  4-valved  very  prickly  bur  in  fruit,  enclosing  i-several  nuts.  Nut 
rounded  or  plano-convex,  i-seeded,  the  shell  coriaceous.  Seed  large,  sweet.  Style  mostly 
persistent.  [Name  Greek,  from  a  city  in  Thessaly.] 


Four  or  five  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
in  the  southeastern  United  States. 


Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 


Leaves  green  on  both  sides;  nuts  usually  2-5  in  each  involucre;  large  tree.  i.  C.  dentata. 

Leaves  densely  white -tomentose  beneath;  nut  usually  solitary;  shrub  or  small  tree.    2.  C.  puniila. 


BEECH   FAMILY. 


515 


i.    Castanea  dentata  (Marsh.)  Borkh.     American  Chestnut.     (Fig.  1226.) 

Fagus  Castanea  dentata  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  46.      1785. 

Castanea  dentata  Borkh.  Handb.  Forstb.  i:  741.      1800. 

C.  vesca  var.  Americana  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  193.      1803. 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  gray  bark  rough  in  longitudinal 
plates,  reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  100°  and  a 
trunk  diameter  of  14° ;  lower  branches  spreading.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous,  firm,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base,  coarsely  serrate,  with 
very  sharp-pointed  ascending  teeth,  rather  dark  green 
above,  lighter  beneath,  5/-i2/  long,  ij^'-s'  wide;  petioles 
stout,  yt'-\f  long;  staminate  aments  erect,  numerous, 
borne  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  6'-i2f  long,  tf'-$"  in  di- 
ameter; burs  \y2f-\f  in  diameter,  solitary  or  altogether, 
enclosing  1-5  nuts;  nuts  puberulent,  dark  brown,  plano- 
convex or  angled  on  the  face,  or  when  solitary  ovoid. 

In  rich  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Michigan  and  Ten- 
nessee. Wood  coarse-grained,  durable,  brown;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  28  Ibs.  Involucre  sometimes  suppressed  and  the 
nuts  naked.  June-July.  Nuts  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


2.  Castanea  pumila  (L/. )  Mill.     Chinquapin. 
(Fig.  1227.) 

Fagus  pumila  L.  Sp.  PI.  998.      1753. 

Castanea  pumila  Mill.  Gard.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  no.  2.      1768. 

A  shrub  or  small  tree,  sometimes  45°  high  and  with 
a  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  the  young  shoots  puberulent. 
Leaves  oblong,  acute  at  both  ends,  sharply  serrate  with 
ascending  or  divergent  teeth,  dark  green  and  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-tomentulose  beneath,  3/-6/  long, 
I'-a^'  wide;  staminate  aments  erect  or  somewhat 
spreading,  ^/~5/  long,  3//-4//  in  diameter;  burs  \Yif  in 
diameter  or  less,  commonly  spicate,  enclosing  a  soli- 
tary ovoid  brown  nut  (rarely  2);  seed  very  sweet. 

In  dry  soil,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania  to  Indiana, 
Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  strong,  coarse-grained,  dark 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  37  Ibs.  June.  Nuts  ripe  Sept. 

3.    QUERCUS  L-.  Sp.  PI.  994.     1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  pinnatifid  lobed  dentate  crenate  or  entire  leaves,  deciduous  or  in 
some  species  persistent.  Flowers  very  small,  green  or  yellowish,  appearing  with  or  before 
the  leaves,  the  staminate  numerous  in  slender  mostly  drooping  aments,  the  pistillate  soli- 
tary in  many-bracted  involucres  borne  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season  or  on  the  young 
shoots.  Staminate  flowers  subtended  by  caducous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  mostly  6-lobed 
campanulate  perianth  and  6-12  stamens  with  filiform  filaments,  sometimes  also  with  an  abor- 
tive pilose  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  urn-shaped  or  oblong  calyx,  adnate  to  a  mostly 
3-celled  ovary;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  rarely  more  than  i  in  each  ovary  matur- 
ing; styles  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities,  short,  erect  or  recurved.  Fruit  consisting  of  the 
imbricated  and  more  or  less  united  bracts  of  the  involucre  (cup),  subtending  or  nearly  enclos- 
ing the  ovoid,  oblong  or  subglobose  i-seeded  coriaceous  nut  (acorn).  [The  ancient  Latin 
name,  probably  of  Celtic  derivation,  signifying  "beautiful  tree."] 

About  200  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  Besides  the  following,  some  30  others 
occur  in  the  western  and  southern  sections  of  North  America. 

•H-  Leaves  or  their  lobes  bristle-tipped,  deciduous;  acorns  maturing  in  autumn  of  second  year. 

t  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 
Leaves  green  on  both  sides. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  saucer-shaped,  much  broader  than  high. 

Cup  8"-i2"  broad;  acorn  ovoid;  leaves  dull.  i.  Q.  rubra. 

Cup  4" -8"  broad;  leaves  shining. 

Acorn  subglobose  or  short-ovoid;  northern.  2.  Q.  palustris. 

Acorn  ovoid;  southern.  3.  Q.  Texana. 

Cup  of  the  acorn  turbinate  or  hemispheric. 

Inner  bark  gray;  leaves  shining  both  sides.  4.  Q.  coccinea. 

Inner  bark  orange;  leaves  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath.  5.  Q.  velutina. 
Leaves  white  or  gray-tomentulose  beneath. 

Large  tree;  leaf-lobes  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  long.  6.  Q.  digitata. 

Shrub  or  low  tree ;  leaf-lobes  triangular-ovate,  short.  7.  Q.  nana. 


FAGACEAE. 


"ft  Leaves  3-5-lobed  above  the  middle  or  entire,  obovate  or  spatulate  in  outline. 

Leaves  obovate-cuneate,  brown-floccose  beneath.  8.  Q.  Marylandica. 

Leaves  spatulate,  glabrous  both  sides.  9.  Q.  nigra. 

ttt  Leaves  entire,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong  (sometimes  lobed  in  no.  ID. 
Leaves  linear-oblong,  green  and  glabrous  on  both  sides.  10.  Q.  Phellos. 

Leaves  oblong,  glabrous,  dark  green  and  shining  above.  n.  Q.  laurifolia. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  brown-tomentulose  beneath.  12.  Q.  imbricaria. 

•fc  •X-  Leaves  or  their  lobes  not  bristle-lipped,  deciduous;  acorns  maturing  in  autumn  of  first  year. 

t  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 

Mature  leaves  pale,  or  glaucous  and  glabrous  beneath;  cup  shallow.  13.  Q.  alba. 

Mature  leaves  tomentulose  beneath ;  cup  one-third  to  fully  as  long  as  the  acorn. 
Upper  scales  of  the  cup  not  awned. 

Leaves  yellowish-brown-tomentulose  beneath;  acorn  ovoid.  14.  Q.  minor. 

Leaves  white-tomentulose  beneath;  acorn  depressed-globose.  15.  Q.  lyrata. 

Upper  scales  awned,  forming  a  fringe  around  the  acorn.  16.  Q.  macrocarpa. 

tt  Leaves  crenate  or  dentate,  not  lobed. 
Fruit  peduncled. 

Peduncle  much  longer  than  petioles;  leaves  white-tomentulose  beneath.    17.  Q.  platanoides. 
Peduncle  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  petioles;  leaves  gray-tomentulose  beneath. 


Teeth  of  the  leaves  acute  or  mucronulate. 
Teeth  of  the  leaves  rounded. 
Fruit  sessile. 

Tall  tree;  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate. 
Shrub  or  low  tree;  leaves  oval  or  obovate. 
-5f  -X-  -3f  Leaves  entire  {rarely  with  a  few  bristle-tipped  lobes),  evergreen. 


18.  Q.  Michauxii. 

19.  Q.  Prinus. 

20.  Q.  acuminata. 

21.  Q.  prinoides. 

22.  Q.  Virginiana. 


i.    Quercus  rubra  L,.     Red  Oak.     (Fig.  1228.) 

uercus  rubra  L.  Sp.  PI.  996.      1753. 

.  ambigua  Michx.  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  2: 120.  pi.  24.   1812. 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  a  maximum  height  of 
about  140°,  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  7°,  the  bark 
dark  gray,  slightly  roughened.  Leaves  oval  or  some- 
what obovate  in  outline,  deciduous,  when  mature 
glabrous,  or  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  be- 
neath, 4/-8/  long,  3/-6/  wide,  dull  green  above,  paler 
beneath,  sinuses  rounded,  lobes  triangular-lanceo- 
late, tapering  from  a  broad  base  to  an  acuminate 
apex,  i-4-toothed  or  entire,  teeth  and  apices  tipped 
with  filiform  bristles;  petioles  i^'-S7  long;  styles 
slender,  spreading;  fruit  maturing  the  second 
autumn;  cup  saucer-shaped,  its  base  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  8//-i2//  broad,  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse  or  the  upper  acute,  appressed;  acorn 
ovoid,  about  i'  long,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas.   Wood  hard,  strong,  coarse- 
<L  grained;  color  light  reddish-brown;  weight  per  cubic 

foot  41  Ibs.     May-June.    Acorns  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 
Quercus  rubra  runcinata  A.  DC.  Prodr.  16:  Part  2,  60.      1864. 
Leaf-lobes  nearly  entire;  acorn  W  high.     Near  St.  Louis.     Perhaps  a  hybrid  with  Q.  digitata. 

2.   Quercus  palustris  DuRoi.     Swamp  Oak.     Pin  Oak.     (Fig.  1229.) 

Q.  palustris  DuRoi,  Harbk.  2:  268.  pi.  5.  f.  4.    1772. 

A  forest  tree,  maximum  height  about  120°  and 
trunk  diameter  5°,  the  lower  branches  deflexed; 
bark  brown,  rough  when  old.  Leaves  broadly 
oblong  or  obovate  in  outline,  deeply  pinnatifid, 
sometimes  almost  to  the  midrib,  bright  green 
glabrous  and  shining  above,  duller,  glabrous  or 
with  tufts  of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  be- 
neath, 3/-5/  long,  the  lobes  oblong,  lanceolate 
or  triangular-lanceolate,  divergent,  i-4-toothed 
or  entire,  teeth  and  apices  tipped  with  filiform 
bristles;  styles  slender;  fruit  maturing  in  the  sec- 
ond autumn;  cup  saucer-shaped,  4" -6"  broad, 
base  flat,  bracts  triangular-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 
appressed;  acorn  subglobose  or  ovoid,  4//-7// 
high,  often  striate,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

In  moist  ground,  Massachusetts  to  Wisconsin, 
Delaware  and  Arkansas.  Wood  hard,  very  strong, 
coarse-grained;  color  light  brown ;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  43  Ibs.  May-June.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


BEECH   FAMILY. 


517 


3.   Quercus  Texana  Buckley.     Texan  Red 
Oak.     (Fig.  1230.) 

Q.  Texana  Buckley,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  1860:  444.  1860. 
A  forest  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  species  and 
to  Q.  rubra,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about 
200°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  8°,  usually  smaller. 
Bark  reddish-brown,  with  broad  ridges,  broken  into 
plates;  leaves  mostly  obovate  in  outline,  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  paler  and  with  tufts  of  wool 
in  the  axils  beneath,  2/-6/  long,  truncate  or  broadly 
wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  deeply  pinnatifid  into  5-9 
oblong  or  triangular  lobes,  which  are  entire  or  coarsely 
few  toothed,  the  lobes  and  teeth  bristle-tipped;  styles 
short;  fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  sea- 
son; cup  deeply  saucer-shaped,  $"-&"  broad,  its  scales 
obtusish  or  acute,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  J^'-i'  long, 
2-3  times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

Southern  Indiana  to  Iowa  and  Missouri,  Florida  and 
Texas.  Wood  hard,  light  red-brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  57  Ibs.  April-May.  Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 

4.   Quercus  coccinea  Wang.     Scarlet  Oak.     (Fig.  1231.) 

Quercus  coccinea  Wang.  Amer.  44.  pi.  4.  f.  9.  1787. 
A  forest  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  160°,  the  trunk  diameter  sometimes  5°; 
inner  bark  pale  reddish  or  gray;  foliage  turning 
scarlet  in  autumn.  Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid, 
glabrous,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  paler 
and  sometimes  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the 
veins  beneath,  4/-8/  long,  rather  thin,  the  lobes 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  divergent  or  ascending, 
few- toothed,  the  teeth  and  apices  bristle-tipped; 
fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  second  sea- 
son; styles  slender,  recurved-spreading;  cup 
hemispheric  or  top-shaped,  its  bracts  triangular- 
lanceolate,  appressed  or  the  upper  slightly  squar- 
rose,  mostly  glabrous;  acorn  ovoid  or  ovoid-glo- 
bose, 6//-io//  high,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
Florida  and  Missouri.  Wood  hard,  strong,  coarse- 
grained, light  brown  or  red;  weight  46  Ibs.  per  cubic 
foot.  May-June.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


5.    Quercus  velutina  Lam.     Black  Oak.     Quercitron.     (Fig.  1232.) 

Quercus  velutina  L,am.  Encycl.  i:  721.      1783. 

Q.  tinctoria  Bartram,  Travels,  37.     Name  only.      1791. 

Q.  coccinea  var.  tinctoria  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  454.   1867. 

A  large  forest  tree,  similar  to  Q.  coccinea,  maxi- 
mum height  about  150°,  trunk  diameter  5°;  outer 
bark  very  dark  brown,  rough  in  low  ridges,  the  in- 
ner bright  orange.  Leaves  pinnatifid  or  lobed  to 
beyond  the  middle,  firm,  brown-pubescent  or  some- 
times stellate-pubescent  when  young,  when  mature 
glabrous  and  dark  dull  green  above,  pale  green 
and  usually  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  the 
broad  oblong  or  triangular-lanceolate  lobes  and 
their  teeth  bristle-tipped;  fruit  maturing  in  the 
autumn  of  the  second  season;  cup  hemispheric  or 
top-shaped,  commonly  narrowed  into  a  short  stalk, 
its  bracts  mostly  pubescent,  the  upper  somewhat 
squarrose;  acorn  ovoid,  yLf-\f  high,  more  or  less 
longer  than  the  cup. 

Maine  to  Ontario,  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas. 
Wood  reddish -brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  44  Ibs. 
May-June. 


FAGACEAE. 


6.    Quercus  digitata  (Marsh.)  Sudw, 
Spanish  Oak.     (Fig.  1233.) 

Quercus  nigra  digitata  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  121.  1785, 
Q.falcata  Michx.  Hist.  Chen.  Am.  16.  pi.  28.  1801, 
Quercus  digitata  Sudw.  Card.  &  For.  5:  99.  1892. 
A  tree,  with  maximum  height  of  about  95°, 
and  trunk  diameter  of  5°.  Leaves  dark  green 
and  glabrous  above,  gray-tomentulose  beneath, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  3-7  linear  or  lanceolate 
lobes,  often  falcate,  acuminate,  entire  or  den- 
tate; teeth  and  apices  bristle-tipped;  terminal 
lobes  commonly  elongated;  styles  slender;  fruit 
maturing  during  the  second  autumn ;  cup  saucer- 
shaped  with  a  turbinate  base,  S"-?"  broad,  its 
bracts  ovate,  obtuse,  appressed;  acorn  subglo- 
bose  or  depressed,  about  twice  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  Long  Island  (?),  New  Jersey  to  Flor- 
ida, Missouri  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  strong, 
coarse-grained,  light  reddish-brown;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  43  Ibs.  May-June.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

7.    Quercus  nana  (Marsh.)  Sarg.     Bear  or  Scrub  Oak.     (Fig.  1234.) 

Quercus  rubra  nana  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  123.      1785. 
Quercus  ilicifolia  Wang.  Amer.  79.  pi.  6.  f.  77.      1787. 
Quercus  nana  Sarg.  Card.  &  For.  8:  93.      1895. 

A  shrub  or  rarely  a  small  tree,  often  forming 
dense  thickets,  maximum  height  about  25°,  and 
trunk  diameter  6';  bark  gray,  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  mostly  obovate,  2' -5'  long,  short-petioled, 
dark  green  and  glabrous  above,  grayish-white 
tomentulose  beneath,  3~7-lobed;  lobes  triangular- 
ovate,  acute,  bristle-tipped;  styles  recurved;  fruit 
maturing  the  second  autumn;  cup  saucer-shaped, 
4//-6//  broad,  with  a  turbinate  or  rounded  base;  its 
bracts  lanceolate,  appressed;  acorn  globose-ovoid, 
more  or  less  longer  than  the  cup. 

In  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Maine  to  Ohio,  Delaware,  and 
the  mountains  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  light  brown.  May.  Acorns  ripe  Oct. -Nov. 

A  hybrid  of  this,  presumably  with  Q.  coccinea,  was 
found  by  Dr.  Robbins  at  Uxbridge,  Mass. 

8.  Quercus  Marylandica  Muench.     Black-jack  or  Barren  Oak.     (Fig.  1235.) 

Quercus  nigra  ft  L-  Sp.  PI.  995.      1753. 

Quercus  Marylandica  Muench.  Hausv.  5:  253.      1770. 

A  tree,  sometimes  60°  high,  usually  lower;  maxi- 
mum trunk  diameter  2°;  bark  nearly  black,  very 
rough  in  ridges.  Leaves  obovate  in  outline,  stel- 
late-pubescent above  and  brown-tomentose  beneath 
when  young,  3~5-lobed  toward  the  broad  usually 
nearly  truncate  apex,  cuneate  below,  the  lobes 
short,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed,  bristle-tipped; 
mature  leaves  dark  green,  glabrous  above,  paler 
and  more  or  less  floccose  beneath,  3/-7/  long,  2/-5/ 
wide;  fruit  maturing  the  second  autumn;  styles 
recurved;  cup  deep,  5//-8//  broad,  its  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate,  appressed,  pubescent;  acorn  ovoid,  2-3 
times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  Long  Island,  N.  Y. ,  to  Ohio  and  Nebraska, 
south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  strong,  dark 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  46  Ibs.  May-June. 
Acorns  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

Quercus  Riidkini  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  9:  14,  a  hybrid  of  this  with  Q.  Phellos,  occurs  from 
Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  to  North  Carolina. 

Quercus  Brittoni  W.T.  Davis,  Scien.  Am.  67: 145,  is  a  hybrid  with  Q.  ilicifolia.  Staten  Island,  N.  Y. 


BEECH   FAMILY. 


519 


Water  Oak. 

1783. 


g.    Quercus  nigra  L,. 

Quercus  nigra  L.  Sp.  PI.  995.      1753. 

Quercus  nigra  var.  aquatica  Lam.  Encycl.  i:  721. 

Quercus  aquatica  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  234.      1788. 

A  tree,  with  maximum  height  of  about  80°  and  trunk 
diameter  of  4° ;  bark  gray,  rough  in  ridges.  Leaves 
spatulate  or  obovate,  i-3-lobed  at  the  apex,  or  some  of 
them  entire  and  rounded,  coriaceous,  short-petioled, 
rather  bright  green  and  shining  on  both  sides,  finely 
reticulate-veined,  glabrous  when  mature  except  tufts 
of  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  iX/~3/  long, 
the  lobes  low,  usually  obtuse  and  bristle- tipped;  styles 
recurved;  fruit  maturing  the  second  autumn;  cup  sau- 
cer-shaped with  a  rounded  base,  5//-y//  broad,  its  bracts 
appressed;  acorn  globose-ovoid,  2-3  times  as  high  as 
the  cup. 

Along  streams  and  swamps  or  sometimes  on  the  up- 
land, Delaware  to  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Florida  and  Texas. 
Wood  hard,  strong,  cross-grained,  light  brown ;  weight  per 
cubic  foot  45  Ibs.  April-May.  Acorns  ripe  Sept. -Oct. 
Leaves  of  seedlings  and  young  shoots  incised  or  pinnatifid, 
very  bristly. 


(Fig.  1236.) 


L) 


10.  Quercus  Phellos  L,.     Willow  Oak. 

(Fig.  1237.) 

Quercus  Phellos  L.  Sp.  PI.  994.      1753. 

A  tree,  with  slightly  roughened  reddish-brown 
bark,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of  about  80°  and 
a  trunk  diameter  of  3°.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or 
oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  very 
short-petioled,  bristle-tipped,  glabrous  or  very 
slightly  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath 
when  mature,  •z'-tf  long,  4//-i2//  wide;  styles  slen- 
der, recurved-spreading;  fruit  maturing  in  the  au- 
tumn of  the  second  season;  cup  saucer-shaped, 
nearly  flat  on  the  base,  4//-6//  broad;  acorn  subglo- 
bose,  4//-6//  high. 

In  moist  woods,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  to  Florida, 
Missouri  and  Texas.  Wood  strong,  rather  soft  and 
close-grained,  reddish-brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
46  Ibs.  April-May.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

Quercus  heterophylla  Michx.  f.  Hist.  Am.  2:  87,  pi.  16,  the  Bartram  Oak,  probably  a  hybrid  of  Q. 
Phellos  with  Q.  r libra,  but  perhaps  a  distinct  species,  intermediate  in  leaf  and  fruit  characters  between 
the  two,  occurs  from  Staten  Island  to  North  Carolina.  Q.  Phellos  hybridizes  also  with  Q.  nana. 

ii.   Quercus  laurifolia  Michx.     Laurel 
Oak.     (Fig.  1238.) 

Quercus  laurifolia  Michx.  Hist.  Chenes  Am.  no.  10. 

pi.  17.      1801. 

Trunk  sometimes  100°  tall,  reaching  4°  in  diam- 
eter at  the  base;  bark  nearly  black,  with  flat  ridges. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-obovate,  often  somewhat 
falcate,  very  green  and  shining  above,  paler  be- 
neath, glabrous  when  mature,  i%'-6'  long,  5//-2/ 
wide,  entire,  or  those  of  young  shoots  undulate- 
lobed,  the  apex  bristle-tipped;  styles  rather  short, 
recurving;  fruit  maturing  in  the  autumn  of  the  sec- 
ond season;  abortive  ovules  in  the  summit  of  the 
acorn;  cup  saucer-shaped,  4//-6//  wide,  its  base 
somewhat  rounded,  its  scales  ovate,  rounded,  ap- 
pressed; acorn  ovoid  or  nearly  hemispheric,  3-4 
times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

Along  streams  and  swamps,  southeastern  Virginia  to 
Florida  and  Louisiana,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Wood 
dark  reddish-brown,  strong;  weight  per  cubic  foot  48  Ibs. 


520  FAGACEAE. 

12.    Quercus  imbricaria  Michx.     Shingle  Oak.     (Fig.  1239.) 

Quercus  imbricaria  Michx.  Hist.  Chen.  Am.  9.   pi.  75, 

16.      1801. 

A  forest  tree,  with  maximum  height  about  100°, 
and  trunk  diameter  of  3,^°.  Leaves  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  entire,  coriaceous,  acute  at  both  ends, 
short-petioled,  bristle-tipped,  dark  green  above, 
persistently  gray-tomentulose  beneath,  3/~7/  long, 
9//-2/ wide;  styles  recurved;  fruit  maturing  the  sec- 
ond autumn;  cup  hemispheric  or  turbinate,  5//-7// 
broad,  its  bracts  appressed;  acorn  subglobose,  5"- 
1"  high. 

Central  Pennsylvania  to  Michigan,  Nebraska,  Geor- 
gia, Tennessee  and  Arkansas.  Wood  hard,  coarse- 
grained, light  reddish-brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
47  Ibs.  April-May. 

Quercus  Leana  Nutt.  Sylva,  i:  134,  pi.  56,  is  a  hybrid 
of  this  and  Q.  velutina,  with  intermediate  characters. 
Ohio  to  Missouri  and  District  of  Columbia. 

Quercus  tridentata  Engelm,  Q.  nigra  var.  Iridentata 
A.  DC.  Prodr.  16:  Part  2,  64,  is  a  hybrid  with  Q.  Mary- 
landica.     Illinois  and  Pennsylvania. 
A  hybrid  with  Q.  palustris  was  found  by  Dr.  Engelmann  near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

13.    Quercus  alba  L,.     White  Oak.     (Fig.  1240.) 

•Quercus  alba  L.  Sp.  PI.  996.      1753. 

A  large  forest  tree,  with  light  gray  bark  scaling 
off  in  thin  plates;  maximum  height  about  150°, 
trunk  diameter  8°.  Leaves  obovate  in  outline, 
green  above,  pale  and  more  or  less  glaucous  be- 
neath, pubescent  when  young,  nearly  glabrous 
when  old,  thin,  pinnatifid  into  3-9  oblong  obtuse 
ascending  toothed  or  entire  lobes,  4'-7x  long,  2'- 
4%'  wide;  petioles  about  l/2f  long;  styles  short, 
erect;  fruit  maturing  the  first  season,  peduncled; 
cup  depressed-hemispheric,  7//-io//  broad,  its 
bracts  thick,  obtuse,  woolly  or  at  length  glabrate, 
closely  appressed;  acorn  ovoid -oblong,  i7  high  or 
less,  3-4  times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

Maine  to  Ontario,  Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas. 
Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained;  color  brown; 
weight  per  cubic  foot  46  Ibs.  May-June.  Acorns 
ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

Hybrids  with  Q.  macrocarpa  have  been  observed 
in  Illinois;  with  Q.  minor,  from  Illinois  to  Virginia 
and  South  Carolina,  and  with  Q.  Prinus,  near  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.,  and  New  York. 

14.    Quercus  minor  (Marsh.)  Sarg.     Post  or  Iron  Oak.     (Fig.  1241.) 

Quercus  alba  minor  Marsh.  Arb.  Am.  120.      1785- 
Quercus  stellala  Wang.  Amer.  78.  pi.  6.  f.  15.     1787. 
Q.  obtusiloba  Michx.  Hist.  Chen.  Am.  i.  pi.  i.     1801. 
Querctis  minor  Sargent,  Gard.  &  For.  2:  471.      1889. 

A  tree,  with  rough  gray  bark,  or  sometimes  a 
shrub;  maximum  height  about  100°  and  trunk 
diameter  4°.  Leaves  broadly  obovate  in  out- 
line, deeply  lyrate-pinnatifid  into  3-7  broad 
rounded  often  deeply  undulate  or  toothed  lobes, 
when  mature  firm,  glabrous,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  brown-tomentulose  beneath,  5'- 
8'  long,  4/-6/  wide  or  smaller;  petioles  stout, 
X/-i/  long;  fruit  maturing  the  first  season, 
nearly  or  quite  sessile;  styles  short;  cup  hemi- 
spheric, 6"-8"  broad,  base  narrowed,  its  bracts 
lanceolate,  subacute,  slightly  squarrose;  acorn 
ovoid,  6"-io"  high,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  Massachusetts  to  southern  New  York, 
Michigan,  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  close- 
grained,  very  durable,  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
52  Ibs.  May-June.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


BEECH  FAMILY. 


521 


Swatnp,  Overcup  or  Post  Oak.     (Fig.  1242.) 


15.    Quercus  lyrata  Walt. 

Quercus  lyrata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  235.      1753. 

A  large  tree,  maximum  height  about  100°  and  trunk 
diameter  3^°;  bark  gray  or  reddish,  in  thin  plates. 
Leaves  obovate  in  outline,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
base,  6/-8/  long,  lyrate-pinnatifid  or  lobed  to  beyond 
the  middle,  thin,  when  mature  bright  green,  glabrous 
and  shining  above,  densely  white-tomentulose  be- 
neath, the  lobes  lanceolate  or  oblong,  rounded  or  sub- 
acute,  entire  or  toothed,  the  upper  pair  the  larger  and 
usually  divergent;  petioles  3//-9//  long;  fruit  matur- 
ing the  first  season,  peduncled;  styles  short;  cup  de- 
pressed-globose, \'-\y2'  in  diameter,  y2'-i'  high,  its 
bracts  broad,  thin,  cuspidate;  acorn  depressed-globose, 
^/-i>^/  high,  nearly  or  quite  immersed  in  the  cup. 

In  swamps  or  along  streams,  New  Jersey  to  Indiana  and 
Missouri,  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  strong-,  tough, 
close-grained,  very  durable,  dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  52  Ibs.  April-May. 

16.    Quercus  macrocarpa  Michx.     Mossy-cup  or  Bur  Oak.     (Fig.  1243.) 

Quercus  macrocarpa   Michx.  Hist.  Chen.   Am.  2, 

pi.  2j.      1801. 
Quercus  olivaeformis  Michx.  f.  Hist.  Arb.  Am.  2: 

pi.  2.      1812. 

A  large  tree,  with  gray  flaky  bark ;  maximum 
height  about  160°,  and  trunk  diameter  8°. 
Leaves  obovate  or  oblong-obovate  in  outline, 
rather  thin,  irregularly  lobed,  pinnatifid,  or 
some  coarsely  crenate;  when  mature  bright 
green  and  shining  above,  grayish-white-tomen- 
tulose  beneath,  4/-8/  long,  the  lobes  toothed  or 
entire,  rounded,  ascending  or  somewhat  .diver- 
gent; petioles  %f- 1 '  long;  fruit  short-peduncled 
or  sessile,  maturing  the  first  season;  styles 
short;  cup  hemispheric  or  subglobose,  8//-2/  in 
diameter,  its  bracts  floccose,  thick,  hard,  ovate 
or  lanceolate,  the  lower  acute,  the  upper  subu- 
late-tipped, the  tips  forming  a  fringe  around  the 
acorn;  acorn  8//-i^/  long,  ovoid,  1-2  times  as 
high  as  the  cup. 

In  rich  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Manitoba,  south  to  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Kansas  and  Texas. 
Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  close-grained;  color  dark  brown;  weight  46  Ibs.     May-June. 

17.    Quercus  platanoides  (I^am.)  Sudw.     Swamp  White  Oak.     (Fig.  1244.) 

Q.  Prinus  platanoides  Lam.  Encycl.  i:  720.      1783. 
Quercus  bicolor  Willd.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat.  Fr. 

Berlin,  3:  396.      1801. 
Q.  platanoides  Sudw.  Rep.  Secy.  Agric.  1892:327.  1893. 

A  large  tree,  with  flaky  gray  bark;  maximum 
height  about  110°  and  trunk  diameter  9°.  Leaves 
obovate,  or  oblong-obovate,  coarsely  toothed  or 
sometimes  lobed  nearly  to  the  middle,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  firm,  when  mature  4/-7/  long, 
3X/~4/^/  wide,  dark  green,  dull  and  glabrous 
above,  densely  white-tomentulose  beneath;  peti- 
oles stout,  3//-9//  long;  fruit  maturing  the  first 
year;  peduncles  2-5  times  as  long  as  the  petioles; 
cup  hemispheric,  its  bracts  pubescent,  lanceolate, 
appressed,  the  lower  obtuse,  the  upper  acute  or 
acuminate;  acorn  obi ong-o void,  about  i/ high;  cup 
about  6X/  high;  seed  rather  sweet. 

In  moist  or  swampy  soil,  Quebec  to  Michigan, 
Georgia  and  Arkansas.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough, 
close-grained,  light  brown;  weight  48  Ibs.  per  cubic 
foot.  May-June.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 


2" 


522 


FAGACEAE. 


18.   Quercus  Michauxii  Nutt.     Cow  Oak, 

Basket  Oak.     (Fig.  1245.) 
Quercus  Michauxii  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  215.      1818. 

A  large  tree,  with  gray  flaky  bark;  maximum 
height  about  100°  and  trunk  diameter  7°.  Leaves 
obovate  or  broadly  oblong,  apex  acute  or  acuminate, 
base  narrowed,  rounded  or  subcordate,  when  mature 
bright  green,  shining  above,  pale  and  gray  tomeutu- 
lose  beneath,  sharply  toothed,  4/-7/  long,  2_^/-4^/ 
wide,  the  teeth  acute  or  mucronulate;  petioles  slen- 
der, ^/-i^/ long;  fruit  maturing  the  first  season, 
short-peduncled  or  sessile;  styles  very  short;  cup 
depressed-hemispheric,  \'-\l/2f  broad,  its  bracts 
thick,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  appressed;  acorns  ovoid, 
i/-i^/  high,  about  3  times  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  moist  soil,  Delaware  to  Indiana,  Arkansas,  Flor- 
ida and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  dense,  dura- 
ble; color  light  brown;  weight  50  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot. 
April-May.  Acorns  ripe  Sept.-Oct,  sweet  and  edible. 

19.    Quercus  Prinus  L,.     Rock  Chestnut  Oak.     (Fig.  1246.) 

Quercus  Prinus  L.  Sp.  PI.  996.      1753. 

A  large  forest  tree;  maximum  height  about  100°, 
and  trunk  diameter  5°;  lower  branches  spreading; 
bark  brown,  ridged,  slightly  flaky.  Leaves 
coarsely  crenate,  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ob- 
ovate, when  mature  dark  green,  glabrous  and 
feebly  shining  above,  finely  gray-tomentulose  be- 
neath, 5/-8/  long,  i^/-4/  wide;  petioles  slender, 
yt'-\l/t'  long;  fruit  maturing  the  first  season; 
peduncles  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
styles  very  short;  cup  hemispheric,  ^/-i^/ broad, 
its  bracts  tomentose,  triangular-ovate,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  i/-i^/  high, 
2-3  times  as  high  as  the  cup;  seed  edible,  but  not 
very  sweet. 

In  dry  soil,  Maine  to  southern  Ontario,  Alabama  and 
Tennessee.  Wood  hard,  strong,  close-grained,  dura- 
ble; color  dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  47  Ibs. 
May-June.  Acorns  ripe  Oct. -Nov. 

20.    Quercus  acuminata  (Michx.)  Sarg. 
Chestnut  or  Yellow  Oak.     (Fig.  1247.) 

Quercus  Prinus  acuminata  Michx.  Hist.  Chenes  Am. 

no.  5.  pi.  8.  1801. 
Quercus  Muhlenbergii  Engelm.  Trans.  St.  Louis 

Acad.  3:  391.  1877. 
Quercus  acuminata  Sarg.  Card.  &  For.  8:  93.  1895. 

A  tree  with  gray  flaky  bark,  much  resembling 
the  chestnut;  maximum  height  about  160°,  and 
trunk  diameter  3^°.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate 
or  sometimes  obovate,  apex  acuminate  or  acute, 
base  narrowed  or  rounded;  coarsely  toothed,  when 
mature  dark  green  and  shining  above,  pale,  gray- 
tomentulose  and  prominently  'veined  beneath, 
4/-6/  long,  i/-2^/  wide;  petioles  slender,  %'-if 
long;  fruit  sessile  or  very  short-peduncled,  matur- 
ing the  first  season;  cup  hemispheric,  5//-8// 
broad,  its  bracts  floccose,  ovate,  thick,  acute  or 
cuspidate,  appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  6//-io//  high, 
about  twice  as  high  as  the  cup. 

In  dry  soil,  preferring  limestone  ridges,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Alabama 
and  Texas.  Wood  hard,  strong,  dense,  close-grained,  durable,  dark  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot 
54  Ibs.  May-June.  Acorns  ripe  Oct.-Nov.,  edible. 


BEECH  FAMILY. 


523 


21.    Quercus  prinoides  Willd.     Scrub  Chestnut  Oak.     (Fig.  1248.) 

Quercus  prinoides  Willd.  Neue  Schrift.  Ges.  Nat- 
Fr.  Berlin,  3:  397.      1801. 

A  sbrub,  2°-i5°  tall,  sometimes  tree-like,  the 
bark  gray.  Leaves  obovate,  coarsely  toothed, 
when  mature  bright  green  and  somewhat  shin- 
ing above,  gray-tomentulose  beneath,  2%'-^ 
long,  2'-$'  wide,  mostly  acute  or  short-acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
teeth  short,  triangular,  subacute  or  obtuse; 
petioles  slender,  $"-<)"  long;  fruit  sessile, 
maturing  the  first  season;  cup  hemispheric,  thin, 
about  yz'  broad  and  one-half  as  high,  its  bracts 
floccose,  triangular-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
appressed;  acorn  ovoid,  obtuse,  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  cup;  seed  sweet. 

In  dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil,  Maine  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Alabama  and  Texas.  Apparently  inter- 
grades  with  the  preceding:.  April-May.  Acorns 
ripe  Sept.-Oct.  Called  also  Chinkapin  Oak. 

22.    Quercus  Virginiana  Mill.     L/ive  Oak.     (Fig.  1249.) 

Quercus  Virginiana  Mill.  Card.  Diet.  Ed.  8,  no. 

•     1 6.      1768. 

Quercus  virens  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  356.      1789. 

A  tree,  with  rough  brown  bark,  attaining  a 
maximum  height  of  about  60°  and  trunk  diam- 
eter of  7°,  but  often  shrubby,  the  young  shoots 
puberulent.  Leaves  evergreen,  coriaceous,  ob- 
long, elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  apex  obtuse,  base 
narrowed  or  rounded,  entire  or  with  a  few  bristle- 
tipped  teeth,  bright  green  and  glabrous  above, 
pale  green  and  puberulent  or  becoming  glabrous 
beneath,  \'-$f  long;  petioles  stout,  i//~3//  long; 
fruit  peduncled,  maturing  the  first  season;  pe- 
duncle %'-\'  long;  cup  turbinate,  5" -8"  broad, 
its  bracts  closely  appressed,  ovate  or  lanceolate; 
acorn  ovoid-oblong,  about  twice  as  high  as  the 
cup;  seed  not  edible;  cotyledons  united. 

In  dry  soil,  Virginia  to  Florida,  Texas  and 
Mexico,  mostly  near  the  coast.  Also  in  Cuba. 
Wood  very  hard,  tough;  close-grained  and  dense; 
color  yellow-brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  59  Ibs. 
March-April.  Acorns  ripe  Sept-Oct. 

Family  8.     ULMACEAE  Mirbel,  Elem.  2:  905.       1815. 

ELM  FAMILY. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  serrate  petioled  pinnately  veined  stipu- 
late leaves,  the  stipules  usually  fugacious.  Flowers  small,  monoecious,  dioe- 
cious, perfect  or  polygamous,  lateral  or  axillary,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate  soli- 
tary. Perianth  3~9-parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in 
our  species  as  many  as  the  perianth-lobes  or  sepals  and  opposite  them ;  filaments 
straight;  anthers  ovate  or  oval,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  i -celled  (rarely 
2-celled),  mostly  superior;  ovule  solitary,  pendulous,  anatropous  or  amphitro- 
pous;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  drupe  or  nut.  Endosperm  of  the 
seed  little  or  none.  Embryo  straight  or  curved;  cotyledons  mostly  flat. 

About  13  genera  and  140  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

Flowers  borne  in  clusters  on  twigs  of  the  preceding  season;  fruit  a  samara,  or  nut-like. 

Flowers  expanding  before  the  leaves;  calyx  4~9-cleft;  fruit  a  samara.  i.   Ulmus. 

Flowers  expanding  with  the  leaves;  calyx  4-5-cleft;  fruit  nut-like.  2.  Planera. 

Flowers  borne  on  twigs  of  the  season,  the  pistillate  mostly  solitary;  fruit  a  drupe.  3.  Celtis. 


524 


ULMACEAE. 


i.  ULMUS  L,.  Sp.  PI.  225.       1753. 

Trees,  with  2-ranked  straight-veined  inequilateral  serrate  leaves,  with  thin  caducous 
stipules.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  fascicled  or  racemose,  greenish,  unfolding  before 
the  leaves,  borne  axillary  on  the  twigs  of  the  preceding  season.  Calyx  campanulate,  4-9- 
lobed,  persistent,  its  lobes  imbricated.  Filaments  erect,  slender,  exserted.  Ovary  sessile  or 
stalked,  compressed.  Styles  2,  divergent,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  margin.  Fruit  a  I- seeded 
flat  orbicular  or  oval  samara,  its  membranous  wings  continuous  all  around  except  at  the 
apex,  commonly  as  broad  as  or  broader  than  the  body.  Embryo  straight.  [The  ancient 
Latin  name  of  the  elm;  Celtic  elm.'} 


About  16  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
in  the  southwestern  United  States  and  one  in  Mexico. 


Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 


Leaves  smooth  or  slightly  rough  above;  samara  densely  ciliate. 

None  of  the  branches  corky- winged;  samara-faces  glabrous.  i.   U.Americana. 

Some  or  all  of  the  branches  corky-winged;  samara-faces  pubescent.  , 

Leaves  2' -5'  long;  flowers  racemose;  northern.  2.    U.  racemosa. 

Leaves  i'~3'  long;  flowers  fascicled;  southern.  3.   U.  alata. 

Leaves  very  rough  above;  samara  not  ciliate;  twigs  not  corky-winged.  4.   U.fulva. 


i.    Ulmus  Americana  L.     American,  White  or  Water  Elm.     (Fig.  1250.) 

Ulmus  Americana  L.  Sp.  PI.  226.      1753. 

A  large  tree,  with  gray  flaky  bark,  and  glabrous 
or  sparingly  pubescent  twigs  and  buds;  maximum 
height  about  120°,  and  trunk  diameter  11°;  the 
branches  not  corky- winged,  terete.  Leaves  oval  or 
obovate,  apex  abruptly  acuminate,  base  obtuse  or 
obtusish,  and  very  inequilateral,  sharply  and  usually 
doubly  serrate,  slightly  rough  above,  pubescent  or 
becoming  glabrous  beneath,  2/-5/  long,  i%f-$f 
wide;  flowers  fascicled;  pedicels  filiform,  drooping, 
jointed;  calyx  y-g-lobed,  oblique,  its  lobes  oblong, 
rounded;  samara  ovate-oval,  reticulate-veined,  5r/- 
6X/  long,  its  faces  glabrous,  its  margins  densely  cil- 
iate; styles  strongly  incurved. 

In  moist  soil,  especially  along  streams,  Newfound- 
land to  Manitoba,  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  close-grained,  compact,  dark  brown;  weight 
per  cubic  foot  40.5  Ibs.  March-April.  Samaras  ripe 
in  May. 

2.    Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas.     Cork  or  Rock  Elm.     (Fig.  1251.) 

Ulmus  racemosa  Thomas,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  19:  170.  1831. 

A  large  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  100°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  4°,  the  young 
twigs  puberulent;  bud-scales  ciliate  and  somewhat 
pubescent;  branches,  or  some  of  them,  winged  by 
narrow  plates  of  cork.  Leaves  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding, but  less  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above; 
flowers  racemose;  pedicels  filiform,  drooping, 
jointed;  calyx-lobes  oblong,  rounded;  samara  oval, 
6//-8//  long,  its  faces  pubescent  or  puberulent,  its 
margins  densely  ciliate;  persistent  styles  strongly 
incurved  and  overlapping. 

In  rich  soil,  Quebec  to  Ontario,  Michigan,  Tennessee 
and  Nebraska.  Wood  hard,  strong,  tough,  compact; 
color  light  reddish -brown ;  weight  per  cubic  foot  45  Ibs. 
April.  Called  also  Cliff,  Hickory  or  Swamp  Elm. 

Ulmus  campestris  L.,  from  Europe,  distinguished  by 
its  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  not  ciliate  samaras,  and 
wingless  branches,  rarely  escapes  from  cultivation. 


ELM   FAMILY.  525 

3.    Ulmus  alata  Michx.     Winged  Elm.     Wahoo.     (Fig.  1252.) 

Ulmus  alata  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  173.      1803. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  50°  high  and  with  a 
trunk  diameter  of  2^°;  the  branches,  or  most  of 
them,  with  corky  wing-like  ridges.  Twigs  and  buds 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  leaves  oblong,  oblong-lance- 
olate or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  doubly  serrate,  base 
obtuse,  inequilateral  and  sometimes  subcordate, 
roughish  above,  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  on  the 
veins,  i '-3' long,  Yz'-^/i'  wide,  the  veins  ascending, 
some  of  them  commonly  forked;  flowers  fascicled; 
pedicels  filiform;  calyx-lobes  obovate,  rounded;  sa- 
mara oblong,  4//~5//  long,  pubescent  on  the  faces, 
the  margins  densely  ciliate;  styles  very  slender. 

In  dry  or  moist  soil,  southern  Virginia  to  Florida, 
west  to  southern  Illinois,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  Wood 
hard,  weak,  compact;  color  brown;  weight  per  cubic 
foot  47  Ibs.  March. 


Michx.     Slippery,  Red  or  Moose  Elm.     (Fig.  1253.) 


Ulmus  pubescens  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  in.      1788.  ? 
Ulmus fulva  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  172.      1803. 

A  tree,  with  rough  gray  fragrant  bark,  maxi- 
mum height  about  70° ,  and  trunk  diameter  2^ ° ; 
twigs  rough-pubescent;  branches  not  corky- 
winged;  bud -scales  densely  brown-tomentose. 
Leaves  ovate,  oval  or  obovate,  very  rough 
with  short  papillae  above,  pubescent  beneath, 
sharply  doubly  serrate,  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
obtuse,  inequilateral  and  commonly  cordate  at 
the  base,  4/-8/  long,  2/-2^/  wide;  flowers  fas- 
cicled; pedicels  a//-3//  long,  spreading,  jointed 
near  the  base;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  subacute, 
samara  oval-orbicular,  6//-9//  long,  pubescent 
over  the  seed,  otherwise  glabrous,  the  margins 
not  ciliate,  retuse. 

In  woods,  on  hills  and  along  streams,  Quebec 
to  North  Dakota,  Florida  and  Texas.  Wood  hard, 
strong,  compact,  durable;  color  dark  reddish- 
brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  43  Ibs.  Foliage  and 
mucilaginous  inner  bark  very  fragrant  in  drying. 
March-April. 


2.    PLANERA  J.  F.  Gmel.  Syst.  2:  Part  i,  150.       1791. 

Trees,  similar  to  the  elms,  the  flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous,  unfolding  with  the 
leaves.  Staminate  flowers  fascicled  on  twigs  of  the  preceding  season,  the  pistillate  or  per- 
fect ones  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  year.  Calyx  4-5-cleft,  campanulate,  persistent,  the 
lobes  imbricated.  Filaments  filiform,  straight,  exserted.  Ovary  stalked,  ovoid,  slightly 
compressed,  i-celled.  Styles  2,  spreading,  stigmatic  along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  nut-like; 
coriaceous,  obliquely  ovoid,  compressed,  ridged  on  the  back,  covered  with  short  fleshy  pro- 
cesses. Embryo  straight.  [Name  in  honor  of  Johann  Jakob  Planer,  1743-1789,  Professor 
of  Botany  in  Erfurt.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  southeastern  North  America. 


526 


ULMACEAE. 


i.    Planera  aquatica  (Walt.)  J.  F.  Gmel. 

(Fig.  1254.) 


Planer-tree.     Water  Elm. 


Anonymos  aquatica  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  230.      1788. 
Planera  aquatica  J.  F.   Gmel.  Syst.  2:  Part  i, 
150.      1791. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  40°  high,  and 
with  a  trunk  2°  in  diameter,  the  foliage 
nearly  glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  cor- 
date and  usually  somewhat  inequilateral  at 
the  base,  serrate,  i/-2/  long;  petioles  i^"- 
"i"  long;  stipules  lanceolate,  about  as  long  as 
the  petioles,  deciduous;  staminate  flowers 
fascicled  and  somewhat  racemose  from  scaly 
buds  borne  at  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  pre- 
ceding season;  perfect  or  pistillate  flowers 
on  short  branches;  fruit  2//-3//  long,  about 
equalling  its  stalk,  its  soft  processes  y2" 
long. 

In  swamps,  Missouri  to  southern  Indiana, 
Kentucky  and  North  Carolina,  south  to  Louisi- 
ana and  Florida.  Wood  soft,  weak,  compact, 
light  brown;  weight  per  cubic  foot  33  Ibs. 
April-May. 

3.    CELTIS  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1043.       1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  or  entire  pinnately  veined  or  in  some  species  3-5-nerved 
leaves,  and  polygamous  or  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious?)  flowers,  borne  in  the  axils  of 
leaves  of  the  season,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  fertile  solitary  or  2-3  together.  Calyx 
4-6-parted  or  of  distinct  sepals.  Filaments  erect,  exserted.  Ovary  sessile.  Stigmas  2,  re- 
curved or  divergent,  tomentose  or  plumose.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  globose  drupe,  the  exocarp 
pulpy,  the  endocarp  bony.  Seed-coat  membranous.  Embryo  curved.  [Name  ancient,  used 
by  Pliny  for  an  African  Lotus-tree.] 

About  60  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Besides  the  following,  some  3 
others  occur  in  the  southern  and  southwestern  parts  of  North  America. 


Leaves  sharply  serrate,  thin;  ripe  drupe  4" -5"  in  diameter. 
Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  thick;  drupe  2^-3"  in  diameter. 


1.  C.  occidentalis. 

2.  C.  Mississippiensis. 


i.    Celtis  occidentalis  L/.     Hackberry. 

Celtis  occidentalis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1044.      1753. 
Celtis  pumila  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  200.      1814. 

A  tree  or  shrub,  attaining  a  maximum 
height  of  about  125°  and  a  trunk  diameter 
of  5°,  the  bark  dark  and  rough,  the  twigs 
glabrous.  Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  mostly  thin,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  inequilateral  and  3-nerved 
at  the  base,  pinnately  veined,  i^/-4/  long, 
i'-2%'  wide,  glabrous  above,  pubescent,  at 
least  on  the  veins,  beneath;  staminate  flowers 
numerous;  pistillate  flowers  usually  solitary, 
slender-peduncled;  calyx -segments  linear- 
oblong,  deciduous;  drupe  globose  and  pur- 
ple, or  nearly  black  when  mature,  or  orange, 
4//-5//  in  diameter,  sometimes  edible. 

In  dry  soil,  Quebec  to  Manitoba,  south  to 
Louisiana,  North  Carolina,  Missouri  and  Kan- 
sas. Wood  soft,  weak,  coarse-grained;  color 
light  yellow;  weight  per  cubic  foot  40  Ibs. 
April-May.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.  Also  known  as 
Nettle-tree  and  False  Elm. 


Sugar-berry.     (Fig.  1255.) 


ELM   FAMILY.  527 

2.    Celtis  Mississippiensis  Bosc.     Southern  Hackberry.     (Fig.  1256.) 


Celtis  Mississippiensis  Bosc,  Diet.  Agric.  10: 
41.      1810. 

A  tree,  similar  to  the  preceding  species, 
but  commonly  smaller,  the  bark  light  gray, 
rough  and  warty.  Leaves  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, firm,  shining,  entire  or  with  a  few  low 
sharp  teeth,  3-nerved  and  prominently  pin- 
nately  veined,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  inequilateral  and 
obtuse  or  sometimes  cordate  at  the  base,  i'- 
3'  long,  y^'-i1/?.'  wide;  peduncles  mostly 
shorter  than  those  of  the  preceding  species; 
drupe  globose,  purple-black,  2^//~3//  in 
diameter. 


In  dry  soil,  North  Carolina  to  southern  Illi- 
nois and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas. 
Probably  intergrades  with  C.  occidentalis. 
April.  Fruit  ripe  July-Aug. 


Family  9.     MORACEAE  L,indl.  Veg.  Kingd.  266.       1847. 
MULBERRY  FAMILY. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  mostly  with  milky  sap,  alternate  or  opposite  petioled 
stipulate  leaves,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  axillary  clustered  flowers,  or 
the  pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  some  exotic  genera.  Calyx  mostly  4~5-parted. 
Petals  none.  Staminate  flowers  panicled,  spicate  or  capitate,  the  stamens  as 
many  as  the  calyx-segments.  Filaments  erect  or  inflexed  in  the  bud.  Pistillate 
flowers  capitate,  spicate  or  cymose.  Ovary  superior,  i -celled  in  our  genera. 
Ovule  solitary,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Styles  i  or  2.  Fruit  various.  Embryo 
straight,  curved  or  spiral. 

About  55  genera  and  925  species,  natives  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  The  largest  genus 
is  Ficus,  the  Fig,  of  which  there  are  over  600  known  species. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  stipules  fugacious. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  spiked;  leaves  dentate  or  lobed.  i.  Morus. 

Staminate  flowers  racemose  or  spiked;  pistillate  capitate. 

Pistillate  perianth  deeply  4-cleft;  leaves  entire.  2.    Toxylon. 

Pistillate  perianth  3-4-toothed;  leaves  various.  3.  Broussonelia. 

Erect  or  twining  herbs;  stipules  persistent. 

Twining  vines;  pistillate  flowers  in  ament-like  clusters.  4.  Humulus. 

Erect  herb;  pistillate  flowers  spicate.  5.   Cannabis. 

i.    MORUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  986.      1753. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milky  sap,  alternate  dentate  and  often  lobed,  3-nerved  leaves,  fuga- 
cious stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers,  in  axillary  ament-like  spikes,  the 
pistillate  spikes  ripening  into  a  succulent  aggregate  fruit.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-parted 
perianth,  its  segments  somewhat  imbricated,  and  4  stamens,  the  filaments  inflexed  in  the 
bud,  straightening  and  exserted  in  anthesis.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  persistent 
perianth,  which  becomes  fleshy  in  fruit,  a  sessile  ovary,  and  2  linear  spreading  stigmas. 
Fruiting  perianth  enclosing  the  ripened  ovary,  the  exocarp  succulent,  the  endocarp  crusta- 
ceous.  Albumen  scanty;  embryo  curved.  [The  ancient  name  of  the  mulberry;  Celtic  mor.~\ 


About  10  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
in  the  southwestern  United  States. 


Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 


Leaves  rough  above,  pubescent  beneath;  fruit  purple;  spikes  i'-i^'  long.          •  i.  M.  rubra. 

Leaves  smooth  and  glabrous,  or  very  nearly  so,  on  both  sides;  fruit  nearly  white;  spikes  5" -7"  long. 

2.  M.  alba. 


34 


528  MORACEAE. 

i.    Morus  rubra  L,.     Red  Mulberry.     (Fig.  1257.) 

Morus  rubra  L,.  Sp.  PI.  986.      1753. 

A  tree,  attaining  a  maximum  height  of 
about  65°  and  a  trunk  diameter  of  7°,  the 
bark  brown  and  rough.  Leaves  ovate  or 
nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  scabrous  above, 
persistently  pubescent  beneath,  or  when 
young  almost  tomentose,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base,  serrate-dentate  or  3-7-lobed,  $'-$' 
long;  petioles  slender,  7//-i8//  long;  stami- 
nate  spikes  drooping,  i^ '-3' long;  pistillate 
spikes  spreading  or  pendulous  in  fruit,  i'- 
\l/2f  long,  4//~5//  in  diameter  when  mature, 
slender-peduncled,  dark  purple-red,  deli- 


In  rich  soil,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Michi- 
gan and  South  Dakota,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Wood  soft,  weak,  compact,  durable; 
color  light  yellow;  weight  per  cubic  foot  37 
Ibs.  April-May.  Fruit  ripe  in  June. 


2.    Morus  alba  I,.     White  Mulberry.     (Fig.  1258.) 


Morus  alba  L,.  Sp.  PI.  986.      1753. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  40°  high  and  with 
a  trunk  3°  in  diameter,  the  bark  light  gray, 
rough,  the  branches  spreading.  Leaves 
ovate,  thin,  smooth,  glabrous  and  somewhat 
shining  on  both  sides,  acute  or  abruptly  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  cor- 
date at  the  base,  varying  from  serrate  to  vari- 
ously lobed,  2/-6/  long;  petioles  slender, 
shorter  than  the  blades;  staminate  spikes 
slender,  drooping,  about  \'  long;  pistillate 
spikes  oblong  or  subglobose,  drooping,  5//- 
7//  long,  3"  in  diameter  and  white  or  pinkish 
when  mature,  not  as  succulent  as  those  of 
the  preceding  species. 

Sparingly  escaped  from  cultivation,  Maine 
and  Ontario  to  Florida.  Introduced  from  the 
Old  World  for  feeding  silkworms.  May.  Fruit 
ripe  July- Aug. 


1817. 


2.    TOXYLON  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2:  118. 

[MACI<URA  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  233.      1818.] 

A  tree,  with  milky  sap,  thick  entire  dark  green  alternate  petioled  pinnately  veined 
leaves,  stout  axillary  spines,  caducous  stipules  and  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  the  staminate 
racemose,  the  pistillate  capitate.  Stamiuate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  calyx,  its  segments  val- 
vate,  and  4  stamens,  the  filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud,  straightening  and  somewhat  exserted 
in  anthesis.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-cleft  calyx  enclosing  the  sessile  ovary,  and  a  filiform 
simple  long-exserted  style,  the  calyces  becoming  fleshy  and  enlarged  in  fruit,  densely  aggre- 
gated into  a  large  globular  head.  Endosperm  none;  embryo  curved.  [Name  Greek,  signi- 
fying bow-wood.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  the  south-central  United  States. 


MULBERRY   FAMILY. 


529 


i.    Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.     Osage  Orange.     (Fig.  1259.) 

Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.  Am.  Month.  Mag.  2-  118. 
1817. 

Madura  aurantiaca  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  234.    1818. 

A  tree  with  ridged  brown  bark,  and  spreading 
branches;  maximum  height  about  60°,  and  trunk 
diameter  2^°;  foliage  puberulent  when  young, 
glabrous  when  mature.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate- 
lanceolate  or  ovate-oblong,  glossy,  entire,  3/-6/ 
long,  apex  acuminate,  base  obtuse,  truncate  or 
subcordate;  petioles  ^/-2/  long;  axillary  spines 
straight,  sometimes  3'  long;  staminate  racemes 
l/2'-\'  long,  usually  numerous;  flowers  about  i" 
broad;  head  of  pistillate  flowers  peduncled,  pen- 
dulous, about  \f  in  diameter,  ripening  into  a  hard 
yellowish  tubercled  syncarp  2/-6/  in  diameter. 

In  rich  soil,  Missouri  and  Kansas  to  Texas.  Wood 
hard,  very  strong,  dense,  durable;  color  bright  orange; 
weight  per  cubic  foot  48  Ibs.  Much  planted  for 
hedges  and  occasionally  spontaneous  in  the  East. 
May-June.  Fruit  ripe  Oct.-Nov. 

3.    BROUSSONETIA  I/Her;  Vent.  Tabl.  3:  547.       1799. 

Trees,  with  milky  sap,  the  leaves  alternate,  petioled,  entire,  serrate,  or  3~5-lobed,  3- 
nerved  at  the  base.  Flowers  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  cylindric  ament-like  spikes,  the 
pistillate  capitate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  deeply  4-cleft  perianth,  4  stamens,  and  a  mi- 
nute rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  ovoid  or  tubular  3-4-toothed  perianth,  a 
stalked  ovary  and  a  2-cleft  style.  Head  of  fruit  globular,  the  drupes  red,  exserted  beyond 
the  persistent  perianth.  [Name  in  honor  of  Broussonet,  French  naturalist.] 

About  4  species,  natives  of  eastern  Asia. 

i.  Broussonetia  papyrifera  (L.)  Vent. 
Paper  Mulberry.      (Fig.  1260.) 

IForns  papyrifera  L.  Sp.  PI.  986.      1753. 
Broussonetia  papyrifera  Vent.  Tabl.  3:  548.      1799. 

A  small  tree,  sometimes  40°  high,  the  young 
shoots  hirsute-tomentose.  Leaves  mostly  ovate, 
thin,  long-petioled,  serrate  nearly  all  around, 
often  deeply  3-lobed,  sometimes  with  a  lobe  on 
one  side  only,  as  in  Sassafras,  rarely  5-lobed, 
rough  above,  tomentose  beneath,  3/-8/  long, 
the  sinuses  rounded;  petioles  ^'-3'  long,  hir- 
sute-tomentose, at  least  when  young;  spikes  of 
staminate  flowers  2/~3/  long;  peduncled;  heads 
of  pistillate  flowers  yi'-i'  in  diameter,  stout- 
peduncled. 

Escaped  from  cultivation,  southern  New  York  to 
Georgia  and  Missouri.  May-June. 

4.    HUMULUS  L.  Sp.  PI.  1028.      1753. 

Twining  herbaceous  perennial  rough  vines,  with  broad  opposite  thin  petioled  palmately 
veined  serrate  3-y-lobed  or  undivided  leaves,  lanceolate  membranous  persistent  stipules, 
and  dioecious  axillary  flowers,  the  staminate  panicled,  the  pistillate  in  ament-like  drooping 
clustered  spikes.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  the  segments  distinct  and  imbri- 
cated, and  5  short  erect  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  in  2's  in  the  axil  of  each  bract  of  the 
ament,  consisting  of  a  membranous  entire  perianth,  clasping  the  ovary,  and  2  filiform  cadu- 
cous stigmas.  Fruiting  aments  cone-like,  the  persistent  bracts  subtending  the  compressed 
ovate  achenes.  Endosperm  fleshy.  Embryo  spirally  coiled.  [Name  said  to  be  the  diminu- 
tive of  the  Latin  humus,  earth.] 

Two  species,  the  following  widely  distributed  through  the  north  temperate  zone,  the  other 
native  of  northeastern  Asia. 


530 


MORACEAE. 


i.    Humulus    Lupulus   L,.     Hop. 
(Fig.  1261.) 

Humulus  Lupulus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1028.      1753. 

A  dextrorsely  twining  or  prostrate  vine,  often  25° 
long,  very  rough  with  stiff  reflexed  hairs.  Leaves  or- 
bicular or  ovate  in  outline,  slender-petioled,  deeply 
3-7-cleft  or  some  of  the  upper  ones  ovate,  acute  and 
merely  serrate;  petioles  Y^'-^f  long;  stipules  re- 
flexed,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acuminate,  4//-i2// 
long;  panicles  of  staminate  flowers  2/-5/  long;  ripe 
pistillate  clusters  (hops)  i'-2*4'  long;  fruiting  bracts 
broadly  ovate,  concave,  thin,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  obtuse,  much  longer  than  the  achenes;  fruiting 
calyx  and  achene  strongly  resinous-aromatic. 

In  thickets  and  on  river-banks,  Nova  Scotia  to  Man- 
itoba, south  to  southern  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  in 
the  Alleghanies  to  Georgia,  to  Kansas,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  Ex- 
tensively escaped  from  cultivation.  Native  also  of 
Europe  and  Asia.  July-Aug.  Fruit  ripe  Sept.-Oct. 

5.    CANNABIS  L.  Sp.  PL  1027.       1753. 

A  stout  erect  rough  and  puberulent  herb,  with  alternate  and  opposite  petioled  digitately 
5-n-divided  thin  leaves,  persistent  subulate  stipules,  and  greenish  dioecious  axillary  flowers, 
the  staminate  panicled,  the  pistillate  spicate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  5-parted  calyx,  the 
sepals  distinct  and  imbricated,  and  5  short  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils 
of  foliaceous  bracts,  consisting  of  a  thin  entire  calyx  clasping  the  sessile  ovary,  and  2  fili- 
form caducous  stigmas.  Fruit  a  compressed  achene.  Endosperm  fleshy;  embryo  curved. 
[The  classic  name  of  hemp.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  central  Asia. 


i.    Cannabis  sativa  L,.       Hemp. 
(Fig.  1262.) 

Cannabis  sativa  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1027.      1753. 

An  annual  branching  herb,  3°-io°  tall,  the  inner 
fibrous  bark  very  tough,  the  branches  nearly  erect. 
Leaves  divided  to  the  base,  the  segments  lanceo- 
late or  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
sharply  and  coarsely  serrate,  $'-6'  long,  %f-\f  wide; 
staminate  panicles  narrow,  loose,  peduncled,  $'-5' 
long;  pedicels  filiform,  bracteolate,  i//-3//  long; 
pistillate  spikes  erect,  leafy -bracted,  i'  long  or  less 
in  fruit;  achene  crustaceous,  ovoid-oblong,  about 
2"  high. 

In  waste  places,  New  Brunswick  to  Ontario  and 
Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina,  Tennessee  and 
Kansas.  Widely  distributed  in  all  temperate  regions 
through  cultivation,  and  occasionally  a  troublesome 
weed.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 


1828. 


Family  10.     URTICACEAE  Reichenb.  Consp.  83. 
NETTLE  FAMILY. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees),  with  watery  sap,  alternate  or 
opposite  mostly  stipulate  simple  leaves,  and  small  greenish  dioecious,  monoe- 
cious or  polygamous  flowers,  variously  clustered.  Calyx  2-5 -cleft,  or  of  distinct 
sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  as  many  as  the  lobes 
or  segments  of  the  calyx  (sepals)  and  opposite  them,  the  filaments  inflexed  and 
anthers  reversed  in  the  bud,  straightening  at  anthesis.  Ovary  superior,  i -celled; 
style  simple;  stigma  capitate  and  penicillate,  or  filiform;  ovule  solitary,  erect  or 
ascending,  orthotropous,  or  in  some  genera  partly  amphitropous.  Fruit  an 
achene.  Endosperm  oily,  usually  not  copious;  embryo  straight. 

About  40  genera  and  475  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 


NETTLE  FAMILY. 


531 


Herbs  with  stinging  hairs. 

Leaves  opposite;  both  kinds  of  flowers  4-parted;  achene  straight.  i.    Urtica. 

Leaves  alternate;  staminate  flowers  5-parted;  achene  oblique.  2.    Urticastrum. 

Herbs  without  stinging  hairs. 

Flower-clusters  panicled  or  spiked,  not  involucrate;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Pistillate  calyx  3-parted  or  of  3  sepals.  3.  Adicea. 

Pistillate  calyx  2-4-toothed  or  entire.  4.  Boehmeria. 

Flower-clusters  involucrate  by  leafy  bracts;  leaves  alternate.  5.  Parietaria. 

i.    URTICA  L.  Sp.  PI.  983.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  simple  or  branching  herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  opposite  3-7- 
nerved  petioled  dentate  or  incised  leaves,  and  distinct  or  connate  stipules.  Flowers  very 
small  and  numerous,  axillary,  cymose- paniculate,  or  glomerate,  dioecious,  monoecious  or  an- 
drogynous. Staminate  flowers  with  a  deeply  4-parted  calyx  and  4  stamens.  Pistillate 
calyx  4-parted,  the  segments  unequal,  the  exterior  ones  usually  smaller  than  the  inner; 
ovary  straight;  stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so;  ovule  erect,  orthotropous.  Achene  compressed, 
ovate  or  oblong,  enclosed  by  the  persistent  membranous  or  slightly  fleshy  calyx.  Seed- 
coat  thin;  endosperm  little;  cotyledons  broad.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.] 

About  30  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Perennials,  2°-j°  tall;  flower-clusters  large,  compound. 

Leaves  ovate,  cordate  at  base.  i.   U.  dioica. 

Leaves  laciniate,  rarely  cordate.  2.    U.  gracilis. 

Annuals,  6' -2^°  tall;  flower-clusters  small,  mostly  glomerate. 

Leaves  oval,  laciniate-dentate;  plant  leafy  at  the  top.  3. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  crenate;  upper  leaves  very  small.  4. 


U.  urens. 

U.  chamaedryoides. 


i.   Urtica  dioica  L.     Stinging  or  Great 
Nettle.     (Fig.  1263.) 

Urtica  dioica  L.  Sp.  PI.  984.      1753. 

Perennial,  densely  beset  with  stinging  hairs, 
stem  rather  stout,  2°-4°  tall,  puberulent  above. 
Leaves  thin,  ovate,  long-petioled,  acute  or  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  sharply 
or  incisely  serrate  with  triangular  or  lanceolate 
acute  teeth,  pubescent  beneath,  3-5-nerved,  3'- 
5'  long,  i/-3/  wide;  petioles  very  slender,  shorter 
than  the  blades;  stipules  lanceolate;  flower- 
clusters  large,  compound,  cymose-paniculate; 
flowers  dioecious  or  androgynous. 

In  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  South  Carolina  and  Missouri. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia. 
Plant  lower,  stouter  and  much  more  stinging  than 
the  following  species.  July-Sept. 


2.  Urtica  gracilis  Ait.     Slender  Nettle. 
(Fig.  1264.) 

Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  Hort.  Kew.  3:  341.      1789. 

Perennial,  sparingly  armed  with  stinging 
hairs,  stem  usually  slender,  erect,  simple  or  with 
few  erect  branches,  2°-7°  tall.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late or  ovate-lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  sometimes 
rounded  at  the  base  (rarely  subcordate),  sharply 
serrate,  3-5-nerved,  sparingly  pubescent,  3/-6/ 
long,  l/tf-~il/i'  wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades,  usually  bristly;  stipules  lanceolate; 
flower-clusters  compound,  smaller  than  those  of 
the  preceding  species,  but  commonly  longer  than 
the  petioles;  flowers  dioecious  or  androgynous. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  British  Columbia, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Louisiana  and  Kansas. 
June-Oct. 


532 


URTICACEAE. 
3.    Urtica  urens  L.     Small  Nettle.     (Fig.  1265.) 


Urtica  urens  L.  Sp.  PI.  984.      1753. 

Annual,  stem  rather  stout,  6/-iS/  high, 
ascending  or  erect,  it  and  its  slender 
branches  stinging-bristly.  Leaves  thin, 
glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  elliptic,  oval  or 
ovate  in  outline,  deeply  incised  or  some- 
times doubly  serrate,  with  acute,  ascend- 
ing or  spreading  teeth,  3~5-nerved,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  or  acutish,  \f-$f  long, 
slender-petioled ;  petioles  often  as  long  as 
the  blades;  stipules  short;  flower-clusters 
oblong,  rather  dense,  mostly  shorter  than 
the  petioles;  flowers  androgynous. 


In  waste  places,  Newfoundland  to  northern 
New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Florida.  Also 
on  the  Pacific  Coast.  Naturalized  from  Eu- 
rope. May-Sept. 


4.    Urtica  chamaedryoides  Pursh.     Weak  Nettle.     (Fig.  1266.) 


Urtica  chamaedryoides  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept. 
113.      1814. 

Annual,  sparingly  stinging-bristly  but 
otherwise  nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  stem  very 
slender,  weak,  ascending,  simple  or  branched, 
6'-3°  long.  Leaves  slender-petioled,  thin, 
crenate-dentate,  the  lower  broadly  ovate  or 
orbicular,  obtuse  at  the  apex  and  usually  cor- 
date at  the  base,  ^'-i^7  wide,  the  upper 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base,  the 
uppermost  very  small;  stipules  lanceolate- 
subulate;  flower-clusters  small,  glomerate, 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  flowers  androgy- 
nous. 


In  thickets,  Kentucky  to  Arkansas,  south  to 
Georgia  and  Texas.     April-Aug. 


2.    URTICASTRUM  Fabr.  Enum.  204.       1759. 
[LAPORTEA  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  498.     1826.] 

Perennial  herbs,  armed  with  stinging  hairs,  the  leaves  broad,  alternate,  serrate,  petioled, 
the  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  sessile  in  loose  axillary  compound  cymes.  Staminate 
flowers  in  our  species  with  5  imbricated  sepals,  5  stamens  and  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistil- 
late flowers  with  4  unequal  sepals,  the  outer  i  or  2  minute,  an  oblique  or  nearly  straight  com- 
pressed ovary  and  a  subulate  slender  persistent  style;  ovule  erect.  Achene  very  oblique, 
flat,  reflexed.  Seed-coat  membranous.  Endosperm  scanty  or  wanting.  [Latin,  star  nettle.] 

About  25  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution,  only  the  following  North  American. 


NETTLE  FAMILY. 


533 


i.    Urticastrum  divaricatum  (L. )  Kuntze. 
Wood  Nettle.     (Fig.  1267.) 

Urtica  divaricata  L.  Sp.  PI.  985.      1753. 

Laportea  Canadensis  Gaud,  in  Freyc.  Voy.  Bot.  498.  1826. 

Urticastrum  divaricalum  Kuntze,    Rev.  Gen.  PI.   635. 

1891. 

Stem  rather  stout,  erect  or  ascending,  i^°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  thin,  ovate,  Ion g-petioled,  acuminate  or  acute 
at  the  apex,  sharply  serrate,  3-nerved  and  pinnately 
veined,  glabrous  or  with  some  stinging  hairs,  3/-7/ 
long,  2/-5/  wide;  petioles  very  slender,  i^'-s'  long; 
stipule  solitary,  small,  lanceolate,  2-cleft,  commonly 
deciduous;  flower-clusters  large  and  loose,  often 
longer  than  the  petioles,  the  lower  staminate,  the 
upper  pistillate,  divergent,  2/-6/  broad  in  fruit;  ulti- 
mate branches  of  the  fruiting  clusters  flat,  cuneate, 
emarginate;  achene  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  gla- 
brous., I1/?."  long. 

In  rich  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Kansas.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  the 
Adirondacks.  July-Aug. 

3.    ADICEA  Raf.  Ann.  Nat.  179.       1815. 
[PiLEA  Lindl.  Coll.    pi.  4.      1821.] 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  or  pubescent  stingless  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled 
mostly  3-nerved  leaves,  connate  stipules,  and  small  numerous  monoecious  or  dioecious  flow- 
ers in  axillary  cymose  or  glomerate  clusters.  Staminate  flowers  mostly  4-parted  (sometimes 
2-  or  3-parted)  and  with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  3-parted,  the  segments  in 
most  species  unequal,  each  subtending  a  staminodium  in  the  form  of  a  concave  scale;  ovary 
straight;  stigma  sessile,  pedicillate.  Achene  compressed,  ovate  or  suborbicular.  Seed-coat 
thin.  Endosperm  scanty  or  none.  [Name  unexplained.] 

About  150  species,  chiefly  in  the  tropics,  most  abundant  in  tropical  America.  Besides  the  fol- 
lowing, another  occurs  in  the  southern  United  States. 

i.   Adicea  pumila  (L. )  Raf.     Clearvveed. 
Richweed.     (Fig.  1268.) 

Urtica  pumila  L.  Sp.  PI.  984.      1753. 
Adicea  pumila  Raf. ;  Torr.  Fl.  N.  Y.  2:  223.     As  syno- 
nym.    1843. 
Pilea  pumila  A.  Gray,  Man.  437.      1848. 

Annual,  stems  pellucid,  erect,  usually  branched, 
glabrous,  succulent,  6/-2°  high.  Leaves  mem- 
branous, ovate,  slender-petioled,  acuminate  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the  base, 
3-nerved,  coarsely  dentate,  i/-5/  long,  sparingly 
pubescent  with  scattered  hairs;  petioles  often  as 
long  as  the  blades  and  much  longer  than  the  pis- 
tillate flower-clusters;  sepals  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  lanceolate,  nearly  equal;  achene  ovate, 
acute,  y-i"  long. 

In  swampy,  shaded  situations,  often  on  old  logs, 
New  Brunswick  to  western  Ontario  and  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida,  Louisiana  and  Kansas.  Ascends  to 
3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Also  in  Japan.  July-Sept. 

4.    BOEHMERIA  Jacq.  Stirp.  Am.  246.  //.  157.       1763. 

Perennial  stingless  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  even  trees),  with  opposite  or 
alternate  petioled  3-nerved  leaves,  distinct  or  connate  stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or  dioe- 
cious flowers,  glomerate  in  axillary  spikes  or  heads,  the  fertile  clusters  sometimes  leafy  at 
the  summit.  Staminate  flowers  mostly  4-parted  or  the  calyx  of  4  distinct  sepals,  usually 
with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  calyx  tubular  or  urn-shaped,  2-4-toothed  or  entire,  en- 
closing the  sessile  or  stalked  ovary;  stigma  subulate,  papillose  or  pubescent  along  one  side. 
Achene  enclosed  by  the  withering-persistent  pistillate  calyx.  [In  honor  of  Georg  Rudolph 
Boehmer,  1723-1803,  Professor  in  Wittenberg.] 

About  50  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical  regions,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America. 


534 


URTICACEAE. 


i.   Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L,.)  Willd. 
False  Nettle.     (Fig.  1269.) 

Urtica  cylindrica  L.  Sp.  PI.  1396.      1753. 
Boehmeria  cylindrica  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  340.      1805. 

A  perennial  rough  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth 
and  glabrous  erect  branching  herb,  i°-3°  tall. 
Stem  stiff;  leaves  ovate,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, thin,  slender-petioled,  opposite,  or  some  al- 
ternate, coarsely  dentate,  ix-3x  long,  ^'-i^'wide; 
petioles  shorter  than  the  blades;  stipules  lanceo- 
late-subulate, distinct;  flowers  dioecious  or  androgy- 
nous; staminate  spikes  usually  interrupted,  the  pis- 
tillate mostly  continuous,  %'-i%'  long;  achene 
ovate-oval,  acute,  rather  less  than  \"  long. 

In  moist  soil,   Quebec  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota, 
south  to  Florida  and  Kansas.    July-Sept. 
Boehmeria  cylindrica  scabra  Porter,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 
16: 21.     1889. 

Leaves  firm,  rough  above,  tomentose  beneath,  short- 
petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  usually  reflexed;  fruiting 
spikes  much  longer  than  the  petioles.  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  and  southern  New  York. 

5.    PARIETARIA  L.  Sp.  PI.  1052.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  stingless  diffuse  or  erect  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  3-nerved  per- 
tioled  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  axillary  glomerate  polygamous  flowers,  involucrate  by  leafy 
bracts.  Calyx  of  the  staminate  flowers  4- parted  or  of  4  (rarely  3)  distinct  sepals.  Fertile 
flowers  with  a  tubular  or  campanulate  4-lobed  calyx  investing  the  ovary,  a  short  or  slender 
style,  and  a  penicillate  stigma.  Achene  enclosed  by  the  withering-persistent  pistillate 
calyx.  [Ancient  Latin,  referring  to  the  growth  of  some  species  on  walls.] 

About  7  species,  widely  distributed;  besides  the  following,  another  occurs  in  the  southern 
United  States. 

i.    Parietaria  Pennsylvania  Muhl. 
Pennsylvania  Pellitory.      (Fig.  1270.) 

Parietaria  Pennsylvanica  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4: 

955.      1806. 

Annual,  pubescent,  stem  weak,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  ascending  or  reclining,  very  slen- 
der, 4'— 15'  long.  Leaves'  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  membranous,  dotted,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-nerved  and  with  1-3 
pairs  of  weaker  veins  above,  slender-petioled,  T.f-$f 
long,  %'-%'  wide;  petioles  %'-\'  long,  almost  fili- 
form; flowers  glomerate  in  all  except  the  lowest 
axils,  the  clusters  shorter  than  the  petioles;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear,  2-3  times  as  long  as  the 
flowers;  style  almost  none;  achetie  about  y2"  long. 

On  dry  rocks  and  banks,  Ontario  to  British  Colum- 
bia, south  to  Florida,  Colorado  and  Mexico.  June-Aug. 

€^>" 

Family  u.     LORANTHACEAE  D.  Don,  Prodr.  Fl.  Nepal.  142.      1825. 

MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 

Parasitic  green  shrubs  or  herbs,  containing  chlorophyll,  growing  on  woody 
plants  and  absorbing  food  from  their  sap  through  specialized  roots  called  hatis- 
toria  (a  few  tropical  species  terrestrial).  L/eaves  in  the  following  genera  oppo- 
site, in  Razoumofskya  reduced  to  opposite  scales.  Flowers  regular,  terminal  or 
axillary,  clustered  or  solitary,  dioecious  or  monoecious,  and  perianth  simple,  or 
in  some  exotic  genera  perfect,  and  with  perianth  of  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  entire,  toothed  or  lobed.  Stamens  2-6; 
anthers  2 -celled  or  confidently  i -celled.  Ovary  solitary,  erect;  style  simple  or 
none;  stigma  terminal,  undivided,  obtuse.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seed  solitary,  its 
testa  indistinguishable  from  the  endosperm,  which  is  usually  copious  and  fleshy; 
embryo  terete  or  angled. 


MISTLETOE  FAMILY. 


535 


About  21  genera  and  500  species,  widely  distributed;  most  abundant  in  tropical  regions. 
Leaves  scale-like,  united  at  the  base;  anthers  i-celled;  berry  peduncled.  i.  Razoumofskya. 

Leaves  thick,  flat;  anthers  2-celled;  berry  sessile.  2.  Phoradendron. 


I. 


1808. 


RAZOUMOFSKYA  Hoffm.  Hort.  Mosq. 

[ARCEUTHOBIUM  Bieb.  Fl.  Taur.  3:  629.      1819.] 

Small  or  minute  fleshy  glabrous  plants,  parasitic  on  the  branches  of  coniferous  trees, 
their  branches  4-angled,  and  leaves  reduced  to  opposite  connate  scales.  Flowers  dioecious, 
not  bracted,  solitary  or  several  together  in  the  axils  of  the  scales.  Staminate  flowers  with  a 
2-5-parted  calyx  and  usually  an  equal  number  of  stamens,  the  anthers  sessile  on  the  seg- 
ments. Pistillate  flowers  with  the  ovary  adnate  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  the  calyx-limb  2- 
parted.  Disk  present  in  both  kinds  of  flowers.  Berry  fleshy,  ovoid,  more  or  less  flattened, 
borne  on  a  short  somewhat  recurved  peduncle.  Embryo  enclosed  in  the  copious  endosperm. 
[In  honor  of  Alexis  Razoumofski,  Russian  botanist.] 

About  10  species.  Besides  the  following,  7  or  8  others  occur  in  western  North  America  and 
Mexico,  2  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

i.    Razoumofskya  pusilla  (Peck)  Kuntze. 
Small  Mistletoe.     (Fig.  1271.) 

Arceuthobium  pusillum  Peck,  Rep.  N.  Y.  State  Mus. 

25: 69.      1873. 
Arceuthobium  minutum  Engelm.  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  2: 

43.     Without  description.     1871. 
Razoumofskya  pusilla  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PI.  587.      1891. 

Plant  inconspicuous,  stems  2//-io//  long,  nearly  te- 
rete when  fresh,  somewhat  4-angled  when  dry,  sim- 
ple or  sparingly  branched,  greenish-brown,  slender. 
Scales  suborbicular,  appressed,  obtuse,  about  yz" 
wide,  connate  at  the  base;  flowers  strictly  dioecious 
(the  staminate  and  pistillate  plants  sometimes  on  dif- 
ferent trees),  solitary  in  most  of  the  axils,  longer 
than  the  scales;  berry  ovoid-oblong,  acute,  about  \ff 
long,  nodding  on  a  slightly  exserted  peduncle;  seeds 
enclosed  in  a  viscid  mucus. 

On  twigs  of  spruces,  New  Hampshire,  northern  New 
York  and  the  Pocono  region  of  Pennsylvania.  June. 

2.    PHORADENDRON  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  (II.)  i:  185.       1847-50. 

Shrubs,  parasitic  on  trees,  with  opposite  coriaceous  flat  entire  or  undulate  faintly  nerved 
leaves,  terete  usually  jointed  and  brittle  twigs,  and  dioecious  axillary  spicate  bracted  small 
flowers,  solitary  or  several  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  3-lobed  (rarely 
2-4-lobed)  globose  or  ovoid  calyx,  bearing  a  sessile  transversely  2-celled  anther  at  the  base  of 
each  lobe.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  similar  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovoid  inferior  ovary.  Style 
short,  obtuse  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  sessile  ovoid  or  globose  fleshy  berry.  Endosperm  copious. 
[Greek,  tree-thief,  from  its  parasitic  habit.] 

About  80  species,  all  American.    Besides  the  following,  5  or  6  others  occur  in  the  Western  States. 

i.  Phoradendron  flavescens  (Pursh) 
Nutt.  American  Mistletoe.  (Fig.  1272.) 

Viscum  flavescens  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  114.  1814. 
Phoradendron  flavescens  Nutt.;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed. 

2,  383.      1856. 

A  branching  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent 
shrub,  the  twigs  rather  stout,  terete,  brittle  at 
the  base.  Leaves  oblong  or  obovate,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short  petioles,  3-5- 
nerved,  entire,  i/-2/  long,  5//-io//  wide,  dark 
green,  coriaceous;  petioles  i//-4//  long;  spikes 
solitary,  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils,  linear, 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  berry  globose,  white, 
about  2/x  in  diameter 

Parasitic  on  deciduous  leaved  trees,  notably  on 
the  Tupelo  and  Red  Maple,  central  New  Jersey  to 
Ohio,  Indiana  and  Missouri,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  May-July. 


.536 


SANTALACEAE. 


Family  12.  SANTALACEAE  R.  Br.  Prodr.  Fl.  Nov.  Roll,  i:  350.  1810. 

SANDALWOOD  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (some  exotic  genera  trees),  with  alternate  or  opposite  entire 
exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  clustered  or  solitary,  axillary  or  terminal,  perfect, 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  mostly  greenish.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  base  of  the 
ovary,  or  to  the  disk,  3-6-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate.  Petals  none.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  calyx-lobes  and  inserted  near  their  bases,  or  opposite  them  upon 
the  lobed  or  annular  disk;  filaments  slender  or  short.  Ovary  i -celled;  ovules 
2-4,  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  central  placenta;  style  cylindric,  conic 
or  sometimes  none;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  drupe  or  nut.  Seed  i,  ovoid 
or  globose.  Testa  none;  endosperm  copious,  fleshy;  embryo  small,  apical. 

About  26  genera  and  250  species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 
Perennial  herbs:  flowers  perfect,  cymose  or  solitary,  i.  Comandra. 

Shrub;  flowers  imperfect,  mostly  dioecious,  racemose.  2.  Pyrularia. 

i.    COMANDRA  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  157.       1818. 

Glabrous  erect  perennial  herbs,  some  (or  all?)  parasitic  on  roots  of  other  plants.  Leaves 
alternate,  oblong,  oval,  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire,  piunately  veined.  Flowers  perfect,  ter- 
minal or  axillary,  rarely  solitary,  cymose,  bractless.  Calyx  campanulate,  the  base  of  its 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed).  Stamens  5,  or  rarely  4,  inserted 
at  the  bases.of  the  calyx-lobes  and  between  the  lobes  of  the  disk,  attached  to  the  middle  of 
the  lobes  by  tufts  of  hairs.  Anthers  ovate,  2-celled.  Fruit  drupaceous,  globose  or  ovoid, 
crowned  by  the  persistent  calyx.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  hairy  attachments  of  the  anthers.] 

Four  known  species,  the  following  North  American,  one  European. 
Cymes  mostly  corymbose-clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  leaves  acute,  sessile;  style  slender. 

Leaves  oblong,  pale  green;  fruit  globose-urn-shaped.  i.  C.  umbellata. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear,  glaucous;  fruit  ovoid.  2.  C.  pallida. 

Peduncles  few,  axillary;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  short-petioled;  style  short.  3.  C.  livida. 

i.    Comandra  umbellata  (L,.)  Nutt. 
Bastard  Toad-flax.     (Fig.  1273.) 

Thesium  umbellatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  208.      1753. 
Comandra  umbellala  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  157.      1818. 

Stem  slender,  very  leafy,  usually  branched,  6/-i8/ 
tall.  Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  pale 
green,  acute  or  subacute  at  both  ends,  sessile,  as- 
cending, YZ'-I}^.'  long,  the  lower  smaller;  cymes 
several-flowered,  corymbose  at  the  summit  of  the 
plant  or  also  axillary;  peduncles  filiform,  %f-\f 
long;  pedicels  very  short;  calyx  greenish-white  or 
purplish,  about  2"  high ;  style  slender;  drupe  glo- 
bose, 2^//~3//  in  diameter,  crowned  by  the  upper 
part  of  the  calyx-tube  and  its  5  oblong  lobes. 

In  dry  fields  and  thickets,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  On- 
tario and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Georgia,  Arizona 
and  California.  April-July. 


2.    Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.     Pale 
Comandra.      (Fig.  1274.) 

•Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.  Prodr.  14:  636.      1857. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  paler  and 
glaucous,  usually  much  branched,  the  leaves  nar- 
rower, linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  the  low- 
est and  those  of  the  stem  oblong-elliptic;  cymes 
few-several-flowered,  corymbose-clustered  at  the 
summit;  peduncles  usually  short;  pedicels  about  \" 
long;  calyx  purplish,  about  2/x  high;  fruit  ovoid- 
oblong,  3//-4//  high  and  2//-2^//  in  diameter, 
crowned  by  the  short  upper  part  of  the  calyx-tube 
and  its  5  oblong  lobes. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  south  to 
Minnesota,  Kansas,  Texas,  New  Mexico  and  California. 
April-July. 


SANDALWOOD   FAMILY. 
3 


537 

Comandra  livida  Richards.     Northern 
Comandra.     (Fig.  1275.) 


Comandra  livida  Richards.  App.  Frank.  Journ.  734. 
1823. 

Stem  slender,  usually  quite  simple,  4/-i2/  high. 
Leaves  oval,  thin,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  short-petioled,  Yz'-'i'  long, 
%f-Yzf  wide;  petioles  i//-2//  long;  cymes  axillary, 
few  (often  only  i  to  each  plant),  i-5-flowered;  pe- 
duncle shorter  than  its  subtending  leaf,  filiform; 
flowers  sessile;  style  very  short;  drupe  globose-ob- 
long, about  3/x  in  diameter,  red,  edible,  crowned  by 
the  ovate  calyx-lobes. 

In  moist  soil,  Newfoundland  to  Hudson  Bay  and 
the  Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Vermont,  Ontario, 
Michigan  and  British  Columbia.  June-July. 

2.    PYRULARIA  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  231.       1803. 

A  branching  shrub  (the  Asiatic  species  trees),  with  thin  alternate  pinnately-veined  en- 
tire short-petioled  deciduous  leaves,  and  dioecious  or  polygamous  small  greenish  racemose 
flowers.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  campanulate  3~5-cleft  calyx,  the  lobes  valvate,  recurved 
or  spreading,  pubescent  at  the  base  within;  disk  of  3-5  distinct  glands  or  scales;  stamens 
4  or  5,  inserted  between  the  glands  and  opposite  the  calyx-lobes;  filaments  short;  anthers 
ovate.  Pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  with  a  top-shaped  calyx  adnate  to  the  obovoid  ovary; 
style  short,  stout;  stigma  capitate,  depressed.  Fruit  a  pear-shaped  or  oval  drupe,  the  endo- 
carp  thin  and  endosperm  of  the  seed  very  oily.  [Name  from  Pyrus,  the  pear,  from  the 
similar  shape  of  the  fruit.] 

Three  species,  the  following  and  two  Asiatic. 

i.    Pyrularia  pubera  Michx.     Oil-nut. 
Buffalo-nut.     (Fig.  1276.) 

Pyrularia  pubera  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  233.      1803. 
Hamiltonia  oleifera  Muhl.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  4:  1120. 

1805. 
Pyrularia  oleifera  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  382.      1858. 

A  straggling  or  erect  much  branched  shrub,  3°- 
15°  tall,  with  terete  twigs,  the  young  foliage  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  some- 
what obovate,  nearly  glabrous  when  mature,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  both  ends,  3/-5/  long,  8//-i)4/ 
wide;  petioles  2//-4//  long;  racemes  terminating 
short  branches,  the  staminate  many-flowered,  i'- 
2/  long,  the  pistillate  few-flowered  and  shorter; 
pedicels  slender,  i^//-2//  long;  staminate  flowers 
about  2//  broad;  calyx  3-5-cleft;  drupe  about  i/ 
long,  crowned  by  the  ovate  acute  calyx-lobes. 

In  rich  woods,  southern  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia, 
mostly  in  the  mountains.  May.  Fruit  ripe  Aug. -Sept. 

Family  13.     ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  Blume,  Enum.  PI.  Jav.  i:  81.       1830. 

BIRTHWORT  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  acaulescent,  or  with  erect  or  twining  and  leafy  stems. 
Leaves  alternate  or  basal,  petioled,  mostly  cordate  or  reniform,  exstipulate. 
Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered,  perfect,  mostly  large,  regular 
or  irregular.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  3-lobed,  6-lobed  or  irreg- 
ular. Petals  none.  Stamens  6-many,  inserted  on  the  pistil,  the  anthers  2-celled, 
extrorse,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior, 
mostly  6-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous,  horizontal  or  pen- 
dulous. Fruit  a  many-seeded  mostly  6-celled  capsule.  Seeds  ovoid  or  oblong, 
angled  or  compressed,  the  testa  crustaceous,  smooth  or  wrinkled,  usually  with  a 
fleshy  or  dilated  raphe;  endosperm  copious,  fleshy;  embryo  minute. 


538 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 


Five  genera  and  about  200  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions. 
Acaulescent  herbs;  perianth  regular,  3-lobed,  persistent;  filaments  distinct.  i.  Asarum. 

Leafy  erect  herbs  or  twining  vines;  perianth  irregular,  deciduous;  anthers  sessile,  adnate  to  the 
stigma.  2.  Aristolochia. 

i.    ASARUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  442.       1753. 

Acaulescent  perennial  often  clustered  herbs,  with  slender  aromatic  branched  rootstocks, 
thick  fibrous-fleshy  roots,  long-petioled  cordate  ovate  hastate  or  orbicular  entire  leaves,  and 
solitary  large  peduncled  purple-brown  or  mottled  flowers,  borne  very  near  or  upon  the 
ground.  Calyx  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  ovary  at  least  below,  regularly 
3-lobed,  the  lobes  valvate.  Stamens  12,  inserted  on  the  ovary;  filaments  short,  stout;  con- 
nective of  the  anther-sacs  more  or  less  continued  beyond  them  as  a  tip.  Ovary  partly  or 
wholly  inferior,  6-celled,  the  parietal  placentae  intruded;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal  or 
pendulous.  Capsule  coriaceous,  crowned  by  the  withering-persistent  calyx  and  stamens, 
subglobose  or  hemispheric,  at  length  bursting  irregularly  or  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
compressed.  [The  ancient  name,  meaning  obscure.] 

About  15  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Besides  the  following,  3  others  occur  in 
western  North  America.  The  species  are  known  as  Asarabacca. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate;  style  6-lobed;  plant  pubescent.  i.  A.  Canadense. 

Calyx-lobes  short,  rounded;  styles  6,  each  2-cleft;  plants  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Anthers  not  pointed;  leaves  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate;  calyx  campanulate. 
Calyx  6" -8"  long,  contracted  at  the  throat.  i 

Calyx  8" -20"  long,  not  contracted  at  the  throat. 

Anthers  pointed;  leaves  or  some  of  them  hastate;  calyx  urn-shaped. 


A.  Virginicum. 

3.  A.  macranthum. 

4.  A.  art  folium. 


2.   Asarum  Virginicum 

Asarum  Virginicum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  442.      1753. 

Rootstocks  slender,  scaly,  clustered,  simple  or 
branched.  Leaves  1-3  to  each  plant  or  branch, 
coriaceous,  glabrous,  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  *%'-$'  wide,  usually  mot- 
tled, the  basal  sinus  open  or  nearly  closed;  peti- 
oles pubescent  along  one  side  or  glabrous,  $'-"]' 
long,  ascending;  flower  short-peduncled,  purple, 
6//-8//  long;  calyx  campanulate,  narrowed  at 
the  throat,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  ovary,  free  above,  the  lobes  ovate  or  nearly 
semicircular,  about  one-third  as  long  as  the 
tube;  peduncle  %'-%'  long;  filaments  much 
shorter  than  the  anthers;  anthers  not  pointed; 
styles  6,  each  2-lobed,  the  stigmas  sessile  below 
the  lobes;  capsule  hemispheric,  about  4"  high. 

In  rich  woods,  Virginia  and  West  Virginia  to 
Georgia  and  South  Carolina.  Ascends  to  2500  ft.  in 
Virginia.  May-June. 


i.  Asarum  Canadense  L.     Wild 
Ginger.     (Fig.  1277.) 

Asarum  Canadense  L.  Sp.  PI.  442.      1753. 

Finely  pubescent,  petioles  rather  slender,  6'- 
12'  long.  Leaves  commonly  2  to  each  plant, 
reniform,  thin,  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  4x-7' 
broad,  dark  green,  not  mottled,  the  basal  sinus 
deep  and  open ;  flower  slender-peduncled  from 
between  the  bases  of  the  petioles,  i'  broad  or 
more  when  expanded,  brownish  purple;  calyx 
ovoid,  its  tube  completely  adnate  to  the  ovary, 
its  lobes  inflexed  in  the  bud,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  long-acuminate,  spreading,  equalling 
or  longer  than  the  tube;  filaments  longer  than 
the  anthers;  style  6-lobed;  stigmas  radiating  on 
the  lobes,  capsule  6//-8//  in  diameter. 

In  rich  woods,  New  Brunswick  to  Manitoba, 
south  to  North  Carolina,  Missouri  and  Kansas. 
Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  Called  also  Canada 
Snakeroot.  April-May.  Perhaps  includes  2  species. 
Rootstocks  with  the  flavor  of  ginger. 

Virginia  Asarum.      (Fig.  1278.) 


BIRTHWORT   FAMILY. 


539 


L,arge-flowered  Asarum. 


3.    Asarum  macranthum  (Shuttlw.)  Small. 

(Fig.  1279.) 

Homotropa  macranthum  Shuttlw. ;  Small, Mem. 

Torr.  Club,  4:  150,  as  synonym.      1894. 
Asarum  macranthum  Small,  Mem.  Torr.  Club, 

5:  136.      1894. 

Glabrous,  rootstocks  more  or  less  branched. 
Leaves  i  or  2  to  each  plant  or  branch, 
broadly  ovate  or  suborbicular,  dark  green 
and  usually  mottled  above,  paler  beneath, 
2^-4'  long,  ife'-s'  wide,  obtuse  or  subacute 
at  the  apex,  the  basal  sinus  mostly  narrow; 
petioles  3/-8/  long,  ascending;  calyx  tubular- 
campanulate,  8//-2o//  long,  not  or  scarcely 
contracted  at  the  throat,  the  lobes  somewhat 
unequal,  obtuse,  mottled  with  violet  on  the 
inner  side,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  tube;  peduncle  8//-2o//  long;  filaments 
shorter  than  the  anthers;  anthers  equally  4- 
ribbed,  not  pointed;  styles  6,  each  2-cleft. 

In  rich  mountain  woods,  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina.  May-July. 

4.  Asarum  arifdlium  Michx.    Halberd- 
leaved  Asarum.     (Fig.  1280.) 

A.  arifolium  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  279.      1803. 

Pubescent,  at  least  on  the  veins  of  the  leaves, 
rootstocks  slender,  usually  branched  and  with 
i  or  2  leaves  to  each  branch.  Leaves  rather 
thick,  usually  mottled,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  2/~5/ 
long,  some  of  them  hastate,  some  suborbicular, 
the  basal  sinus  often  broad;  petioles  more  or 
less  pubescent,  3/-S/  long,  erect  or  ascending; 
flower  stout-peduncled,  about  i'  long;  calyx 
urn-shaped,  much  contracted  at  the  throat,  the 
lobes  rounded,  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  the 
tube,  which  is  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the 
ovary;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  short-pointed; 
styles  6,  2-cleft,  with  a  sessile  stigma  below  the 
cleft;  capsule  subglobose,  about  8"  in  diameter. 

In  woods,  Virginia  to  Tennessee,  Florida  and 
Alabama.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  April- 
June. 

2.   ARISTOLOCHIA  L,  Sp.  PI.  960.      1753. 

Perennial  herbs  or  twining  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  petioled  and  entire  (some 
exotic  species  3-7-lobed),  cordate,  palmately  3-mauy-nerved.  Flowers  irregular,  solitary  or 
clustered.  Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  at  least  to  its  base,  the  tube  narrow,  usually  inflated 
around  the  style  and  contracted  at  the  throat,  the  limb  spreading  or  reflexed,  entire,  3-6- 
lobed  or  appendaged.  Stamens  mostly  6;  anthers  sessile,  adnate  to  the  short  style  or 
stigma,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  mostly 
6-celled  with  6  parietal  placentae.  Style  3-6-lobed.  Capsule  naked,  septicidally  6-valved. 
Seeds  very  numerous,  horizontal,  compressed,  their  sides  flat  or  concave.  [Named  for  its 
supposed  medicinal  properties.] 

About  180  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following, 
some  6  others  occur  in  the  southern  and  western  United  States. 


Erect  herbs. 

Calyx-tube  bent;  flowers  solitary,  on  basal  scaly  branches. 

Calyx-tube  straight;  flowers  axillary,  clustered. 
Tall  twining  vines;  flowers  axillary;  calyx-tube  bent. 

Leaves  minutely  pubescent;  calyx-limb  flat,  spreading. 

Leaves  tomentose ;  calyx-limb  rugose,  reflexed. 


1.  A.  Serpent  aria. 

2.  A.  Clematitis. 

3.  A.  macrophylla. 

4.  A.  tomentosa. 


540 


ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 


i.  Aristolochia  Serpentaria  L/.   Virginia  Snakeroot.    Serpentary.  (Fig. 1281.) 

Aristolochia  Serpentaria  L.  Sp.  PI.  961.      1753. 

A  perennial  pubescent  nearly  erect  herb,  io/-3° 
tall,  with  short  rootstocks  and  fibrous  aromatic 
roots.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  cordate  or  hastate  at  the  base,  ij^'-s' 
long,  Yz'-z'  wide;  petioles  X/~I/  long;  lowest 
leaves  reduced  to  scales;  flowers  solitary  and  ter- 
minal, on  slender  basal  scaly  branches;  tube  of 
the  calyx  curved  like  the  letter  S,  enlarged  at  the 
ovary  and  at  its  throat,  the  limb  short,  spreading, 
slightly  3-lobed;  anthers  contiguous  in  pairs; 
stigma  3-lobed;  capsule  subglobose,  ridged,  about 
*/>.'  in  diameter.  Flowers  sometimes  cleistogamous. 

In  dry  woods,  Connecticut  and  New  York  to  Michi- 
gan, Florida,  Louisiana  and  Missouri.  Ascends  to 
2500  ft.  in  Virginia.  June-July.  Fruit  ripe  Sept. 


2.    Aristolochia  Clematitis  I,. 

Birthwort.     (Fig.  1282.) 

Aristolochia  Clematitis  L.  Sp.  PI.  962.      1753. 

Herbaceous,  perennial;  stem  erect,  gla- 
brous, zigzag,  striate,  i°-2°  tall.  Leaves 
dark  green,  reniform,  subacute  or  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  glabrous  or  their  margins  mi- 
nutely spinulose-ciliate,  strongly  reticulate- 
veined,  2/-5/  wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades;  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils,  I'-i^' 
long;  tube  of  the  calyx  yellowish  green, 
straight,  enlarged  around  the  ovary,  the 
lobes  appendaged;  anthers  equidistant. 

Near  Ithaca  and  Flushing,  N.  Y.  Escaped 
from  cultivation.  Native  of  southern  Europe. 
Summer. 


3.    Aristolochia  macrophylla  L,am. 


Dutchman's  Pipe.      (Fig.  1283.) 

Aristolochia  macrophylla  Lam.  Encycl.  i:  255.     1783. 
Aristolochia  Sipho  L'Her.  Stirp.  Nov.  13.      1784. 

A  twining  vine,  the  stem  sometimes  \'  in  diame- 
ter and  30°  long,  the  branches  very  slender,  terete, 
green,  glabrous.  Leaves  thin,  broadly  reniform 
or  suborbicular,  densely  pubescent  beneath  when 
young,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  and  6/-i5/  broad 
when  mature;  petioles  slender,  \'-\'  long;  pedun- 
cles solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils,  about 
as  long  as  the  petioles,  each  with  a  suborbicular 
clasping  bract  at  about  the  middle  >^/-i/  in  dia- 
meter; calyx-tube  strongly  curved,  i'  or  more 
long,  inflated  above  the  ovary,  contracted  at  the 
throat,  yellowish-green,  veiny,  the  limb  flat, 
spreading,  purple-brown,  somewhat  3-lobed;  an- 
thers contiguous  in  pairs  under  the  3  lobes  of  the 
stigma;  capsule  oblong-cylindric,  strongly  parallel- 
nerved,  2/-3/  long,  8//-io//  in  diameter. 

In  rich  woods,  southern  Pennsylvania  to  Minne- 
sota, Georgia,  Tennessee  and  Kansas.  Ascends  to 
4500  ft.  in  Virginia.  May-June.  Fruit  ripe  Sept. 


BIRTHWORT   FAMILY. 


541 


4.   Aristolochia  tomentosa  Sims. 
Woolly  Pipe-vine.    (Fig.  1284.) 

A.  tomentosa  Sims,  Bot.  Mag.  pj.ij6y.  1811- 
A  twining  vine,  similar  to  the  preceding, 
but  the  twigs,  petioles,  leaves  and  pedun- 
cles persistently  tomentose.  Leaves  sub- 
orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex,  3/-6/  broad  when 
mature;  petioles  rather  stout,  \f-$f  long; 
peduncles  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  slen- 
der, bractless;  calyx  densely  tomentose, 
the  tube  sharply  curved,  yellowish  green, 
about  T.%'  long,  its  throat  nearly  closed, 
the  limb  becoming  reflexed,  wrinkled, 
dark  purple,  3-lobed;  anthers  contiguous 
in  pairs'  beneath  the  3  spreading  lobes  of 
the  stigma;  capsule  oblong-cylindric. 

In  woods,  Missouri  and  southern  Illinois 
to  North  Carolina,  Alabama  and  Florida. 
May-June. 


1836.' 


Family  14.     POLYGONACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  211. 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  twining  vines,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite  or 
whorled  simple  mostly  entire  leaves,  jointed  stems,  and  usually  sheathing  united 
stipules  (ocreae).  Flowers  small,  regular,  perfect,  dioecious,  monoecious  or 
polygamous,  spicate,  racemose,  corymbose,  umbellate  or  panicled.  Petals  none. 
Calyx  inferior,  free  from  the  ovary,  2-6-cleft  or  2-6-parted,  the  segments  or 
sepals  more  or  less  imbricated,  sometimes  petaloid,  sometimes  developing 
wings  in  fruit.  Stamens  2-9,  inserted  near  the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  in  stami- 
nate  flowers  crowded  toward  the  centre;  filaments  filiform  or  subulate,  often 
dilated  at  the  base,  distinct  or  united  into  a  ring;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistil  solitary;  ovary  superior,  i -celled;  ovule  soli- 
tary, orthotropous,  erect  or  pendulous;  style  2-3-cleft  or  2-3-parted  (rarely 
4-parted),  sometimes  very  short;  stigmas  capitate  or  tufted,  rarely  2-cleft;  fruit 
a  lenticular  3-angled  or  rarely  4-angled  achene,  usually  invested  by  the  persist- 
ent calyx;  seed  shaped  like  the  pericarp;  endosperm  mealy;  cotyledons  accum- 
bent  or  incumbent,  flat;  embryo  straight  or  curved. 

About  30  genera  and  800  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
Flowers  subtended  by  involucres. 

Ocreae  present;  calyx  2-4-parted;  stamens  3  or  fewer. 
Ocreae  none;  calyx  6-cleft  or  6-partecl;  stamens  9;  achene  3-angled. 
Flowers  not  involucrate;  stamens  4-8. 
Ocreae  present;  stigmas  tufted. 

Calyx  6-parted;  style  3-parted;  achene  3-angled. 

Calyx  4-parted;  style  2-parted;  achene  lenticular. 
Ocreae  present;  stigmas  capitate. 

Pedicels  mostly  several  together;  achene  much  surpassing  the  calyx.      _         _  _ 

Pedicels  usually  fascicled;  achene  mostly  enclosed  by  the  enlarged  calyx.   6.  Polygonum. 

Pedicels  solitary;  leaves  jointed  at  the  base.  7.  Polygonella. 

Ocreae  obscure  or  wanting;  stigmas  2-cleft.  8.  Brunnichia. 


1.  Macounastrum. 

2.  Eriogonum. 


3.  Rumex. 

4.  Oxyria. 

5.  Fagopyrum. 


i.    MACOUNASTRUM  Small. 
[KOENIGIA  L.  Mant.  35.      1767.     Not  Konig  Adans.  1763.] 

Low  glabrous  annual  herbs,  with  fibrous  roots,  erect  or  spreading  simple  or  forked  stems, 
alternate  or  opposite  entire  leaves,  funnelform  membranous  ocreae,  and  minute  perfect  ter- 
minal clustered  flowers,  subtended  by  a  several-leaved  involucre.  Calyx  2-4-parted  (usually 
3-parted),  greenish-white,  the  segments  valvate,  equal;  pedicels  short,  subtended  by  trans- 
parent bracts;  stamens  2  or  4,  alternate  with  and  often  protruding  between  the  calyx-seg- 
ments; filaments  short,  stout;  anthers  ovoid.  Style  2-3-parted;  stigmas  capitate;  achene 
ovoid,  3-angled  or  lenticular,  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx;  embryo  eccentric,  accumbent~ 

Two  or  three  species,  the  following  circumboreal,  the  others  of  the  higher  Himalayas. 

*Text  contributed  by  Dr.  JOHN  K.  SMALL. 


542  POLYGONACEAE. 

i.    Macounastrum  Islandicum  (L,.)  Small. 
Macounastrum.      (Fig.  1285.) 

Koenigia  Islandica  L.  Mant.  35.      1767. 

Stems  very  slender,  i'-4x  long,  sometimes  tufted. 
Leaves  obovate,  oblong  or  almost  orbicular,  i//-5// 
long,  fleshy,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  sessile  or  short-peti- 
oled;  ocreae  about  y2ff  long;  involucre  consisting  of 
3-6  obovate  or  orbicular  leaves  more  or  less  united  at 
their  bases;  flowers  fascicled  in  the  involucres,  short- 
pedicelled;  calyx  l/i"  long,  the  segments  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, rather  obtuse;  stamens  very  short;  style- 
branches  short;  achene  less  than  ix/  long,  brown, 
often  slightly  curved,  striate,  its  faces  convex. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska. 
Also  in  arctic  Europe  and  Asia.  Summer. 

2.    ERIOGONUM  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  246.       1803. 

Annual  or  perennial  acaulescent  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  very  woody  at 
the  base,  with  simple  or  branched,  often  tufted  stems,  and  entire  alternate  opposite  or  whorled 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  fascicled,  cymose,  umbellate  or  capitate,  subtended  by  5-8-toothed 
or  cleft  campanulate  top-shaped  or  almost  cylindric  involucres.  Calyx  6-cleft  or  6-parted, 
usually  colored,  the  segments  equal  or  the  outer  ones  larger.  Stamens  9,  included  or  ex- 
serted;  filaments  filiform,  often  villous;  anthers  oblong.  Style  3-parted;  stigmas  capitate. 
Achene  pyramidal,  3-angled,  more  or  less  swollen  near  the  base,  invested  by  the  calyx-seg- 
ments, or  winged.  Embryo  axial  or  somewhat  eccentric.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  woolly 
and  jointed  stems.] 

About  160  species,  natives  of  America,  mostly  of  the  western  United  States. 
Stem  leafy  to  the  summit. 

Stem  leaves  alternate;  stem  strigose. 
Achene  glabrous,  winged  in  fruit. 
Achene  villous,  not  winged 
Stem  leaves  whorled;  stem  tomentose. 

Robust;  basal  leaves  rounded  at  the  base;  flowers  yellow. 
Slender;  basal  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base;  flowers  white  or  pink. 
Stem  leafy  below,  naked  above. 

Involucres  erect  on  branches  of  the  cymes. 
Involucres  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  flat,  long-petioled. 
Leaves  oblong,  more  or  less  crisped,  short-petioled. 
Acaulescent;  scapose;  scapes  more  or  less  tufted. 
Scape  simple;  inflorescence  capitate. 

Densely  tomentose;  leaves  spatulate,  numerous. 
Slightly  tomentose;  leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  few. 
Scape  branched  at  the  summit. 

Inflorescence  regularly  umbellate. 
Inflorescence  irregularly  umbellate  or  paniculate. 
Inflorescence  cymose. 
Scape  branched  throughout;  involucres  solitary  on  deflexed  peduncles. 


1.  E.  alatnm. 

2.  E.  longifolinm. 

3.  E.  Alleni. 

4.  E.Jqmesii. 

5.  E.  annunm. 

6.  E.  microthecnm. 

7.  E.  corymbosum. 


8.  E.  mulliceps. 

9.  E.  pauciflomm. 

10.  E.fiavnin. 

11.  E.  lachnogynum. 

12.  E.  campanula! 'inn. 

13.  E.  cernuum. 


i.    Eriogonum  alatum  Torr.     Winged 

Eriogonum.      (Fig.  1286.) 
E.  alatum  Torr.  Sitgreaves'  Rep.  168.  pi.  8.      1853. 

Perennial  by  a  long  thick  root,  stern  rather  stout, 
erect,  strigose,  paniculately  branched,  somewhat  ang- 
led, i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  spatulate,  oblan- 
ceolate or  narrowly  obovate,  1'-$'  long,  those  of  the 
stem  alternate,  nearly  linear,  short-petioled,  all  obtuse 
or  subacute  at  the  apex,  glabrous  or  pubescent  and 
with  midrib  prominent  beneath,  ciliate;  panicle  open; 
bracts  lanceolate  or  subulate;  involucres  cymose  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  campanulate,  5-toothed,  i"-!^" 
long,  the  segments  obtuse  and  somewhat  reflexed; 
calyx  yellowish,  \"  long,  campanulate;  stamens 
slightly  exserted;  achene  long-pointed,  2j£//-3// 
long,  reticulated,  closely  invested  by  3  wings. 

On  plains,  western  Nebraska  to  Texas,  west  to  Colorado 
and  New  Mexico.  June-Sept. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


543 


2.    Eriogonum  longifdlium  Nutt.      Long-leaved  Eriogonum. 

Erioifoniim   lon^ifolinin  Nutt.    Trans.  Am.  Phil. 

Soc.  (II.)  5:  164.      I833-37- 
E.  Texanum  Scheele,  I,mnaea,  22:  150.      1849. 

Perennial,  strigose  throughout,  stem  stout, 
erect,  paniculately  or  corymbosely  branched, 
leafy,  finely  grooved,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath,  the  upper 
sessile,  the  lower  narrowred  into  petioles  with 
dilated  and  sheathing  bases;  bracts  lanceolate 
or  subulate;  involucres  turbinate-campanulate, 
i^//-2// long;  peduncles  i/  long  or  less;  calyx 
oblong-campanulate,  2//-3//  high,  6-parted  to 
near  the  base,  very  villous;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  exserted;  achene  vYz"  long,  much  en- 
larged at  the  base,  villous,  loosely  invested  by 
the  calyx-segments,  not  winged. 

Southern  Missouri  to  Texas.  Also  in  Florida. 
June-Nov. 


(Fig.  1287.) 


3.  Eriogonum  Alleni  S.  Wats.    Allen's 
Eriogonum.     (Fig.  1288.) 

E.  Alleni  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  734.  1890. 

Perennial,  floccose-tomentose  throughout, 
stem  rather  stout,  erect,  sparingly  branched 
above,  i°-i^°  tall.  Leaves  oblong,  or  ovate- 
oblong,  i '-3'  long,  the  basal  long-petioled,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  those  of  the  stem  in  whorls  of 
3-5  at  the  somewhat  swollen  nodes,  short-peti- 
oled,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  upper  small  and 
bract-like;  inflorescence  compoundly  cymose; 
involucres  top-shaped,  5-toothed,  2^//~3//  long, 
the  teeth  obtusish;  bracts  leaf -like,  spatulate; 
calyx  yellow,  i1/?."  long,  broadly  campanu- 
late,  its  segments  obovate  or  orbicular;  stamens 
and  style-branches  exserted. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  West  Virginia.  July-Aug. 


4.    Eriogonum  Jamesii  Bentli.     James'  Eriogonum. 

Eriogonum  Jamesii  JteaXh.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:7.  1856. 
Eriogonum  sericeum   Torr. ;  T.   &  G.   Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  8:  155.      1870.     Not  Pursh,  1814. 

Perennial,  base  woody,  seal}',  somewhat 
branched,  stem  usually  spreading,  branched,  to- 
mentose, slender,  6/-i8/  long,  the  branches  erect, 
3  or  4  times  forked,  light  brown  or  reddish. 
Leaves  mostly  basal,  spatulate  or  oblong,  if-tf 
long,  long-petioled,  the  upper  smaller,  sessile  in 
whorls  of  3  or  4  at  the  somewhat  swollen  nodes, 
all  obtuse  or  subacute,  dark  green  and  sparingly 
tomentose  above,  densely  gray-tomentose  be- 
neath, their  margins  sometimes  slightly  revolute 
and  crisped;  inflorescence  compoundly  cymose; 
involucres  turbinate-campanulate,  2//r  long,  5- 
toothed,  the  teeth  rounded;  bracts  foliaceous, 
narrowly  oblong  or  oblong-spatulate ;  calyx  white 
or  pink,  campanulate,  villous,  2^//~3//  long,  its 
segments  oblong  or  obovate;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  exserted;  achene  2>£//-3//  long.smooth, 
villous  near  the  apex,  its  angles  margined. 

On  plains,  Kansas  (?),  Colorado  to  Texas,  Arizona  and  Chihuahua.     July-Oct 

35 


(Fig.  1289.) 


544  POLYGONACEAE. 

5.    Eriogonum    annuum    Nutt.      Annual 
Eriogonum.      (Fig.  1290.) 

Eriogonum  aiiniinni  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 

5:  164.      1833-37. 
E.  Lindheimerianum  Scheele,  Lmnaea,  22:  149.    1849. 

Annual,  white  floccose-tomentose  throughout, 
simple  or  branched,  leafy  below,  naked  above,  i°— 
3°  tall.  Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblance- 
olate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  acu- 
minate at  the  base,  petioled,  the  margins  somewhat 
revolute  or  crisped;  inflorescence  cymose;  involucres 
top-shaped,  i//-i^//  long,  secund,  erect,  5-toothed, 
the  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  triangular,  not  foliaceous; 
calyx  white  or  whitish,  ^"-i"  long,  campanulate, 
6-cleft  to  beyond  the  middle,  the  lobes  obovate; 
achene  pointed,  less  than  \"  long,  its  angles 
smooth,  its  base  almost  globular. 

On  plains,  Nebraska  to  Texas,  west  to  New  Mexico, 
extending  into  Mexico.  July-Sept. 

6.    Eriogonum  microthecum  Nutt. 
Slender  Eriogonum .     ( Fig .  1291.) 

Eriogonum  microthecum  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila. 

(II.)  1:172.      1848. 

Perennial,  woody,  especially  below,  more  or 
less  floccose-tomentose  throughout;  stem  erect  or 
ascending,  branched,  especially  from  the  base, 
leafy  below,  naked  above,  6/-i2/  high.  Leaves 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed into  short  petioles,  yz'--2f  long,  the  upper 
bract-like;  inflorescence  compoundly  cymose; 
involucres  top-shaped,  I  j£"  long,  5-toothed,  the 
teeth  obtusish;  bracts  triangular;  calyx  yellow, 
white  or  pink,  \%ff  long,  campanulate,  at  length 
constricted  near  the  middle ;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  included;  achene  pointed,  \"  long, 
rough  on  the  angles. 

Western  Nebraska  to  Washington,  south  to  New 
Mexico  and  California.  July-Oct. 

Eriogonum  microthecum  effusum  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  8:  172. 
Eriogonum  effusum  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila.  (II.)  i:  164.      1848. 

More  densely  floccose-tomentose;  stem  diffusely  branched;  leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear;  in- 
florescence 2-3  times  compound,  elongated;  flowers  white.     Nebraska  to  Montana  and  New  Mexico. 

7.    Eriogonum    corymbosum   Benth. 
Crisp-leaved  Eriogonum.   (Fig.  1292.) 
E.  corymbosum  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  17.      1856. 

Perennial,  woody,  densely  floccose-tomentose 
throughout;  stem  erect,  branched,  leafy  below, 
naked  above,  6/-i2/  tall.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  petioled,  Yz'-^Y^ 
long,  their  margins  more  or  less  crisped;  inflores- 
cence compoundly  cymose;  involucres  short-cam- 
panulate,  5-toothed,  about  i%"  long,  the  teeth 
subacute;  bracts  triangular  or  triangular-lanceolate, 
notfoliaceous;  calyx  broadly  campanulate,  i//-i^// 
long,  constricted  near  the  middle,  6-cleft,  the  seg- 
ments fiddle-shaped,  emarginate,  the  3  inner  ones 
shorter  than  the  outer;  style-branches  exserted; 
achene  \"  long,  enlarged  at  the  base,  rough  on  the 
angles. 

Kansas  to  New  Mexico,  west  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 
Aug.-Sept. 


1870. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 

8.  Eriogonum  multiceps  Nees. 
Branched  Eriogonum.     (Fig.  1293.) 

E.  multiceps  Nees,  Max.  Reise  N.  A.  2:  446.      1841. 
E.  gnaphaloides  Benth.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  5:  263.      1853. 

Perennial  by  a  slender  root,  scapose,  densely 
white-tomentose  throughout;  stems  short,  tufted, 
much  branched,  sometimes  several  inches  long. 
Scapes  simple,  i/~5/  high;  leaves  spatulate,  }£'- 
2/  long,  numerous,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
below  into  petioles;  inflorescence  capitate;  involu- 
cres 3-12,  sessile,  i yz"  long,  5-6-toothed,  the  teeth 
acute;  bracts  foliaceous,  spatulate;  calyx  white  or 
rose-color,  iW-2%"  long,  campanulate,  some- 
what villous,  6-cleft  to  about  the  middle,  the  seg- 
ments cuneate,  obtuse  or  emarginate;  stamens  and 
style-branches  exserted;  achene  I/L"  long. 

On  dry  plains,  Nebraska  and  Colorado.    June-Aug. 


545 


9.  Eriogonum  pauciflorum  Pursh.     Few- 
flowered  Eriogonum.     (Fig.  1294.) 

E.  pauciflorum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  735.      1814. 
Eriogonum  parviflorum  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  261.      1818. 

Perennial,  root  long  and  slender,  stems  very  short, 
simple  or  sparingly  branched,  loosely  tufted,  covered 
by  the  scarious  dilated  bases  of  the  petioles.  Scapes 
erect,  slender,  simple,  slightly  tomentose,  2/-6/  high; 
leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  i/-3/  long,  rather  ob- 
tuse, but  apparently  acute  from  the  strongly  revolute 
margins,  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  above,  white- 
tomentose  or  cottony  beneath,  narrowed  into  slender 
petioles;  inflorescence  capitate;  involucres  4-10,  i^" 
long,  turbinate-campanulate,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  ob- 
tuse, more  or  less  reflexed;  calyx  white,  campanulate, 
\Yz'f  long,  glabrous,  the  segments  ovate;  achene  i^" 
long,  its  faces  swollen  at  about  the  middle,  incon- 
spicuously striate-reticulated. 

On  dry  plains,  Nebraska  and  Colorado.    July-Sept. 


10.    Eriogonum  flavum  Nutt. 

Eriogonum  flavum  Nutt.  Fras.  Cat.      1813. 
E.  sericeum  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  277.      1814. 

Perennial,  scapose,  white-tomentose  through- 
out, root  short,  scaly,  spindle-shaped,  stem  very 
short  and  thick,  simple  and  solitary  or  tufted 
and  creeping,  woody.  Scapes  2/-i2/  tall,  erect; 
leaves  crowded  on  the  short  stem,  linear-oblong 
or  oblong-spatulate,  i/-3/  long,  mostly  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  flat,  narrowed  into  petioles;  petioles 
dilated  at  the  base  and  imbricated;  inflorescence 
regularly  umbellate;  involucres  top-shaped,  "2."- 
lYz"  long,  nearly  entire,  rather  densely  clustered ; 
peduncles  ]£'-\y2f  long;  bracts  spatulate,  folia- 
ceous; calyx  yellow,  3"  high,  top-shaped,  very 
villous,  the  segments  obovate;  stamens  and  style- 
branches  exserted ;  achene  constricted  at  the  mid- 
dle, 2"  long,  villous  at  the  summit,  the  angles 
undulate,  the  faces  swollen. 

Nebraska  and  Kansas  to  the  Northwest  Territory 
and  Arizona.  June-Sept. 


Yellow  Eriogonum.     (Fig.  1295.) 


"3" 


POLYGONACEAE. 

n.  Eriogonum  lachnogynum  Torr. 
L,ong-rooted  Eriogonum.      (Fig.  1296.) 

Eriogonum  lachnogynum  Torr. ;  Benth.  in  DC.  Prodr. 

14:  8.      1856. 

Perennial,  scapose,  root  long,  fusiform,  stems 
stout  and  short,  tufted,  much  branched,  covered 
with  the  dilated  petiole-bases.  Scape  erect,  slender, 
4/-i2/  tall,  white-tomentose,  sparingly  branched 
above;  leaves  numerous,  crowded,  lanceolate  or 
narrowly  oblong,  ^/-i/  long,  acute  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  silky  above,  white-tomen- 
tose beneath,  long-petioled,  their  margins  some- 
what revolute;  inflorescence  irregularly  umbellate 
or  paniculate;  involucres  broadly  campanulate  or 
nearly  hemispheric,  i/I^//-2//  high,  sessile  or  pe- 
duncled,  5-toothed,  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  small,  lan- 
ceolate; calyx  campanulate,  i^//  long,  villous; 
stamens  and  style-branches  exserted. 

Western  Kansas  to  Colorado  and  Arizona.  May-Nov. 

12.    Eriogonum  campanulatum  Nutt. 
Narrow-leaved  Eriogonum.    (Fig.  1297.) 

Eriogonum    campanulatnm    Nutt.   Journ.    Acad. 

Phila.  (II.)  i:  163.      1848. 
Eriogonum  brevicaule  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.    Phila. 

(II.)  1:163.      1848. 
Eriogonum  micranthum  Nutt.  Journ.  Acad.  Phila. 

(II.)  1:164.      1848. 

Perennial,  scapose,  stem  short,  thick  and 
woody,  more  or  less  tomentose;  scapes  erect  or 
nearly  so,  glabrous,  4/-i2/  tall;  leaves  crowded, 
narrowly  oblanceolate,  spatulate  or  nearly  linear, 
\'-T/  long,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  long 
petioles,  white-tomentose  on  both  sides,  the 
margins  sometimes  revolute;  inflorescence  com- 
poundly  cymose;  involucres  oblong-turbinate,  i" 
long,  5-toothed,  teeth  obtuse;  bracts  triangular, 
not  foliaceous;  calyx  yellow,  ovoid-campanulate, 
about  i"  long,  6-cleft,  the  lobes  oblong  or  fiddle- 
shaped,  emarginate;  stamens  and  style-branches 
exserted;  achene  ij^'long,  enlarged  at  base. 

Nebraska  to  Oregon,  south  to  Utah  and  New 
Mexico.  July-Sept. 

13.  Eriogonum  cernuum  Nutt.     Nod- 
ding Eriogonum.     (Fig.  1298.) 

E.  cernuum  Nutt.  J.  Acad.  Phila.  (II.)  i:  162.    1848. 

Annual,  low,  stem  very  short;  scape  erect,  usu- 
ally much  branched,  6'-i2x  high.  Leaves  con- 
fined to  the  short  stem,  orbicular  or  oblong- 
orbicular,  less  than  i'  long,  obtuse  or  slightly 
apiculate,  flat,  floccose-tomentose,  especially  be- 
neath, petioled;  inflorescence  paniculate ;  involu- 
cres campanulate,  slightly  more  than  YZ"  long, 
solitary  on  slender  deflexed  peduncles  \'  long  or 
less,  5-cleft  to  near  the  middle,  the  lobes  obtuse; 
bracts  triangular  or  lanceolate,  not  foliaceous; 
calyx  whitish,  campanulate,  y2"  long,  6-parted, 
slightly  constricted  near  the  summit,  the  seg- 
ments fiddle-shaped;  stamens  and  style-branches 
included;  achene  Y2"  long,  nearly  globular  at 
the  base,  rough  on  the  angles. 

Nebraska  to  New  Mexico  and  Utah.     July-Sept. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


547 


3.    RUMEX  L.  Sp.  PI.  333.       1753. 

Perennial  or  annual,  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  slightly  woody,  the  leaves  in  some 
mainly  basal.  Stem  grooved,  mostly  branched,  erect,  spreading  or  creeping.  Leaves  en- 
tire or  undulate,  flat  or  crisped,  the  ocreae  xisually  cylindric,  brittle  and  fugacious,  the  inflor- 
escence consisting  of  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled  racemes.  Flowers  green,  perfect, 
dioecious,  or  polygamo-monoecious,  whorled,  on  jointed  pedicels.  Corolla  none.  Calyx  6- 
parted,  the  3  outer  sepals  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  3  inner  ones  mostly  developed  into  wings, 
one  or  all  three  of  which  usually  bears  a  callosity  (tubercle);  wings  entire,  dentate,  or  fringed 
with  bristle-like  teeth.  Stamens  6,  included  or  exserted;  filaments  very  short,  glabrous; 
anthers  oblong.  Style  3-parted;  stigmas  peltate,  tufted;  achene  3-angled,  the  angles  more  or 
less  margined.  Embryo  curved  or  nearly  straight,  borne  in  one  of  the  faces  of  the  3-angled 
seed.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.] 


About  130  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
in  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  North  America. 


Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur 


•K-    Leaves  hastate  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  foliage  acid  ;  low  species. 


Inner  sepals  not  developing  wings  in  fruit;  achene  granular. 
Fruiting  inner  sepals  developing  wings;  achene  smooth. 

Basal  leaves  numerous;  wings  orbicular-cordate. 

Basal  leaves  few;  wings  broadly  oblong-cordate. 


1.  J?.  Ace  to  sell  a. 

2.  R.  hastatulus. 

3.  R.  Acetosa. 


vr-vf    Leaves  not  hastate;  flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious  ;  foliage  scarcely  or  not  at  all  acid; 

tall  species. 

Leaves  flat,  bright  or  light  green,  or  glaucescent. 

Wings  lA'-ilA'  broad,  reddish;  no  tubercles.  4.  R.  venosus. 

Wings  small,  not  red,  bearing  tubercles. 
Tubercles  usually  3. 

Pedicels  little  longer  than  the  wings.  5.  R.  salicifolius. 

Pedicels  several  times  longer  than  the  wings.  6.  R.  rerticillatus. 

Tubercle  usually  i;  pedicels  equalling  the  wings.  7.  R.  altissimus, 

Leaves  wavy-margined  or  crisped,  dark  green,  not  glaucescent. 
Wings  entire,  more  or  less  undulate. 

Lower  leaves  narrowed  or  acuminate  at  the  base. 

Tubercle  i.  8.  R.  Pat  lent  ia. 

Tubercles  3.  9.  R.  Britannica. 

Lower  leaves  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base. 

Tubercles  wanting.  10.  R.  occidentalis. 

Tubercles  mostly  3. 

Inflorescence  not  leafy;  pedicels  long.  n.  R.  crispus. 

Inflorescence  leafy;  pedicels  short.  12.  R.  conglomeratus. 

Tubercle  i;  inflorescence  not  leafy;  pedicels  short.  13.  R.  sanguineus. 

Wings  toothed  or  fringed. 
Lower. leaves  cordate. 

Wings  ovate  or  oblong-ovate;  tubercles  mostly  2.  14.  R.  pulcher. 

Wings  hastate  or  ovate-hastate;  tubercle  i.  15.  R.  obtusifolius. 

Lower  leaves  mostly  narrowed  at  base;  wings  with  4  spreading  bristle-like  teeth. 

1 6.  R.  persicarioides. 

i.  'Rumex  Acetosella  L.     Field  or  Sheep  Sorrel.     (Fig.  1299.) 

Rninc.v  Acetosella  L.  Sp.  PI.  338.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous,  dioecious, 
stem  slender,  erect  or  nearly  so,  simple  or 
branched,  the  rootstock  woody,  horizontal  or 
creeping.  Leaves  narrowly  hastate,  i/-4/long, 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  usually  widest 
above  the  middle,  petioled,  the  basal  auricles 
entire  or  i-2-toothed,  or  the  uppermost  leaves 
nearly  linear  and  not  auricled,  all  papillose; 
ocreae  silvery,  2-parted,  soon  lacerate;  flowers 
in  erect  panicled  racemes;  racemes  inter- 
rupted; calyx  green,  y2"  long,  pedicelled; 
stamens  exserted;  achene  less  than  \"  long, 
very  granular,  exceeding  the  persistent  calyx, 
its  angles  not  margined. 

In  dry  fields  and  on  hillsides  throughout  North 
America  except  the  extreme  north.  In  large  part 
naturalized  from  Europe.  Sometimes  a  trouble- 
some weed.  Foliage  very  acid.  Native  also  of 
Asia.  Ascends  to  6000  ft.  in  North  Carolina. 
May-Sept. 


548  POLYGONACEAE. 

Rumex  hastatulus  Muhl.     Engelmann's  Sorrel.     (Fig.  1300.) 

Rumex  hastatulus  Muhl.  Cat.  Ed.  2,  37.      1818. 
R.  Engelmanni  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  64.     1856. 

Perennial  from  a  woody  base,  glabrous,  dioe- 
cious; stem  rather  strict,  simple  or  branched, 
erect,  5/-2o/  tall.  Leaves  hastate,  oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  i/~5/  long,  the  basal  numerous,  more 
or  less  auricled  at  the  base,  subacute,  petioled, 
those  of  the  stem  linear,  all  papillose;  ocreae  sil- 
very, 2-parted,  at  length  lacerate;  racemes  as- 
cending, at  length  interrupted;  calyx  green, 
slender-pedicelled,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  wings;  wings  orbi- 
cular, mostly  broader  than  high,  cordate,  i^//- 
iz/i"  long;  stamens  slightly  exserted;  achene 
reddish,  smooth,  shining,  less  than  \ff  long,  in- 
vested by  the  calyx-wings,  its  angles  margined. 

On  the  sea-coast,  southern  New  York  to  Florida 
and  on  the  plains  from  Kansas  to  Texas,  a  geogra- 
phic distribution  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  Cheno- 
podium  leptophyllum.  March-Aug. 

Sour 


3.    Rumex  Acetosa  L,.      Sorrel. 

Dock.     (Fig.  1301.) 
Rumex  Acetosa  L,.  Sp.  PI.  337.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dioecious;  stem  erect,  sim- 
ple, grooved,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  oblong-hastate 
or  ovate-sagittate,  I'-s'  long,  acute  at  the  apex, 
crisped  or  erose  on  the  margins,  the  basal  few, 
long-petioled,  the  upper  subsessile,  the  acute  au- 
ricles entire  or  i -toothed  and  more  or  less  re- 
flexed;  ocreae  lacerate;  racemes  nearly  erect, 
crowded,  at  length  interrupted;  calyx  green,  i" 
long,  pedicelled,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  equal- 
ling or  shorter  than  the  wings,  jointed  near  the 
middle;  wings  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  cor- 
date, 2//-2^//  long;  achene  rather  more  than 
i//  long,  pointed,  smooth,  shining,  blackish, 
invested  by  the  calyx-wings. 

Labrador  to  Alaska.  Naturalized  from  Europe  in 
Vermont,  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  Native 
also  of  Asia.  Summer. 

4- 


Veined 


Rumex  venosus  Pursh. 
Dock.     (Fig.  1302.) 
Rumex  venosus  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  733.      1814. 

Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock,  glabrous,  stem 
rather  stout,  erect,  somewhat  flexuous,  6/-i5/  tall, 
grooved,  branched.  Leaves  ovate,  ovate-lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  I'-s'  long,  acute  at  both  ends  or 
acuminate  at  the  base,  petioled,  rather  coriaceous; 
ocreae  funnelform,  thin,  brittle;  racemes  mostly 
erect,  soon  interrupted;  calyx  red,  pedicelled,  very 
conspicuously  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  at  matur- 
ity rather  stout,  slightly  shorter  than  the  wings, 
jointed  at  about  the  middle;  wings  large,  jS^'-i^' 
broad,  suborbicular  with  a  deep  sinus  at  the  base, 
veiny,  reddish;  style-branches  divergent  in  fruit; 
achene  3"  long,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave, 
its  angles  margined. 

Northwest  Territory  to  Oregon  and  Washington, 
south  to  Missouri  and  Nevada.  May-Aug. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY.  549 

5.    Rumex  salicifolius  Weinm.     White, 
Pale  or  Willow-leaved  Dock.    (Fig.  1303.) 

Rumex  salicifolius  Weinm.  Flora,  4:  28.      1821. 

Perennial,  glabrous, pale  green;  stem  erect, ascend- 
ing, or  sometimes  spreading,  simple  or  branched, 
grooved,  flexuous,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
linear-lanceolate  or  the  lower  oblong,  acute  or  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  or  rarely  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
petioled ;  racemes  erect,  divergent  or  reflexed,  dense, 
in  fruit  interrupted  below;  flowers  in  dense  clusters; 
calyx  pale  green,  \"  long,  pedicelled,  winged  in 
fruit;  pedicels  slightly  longer  than  the  wings,  jointed 
near  the  base;  wings  triangular-ovate,  i%ff  long, 
undulate  or  subdentate,  each  bearing  a  large  ovoid 
tubercle;  achene  \"  long,  dark  red,  smooth,  shining, 
its  faces  concave,  its  angles  slightly  margined. 

In  swamps,  Labrador  to  southern  New  York,  Florida, 
Texas  and  Lower  California.  Also  in  Europe.  May- 
Sept. 

6.    Rumex  verticillatus  L,.     Swamp  Dock.     (Fig.  1304.) 

Rumex  verticillatus  L.  Sp.  PI.  334.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  rather  bright  green;  stem 
stout,  grooved,  simple  or  nearly  so,  erect,  ascend- 
ing or  decumbent,  2°-5°  long,  more  or  less  flexu- 
ous when  old.  Leaves  narrowly  oblong,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  2/-i2/  long,  narrowed  at 
both  ends  or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  slightly  papil- 
lose, long-petioled;  racemes  interrupted  below, 
spreading  in  fruit;  flowers  in  rather  dense  whorls; 
calyx  green,  i//  long,  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels 
stout,  thickened  above,  jointed  near  the  base,  3-5 
times  as  long  as  the  wings;  wings  broadly  deltoid, 
/2."  long,  more  or  less  decurrent  on  the  pedicel,  each 
bearing  a  narrowly  ovoid  tubercle;  style-branches 
reflexed  in  fruit;  achene  \}£'f  long,  reddish, 
pointed,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  swamps,  Quebec  to  Ontario  and  Iowa,  south  to 
Florida  and  Texas.  May-July. 


7.    Rumex  altissimus  Wood.     Tall  or 
Peach-leaved  Dock.     (Fig.  1305.) 

Rumex  altissimus  Wood,  Class-book,  477.      1853. 
Rumex  Britannica  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  47. 

1856.     Not  L.  1753- 

Perennial,  glabrous,  rather  pale  green;  stem 
stout,  erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched  above, 
grooved,  2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  (sometimes  ob- 
lanceolate)  2/-io/  long,  acute  at  both  ends, 
papillose;  panicle  rather  open ;  racemes  slightly 
interrupted  in  fruit;  flowers  densely  whorled; 
calyx  light  green,  i//  long,  winged  in  fruit; 
pedicels  slender,  jointed  near  the  base,  as  long 
as  the  wings;  wings  triangular-cordate,  2//-2^// 
long,  usually  one  of  them  only  bearing  an  ovoid 
tubercle;  achene  i^x/  long,  dark  red,  smooth, 
shining,  its  faces  concave. 

Along-  streams  and  in  swamps,  Massachusetts  to 
Nebraska,  Maryland  and  Texas.  April-June. 


550 


POLYGONACEAE. 

8.   Rumex  Patientia  L.     Patience  Dock. 
(Fig.  1306.) 

Rumex  Patientia  L.  Sp.  PI.  333.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  erect,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  grooved,  2°-5°  tall.  Lower  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  long-petioled,  4/-i6/  long,  the 
upper  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblong-elliptic,  acute  or 
obtusish,  the  uppermost  lanceolate;  fruiting  panicle 
dense;  racemes  erect,  somewhat  interrupted  in 
fruit;  flowers  densely  whorled;  calyx  green;  pedi- 
cels slender,  2-4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings, 
jointed  below  the  middle;  wings  orbicular-cordate, 
2//_2//  long,  one  of  them  bearing  a  prominent  ovoid 
callosity;  achene  i%"  long,  light  brown,  smooth, 
shining,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles  obscurely 
margined. 

In  waste  places,  Vermont  and  Ontario  to  Wiscon- 
sin, Pennsylvania  and  Kansas.  Also  in  the  Far  West. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  May-June. 

Rumex  Britannica  L.     Great  Water- Dock.     (Fig.  1307.) 

Rumex  Britannica  L.  Sp.  PI.  334.      1753. 
Rumex  Hydrolapathum  var.?  Americanuni  A. 

Gray,  Man.  Ed.  2,  377.      1856. 
R.  orbiculatus  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  420.      1867. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dark  green,  stem  stout, 
erect,  more  or  less  branched,  grooved,  3°-6°  tall. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  the 
lower  i°-2°  long,  long-petioled,  the  upper  2/-6/ 
long,  short-petioled;  fruiting  panicle  dense;  ra- 
cemes nearly  erect,  more  or  less  interrupted; 
flowers  densely  whorled;  calyx  light  green; 
pedicels  slender,  conspicuously  jointed  above 
the  base,  }4-2  times  as  long  the  calyx-wings; 
wings  broadly  cordate,  3"  long,  irregularly  den- 
ticulate, each  bearing  a  large  callosity;  achene 
ovoid-oblong,  or  oblong,  2"  long,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  brown,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces 
concave,  its  angles  slightly  margined. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  New  Brunswick  and 
Ontario  to  Minnesota,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Illinois  and  Iowa.  July-Aug. 

•^~V«/" 

Rumex  occidentalis  S.  Wats.     Western  Dock.     (Fig.  1308.) 

R.  occidentalis  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  253.    1876.. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  stout,  strict,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  strongly  grooved,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  2°~3°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  bluish-green,  somewhat  crisped  and 
wavy -margined,  papillose,  the  lower  8/-i2/  long, 
obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  cordate 
at  the  base,  long-petioled,  the  tipper  smaller  and 
usually  lanceolate;  panicle  rather  dense,  leafless  or 
nearly  so,  erect;  racemes  usually  not  interrupted;, 
flowers  loosely  whorled;  calyx  pale  green,  \"  long; 
pedicels  obscurely  jointed  below  the  middle,  2-3 
times  longer  than  the  calyx-wings;  wings  triangu- 
lar-ovate, 2^//-4//  long,  somewhat  dentate  or  un- 
dulate, bearing  no  tubercles;  achene  oblong,  i."- 
zYz"  long,  short -pointed,  chestnut -brown,  smooth, 
shining. 

In  wet  places,  Labrador  to  Alaska,  Ontario,  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Texas,  and  to  California.  May-Aug. 


IO. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


551 


(Fig.  1309.) 


ii.    Rumex  crispus  L,.     Curled  Dock. 

Rum  ex  crispus  L.  Sp.  PI.  335.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrqus,  dark  green;  stem  rather 
slender,  erect,  simple  or  branched  above,  grooved, 
i°-3^°  tall.  Leaves  crisped  and  wavy-margined, 
the  lower  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  6/-i2/  long, 
long-petioled,  the  upper  narrowly  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate, 3/-6/  long,  short-petioled,  all  cordate  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  more  or  less  papillose;  panicle 
rather  open;  racemes  simple  or  compound,  by  the 
elongation  of  the  pedicels  apparently  continuous 
in  fruit;  flowers  rather  loosely  whorled;  calyx  dark 
green;  fruiting  pedicels  i%-2  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx-wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings  cordate, 
i^//-2//  long,  truncate  or  notched  at  base,  erose- 
dentate,  or  nearly  entire,  each  bearing  a  tubercle; 
achene  V  long,  dark  brown,  shining. 

In  fields  and  waste  places  nearly  throughout  the 
United  States  and  southern  British  America.  Often 
a  troublesome  weed.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Native  also  of  Asia.  June-Aug. 

12.    Rumex  conglomerates  Murr.     Clus- 
tered or  Smaller  Green  Dock.    (Fig.  1310.) 

R.  conglomeratus  Murr.  Prodr.  Fl.  Goett.  52.      1770. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  pale  green;  stem  slender, 
erect,  simple  or  branched,  grooved,  i°-3°  tall. 
Leaves  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  I'-s'  long,  some 
of  them  slightly  fiddle-shaped,  acute  at  the  apex, 
obtuse  at  the  base,  crenulate  and  slightly  crisped 
on  the  margins,  petioled;  panicle  loose  and  open  in 
fruit;  racemes  leafy,  slender,  ascending,  much  in- 
terrupted; flowers  loosely  whorled;  calyx  small, 
green ;  pedicels  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  near  the  base;  wings  ovate,  fiddle- 
shaped,  i%"  long,  toothed  near  the  base,  each 
bearing  a  large  oblong  callosity;  achene  less  than 
i//  long,  pointed,  red,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces 
convex. 

In  waste  places,  Virginia  to  South  Carolina.  Also  in 
California.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  May-July. 

13.    Rumex  sanguineus  I,.     Bloody  or 
Red -veined  Dock.     (Fig.  1311.) 

Rumex  sanguineus  L-  Sp.  PI.  334.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  slender,  erect, 
grooved,  simple  or  branched,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves 
oblong,  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  i/-6/ 
long,  the  lower  long-petioled,  cordate  at  the  base, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  usually  red-veined, 
the  upper  short-petioled;  panicle  loose;  racemes 
slender,  spreading,  not  leafy,  interrupted;  flowers 
loosely  whorled;  calyx  very  small;  pedicels  slen- 
der, 1-1%  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings, 
jointed  at  the  base;  wings  oblong,  i^//  long,  one 
of  them  bearing  a  spherical-oblong  callosity; 
achene  less  than  \"  long,  sharp-pointed,  dark 
red,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  convex. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  southern  New  York  to 
Virginia  and  Louisiana.  Uncommon.  Naturalized 
or  adventive  from  Europe.  May-Aug. 


552  POLYGONACEAE. 

14.    Rumex  pulcher  L,.     Fiddle  Dock.      (Fig.  1312.) 
Rumex  pulche r  I_.  Sp.  PI.  336.      1753. 

Perennial,  dark  green;  stem  slender,  erect  or  procum- 
bent, grooved,  diffusely  branched,  i°-3°  long,  the 
branches  spreading.  Leaves  oblong,  or  some  of  the 
lower  fiddle-shaped,  i'-6f  long,  long-petioled,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base;  upper  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  i/~3/  long,  short-petioled,  usually  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends;  petioles  more  or  less  pubescent; 
panicle  loose;  racemes  long,  divergent,  sometimes  re- 
flexed,  much  interrupted,  rather  leafy;  flowers  few  in 
the  whorls;  calyx  very  small,  green;  pedicels  equalling 
the  calyx-wings,  jointed  at  or  below  the  middle;  wings 
ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  2//long,  truncate  at  the  base,  one 
larger  than  the  others  or  all  three  of  different  sizes, 
fringed  with  spine-like  teeth,  usually  two,  sometimes 
one  or  all  three  bearing  tubercles;  achene  i"  long, 
pointed,  reddish,  smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  waste  places,  Virginia  to  Florida  and  Louisiana. 
Also  on  the  Pacific  Coast  and  in  ballast  about  the  northern 
seaports.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  June-Sept. 

15.   Rumex  obtusifolius  L.     Broad-leaved  or  Bitter  Dock.     (Fig.  1313.) 

Rumex  obtusifolius  L,.  Sp.  PI.  335.      1753- 

Perennial,  glabrous,  dark  green;  stem  stout, 
erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  grooved, 
more  or  less  scurfy  above,  2° -4°  tall.  Lower 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  6/-i4/  long,  long-peti- 
oled, all  cordate  or  rounded  at  the  base,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  the  upper  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2/-6/  long,  short-petioled,  the  mar- 
gins somewhat  undulate  or  crisped;  panicle 
rather  open;  racemes  nearly  erect,  continuous  or 
interrupted  below;  flowers  loosely  whorled;  pedi- 
cels slender,  somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  below  the  middle;  wings  hastate, 
2"-2%"  long,  fringed  with  a  few  spreading 
spiny  teeth,  one  of  them  bearing  an  oblong 
tubercle;  achene  i"  long,  pointed,  dark  red, 
smooth,  shining,  its  faces  concave,  its  angles 
slightly  margined. 

In  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick 
to  Oregon,  south  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  June-Aug. 

16.   Rumex  persicarioides  L,.     Golden 
Dock.     (Fig.  1314.) 

Rumex  persicarioides  L,.  Sp.  PI.  335.      1753. 

Annual,  pubescent,  pale  green;  stem  rather  stout, 
erect  and  simple, or  diffusely  branched,  i°-3°  high, or 
sometimes  spreading  or  creeping,  very  leafy.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  or  oblong,  i/-i2/  long,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  or  sometimes  cordate,  or  sagittate,  acute  at  the 
apex,  the  margins  undulate  and  more  or  less  crisped; 
panicle  simple  or  compound;  racemes  erect,  leafy- 
bracted,  mostly  interrupted;  flowers  densely 
whorled;  pedicels  slender,  i-i^  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx-wings,  jointed  at  the  base;  calyx  very  small; 
wings  oblong,  i//  long,  with  1-3  bristles  on  each  mar- 
gin, each  bearing  an  ovoid  or  oblong  callosity;  achene 
less  than  \"  long,  pointed,  reddish,  smooth,  shin- 
ing, its  faces  convex,  its  angles  slightly  margined. 

On  sandy  shores,  New  Brunswick  to  Virginia,  ex- 
tending across  the  continent  through  British  America, 
south  in  the  interior  to  Kansas  and  New  Mexico  and 
on  the  Pacific  Coast  to  California.  Has  been  confounded 
with  R.  maritimus  L,.  of  the  Old  World.  July-Oct. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


553 


4.    OXYRIA  Hill,  Veg.  Syst.  10:  24.       1765. 

Low  fleshy  glabrous  perennial  herbs,  with  slender  erect  stems.  Leaves  mostly  basal,  long- 
petioled,  reniform  or  orbicular,  cordate,  palmately  nerved,  with  cylindric  ocreae.  Flowers 
perfect,  small,  green,  in  terminal  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  unequally  4-parted,  the  outer 
segments  smaller  than  the  inner;  stamens  6,  included;  filaments  short,  subulate,  glabrous;  an- 
thers oblong.  Ovary  i-celled;  ovule  solitary;  style  short,  2-parted,  its  branches  divergent; 
stigmas  fimbriate,  persistent  on  the  large  wings  of  the  fruiting  calyx.  Achene  ovate,  lenticular. 
Embryo  straight,  borne  in  the  centre  of  the  endosperm.  [Greek,  sour,  from  the  acid  leaves.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following,  and  one  in  the 
Himalayas. 

i.    Oxyria  digyna  (L/. )  Camptdera. 
Mountain  Sorrel.     (Fig.  1315.) 

Rume.v  digvnus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  337.      1753. 

O.  digyna  Camptdera,  Rumex,  155.    pi.  j.  f.  j.      1819. 

O-iyria  reniformis  Hook.  Fl.  Scot.  HI.      1821. 

Rootstock  large,  chaffy ;  stems  scape-like,  simple 
or  .sparingly  branched,  leafless  or  nearly  so,  2/-i2/ 
tall.  Leaves  reniform  or  orbicular-reniform,  ]/?.'- 
i^'  wide,  undulate,  sometimes  emarginate  at  the 
apex,  the  basal  long-petioled;  ocreae  oblique,  loose, 
those  on  the  stem  bearing  flowers;  racemes  many- 
flowered;  flowers  slender-pedicelled;  segments  ob- 
long, the  inner  erect,  the  outer  reflexed  in  fruit; 
achene  pointed,  smooth,  surrounded  by  a  broad 
membranous  wing. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  the 
White  Mountains  of  New  Hampshire  and  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  northern  Europe  and 
Asia.  July-Sept. 

5.    FAGOPYRUM  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  182.       1791. 

Annual  or  perennial  rather  fleshy  usually  glabrous  leafy  herbs,  with  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  striate  or  grooved  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  hastate  or  deltoid,  with  ob- 
lique, cylindric  or  funnelform  ocreae.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in  terminal  or  axillary 
usually  paniculate  racemes,  perfect,  borne  solitary  or  several  together  from  each  ocreola, 
slender-pedicelled.  Calyx  about  equally  5-parted,  persistent  and  unchanged  in  fruit,  the 
segments  petaloid,  shorter  than  the  achene.  Stamens  8,  included;  filaments  filiform,  gla- 
brous; anthers  oblong.  Ovary  i-celled,  i-ovuled;  styles-parted;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  3- 
angled.  Embryo  central,  curved,  dividing  the  mealy  endosperm  into  two  parts;  cotyledons 
broad.  [Greek,  beech-wheat,  from  the  similarity  of  the  grain.] 

About  6  species,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

Racemes  panicled  or  corymbose;  angles  of  the  achene  not  crested. 
Racemes  mostly  simple:  angles  of  the  achene  crested,  undulate. 

i.  Fagopyrum  Fagopyrum  (I,.)  Karst.     Buckwheat.     (Fig.  1316.) 

Polygonum  Fagopyrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  364.      1753. 
Fagopyrum  esculentum  Moench,  Meth.  290.     1794. 
F.  Fagopyrum  Karst.  Deutsch.  Fl.  522.      1880-83. 

Annual,  glabrous  except  at  the  nodes,  stem 
strongly  grooved  when  old,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves 
hastate,  i/~3/  long,  abruptly  narrowed  above  the 
middle,  acuminate,  the  nerves  on  the  lower  sur- 
face slightly  scurfy;  ocreae  brittle  and  fugacious; 
racemes  mostly  panicled,  sometimes  corymbose, 
many-flowered,  erect  or  inclined  to  droop;  pedi- 
cels as  long  as  the  calyx;  segments  white  or  whit- 
ish; stamens  included;  style-branches  deflexed 
in  fruit;  achene  acute,  2^/x  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  its  faces  pinnately-striate 
when  mature,  the  angles  acute,  entire. 

In  waste  places,  and  persistent  in  fields  after  cul- 
tivation. Reported  from  almost  all  parts  of  the 
northern  United  States  and  southern  British  Amer- 
ica. Native  of  eastern  Europe  or  western  Asia. 
June-Sept. 


1.  F.  Fagopyrum. 

2.  F.  Tatar icv.ni. 


554 


POLYGONACEAE. 


2.  Fagopyrum  Tataricum  (L.)  Gaertn. 
Tartary  Buckwheat.     (Fig.  1317.) 

Polygonum  Tataricum  L-  Sp.  PI.  364.      1753. 
Fagopyrum  Tataricum  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  2:  182. 
pi.  189.  f.  6.      1791. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but 
the  leaves  deltoid-hastate  or  oblong-hastate, 
often  broader  than  long,  if-tf  wide,  acute  or 
short-acuminate  at  the  apex;  racemes  terminal 
and  axillary,  mostly  solitary,  simple  and  few- 
flowered,  long-peduncled;  flowers  whitish,  short- 
pedicelled;  achene  subacute,  2%"  long,  its 
angles  crested  with  3  prominent  lobes  above 
the  middle,  its  faces  pinnately  sulcate  from  a 
conspicuous  groove. 

In  waste  places,  eastern  Canada  and  New  Eng- 
land. Adventive  from  Asia.  Summer. 

6.   POLYGONUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  359.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial,  terrestrial  or  aquatic  herbs,  some  species  woody,  with  erect,  pros- 
trate, climbing  or  floating  stems,  alternate  sessile  or  petioled  entire  leaves,  continuous  with, 
or  jointed,  to  the  cylindric  funnelform  or  two-lobed,  often  lacerate  or  fringed  ocreae.  Flowers 
small,  normally  perfect,  green,  white,  pink  or  purple,  variously  clustered,  the  clusters  termi- 
nal or  axillary.  Pedicels  jointed,  subtended  by  ocreae  or  ocreolae;  calyx  4-5 -parted  or  4-5- 
cleft,  the  outer  sepals  or  segments  somewhat  larger  than  the  inner;  stamens  5-9,  included  or 
exserted;  filaments  filiform,  or  dilated  at  the  base,  glabrous;  anthers  oblong;  style  2-3-parted 
or  2-3-cleft,  its  branches  included  or  exserted;  stigmas  capitate;  achene  lenticular  or  3-angled 
(rarely  4-angled),  invested  by  or  exceeding  the  calyx.  Embryo  near  the  end  of  the  seed,  in 
one  of  its  angles.  [Greek,  many-knees,  from  the  swollen  joints  of  some  species.] 

About  200  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  33  others 
occur  in  the  western  and  southern  parts  of  North  America. 

1.   Flowers  in  terminal  spicate  racemes  ;   calyx  5-cleft  or  5-parted  ;   stem  not  twining. 

i.  P.  viviparum. 


2.  P.  amphibium. 

3.  P.  Hartwrightii. 

4.  P.  emersum. 


6.  P.  incarnatum. 


Raceme  solitary;  alpine  species;  perennial,  not  aquatic. 
Racemes  solitary  or  2;  aquatic  or  swamp  species;  perennials. 
Leaves  oblong,  elliptic,  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  not  acuminate. 
Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  not  acuminate. 
Leaves  ovate -lanceolate,  or  oblong-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate. 
Racemes  several  or  numerous;  annuals  or  perennials,  mostly  terrestrial. 
Ocreae  naked  or  ciliolate,  their  limbs  not  spreading. 
Racemes  drooping. 

Achene  ovoid;  style  2-parted  to  near  the  base. 

Achene  broadly  oblong-ovoid;  style  2-cleft  to  below  the  middle.  7.  P.  lapathifolium. 
Racemes  erect. 

Style-branches  scarcely  or  slightly  exserted. 

Achene  broadly  oblong,  biconvex.  5.  P.  Portoricense. 

Achene  orbicular,  flat.  8.  P.  Pennsylvanicuni. 

Style  branches  long-exserted;  achene  ovoid,  somewhat  gibbous.  9.  P.  longistylum. 
Ocreae  fringed  with  bristles,  their  limbs  not  spreading. 

Racemes  not  interrupted,  erect;  achene  lenticular  or  3-angled. 
Ocreae  conspicuously  fringed;  achene  broadly  ovoid. 
Ocreae  inconspicuously  fringed;  achene  narrowly  ovoid. 
Racemes  not  interrupted,  erect;  achene  always  3-angled. 
Ocreolae  conspicuously  fringed. 
Ocreolae  inconspicuously  fringed. 

Leaves  mostly  glabrous  above;  achene  pointed  at  the  top.  15.  P.  hydropiperoid.es. 
Leaves  strigose  above;  achene  pointed  at  both  ends.  13.  P.  setaceum. 

Racemes  not  interrupted,  drooping.  12.  P.  Careyi. 

Racemes  interrupted,  erect  or  drooping. 

Achene  granular  and  dull;  racemes  drooping.  16.  P.  Hydropiper. 

Achene  smooth,  shining;  racemes  erect.  17.  P.  punctatum. 

Ocreae  fringed  with  bristles,  their  limbs  normally  spreading.  18.  P.  orientate. 

2.  Flowers  in  long  naked  much  interrupted  spicate  racemes;  calyx  4-parted.    19.  P.   Virginia  H  H  m , 

3.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  stems  more  or  less  wiry,  not  twining. 
Plants  prostrate;  achene  invested  by  the  calyx. 

Achene  pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  at  the  base. 

Leaves  mostly  acute;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle.  20.  P.  aviculare. 

Leaves  mostly  obtuse;  style  3-parted  to  the  base.  21.  P.  littorale. 

Achene  pointed  at  both  ends.  22.  P.  Bellardi. 

Plants  prostrate;  achene  protruding  beyond  the  calyx. 

Leaves  mostly  longer  than  the  internodes;  sea  beach  species.  23.  P.  maritimum. 

Leaves  shorter  than  the  internodes;  plant  of  waste  places.  24.  P.  Rayi. 


10.  P.  Persicaria. 

11.  P.  persicarioides. 

14,  P.  Opelousanum. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


555 


Plants  erect  or  ascending,  rather  stout. 
Achene  invested  by  the  calyx. 

Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  persistent.  25.  P.  erecinm. 

Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear-oblong,  persistent.  27.  P.  ramosissimum. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  fugacious.  28.  P.  camporuin. 

Achene  much  exserted  beyond  the  calyx.  26.  P.  exserfum. 

Plants  strictly  erect  and  very  slender. 

Leaves  with  a  lateral  impression  on  either  side  of  the  midvein;  fruiting  pedicels  stout,  erect. 

29.  P.  tenue. 
Leaves  without  lateral  impressions;  fruiting  pedicels  slender,  deflexed.  30.  P.  Douglasii. 

4.  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  racemes  or  panicled  racemes;  stems  mostly  twining. 
Stems  twining;  herbaceous  vines. 

Outer  segments  of  the  calyx  unchanged,  or  keeled  in  fruit. 

Achene  granular  and  dull;  ocreae  not  bristly.  31.  P.  Convolvulus. 

Achene  smooth  and  shining;  ocreae  bristly.  32.  P.  cilinode. 
Outer  segments  of  the  calyx  conspicuously  winged  in  fruit. 
Calyx-wings  not  incised. 

Fruiting  calyx  5" -6"  long,  the  wings  crisped.  33.  P.  scandens. 

Fruiting  calyx  3" -4"  long,  the  wings  rather  flat.  34.  P.  dutnetonnii. 

Calyx-wings  incised.  35-  P-  cristatinn. 

Stems  stout,  erect,  tall;  outer  calyx-segments  winged  in  fruit.  36.  P.  Zuccarinn. 

5.    Flowers  in  capitate  clusters  or  racemes  ;  stem  climbing  by  recurved  prickles. 

Leaves  sagittate;  achene  3-angled.  37-  P.  sagittahtm. 

Leaves  halberd-shaped;  achene  lenticular.  38.  P.  arifoli nin. 

i.    Polygonum  viviparum  L,.     Alpine 

Bistort.      (Fig.  1318.) 
Polygonum  viviparum  L.  Sp.  PI.  360.      1753. 

Perennial  by  a  corm-like  rootstock,  mostly  gla- 
brous and  somewhat  glaucous;  stems  solitary  or 
clustered,  erect,  simple,  slender,  2/-io/  tall.  Basal 
leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  i/-8/  long,  rather  acute 
at  the  apex,  cordate  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  long- 
petioled;  stem  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear, 
i '-3'  long,  the  lower  petioled,  the  upper  sessile, 
their  margins  often  revolute;  ocreae  long,  clasping 
below,  open  above;  raceme  solitary,  terminal,  nar- 
row, rather  dense,  bearing  a  number  of  dark  colored 
bulblets  about  its  base;  calyx  5-parted,  pale  rose- 
color  or  white;  stamens  8,  exserted;  styles-parted, 
its  branches  exserted;  achene  oblong,  3-angled. 

Greenland  and  Labrador  to  Alaska,  south  to  the  high 
summits  of  the  mountains  of  New  England,  and  in  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  Colorado.  Also  in  arctic  and 
alpine  Europe  and  Asia.  June-Aug. 

2.    Polygonum  amphibium  L.     Water  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1319.) 

Polygonum  amphibium  L.  Sp.  PI.  361.      1753. 

Aquatic,  perennial,  glabrous  when  mature; 
stem  floating  or  submersed,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched,  4°-2o°  long.  Leaves  oblong, 
elliptic  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  i%'-4?  long,  peti- 
oled, obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  slightly 
inequilateral,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sometimes  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  those 
of  the  branches  often  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  their  limbs  sometimes  spreading,  usu- 
ally glabrous;  raceme  terminal,  usually  soli- 
tary, ^/-i/long,  dense,  erect,  oblong  or  ovoid ; 
calyx  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens 5,  exserted; 
style  2-cleft,  exserted;  achene  orbicular  ob- 
long, lenticular,  i<^//  long,  biconvex,  black, 
smooth  and  shining,  or  granular. 

In  ponds  and  lakes,  Quebec  to  Alaska,  south  to 
northern  New  Jersey,  Kentucky,  Colorado  and 
California.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  the  Adiron- 
dacks.  Also  in  Europe.  July-Aug. 


POLYGONACEAE. 

3.   Polygonum  Hartwrightii  A.  Gray. 
Hart  Wright's  Persicaria.    (Fig.  1320.) 

Polygonum  Hartwrightii  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  AcacL 
8:  294.     1870. 

Perennial  by  rootstocks,  more  or  less  hispid 
throughout;  stem  ascending,  decumbent  or  erect, 
6x-2°  long,  many-jointed,  grooved,  usually  rather 
stout.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ob- 
long, 3/-6/  long,  obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,, 
short-petioled  or  sessile;  ocreae  cylindric,  varying 
from  one-half  as  long  to  as  long  as  the  internodes, 
the  limb  abruptly  spreading,  fringed  with  short 
bristles;  racemes  usually  solitary,  dense,  yz'-\r 
long,  oblong;  calyx  rose-colored,  5  parted;  sta- 
mens 5,  exserted;  style  exserted,  2-cleft  to  be- 
yond the  middle;  achene  oblong,  biconvex,  lenti- 
cular, black,  smooth,  shining. 

In  swamps  or  moist  soil,  Hudson  Bay  to  Oregon, 
south  to  southern  Pennsylvania,  Kansas,  Nevada  and 
Lower  California.  June-Aug. 

4.  Polygonum  emersum  (Michx.)  Britton.     Swamp  Persicaria.    (Fig.  1321.) 

Polygonum  amphibium  var.  emersum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor. 

Am.  i:  240.      1803. 

P.  MuhlenberguS.Wa.ts.Vroc.Am.  Ac.  14:  295.     1879. 
Polygonum  emersum  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 

8:  73.      1889. 

Perennial  by  long  creeping  or  horizontal  root- 
stocks,  glabrous  or  strigose- pubescent;  stem  erect  or 
assurgent,  commonly  simple,  channeled,  enlarged 
at  the  nodes,  i°-3°  high.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  or  the  upper  sometimes  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  2>£/-S/  long,  acute  or  usually  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
petioled,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent,  sometimes 
forking;  ocreae  cylindric,  becoming  loose,  not  cili- 
ate;  racemes  i  or  2,  erect,  \f-$r  long,  linear-oblong, 
dense,  calj'x  dark  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  5, 
exserted;  style  2-cleft,  exserted;  achene  broadly 
obovate  or  orbicular,  i%"  long,  very  convex, 
lenticular,  black  and  slightly  granular,  but  shining. 

In  swamps  and  moist  soil,  Ontario  to  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory and  British  Columbia,  south  to  Virginia,  Louisi- 
ana and  Mexico.  Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia. 
July-Sept. 

Polygonum  Portoricense  Bertero.    Dense- flowered  Persicaria.  (Fig.  1322.) 

Polygonum  densiftorum  Meisn.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  5: 

Part  i,  13.      1855.     Not  Blume,  1825-26. 
Polygonum  Portoricense  Bertero;  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr. 

14:  121.      1856. 

Perennial,  more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  erect,  decum- 
bent or  floating,  3°-5°  long  or  longer,  branched,  en- 
larged at  the  nodes,  often  dark  brown.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate or  linear-lanceolate,  i^/-i2/  long,  acuminate 
at  both  ends,  obscurely  punctate,  short-petioled,  the 
nerves  prominent  beneath;  ocreae  cylindric,  some- 
times bristly  when  young,  naked  when  mature,  some- 
times hispid;  racemes  spicate,  paniculate,  often  in 
pairs,  i/~5/  long,  dense,  erect;  calyx  white  or  whitish, 
5-parted  to  near  the  base;  stamens  6-8,  included;  style 
2-3-cleft,  somewhat  exserted;  achene  lenticular  and 
strongly  biconvex  or  3-angled,  \"-\%ff  long,  broadly 
oblong,  orbicular  or  even  broader  than  high,  black, 
smooth  and  shining,  or  minutely  granular. 

In  wet  soil,  Missouri  to  Florida,  Texas,  the  West  Indies 
and  South  America.  May-Nov. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.  557 

6.    Polygonum  incarnatum  Ell.     Slender 
Pink  Persicaria.      (Fig.  1323.) 

Polygonum  incarnatum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  456.     1817. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  stem  erect,  simple 
or  branched  above,  more  or  less  swollen  at  the  nodes, 
2°-4°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate,  3 '-9'  long,  Yz'-^/z' 
wide,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  short-petioled,  sparingly 
punctate  and  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  long,  loose, 
brittle,  sometimes  ciliolate  when  young,  glabrous  when 
mature;  racemes  panicled,  drooping,  i^'-^  long, 
linear,  many-flowered;  calyx  white  or  pink,  small, 
5-parted;  stamens  6;  style  2-parted  to  near  the  base; 
achene  ovoid-oblong,  lenticular,  about  i//long,  flat  or 
biconcave,  smooth,  shining. 

In  wet  soil,  Vermont  to  Illinois,  south  to  Florida  and 
Louisiana.  June-Sept. 

7.    Polygonum  lapathifolium  L,.     Dock- 
leaved  or  Pale  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1324.) 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.  Sp.  PI.  360.      1753. 

Annual,  stem  simple  or  much  branched,  erect  or  as- 
cending, swollen  at  the  nodes,  i°-3°  high,  the  pedun- 
cles and  pedicels  glandular.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 2/-io/  long,  usually  broader  than 
those  of  the  preceding,  attenuate  to  the  apex,  acumi- 
nate at  the  base,  short-petioled,  ciliate,  inconspicuously 
punctate;  ocreae  cylindric,  ribbed  or  striate;  racemes 
panicled,  \'-if  long,  drooping,  narrow,  rather  dense; 
calyx  pink,  greenish  or  white,  5-parted;  stamens  6; 
style  2-parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene  broadly 
oblong  or  ovoid,  lenticular,  i^long,  brownish  or  black, 
slightly  reticulated  but  shining,  its  faces  concave. 

In  waste  places,  throughout  temperate  North  America. 
Naturalized    from    Europe.     Sometimes    a    troublesome 
weed.     Native  also  of  Asia.     June-Sept. 
Polygonum  lapathifolium  nodosum  (Pers. )  Small,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  140.      1894. 
Polygonum  nodosum  Pers.  Syn.  1:440.      1805. 

.  'Generally  robust  and  glabrous;  stem  stout,  reddish,  purple  spotted  and  with  a  purple  ring  be- 
low each  ocrea,  much  thickened  at  the  nodes;  leaves  conspicuously  punctate;  racemes  i'~3'  long, 
less  drooping,  often  erect;  achene  slightly  larger.  Occasional  in  the  range  of  the  type. 

Polygonum  lapathifolium  incanum  (Schmidt)  Koch,  Syn.  Fl.  Germ.  711.      1837. 
Polygonum  incanum  Schmidt,  Fl.  Boem.  4:  90.      1795. 

Low,  stem  slender,  erect,  2'-iz'  high,  slightly  scurfy;  leaves  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong,  usu- 
ally narrowed  at  the  base,  white-tomentose  beneath,  glabrous  above;  racemes  ^'-i^'  long.  In 
waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  New  York  and  British  Columbia. 

8.    Polygonum    Pennsylvanicum    L. 

Pennsylvania  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1325.) 

Polygonum  Pennsylvanicum  L-  Sp.  PI.  362.      1753- 

Annual,  glabrous  below  ;  stem  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  i°-3°  tall,  the  upper  parts,  the  peduncles 
and  pedicels  glandular.  Leaves  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  petioled,  ciliate,  2/-n/  long,  the 
upper  sometimes  glandular  beneath;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric, thin,  naked,  glabrous;  racemes  panicled,  erect, 
thick,  oblong  or  cylindric,  dense,  i/-2/  long;  calyx 
dark  pink  or  rose-color,  5-parted;  stamens  8  or  fewer; 
style  2-cleft  to  about  the  middle;  achene  orbicular  or 
mostly  broader  than  high,  i%"  long,  short-pointed, 
lenticular,  smooth,  shining. 

In  moist  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  Minnesota, 
Florida  and  Texas.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  Virginia. 
July-Sept. 


558 


POLYGONACEAE. 


g.    Polygonum  longistylum  Small.     Long-styled  Persicaria.      (Fig.  1326.) 

Polygonum  longistylum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club, 
21 :  169.      1894. 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  except  the  glan- 
dular upper  branches  and  peduncles;  stem  erect, 
rather  slender,  i°-3°  tall,  becoming  somewhat 
woody  below.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, i/-6/  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  peti- 
oled,  their  margins  undulate,  slightly  crisped, 
more  or  less  ciliolate;  ocreae  cylindric,  entire, 
brittle,  soon  falling  away;  racemes  panicled, 
sometimes  geminate,  I'-tf  long,  rather  dense, 
erect;  calyx  lilac,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle, 
the  lobes  petaloid;  stameus  6-8,  included;  style 
2-parted,  slender,  conspicuously  exserted;  stig- 
mas black;  achene  broadly  ovoid,  lenticular, 
slightly  gibbous  on  both  sides,  long-pointed, 
black,  granular,  but  somewhat  shining,  \%" 
long. 

In  moist  soil,  Southern  Illinois  and  Missouri  to 
Louisiana  and  New  Mexico.  Aug. -Oct. 

10.   Polygonum  Persicaria  L,.     Lady's 

Thumb.      (Fig.  1327.) 
Polygonum-  Persicaria  L.  Sp.  PI.  361.     1753. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  puberulent;  stem  erect  or 
ascending,  simple  or  much  branched,  )4°-2° 
high.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
i'-6'  long,  short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acu- 
minate at  both  ends,  conspicuously  punctate,  usu- 
ally with  a  dark  triangular  or  lunar  blotch  near 
the  centre,  their  margins  entire  or  slightly  eroded, 
often  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  nearly  glabrous, 
fringed  with  short  bristles;  racemes  solitary  or 
panicled,  ^'-2'  long,  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense, 
erect;  calyx  pink  or  dark  purple;  stamens  mostly 
6;  style  2-3-parted  to  below  the  middle;  achene 
broadly  ovate  and  lenticular,  often  gibbous  or 
3-angled,  \ff-\%"  long,  smooth  and  shining. 

In  waste  places,  throughout  North  America,  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from  Europe- 
Often  an  abundant  weed.  June-Oct. 

ii.  Polygonum  persicarioides  H.B.K. 
Southwestern  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1328.) 

P.  persicarioides  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:  179.      1817. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent;  stem 
erect,  decumbent  or  creeping,  simple  or  branched, 
i°-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  both  ends,  punctate,  short-petioled  or 
subsessile,  i^'-io'  long;  ocreae  cylindric,  glabrous 
or  sparingly  strigillose,  fringed  with  short  bristles; 
spicate  racemes  more  or  less  panicled,  erect,  \'--\f 
long,  narrowly  oblong  or  linear,  loosely- flowered; 
calyx  rose-color  tinged  with  green,  5-parted  to  below 
the  middle;  stamens  8  or  fewer,  included;  style  2-3- 
parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  lenticular  and 
biconvex,  or  3-angled,  more  or  less  gibbous,  \" 
long,  ovoid  or  broadly  oblong,  short-pointed,  black, 
minutely  granular,  but  shining. 

Nebraska  to  Mexico;  widely  distributed  in  tropical 
America.  June-Sept. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


559 


12.    Polygonum  Careyi  Olney.     Carey's 
Persicaria.      (Fig.  1329.) 

Polvgonum  Careyi  Olney,  Proc.  Providence  Franklin 

Soc.  i:  29.      1847. 

Annual,  rough-glandular  throughout,  stem 
erect,  i°-3°  tall,  simple  or  sparingly  branched 
above.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, the  uppermost  nearly  linear,  2/-n/  long, 
short-petioled  or  nearly  sessile,  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  hispid  on  the  midrib,  ciliate,  sparingly  punc- 
tate; ocreae  cylindric,  sparsely  hispid,  fringed  with 
long  bristles;  racemes  several,  narrow,  terminal, 
loosely-flowered,  drooping,  i/-2^/long;  calyx  pur- 
plish; stamens  5  or  sometimes  8;  style  2-parted  to  be- 
low the  middle;  achene  lenticular,  broadly  ovoid  or 
obovoid,  iJ4//-i,^//  long,  short-pointed,  thick, 
smooth  and  shining-. 

In  marshes,  Ontario  to  Rhode  Island,  New  Jersey 
and  Pennsylvania.  Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  Pennsylva- 
nia. Also  in  Michigan.  July-Sept. 

13.    Polygonum  setaceum  Balchv. 
Bristly  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1330.) 

Polygonum  setaceum  Baldw. ;  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga. 

i':  455.       1817. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  strigose-pubescent 
above,  stem  2°-4°  high,  erect,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched;  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2/-g/  long,  mostly  short-petioled, 
acuminate  at  both  ends,  ciliate,  inconspicuously 
punctate;  ocreae  cylindric,  long,  strigose, 
fringed  with  very  long  bristles;  racemes  few, 
terminal,  i/-2^/  long,  erect,  linear-oblong, 
sometimes  geminate,  rather  loosely  flowered; 
calyx  white  or  pink;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted 
to  below  the  middle;  acheue  3-angled,  oblong  or 
obovoid,  short,  thick-pointed,  ^"-2"  long, 
minutely  reticulated  and  rather  dull,  or  smooth 
and  shining. 

In  swamps,  southern  Missouri  to  Louisiana,  east 
to  North  Carolina  and  Florida.  June-Sept. 


14.  Polygonum  Opelousanum  Riddell. 
Opelousas  Persicaria.     (Fig.  1331.) 

Polygonum    Opelousanum  Riddell;    Small,    Bull. 
Torr.  Club,  19:  354.      1892. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  throughout, 
stem  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  sparingly  or 
considerably  branched,  i°-3°  tall,  becoming 
woody  below.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, i)4/~5/  long,  sessile,  ciliate;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric, strigose,  fringed  with  long  bristles;  spicate 
racemes  panicled,  erect,  often  geminate,  y2'-2' 
long,  not  densely  flowered;  calyx  white,  pedi- 
celled,  5-parted  to  below  the  middle;  stamens  8 
or  fewer,  included;  style  deeply  3-parted;  achene 
3-angled  or  rarely  4-angled,  broadly  ovoid  or 
obovoid,  ^4 ff  long,  black,  smooth  and  shining 

Missouri  to  Louisiana,  Texas  and  Mexico.  July- 
Sept. 

36 


560 


POLYGONACEAE. 


15.  Polygonum  hydropiperoides  Michx.     Mild  Water  Pepper.    (Fig.  1332.) 

P.  hydropiperoides  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  239.      1803. 
Polygonum  mite  Pers.  Syn.  i:  440.      1805. 

Perennial,  glabrous  or  strigillose,  stem  erect,  decum- 
bent or  prostrate,  simple  or  branched  above,  slender, 
i°-3°  long.  Leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  varying  to  linear-lanceolate,  2/-6/  long, 
short-petioled,  acute  at  apex,  ciliate,  pubescent  with 
appressed  hairs  on  the  midrib  beneath;  ocreae  cylin- 
dric,  loose,  strigose,  fringed  with  long  bristles;  racemes 
panicled,  terminal,  erect,  narrow,  more  or  less  inter- 
rupted, i^/-3/long;  calyx  pink  or  greenish;  stamens 
8;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle ;  achene  3-angled, 
ovoid  or  oblong,  i//-i^//  long,  smooth,  shining. 

In  swamps  and  wet  soil,  New  Brunswick  to  Minnesota 
and  California,  south  to  Florida  and  Mexico.  June-Sept. 

Polygonum  hydropiperoides  Macouni  Small,  Mem.  Dept. 

Bot.  Col.  Coll.  i:  81.     1895. 

More  robust  than  the  type,  stem  i  °-3°  long,  clothed  with 
stout  appressed  hairs;  leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse;  ocreo- 
lae  more  or  less  ciliate;  calyx  white  or  whitish,  often  con- 
spicuous. Quebec  to  West  Virginia  and  Indiana.  Also- 
in  California. 

16.  Polygonum  Hydropiper  L,.     Smart-weed.    Water  Pepper.    (Fig.  1333.) 
Polygonum  Hydropiper  L.  Sp.  PI.  361.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched, 
red  or  reddish,  sometimes  green,  8/-24/  tall. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  i/-4/  long, 
short-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  un- 
dulate or  slightly  crisped,  punctate,  ciliate,  very 
acrid,  ocreae  cylindric,  fringed  with  short  bristles, 
sometimes  slightly  pubescent,  usually  swollen  at 
the  base  by  the  development  of  several  flowers 
within;  racemes  panicled,  i/~3/  long,  narrow, 
drooping,  interrupted;  calyx  green,  3-5-parted 
(usually  4-parted)  conspicuously  punctate;  stamens 
4  or  sometimes  6;  style  short,  2-3-parted;  achene 
lenticular  or  3-angled,  broadly  oblong  or  ovoid, 
slightly  gibbous,  iX//~IK//  l°ng>  granular,  dull. 

In  moist  waste  places,  almost  throughout  North 
America.  Naturalized  from  Europe  in  our  area,  per- 
haps indigenous  in  the  far  Northwest.  July-Sept. 

17.   Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.     Dotted 
or  Water  Smart- weed.     (Fig.  1334.) 

P.  punctatum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  &  Ga.  i:  455-      1817. 
P.  acre  H.B.K.  Nov.  Gen.  2:  179.      1817.     Not  Lam. 

Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so, 
stem  erect  or  ascending,  rarely  prostrate,  simple  or 
branched,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, i/-8/  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
petioled,  ciliate,  conspicuously  punctate,  acrid,  the 
midrib  often  with  a  few  scattered  hairs;  ocreae  cy- 
lindric; falling  away  at  maturity;  fringed  with  long 
bristles;  racemes  terminal,  narrow,  erect  or  slightly 
drooping;  loosely  flowered,  %'-$'  long;  calyx 
greenish;  stamens  8;  style  2-3-parted  to  the  base; 
achene  oblong,  short,  thick,  lenticular  or  3-angled. 
\W  long,  smooth,  shining. 

In  swamps  and  wet  places,  throughout  North  Amer- 
ica except  the  extreme  north.  June-Oct. 

Polygonum  punctatum  leptostachyum  (Meisn.)  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  19:  356.      1892. 
Polygonum  acre  var.  leptostachyum  Meisn.  in  DC.  Prodr.  14:  108.      1856. 

Rather  smaller;  stem  slender,  i°-2°  long;  leaves  narrower;  racemes  very  slender  and  much  m- 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


561 


terrupted,  clustered  at  the  summit;  achene  about  i"  long,  oblong,  shining, 
south  to  Florida  and  Mexico. 


Vermont  to  California, 

Polygonum  punctatum  robustior  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  21:  477.      1894. 
d  stouter  than  the  type,  leafy;  stem  2°-5°  tall,  conspicuously  enlarged  at  the  nodes; 
leaves  2r-8'  long;  racemes  thicker,  1-4'  long,  interrupted  below;  achene  ilA    long,  slightly  granular, 


somewhat  obovoid;  calyx-segments  white.     Massachusetts  to  Florida,  near  the  coast. 

18.    Polygonum  orientale  I,.     Prince's 
Feather.     (Fig.  1335.) 

Polygonum  orientale  L-  Sp.  PI.  362.      1753. 

Annual,  more  or  less  hispid,  stem  erect,  i°-8°  tall, 
branched.  Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oblong,  3/-i2/ 
long,  petioled,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ciliate;  peti- 
oles slightly  winged;  ocreae  cylindric,  loose,  with 
or  without  a  spreading  border,  ciliate;  racemes 
panicled,  oblong-cylindric,  \f-\f  long,  dense,  droop- 
ing; flowers  large  for  the  genus,  calyx  dark  rose- 
color  or  crimson;  stamens  7,  exserted;  style  2-cleft 
to  above  the  middle,  included;  stigmas  large;  achene 
orbicular  or  broader  than  long,  lenticular,  flat, 
nearly  \Yzrf  in  diameter,  finely  reticulated  and 
rather  dull. 

In  waste  places,  escaped  from  gardens  throughout 
eastern  North  America.  Native  of  India.  Aug.-Sept. 

19.    Polygonum  Virginianum  L,.     Virginia 
Knotweed.     (Fig.  1336.) 

Polygonum  Virginianum  L-  Sp.  PI.  360.      1753. 

Annual,  nearly  glabrous  or  strigose-pubescent,  stem 
erect  or  arching,  simple  or  branched  above,  i°-4°  tall. 
Leaves  ovate  or  elliptic-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
short-petioled,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  2/-6/  long, 
sparingly  ciliate;  ocreae  cylindric,  strigose,  fringed 
with  short  bristles;  racemes  spicate,  erect,  terminal 
and  axillary,  naked,  greatly  elongated  and  interrupted, 
sometimes  12'  long;  calyx  curved,  greenish  or  rose- 
color,  4-cleft;  stamens  5;  style  long,  exserted,  2-parted 
to  the  base,  its  branches  at  length  curled;  achene  2" 
long,  ovate-oblong,  lenticular,  strongly  biconvex,  dark 
brown  or  cream-colored,  smooth,  shining. 

In  woods,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Ascends  to  4000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July-Nov. 

20.    Polygonum  aviculare  L,.     Knot- 
grass.    Door-weed.      (Fig.  1337.) 

Polygonum  aviculare  L.  Sp.  PI.  362.      1753. 

Annual  or  commonly  perennial,  slender,  gla- 
brous, dull  green  or  bluish  green,  stem  prostrate 
or  ascending,  simple  or  branched,  4/-2°  long. 
Leaves  oblong,  linear  or  oblanceolate,  3//-io// 
long,  nearly  sessile  or  short-petioled,  jointed  to 
the  ocreae,  narrowed  at  the  base,  usually  acute 
at  the  apex,  not  conspicuously  veined;  ocreae  ob- 
lique, silvery,  2-parted  or  at  length  lacerate; 
clusters  axillary,  i-5-flowered;  flowers  small, 
short-pedicelled;  calyx  green,  5-parted,  the  lobes 
with  white  or  pink  borders;  stamens  5-8;  style 
short,  3-parted  to  near  the  base;  achene  3-angled, 
ovoid,  i//  long,  acute,  reticulated. 

A  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  common 
almost  throughout  North  America,  Asia  and  Europe. 
June-Oct. 


562 


POLYGONACEAE. 


21.    Polygonum  littorale    L,ink.     Shore 
Knotweed.     (Fig.  1338.) 

Polygonum  littorale  Link  in  Schrad.  Journ.  i:  54. 
1799. 

Annual  or  perennial,  stout,  glabrous,  bright 
green  or  slightly  glaucous,  stem  i°-4°  long,  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  diffusely  branched  from  a 
woody  base,  striate.  Leaves  oblong,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate or  oblanceolate,  2//-9//  long,  obtuse  or 
subacute  at  the  apex,  mostly  acuminate  at  the 
base,  prominently  veined,  often  crisped,  jointed 
to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique,  2- parted,  at  length 
lacerate;  flowers  axillary,  2-6  in  each  cluster; 
calyx  green,  its  lobes  whitish-margined  or  car- 
mine; stamens  8;  sty le  short,  3-parted  to  the  base; 
achene  broadly  ovoid,  3-angled,  \y2"  long,  more 
or  less  narrowed  at  the  base  and  apex. 

On  shores  and  in  waste  places,  New  Brunswick  to 
Minnesota  and  California,  south  to  Virginia,  Illinois 
and  Kansas.  Also  in  Europe.  Aug.-Sept. 


22.    Polygonum  Bellardi  All.      Bellard's 
Knotweed.     (Fig.  1339.) 

Polygonum  Bellardi  All.  Fl.  Fed.  2:  205.  pi.  90.  f.  2. 

1785- 

Annual,  dingy  green,  stem  slender,  prostrate  or 
spreading,  i°-3°  long,  simple  or  diffusely  branched, 
striate.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, short-petioled,  2//-2o//  long,  acute  at  the  apex, 
acuminate  at  the  base,  distant,  prominently  veined 
beneath,  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique,  sil- 
very, slightly  lacerate  when  young,  becoming  much 
incised  when  old;  flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils; 
calyx  green,  its  lobes  white-margined;  stamens  8; 
style  3-parted  to  the  base,  very  short;  achene  ovoid 
or  oblong-ovoid,  3-angled,  rather  pointed  at  both 
ends,  i//-i^//  long,  reticulated  and  rather  dull. 


In  waste  grounds,   Washington,  D.   C. 
from  eastern  Europe  or  western  Asia. 


Adventive 


Polygonum  maritimum  L,.     Seaside  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1340.) 


Polygonum  maritimum  L.  Sp.  PI.  361.     1753. 
Polygonum glaucum  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  254.     1818. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  glaucous,  gla- 
brous, root  usually  deep,  woody,  stem  prostrate 
or  ascending,  branched,  8/-2o/  long,  deeply 
striate.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  mostly  equal- 
ling or  longer  than  the  internodes,  3//-i2//  long, 
fleshy,  veined  beneath,  somewhat  rugose  above, 
conspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae,  the  margins 
often  re  volute;  ocreae  large,  silvery,  2-parted  or 
at  length  lacerate,  becoming  brown  at  the  base; 
flowers  1-3  together  in  the  axils,  becoming  slen- 
der-pedicelled;  calyx  white  or  pinkish;  stamens 
8;  style  short,  3-parted;  achene  3-angled,  ovoid  or 
narrowly  ovoid,  \y2/f  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
smooth,  shining,  longer  than  the  calyx. 


In  sands  of  the  seashore,  Maine  to  Florida, 
on  the  coast  of  Europe.    July-Sept. 


Also 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


563 


24.    Polygonum  Rayi  Babingt.     Ray's  Knotweed.      (Fig.  1341.) 


Polygonum  Rayi  Babingt.  ]\Ian.  Brit.  Bot.  Ed.  2, 
275-      1848. 

Perennial  or  annual,  glabrous,  slightly  glau- 
cous, stem  3/-24/  long,  prostrate,  usually  much 
branched,  striate.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or 
oblong,  3//-i5//  long,  short-petioled,  acute  or 
obtusish  at  the  apex,  veined  beneath,  incon- 
spicuously so  above,  shorter  than  the  intern  odes, 
inconspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae 
2-parted,  becoming  lacerate,  silvery,  brown  and 
glaucous  at  the  base  when  old;  flowers  2-4  to- 
gether in  the  axils;  stamens  5  or  6;  style  short, 
3-parted  to  the  base;  achene  ovoid,  3-angled, 
2//_3//  long,  slightly  granular  but  shining,  much 
exceeding  the  calyx. 

In  waste  places,  New  Brunswick  and  Prince  Ed- 
ward Island  to  British  Columbia,  south  along  the 
Atlantic  Coast  to  Virginia.  Naturalized  from 
Europe  ?  May-Sept. 


25.    Polygonum  erectum  L,.     Erect 
Knotweed.     (Fig.  1342.) 

Polygonum  erectum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  363.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  stem  erect  or  ascending,  8/-2° 
high,  terete,  nearly  simple  or  much  branched. 
Leaves  oval,  oblong  or  obovate,  subsessile  or 
short-petioled,  3//-i8//  long,  obtuse  or  subacute  at 
the  apex,  conspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae; 
ocreae  oblique,  funnelform,  soon  lacerate,  silvery 
when  young;  flowers  1-2  together  in  the  axils; 
calyx  greenish,  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens  6  (some- 
times 5)  style  very  short,  3-parted  to  near  the 
base;  achene  ovoid-pyramidal,  3-angled,  ij^" 
long,  reticulated  and  dull,  invested  by  the  calyx, 
or  the  apex  slightly  protruding. 

In  moist  or  dry  soil,  Ontario  to  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory, Tennessee  and  Arkansas.  July-Sept. 


26.  Polygonum  exsertum  Small.     L,ong- 

fruited  Knotweed.      (Fig.  1343.) 
P.  exsertum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  21:  172.      1894. 

Annual,  glabrous,  sometimes  slightly  glaucous, 
stem  slender,  brownish,  erect  or  nearly  so,  con- 
spicuously striate,  branched,  i^0-30  tall.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  rarely  oblanceolate,  %'-!%'  long,  acute 
or  cuspidate  at  the  apex,  acuminate  at  the  base, 
nearly  sessile;  ocreae  2-4-parted  when  young,  soon 
lacerate,  silvery,  becoming  brownish;  calyx  green- 
ish, or  white,  6-parted  to  near  the  base;  stamens  5 
or  6,  included;  style  3-cleft  or  3-parted,  very  short; 
achene  3-angled,  narrowly  pyramidal,  2X//~3// 
long,  more  or  less  constricted  above  the  middle, 
chestnut-brown,  smooth,  shining,  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  at  length  twisted. 

Northwest  Territory,  south  to  Illinois,  Missouri 
and  Nebraska  and  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  in  brackish 
marshes,  from  Maine  to  New  York.  Aug. -Oct. 


POLYGONACEAE. 

27.    Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx. 
Bushy  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1344.) 

P.  ramosissimum  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  237.      1803. 

Annual,  bright  green  or  yellowish  green,  gla- 
brous, stem  erect  or  ascending,  usually  very  much 
branched,  slender,  striate,  usually  rigid,  4/-4°  tall. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- oblong,  short-petioled, 
3'/_2o//  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  persistent, 
conspicuously  jointed  to  the  ocreae;  ocreae  oblique, 
funnelform,  few-nerved,  becoming  deeply  lacerate; 
flowers  several  together  in  the  axillary  clusters, 
short-pedicelled;  calyx  5-6-parted,  greenish-white; 
stamens  6  or  fewer;  style  very  short,  3-parted  to  the 
base;  achene  3-angled,  acute,  sometimes  slightly 
protruding  beyond  the  calyx,  nearly  \l/i"  long, 
black,  reticulated,  dull. 

In  saline  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest  Territory, 
New  Mexico  and  California,  and  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
from  Maine  to  New  Jersey.  July-Sept. 

Polygonum  ramosissimum  prolificum  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Club,  21:  171.      1894. 
Bushy,  much  branched,  stem  nearly  erect,  its  internodes  short,  its  nodes  giving  off  2  or  more 
branches;  leaves  narrower;  flowers  and  achenes  more  numerous.     Nebraska  and  Kansas;  also  on 
the  coast  of  Maine. 

28.    Polygonum  camporum  Meisn. 
Prairie  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1345.) 

P.  camporum  Meisn.  in  Mart.  Fl.  Bras.  5:  21.  1855. 
Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous,  stem  mostly 
erect,  slightly  striate,  much  branched,  some- 
times slightly  glaucous,  2°-3°  tall.  Leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  oblong,  soon  falling  away, 
subsessile,  rather  obtuse  at  the  apex,  veined  be- 
neath, 3//-i2//  long;  ocreae  funnelform,  early 
lacerate  and  fugacious,  dark  brown;  flowers  sev- 
eral together  in  the  axillary  clusters,  slender-ped- 
icelled;  pedicels  short;  stamens  8;  style  short, 
3-parted;  achene  pyramidal-ovoid,  3-angled, 
black,  nearly  \yz"  long,  smooth,  shining. 

'  On  prairies,   Nebraska   to  Louisiana  and  New 
Mexico.    Also  in  South  America.    July-Sept. 


29.    Polygonum  tenue  Michx.     Slender 

Knotweed.      (Fig.  1346.) 
Polygonum  tenue  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  238.      1803. 

Annual,  glabrous,  somewhat  rough  about  the 
nodes,  stem  very  slender  or  filiform,  erect,  simple 
or  branched,  somewhat  4-angled,  4/-i2/  tall. 
Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  2//-i2//  long,  articulated  to  the 
ocreae,  i -ribbed  with  a  lateral  impression  on  each 
side  of  the  rib,  the  margins  minutely  scabrous  or 
serrulate;  ocreae  funnelform,  soon  lacerate;  flowers 
several  in  the  axillary  clusters,  green,  subsessile; 
calyx-lobes  whitish ;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted  nearly 
to  the  base,  its  branches  diverging;  fruit  erect; 
achene  3-angled,  black,  i//-i>^//  long,  reticulated 
on  the  angles,  the  centre  of  its  faces  smooth. 

Dry  soil,  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  Georgia  and  Arkan- 
sas. Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  North  Carolina.  July-Sept. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


565 


30.    Polygonum  Douglasii  Greene. 
Douglas'  Knotweed.     (Fig.  1347-) 

Polrgomim    Douglasii  Greene,    Bull.   Cal.   Acad. 
(II.)  1:125.      1885. 

Annual,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  gla- 
brous, somewhat  rough  at  the  nodes,  sometimes 
slightly  glaucous,  stem  erect,  S'-iS'  tall,  simple 
or  usually  much  branched,  almost  terete. 
Leaves  oblong  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  Xx~2/ 
long,  subsessile,  rather  thin,  flat  or  revolute, 
with  no  lateral  impressions  parallel  to  the  mid- 
rib; ocreae  oblique,  short,  soon  lacerate;  clus- 
ters axillary,  several-flowered;  the  flowers  and 
fruit  deflexed;  calyx  green  with  white  or  rose- 
colored  margin;  stamens  8;  style  3-parted; 
achene  3-angled,  \W~-2."  long,  oblong  or  ovoid- 
oblong,  black,  smooth  and  shining. 

Northwest  Territory  and  British  Columbia  to  New 
Mexico  and  Indian  Territory,  east  through  Ontario 
to  northern  New  York  and  Vermont.  June-Sept. 

31.    Polygonum  Convolvulus  I,.     Black  Bindweed.      (Fig.    1348.) 

^-c- - 

Polygonum  Convolvulus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  364.      i?53- 

Annual,  glabrous,  scurfy,  stem  twining  or  trail- 
ing, 6/-3°  long,  mostly  branched,  the  internodes 
elongated.  Leaves  ovate-sagittate  or  the  upper- 
most lanceolate-sagittate,  long-petioled,  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  slightly  ciliate,  Yz'-Z'  long;  ocreae  ob- 
lique, short,  rough  on  the  margin;  axillary  clusters 
or  racemes  loosely  flowered;  flowers  greenish,  pen- 
dulous on  slender  pedicels;  calyx  5-parted,  closely 
investing  the  achene,  the  outer  lobes  slightly  or 
not  at  all  keeled;  stamens  8;  style  short,  nearly 
entire;  stigmas  3;  achene  3-angled,  obovoid-pyram- 
idal,  \yz"  long,  thick-pointed,  black,  granular, 
rather  dull. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  nearly  throughout 
North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Native  of  Asia.  Sometimes  a  trouble- 
some weed.  Calyx  rarely  6-parted.  July-Sept. 


32.     Polygonum     cilinode     Michx. 
Fringed  Black  Bindweed.    (Fig.  1349.) 

P.  cilinode  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  241.      1803. 

Perennial,  sparingly  pubescent,  stem  red  or 
reddish,  twining  or  prostrate,  i°-io°  long. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  somewhat  hastate,  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  rather 
long-petioled,  undulate,  finely  ciliate,  i/-4/ 
long,  or  the  upper  smaller;  ocreae  small,  armed 
with  reflexed  bristles  near  the  base;  racemes 
mostly  panicled,  axillary  and  terminal,  inter- 
rupted; calyx  whitish;  style  short,  3-parted  to 
the  base;  achene  3-angled,  oblong-pyramidal  or 
ovoid.nearly  i^"  long,  very  smooth  and  shining. 

In  rocky  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario,  Minne- 
sota and  Pennsylvania,  south  in  Hie  Alleghanies  to 


North  Carolina. 
June-Sept. 


Ascends  to  2000  ft.  in  the  Catskills. 


3 


POLYGONACEAE. 

33.    Polygonum  scandens  L.     Climbing 

False  Buckwheat.      (Fig.  1351.) 
Polygonum  scandens  I,.  Sp.  PI.  364.      1753. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  stem  climbing,  2°-2o°  long, 
rather  stout,  striate,  branched,  rough  on  the  ridges. 
Leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  the  base,  i/-6/" 
long  or  the  upper  smaller,  the  larger  long-petioled, 
finely  punctate,  the  margins  scabrous;  ocreae  oblique, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  racemes  usually  numerous  and 
panicled,  interrupted,  leafy,  2/-8/  long;  flowers  yel- 
lowish-green, long-pedicelled;  calyx  5-parted,  the 
three  outer  segments  very  strongly  winged  and  decur- 
rent  on  the  pedicels,  especially  in  fruit;  stamens  8; 
style  almost  none;  stigmas  3 ;  fruiting  calyx  5" -6"  long, 
the  wings  crisped,  not  incised;  achene  2//-2>£//  long, 
3-angled,  rather  blunt  at  both  ends,  smooth,  shining. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Nova  Scotia  to  Ontario  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  south  to  Florida,  Nebraska  and  Texas. 
Aug. -Sept. 

34.    Polygonum  dumetorum  L,.     Copse  or  Hedge  Buckwheat.    (Fig.  1350.) 

Polygonum  dumetorum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  522.      1762. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  similar  to  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, stem  extensively  twining,  2°-i2°  long,  striate, 
much  branched.  Leaves  ovate  or  somewhat  has- 
tate, and  sometimes  inequilateral,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  i/-2^/  long,  long  peti- 
oled,  or  the  upper  smaller  and  nearly  sessile;  ocreae 
oblique,  smooth;  racemes  mostly  axillary,  numer- 
ous, much  interrupted,  leafy-bracted,  2/~5/  long; 
flowers  yellowish  green,  pendulous;  calyx  5-parted, 
the  three  outer  segments  winged  or  keeled  and 
much  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens  8;  style  short, 
3-parted;  fruiting  calyx  3//-4//  long,  the  wings 
nearly  flat,  not  incised;  achene  oblong,  3-angled, 
•2"  long,  inclined  to  be  pointed  at  both  ends,  black, 
smooth,  shining. 

Prairies  of  Illinois  and  about  St.  L,ouis,  Mo.  Also  in 
the  vicinity  of  Knoxville,  Teun.  Naturalized  from 
Europe  ?  July-Sept. 

IWS   w"^^ 

35.   Polygonum  cristatum  Engelm.  & 

Gray.     Crested  False  Buckwheat. 

(Fig.  1352.) 

Polygonum  cristatum    Engelm.    &    Gray,    Bost. 
Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  5:  259.      1847. 

Perennial,  scurfy,  stem  slender,  twining,  2°- 
10°  long,  more  or  less  branched.  Leaves  trian- 
gular or  ovate,  I'-s'  long,  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  undulate,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
rather  long-petioled;  ocreae  cylindric- funnel- 
form;  flowers  in  axillary  simple  or  compound 
often  naked  racemes  i/-5/long;  pedicels  about 
•2.^/2"  long,  jointed  near  the  middle;  calyx 
greenish-white,  2//-2^//  long,  5-parted  to  near 
the  base,  the  3  outer  segments  keeled  and  at 
maturity  winged;  stamens  8,  included;  style 
none;  stigmas  3;  fruiting  calyx  3//-4//  long,  its 
wings  incised;  achene  3-angled,  oblong,  black, 
smooth,  shining,  about  \Y*"  long- 
Sandy  woods  and  rocky  banks,  southern  New  York  to  Georgia,  the  Indian  Territory  and  Texas. 
Aug.-Oct. 


BUCKWHEAT   FAMILY. 


567 


36.    Polygonum  Zuccarinii  Small.     Japanese  Knotweed. 

Polygonum  cuspidatum  Sieb.  &  Zucc.  Fl.  Jap.  Fam. 

Nat.  2:  84.       1846.     Not  Willd.   1825. 
Polygonum  Zuccarinii  Small,  Mem.  Dept.  Bot.  Col. 

Coll.  i:  158.    pi.  66.     1895. 

Perennial,  glabrous,  more  or  less  scurfy,  stem 
stout,  erect,  woody  below,  terete  or  slightly 
angled,  much  branched,  4°-8°  tall.  Leaves  ob- 
long-ovate or  ovate-lanceolate,  petioled,  a/-6/ 
long,  acuminate-cuspidate  at  the  apex,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base,  reticulate-veined  on 
both  surfaces,  their  margins  undulate;  ocreae 
oblique,  smooth,  fugacious;  racemes  mostly  ter- 
minal, panicled,  2/-~4/  long,  or  axillary,  many- 
flowered,  more  or  less  pubescent;  flowers  green- 
ish-white, long-pedicelled;  outer  segments  of  the 
5-parted  calyx  very  broadly  winged  in  fruit; 
stamens  8;  style  3 -parted;  achene  3-angled,  nar- 
rowly oblong  or  oblong-pyramidal,  ~i%/f-il/z'f 
long,  black,  smooth,  shining. 

Escaped  from  cultivation  near  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
Schenectady,  X.  Y.,  and  Atlantic  Highlands,  X.  J. 
Native  of  Japan.  July-Oct. 


(Fig.  1353.) 


Polygonum  sagittatum  I,. 


Arrow-leaved  Tear-thumb.     (Fig.  1354.) 

Polygonum  sagittatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  363.      1753. 

Annual,  light  green,  stem  slender,  weak,  de- 
cumbent, or  climbing  over  other  plants  by  the 
abundant  sharp  recurved  prickles  which  arm  its 
4  prominent  angles.  Leaves  lanceolate-sagittate  or 
oblong-sagittate,  ^/~3/  long,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  slightly  rough  on  the  margins,  the  lower  pe- 
tioled, the  upper  subsessile;  petioles  and  lower  sur- 
face of  the  midribs  prickly;  ocreae  oblique,  not 
ciliate,  fringed  at  the  base  by  a  few  bristle-like 
prickles;  flowers  in  rather  dense  terminal  heads  or 
racemes;  calyx  greenish  or  rose-colored  ;  stamens 
usually  8;  style  3-parted  to  below  the  middle; 
achene  3-angled,  oblong-pyramidal,  thick-pointed, 
\W  long,  dark  red,  smooth,  shining. 

In  wet  soil,  Newfoundland  and  Nova  Scotia  to  the 
Xorthwest  Territory,  south  to  Florida  and  Kansas. 
Ascends  to  3000  ft.  in  Virginia.  July-Sept. 


38.    Polygonum    arifolium   L.     Halberd- 
leaved  Tear-thumb.     (Fig.  1355.) 

Polygonum  arifolium  L,.  Sp.  PI.  364.      1753. 

Perennial,  stem  ridged,  reclining,  2°-6°  long,  the 
ridges  armed  with  recurved  prickles.  Peduncles 
and  pedicels  glandular  or  pubescent;  leaves  broadly 
hastate,  long-petioled,  I'-io'  long,  pubescent  or 
glabrous  beneath,  the  apex  and  basal  lobes  acumi- 
nate; petioles  and  stronger  nerves  prickly;  ocreae 
oblique,  fringed  at  the  summit  with  short  bristles 
and  at  the  base  with  slender  prickles;  flowers  in 
terminal  and  axillary  heads  or  racemes;  calyx  rose- 
color  or  greenish,  4-parted;  stamens  6;  sty Ie2-parted. 
achene  lenticular,  broadly  obovate,  -2."  long,  strongly 
biconvex,  dark  brown,  smooth,  shining. 

In  moist  or  wet  soil,  New  Brunswick  and  Ontario  to 
Minnesota,  south  to  South  Carolina.  July-Sept. 


568 


POLYGONACEAE. 


7.    POLYGONELLA  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  240.       1803. 

Annual  or  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  sometimes  slightly  woody,  with  erect  branched 
usually  conspicuously  jointed  stems,  alternate  narrow  leaves  articulated  to  the  naked  ocreae, 
and  small  white  or  greenish  flowers  in  slender  panicled  racemes.  Calyx  unequally  5-parted, 
persistent,  its  segments  petalloid,  loosely  investing  the  achene  or  its  base  in  fruit,  the  three 
inner  calyx-segments  often  winged.  Stamens  8,  included;  filaments  filiform,  or  much  dilated 
or  auricled  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong,  small.  Style  3-parted,  short  or  almost  wanting; 
stigmas  capitate;  ovary  i-celled,  ovule  solitary.  Achene  3-angled,  smooth.  Embryo  slen- 
der, nearly  straight,  situated  in  one  of  the  angles  of  the  seed.  [Diminutive  of  Polygonum.] 

Five  or  six  species,  natives  of  North  America. 

Annual;  inner  sepals  not  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  reflexed.  i.  P.  articulata. 

Perennial;  inner  sepals  winged  in  fruit;  pedicels  divergent.  2.  P.  Americana. 

1.  Polygonella  articulata  (L,.)  Meisn.     Coast  Jointweed.     (Fig.  1356.) 

Polygonum  articulatum  L.  Sp.  PI.  363.      1753- 
Polygonella  articulata  Meisn.  Gen.  2:  228.      i83<5-'43. 

Annual,  glaucous,  stem  slender,  wiry,  erect  or 
sometimes  diffusely  spreading,  simple  or  branched, 
striate  or  slightly  angled,  4/-IO7  long.  Leaves 
linear  or  linear-subulate  (apparently  filiform  from 
the  revolute  margins),  sessile,  4//-2o//  long,  jointed 
to  the  summits  of  the  ocreae,  cylindric,  slightly  ex- 
panded at  the  summit;  racemes  numerous,  erect, 
many-flowered,  I'-iJ^'  long;  ocreolae  crowded  or 
imbricated ;  pedicels  reflexed ;  calyx-segments 
white  with  a  dark  midrib,  loosely  investing  the 
achene,  not  winged  in  fruit;  achene  narrowly  ovoid- 
pyramidal,  pointed,  \"  long,  brown,  smooth, 
shining. 

In  sands  of  the  seashore  and  sandy  soil  along  the 
coast,  Maine  to  Florida,  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Great 
Lakes.  July-Oct. 

2.  Polygonella  Americana  (F.  &  M.)  Small. 

(Fig.  1357.) 

Gonopyrum    Americanum    F.   &    M.   Mem.    Acad.    St. 

Petersb.  (VI.)  4:  144.      1840. 
Polygonella  ericoides  Engelm.  &  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat. 

Hist.  5:  230.      1845. 
P.  Americana  Small,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  141.      1894. 

Perennial  by  a  long  slender  root,  slightly  glaucous, 
stem  erect  or  ascending,  wiry,  somewhat  flexuous, 
i/4°~4°  high,  simple  or  slightly  branched,  covered 
with  a  ridged  more  or  less  scaly  bark.  Leaves  linear 
or  linear-spatulate,  %'-\'  long,  often  fascicled  on 
short  branches,  sessile,  rather  fleshy,  obtuse  and  revo- 
lute at  the  apex;  ocreae  scarious-margined,  split  on  one 
side;  racemes  i/-3/long,  dense,  divergent;  calyx  white 
or  pink,  its  three  inner  segments  developing  or- 
bicular cordate  wings,  the  two  outer  reflexed  in  fruit! 
pedicels  divergent,  jointed  below  the  middle;  achene 
elliptic-oblong,  \}£ff  long,  chestnut-brown,  pointed  at 
both  ends,  smooth,  shining. 
In  dry  soil,  Missouri  to  Texas,  east  to  Georgia  and  Alabama.  Aug. -Oct. 

8.  BRUNNICHIA  Banks;  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  i:  213.  pi.  45.  f.  2.  1788. 
Perennial,  glabrous  herbs  with  elongated,  grooved  much  branched  stems  climbing  by 
tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  alternate  entire  broad  cordate  petioled  leaves,  the 
ocreae  obscure  or  wanting,  and  small  perfect  flowers  in  panicled  terminal  and  axillary 
racemes,  the  flowers  fascicled  in  the  axils  of  lanceolate-subulate  bracts.  Pedicels  slender, 
jointed  near  the  base.  Calyx  5-parted,  much  enlarged,  coriaceous  and  winged  on  one  side 
in  fruit,  closely  investing  the  achene,  the  segments  spreading  when  fresh,  converging  when 
dry.  Stamens  7-10,  mostly  8;  filaments  filiform,  much  dilated  at  the  base;  anthers  ovate- 


Southern  Jointweed. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY. 


569 


oblong.  Style  3-parted,  the  stigmas  2-cleft  at  the  summit;  ovary  imperfectly  2-celled;  ovule 
solitary,  pendulous.  Achene  3-angled.  Seed  irregularly  6-grooved,  the  embryo  in  one  of 
its  angles.  [Name  in  honor  of  M.  T.  Brunnich,  Norwegian  naturalist.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  of  southeastern  North  America,  the  other  of  tropical  Africa. 

i.    Brunnichia  cirrhosa  Banks.     Brunnichia.     (Fig.  1358.) 

Brunnichia  cirrhosa  Banks;  Gaertn.  Fr.  &  Sem.  i: 

213.     pi.  45.   f.  2.        1788. 

Rajania  ovata  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  247.      1788. 

Stem  6°-20°  long,  somewhat  woody,  rather 
tough,  slender,  grooved.  Tendrils  numerous,  fili- 
form; leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  subcordate  at 
the  base,  i/-6/  long,  petioled,  slightly  pubescent 
beneath;  ocreae  obsolete  or  represented  by  a  ring 
of  short  bristles;  racemes  2/ '-6'  long;  flowers  in 
fascicles  of  from  2-5;  calyx  campanulate,  3//-4// 
long,  greenish,  5-parted,  its  base  strongly  winged 
along  one  side;  stamens  exserted;  achene  oblong- 
ovoid,  3//  long,  brown,  smooth,  closely  invested 
by  the  persistent  and  coriaceous  calyx  which  be- 
comes i7  or  more  in  length. 

On  banks  of  streams,  southern  Illinois  to  Arkan- 
sas, east  to  South  Carolina  and  Florida.  May-June. 
Fruit  mature  in  August. 

Family  15.     CHENOPODIACEAE  Dnmort.  Anal.  Fam.  15.       1829. 

GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  angled  striate  or  terete  stems. 
Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  exstipulate,  simple,  entire,  toothed  or 
lobed,  mostly  petioled  (in  Salicornia  reduced  to  mere  ridges).  Flowers  perfect, 
pistillate,  polygamous,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  small,  green  or  greenish,  regu- 
lar or  slightly  irregular,  variously  clustered,  commonly  in  panicled  spikes,  bract- 
less  or  bracteolate,  occasionally  solitary  in  the  axils.  Petals  none.  Calyx  per- 
sistent, 2-5 -lobed,  2-5 -parted  or  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal,  wanting  in  the 
pistillate  flowers  of  some  genera.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  divisions  of 
the  calyx,  or  fewer,  and  opposite  them;  filaments  slender;  anthers  2-celled,  lon- 
gitudinally dehiscent.  Disk  usually  none.  Ovary  mostly  superior  and  free 
from  the  calyx,  i -celled;  ovule  solitary,  amphitropous;  styles  1-3;  stigmas  capi- 
tate, or  2-3-lobed  or  divided.  Fruit  a  utricle,  with  a  thin  or  coriaceous  peri- 
carp. Seed  vertical  or  horizontal;  endosperm  mealy,  fleshy  or  wanting;  embryo 
partly  or  completely  annular  or  conduplicate,  or  spirally  coiled. 

About  75  genera  and  550  species,  of  wide  geographical  distribution. 

5f   Embryo  annular  or  conduplicate,  not  spirally  coiled;  endosperm  copious  (except  in  Salicornia}. 
Leafy  herbs;  endosperm  copious. 

Fruit  enclosed  by  or  not  longer  than  the  calyx  or  bractlets. 

Flowers  perfect  or  some  of  them  pistillate;  calyx  herbaceous  or  fleshy. 
Calyx  2-5-lobed  or  2-5-parted;  stamens  1-5. 

Fruiting  calyx  wingless,  its  segments  often  keeled. 

Calyx  herbaceous  or  but  slightly  fleshy  in  fruit;  flowers  in  panicled  spikes. 

i.  Chenopodium. 

Fruiting  calyx  dry,  strongly  reticulated ;  leaves  pinnatifid.          2.  Roubieva. 
Calyx  very  fleshy  and  bright  red  in  fruit;  flowers  densely  capitate. 

3.  Blitum. 

Fruiting  calyx  horizontally  winged. 
Calyx  of  i  sepal;  stamen  i. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious;   calyx   of  pistillate  flowers  none 

bractlets. 

Bractlets  flat  or  convex,  not  silky. 
Bractlets  silky-pubescent,  conduplicate. 
Flowers  perfect;  calyx  membranous-  leaves  filiform-linear. 
Fruit  much  exserted  beyond  the  calyx. 
Leafless  fleshy  herbs  with  opposite  branches;  endosperm  none. 


4.  Cycloloma. 

5.  Monolepis. 
fruit  enclosed  by  2 

6.  Atriplex. 

7.  Eurotia. 

8.  Kochia. 

9.  Corispermum. 
10.  Salicornia. 


•5f  •£   Embryo  spirally  coiled  ;  endosperm  little  or  none. 
Shrub;  flowers  monoecious,  not  bracteolate. 
Herbs;  flowers  perfect,  bracteolate. 

Fruiting  calyx  wingless;  leaves  fleshy,  not  spiny. 

Fruiting  calyx  bordered  by  a  thin  horizontal  wing;  leaves  very  spiny. 


11.  Sarcobalus. 

12.  Dondia. 

13.  Salsola. 


570 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


i.    CHENOPODIUM  L.  Sp.  PI.  218.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial,  green  and  glabrous,  white-mealy  or  glandular-pubescent  herbs,  with 
alternate  petioled  entire  sinuate-dentate  or  pinnately  lobed  leaves.  Flowers  very  small, 
green,  perfect,  sessile,  bractless,  clustered  in  axillary  or  terminal,  often  panicled  or 
compound  spikes.  Calyx  2-5-parted  or  2-5-lobed,  embracing  or  enclosing  the  utricle,  its 
segments  or  lobes  herbaceous  or  slightly  fleshy,  often  keeled  or  ridged.  Stamens  1-5;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  slender.  Styles  2  or  3;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical,  sometimes  in  both  posi- 
tions in  different  flowers  of  the  same  species,  firmly  attached  to  or  readily  separable  from  the 
pericarp;  endosperm  mealy,  farinaceous ;  embryo  completely  or  incompletely  annular. 
[Greek,  goose-foot,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.] 

About  60  species,  mostly  weeds,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some 
5  others  occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America. 

T£    Embryo  a  complete  ring. 
Leaves  white-mealy  on  the  lower  surface. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  sinuate -toothed  or  lobed. 
Sepals  strongly  keeled  in  fruit. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed;  stem  erect,  tall. 
Pericarp  readily  detached  from  the  seed;  stem  low. 
Sepals  not  keeled  in  fruit;  stem  decumbent. 
Leaves  mostly  entire,  narrowly  linear  or  oblong. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so  on  both  surfaces  when  mature. 
Leaves  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  entire. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  sinuate,  toothed  or  incised. 
Stamens  5;  calyx  not  fleshy. 

Pericarp  readily  separable  from  the  seed. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate;  calyx-lobes  scarcely  keeled. 
Leaves  triangular-hastate ;  calyx-lobes  keeled. 
Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed. 

Flower-clusters,  at  least  the  upper,  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Leaves  oblong,  rhombic-ovate  or  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  merely  acute.  i.  C.  album  viride. 

Leaves  or  some  of  them  cuspidate  or  bristle-tipped.  7.  C.  Berlandieri. 
Leaves  triangular- ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base.  8.  C.  urbicum. 
Spikes  loosely  panicled  in  the  axils,  the  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

9.  C.  murale. 

Stamens  only  I  or  2:  calyx  slightly  fleshy,  red. 
Leaves  very  coarsely  2-6-toothed. 

Leaves  broadly  triangular-hastate,  entire  or  merely  undulate. 
•${•  -5f   Embryo  an  incomplete  ring. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  pinnately  lobed;  flowers  in  long  loose  panicles. 
Leaves  lanceolate ;  flowers  in  continuous  or  interrupted  spikes. 
Spikes  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  small  upper  leaves. 
Spikes  in  large  commonly  leafless  terminal  panicles. 


i.  C.  album. 

6.   C.  Fremontii  incannm. 

2.  C.  glaucum. 

3.  C.  ieptophyllum. 

4.  C.  polyspermum. 


5.  C.  Bosciamim. 

6.  C.  Fremontii. 


11.  C.  rubrum. 
10.  C.  hybridum. 

12.  C.  Bonus-Henricus. 


13.  C.  Botrys. 


14.  C.  ambrosioides. 

15.  C.  anthelminticum. 


i.  Chenopodium  album 


Lamb's  Quarters.    White  Goosefoot.    Pigweed. 
(Fig.  1359.) 

Chenopodium  album  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.      1753. 

Annual,  pale  green,  stem  usually  slender,  stri- 
ate  and  grooved  at  least  when  dry,  erect,  com- 
monly much  branched,  i°-io°  tall,  the  branches 
ascending.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  acute  or  sometimes  obtuse  at  the  apex,  3- 
nerved,  white-mealy  beneath,  dentate,  sinuate  or 
lobed,  or  the  upper  entire,  I'-tf  long;  petiole 
often  as  long  as  the  blade;  spikes  terminal  and 
axillary,  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled; 
calyx  about  y2"  broad  in  fruit,  its  segments 
strongly  keeled,  usually  completely  enclosing 
the  utricle;  seed  horizontal,  black,  shining,, 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  embryo  a 
complete  ring. 

In  waste  places.  A  common  weed  throughout 
North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Natur- 
alized from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  Widely 
distributed  as  a  weed  in  all  cultivated  regions. 
Stem  often  purple-streaked.  June-Sept. 
Chenopodium  album  viride  (L. )  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  71.  1849. 

Chenopodium  viride  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.      1753. 

Plant  brighter  green;  leaves  green  on'both  sides  or  but  slightly  mealy  beneath.     Range  of  the 

type.     Perhaps  a  distinct  species. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 


571 


2.    Chenopodium  glaucum  L,.     Oak-leaved  Goosefoot.     (Fig-  1360.) 

Chenopodium  glancutn  L.  Sp.  PI.  220.      1753. 
Blitum  glaucum  Koch,  Syn.  Fl.  Germ.  608.      1837. 

Annual,  succulent,  stem  usually  much  branched, 
decumbent  or  prostrate,  or  with  erect  branches,  4'- 
18'  high.  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, slender-petioled  or  the  uppermost  nearly 
sessile,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed 
at  the  base,  white-mealy  beneath,  dark  green  above, 
i/-2/  long,  the  lower  or  all  of  them  sinuate-dentate 
orlobed;  flowers  in  small  axillary  often  branched 
spikes,  the  clusters  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
or  the  upper  panicled;  calyx  about  y£ff  broad,  its 
segments  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  neither  fleshy 
nor  keeled  in  fruit;  utricle  brown,  depressed,  its 
summit  not  completely  covered  by  the  calyx;  seed 
of  lateral  flowers  vertical,  thick,  somewhat  ex- 
serted,  that  of  terminal  flowers  commonly  horizon- 
tal; embryo  a  complete  ring. 

A  weed  in  waste  places  throughout  North  America 
except  the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from  Europe; 
now  found  in  most  cultivated  areas  of  the  globe. 
June-Sept. 

3.    Chenopodium  leptophyllum  (Moq.)  Nutt.     Narrow-leaved  Goosefoot. 

(Fig.  1361.) 

Chenopodium  album  var.  leptophyllum  Moq.  in  DC. 

Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  71.      1849. 
Clienopodium  leptophyllum  Nutt.;  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr. 

13:  Part  2;  71.     As  synonym.     1849. 
Chenopodium    leptophyllum    var.    oblongifolium    S. 

Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  95.      1874. 

Annual,  scarcely  succulent,  stem  slender,  usually 
erect,  striate  or  grooved,  at  least  when  dry,  branched, 
6/-2}4°  tall,  mealy  above,  the  branches  erect-ascend- 
ing. Leaves  linear  to  oblong,  white-mealy  beneath, 
green  above,  acute  or  acuminate,  or  the  lower  ob- 
tuse, entire  or  the  lower  rarely  toothed,  short-peti- 
oled,  ^/-i^/long,  i//-3// wide,  i-3-uerved;  flowers 
in  continuous  or  interrupted  axillary  and  terminal 
simple  or  branched  spikes;  calyx  about  l/^ff  broad, 
its  segments  strongly  keeled  and  nearly  covering 
the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,  readily  detached  from 
the  pericarp;  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest  Territory  to 
Missouri,    New   Mexico  and    Arizona.     Also    on    the 
shores  of  Lake  Erie  and  on  sands  of  the   seashore, 
Connecticut  to  New  Jersey.    July-Sept. 
Chenopodium  leptophyllum  subglabrum  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  95.      1874. 
Leaves    scarcely  mealy   or   quite    green;    flowers 
loosely  clustered.     Western  Nebraska  and  Colorado. 

4.    Chenopodium  polyspermum  L,. 

Many-seeded  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1362.) 

Chenopodium  polyspermum  L.  Sp.  PI.  220.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous,  not  mealy,  stem  stout  or  slen- 
der, erect  or  decumbent,  commonly  much  branched, 
striate,  6x-3°  high.  Leaves  oblong,  elliptic  or 
ovate,  slender-petioled,  entire,  thin,  green  on  both 
sides,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  1'-$'  long,  4//-iX/  wide; 
flowers  in  loose  axillary  and  terminal  panicles; 
calyx  less  than  \"  wide,  its  segments  oblong,  sub- 
acute  or  obtuse,  somewhat  scarious,  not  keeled,  not 
completely  covering  the  top  of  the  fruit;  seed 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp,  horizontal;  embryo 
a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Massachusetts  to  New 
Jersey.  Adventive  from  Europe.  July-Sept. 


572 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


5.  Chenopodium  Boscianum  Moq.     Bosc's 
Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1363.) 

Chenopodium  Boscianum  Moq.  Enum.  Chenop.  21.  1840. 
Annual,  light  green,  stem  slender,  erect,  striate,  us- 
ually much  branched,  i°-3°  tall,  the  branches  very 
slender,  divergent  or  ascending.  Leaves  thin,  green 
on  both  sides,  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender- 
petioled,  i'-2  ^'  long,  the  lower  sinuate-dentate  or 
nearly  all  of  them  entire;  flowers  in  slender  terminal 
and  axillary  spikes;  calyx-segments  broadly  oblong, 
obtuse,  scarious-margined,  not  at  all  keeled,  or  scarcely 
so  in  fruit,  herbaceous,  nearly  covering  the  utricle; 
seed  horizontal,  readily  separating  from  the  pericarp, 
black,  shining;  embryo  completely  annular. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  New  York  and  New  Jersey  to 
Indiana  and  Minnesota,  south  to  North  Carolina  and 
Texas.  July-Sept. 

6.    Chenopodium  Fremontii  S.  Wats.     Fremont's  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1364.) 

Chenopodium  Fremontii  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp. 
287.      1871. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  light  green, 
stem  stout  or  slender,  erect,  grooved,  branched,  i°- 
3°  tall.  Leaves  thin,  green  on  both  sides,  broadly 
triangular-hastate,  sinuate-dentate  or  the  upper  en- 
tire, mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  truncate  or  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petioled,  \f-tf  long 
and  nearly  as  wide,  the  uppermost  sometimes  very 
small,  oblong  or  lanceolate  and  acute;  spikes  slen- 
der, axillary  to  the  upper  leaves  and  in  terminal 
panicles;  calyx  y^"  wide,  its  segments  keeled  in 
fruit,  and  nearly  enclosing  the  utricle;  pericarp 
easily  separable  from  the  seed;  seed  horizontal, 
shining;  embryo  completely  annular. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  Nebraska  to  Colorado  and 
Nevada,  south  to  New  Mexico.  July-Sept. 

Chenopodium  Fremontii  incanum  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  9:  94.      1874. 

l,ow,  stems  stout  and  much  branched,  the  branches  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaves  densely 
white-mealy;  leaves  #'-i'  long.     Range  of  the  type.     Possibly  a  distinct  species. 

7.  Chenopodium  Berlandieri  Moq.    Ber- 
landier's  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1365.) 

Chenopodium  Berlandieri  Moq.  Enum.  Chenop.  23. 
1840. 

Annual,  slightly  mealy  when  young,  green  when 
old,  stem  erect,  commonly  much  branched,  i%°-^° 
tall,  the  branches  slender,  ascending.  Leaves  lan- 
ceolate, oblong  or  rhombic-lanceolate,  slender-peti- 
oled, thin,  some  or  all  of  them  cuspidate-acuminate 
at  the  apex  or  bristle-tipped,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
sinuate-dentate  or  entire,  %'-i%f  long;  flowers  in 
rather  loose  terminal  panicled  spikes;  calyx  nearly 
i//  broad,  its  segments  keeled,  completely  enclosing 
the  utricle;  pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  horizon- 
tal seed;  embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  dry  soil,  southern  Missouri  to  Texas,  and  in  Flor- 
ida. June-Sept. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.  573 

8.    Chenopodium  urbicum  L,.     Upright 
or  City  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1366.) 

Chenopodium  urbicum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  218.      1753. 

Annual,  green  or  but  slightly  mealy,  stem  com- 
monly stout,  erect,  branched  or  simple,  channeled, 
i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  hastate  or  triangular-ovate, 
acute  at  the  apex,  truncate  subcordate  or  abruptly 
narrowed  at  the  base,  stout-petioled,  coarsely  and 
irregularly  dentate  or  the  uppermost  entire,  the 
larger  $'-5'  long;  spikes  in  terminal  and  axillary 
narrow  erect  panicles,  the  upper  longer  than  the 
leaves;  calyx  l/i"  broad,  its  segments  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, herbaceous,  not  keeled  and  not  entirely  en- 
closing the  fruit;  seed  horizontal,  rather  firmly 
attached  to  the  pericarp,  its  margins  rounded; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  especially  in  the  cities,  Nova  Sco- 
tia and  Ontario  to  southern  New  York.  Adventive 
from  Europe.  Much  less  common  than  the  following 
species.  June-Sept. 

9.    Chenopodium  murale  L.     Nettle- 
leaved  Goosefoot.   Sowbane.  (Fig.  1367.) 

Chenopodium  murale  L,.  Sp.  PI.  219.      1753. 

Annual,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  mealy,  some- 
what scurfy  above,  stern  erect  or  decumbent, 
usually  branched,  i°-2^°  high,  leafy  to  the 
summit.  Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  thin,  bright 
green  on  both  sides,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  sharply  and  coarsely  sinuate-dentate, 
broadly  cuneate  or  subtruncate  at  the  base, 
slender-petioled,  2/-4/  long;  flowers  in  loose  ax- 
illary panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  often  not 
longer  then  the  petioles;  calyx-segments  not  en- 
tirely enclosing  the  utricle;  seed  sharp-edged, 
horizontal,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  em- 
bryo completely  annular;  stamens  5. 

In  waste  places,  Maine  to  Michigan  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Florida  and  Mexico.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed  in 
civilized  regions.  June-Sept. 


10.    Chenopodium  hybridum  L,. 

Chenopodium  hybridum  I,.  Sp.  PI.  219.      1753. 

Annual,  bright  green,  not  mealy,  sometimes 
more  or  less  scurfy;  stem  slender,  erect,  usually 
branched,  2°-4^°  tall.  Leaves  ovate  or  rhom- 
bic-ovate, long-acuminate  at  the  apex,  truncate 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  thin,  slen- 
der-petioled, sharply  dentate  with  1-4  large 
acute  teeth  on  each  side,  or  the  upper  lanceo- 
late and  entire,  the  lower  4'-7'  long;  flowers  in 
large  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  calyx 
about  \"  broad,  its  segments  oblong,  rather  ob- 
tuse, herbaceous,  slightly  keeled,  incompletely 
covering  the  fruit;  stamens  5;  seed  horizontal, 
sharp- edged,  firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  woods  and  thickets,  sometimes  in  waste  places, 
Quebec  to  the  Northwest  Territory  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  southeastern  New  York,  Ken- 
tucky, Kansas,  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Also  in 
Europe.  July- Sept. 


Maple-leaved  Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1368.) 


574 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


ii.    Chenopodium  rubrum  !_,.      Red 
Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1369.) 

Chenopodium  rubrum  L.  Sp.  PI.  218.  1753. 
Blitum  rubrum  Reichb.  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  582.  1830-32. 
Annual,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  not  mealy, 
stem  erect,  leafy,  i°-2>^0  tall,  often  much 
branched,  the  branches  strict  or  ascending.  Leaves 
thick,  i_^/-4/  long,  rhombic-ovate  or  rhombic-lan- 
ceolate, petioled,  acute  acuminate  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base,  coarsely  sinuate-den- 
tate or  the  upper  entire;  flowers  in  erect  compound 
leafy-bracted  axillary  and  terminal  spikes  often 
exceeding  the  leaves;  calyx  3-5-parted,  its  seg- 
ments slightly  fleshy,  red,  not  keeled,  obtuse,  about 
as  long  as  the  utricle;  stamens  i  or  2;  stigmas  short; 
seed  horizontal,  shining,  rather  sharp-edged,  sepa- 
rating from  the  pericarp;  embryo  annular. 

On  the  seacoast,  Newfoundland  to  New  Jersey,  and 
in  saline  soil  in  the  interior  across  the  continent,  south 
to  central  New  York,  Nebraska  and  British  Columbia. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 

12.    Chenopodium  Bonus-Henricus  L.     Good  King  Henry.     Perennial 

Goosefoot.     (Fig.  1370.) 

Chenopodium  Bonus-Henricus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  218.      1753. 
Blitum  Bonus-Henricus  Reichb.  Fl.  Germ.  Exc.  582. 
1830-32. 

Perennial  by  a  thick  rootstock,  glabrous,  dark 
green,  not  mealy ;  stem  erect,  usually  stout,  simple  or 
little  branched,  channeled,  i°-2^°  tall.  Leaves 
broadly  triangular-hastate,  palmately  veined,  entire 
or  undulate  (rarely  with  i  or  2  small  teeth),  the 
apex  and  basal  lobes  usually  acute,  the  lower  long- 
petioled  (petiole  often  twice  as  long  as  the  blade), 
the  upper  much  smaller  and  short -petioled;  flowers 
in  terminal  and  axillary,  simple  or  panicled,  com- 
monly dense  spikes  sometimes  3'-4/  long;  calyx  4- 
5-parted,  the  segments  not  longer  than  the  fruit; 
stigmas  elongated;  seed  vertical,  or  that  of  termi- 
nal flowers  horizontal,  black,  shining,  blunt-edged; 
embryo  a  complete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario  to  Massa- 
chusetts and  southern  New  York.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  June-Sept. 

13.    Chenopodium    Botrys   L,.      Feather 
Geranium .    Jerusalem  Oak.    ( Fig.  1371.) 

Chenopodium  Botrys  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.      1753. 

Annual,  green,  glandular-pubescent  and  viscid, 
strong-scented;  stem  slender,  erect,  simple  or 
branched,  8x-2°  tall.  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong, 
deeply  and  usually  irregularly  pinnately  lobed, 
acute  or  obtuse  at  the  apex,  petioled,  y^-?.'  long, 
or  the  uppermost  much  smaller,  the  lobes  mostly 
obtuse  and  dentate;  flowers  very  small,  in  numer- 
ous loose  axillary  cymose  panicles  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves;  calyx  3~5-parted,  the  segments 
lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  very  pubescent,  rather 
longer  then  the  utricle;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical, 
firmly  attached  to  the  pericarp;  embryo  an  incom- 
plete ring. 

In  waste  places,  Nova  Scotia  to  Minnesota  and  Ore- 
gon, southeastern  New  York,  Kentucky  and  Mexico. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Native  also  of  Asia.  The 
leaves  fall  in  autumn,  leaving  the  panicles  as  narrow 
naked  wands.  Also  called  Turnpike  Geranium.  July- 
Sept. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.  575 

14.  Chenopodium  ambrosioides  I,.     Mexican  Tea.     (Fig.  1372.) 

Chenopodium  ambrosioides  L.  Sp.  PI.  219.    1753. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  slightly  glandular-pu- 
bescent, green,  not  mealy,  strong-scented, 
stem  much  branched,  ascending  or  erect, 
leafy,  2°-3°  high,  angular  and  grooved. 
Leaves  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  or 
subacute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  a  short  peti- 
ole, repand- dentate,  undulate  or  the  upper  en- 
tire, I'-sX'  long,  the  upper  numerous  and 
much  smaller;  flowers  in  small  dense  axillary 
spikes,  mostly  shorter  than  the  subtending 
leaves;  calyx  usually  3-parted,  completely  en- 
closing the  fruit;  pericarp  readily  separable 
from  the  seed;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical, 
shining;  embryo  an  incomplete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  Maine  and  Ontario  to  Florida, 
west  across  the  continent  to  California.  Natu- 
ralized from  tropical  America.  Introduced  as  a 
weed  also  into  southern  Europe  and  Asia.  Aug.- 
•Oct. 

15.  Chenopodium  anthelminticum  L,.     Wormseed.     (Fig.  1373.) 

Chenopodium  anthelminticum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  220.    1753. 

Chenopodium  ambrosioides  var.  anthelminticum 
A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  408.      1867. 

Annual  or  sometimes  perennial,  rather  dark 
green,  similar  to  the  preceding  species  and  per- 
haps intergrading  with  it,  stem  somewhat 
stouter,  2^°-3^°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  usually  acuminate  at  the  apex 
and  narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petioled, 
coarsely  dentate  or  incised,  2/-5/  long,  the 
lower  \f  or  more  wide,  the  upper  gradually 
smaller,  the  uppermost  commonly  linear-lanceo- 
late and  entire;  flowers  in  linear  usually  bract- 
less  panicled  spikes,  or  the  lower  spikes  leafy  - 
bracted;  seed  horizontal  or  vertical;  embryo  an 
incomplete  ring. 

In  waste  places,  southern  New  York  and  southern 
Ontario  to  Wisconsin,  south  to  Florida  and  Mexico. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Aug. -Oct. 


2.    ROUBIEVA  Moq.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (II.)  i:  292.       1834. 

A  perennial  herb,  glandular-pubescent,  strong-scented,  prostrate,  and  diffusely  branched, 
with  narrow  small  short-petioled  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  perfect,  or 
pistillate,  solitary,  or  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  urn-shaped,  3-5-toothed,  narrowed 
at  the  throat,  in  fruit  becoming  obovoid,  strongly  reticulated  and  closed.  Stamens  5. 
Styles  3,  exserted.  Wall  of  the  pericarp  thin,  glandular.  Seed  vertical.  Embryo  a  com- 
plete ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [Name  in  honor  of  G.  J.  Roubieu,  French  botanist.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  South  America,  often  included  in  Chenopodium. 

37 


576 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


i.  Rouble va  multifida  (L,.)  Moq.    Cut- 
leaved  Goosefoot.     Roubieva. 
(Fig.  1374.) 

Chenopodium  mullifidum  L.  Sp.  PI.  220.      1753. 

Roubieva  multifida  Moq.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  (II.)  i: 
293.  pi.  w.      1834. 

Usually  much  branched,  very  leafy,  pros- 
trate, or  the  branches  ascending,  G'-iS'  long. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong  in  outline,  j^'-i^'long,  iX//-4//  wide, 
deeply  pinuatifid  into  linear-oblong  acute  en- 
tire or  toothed  lobes;  flowers  1-5  together  in 
the  axils,  sessile,  less  than  ^/x  broad,  some 
perfect,  some  pistillate;  fruiting  calyx  obovoid, 
obtuse,  3-nerved  and  strongly  reticulate-veined, 
YZ"  thick;  utricle  compressed. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  southern  New  York 
to  Virginia.  Naturalized  oradventive  from  tropi- 
cal America.  June-Sept. 


3.    BLITUM  L,.  Sp.  PI.  2.       1753. 

Annual  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  succulent  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  has- 
tate petioled  rather  light  green  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  or  reddish,  aggregated  in  glo- 
bose axillary  sessile  heads,  or  the  upper  heads  forming  an  interrupted  spike.  Calyx  2-5- 
lobed,  becoming  pulpy  and  bright  red  in  fruit.  Stamens  1-5.  Pericarp  separating  from 
the  seed.  Seed  vertical,  shining.  Embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 
[The  classical  name  of  orache.] 

One  or  perhaps  two  species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Europe. 

i.    Blitum  capitatum  L,.     Strawberry  Elite.     (Fig.  1375.) 

^ .. 

Blitum  capitatum  L,.  Sp.  PI.  2.      1753. 
Chenopodium  capitatum  Aschers.  Fl.  Brand.  572.  1864. 

Stem  ascending,  erect,  or  prostrate,  6'-2°  long, 
commonly  much  branched,  the  branches  ascend- 
ing. Leaves  usually  longer  than  wide,  i/^/-3/ 
long,  rather  thin,  sinuate-dentate,  or  the  upper  or 
sometimes  all  of  them  entire,  cordate  or  reniform, 
the  apex  and  basal  lobes  acute  or  acuminate; 
lower  petioles  often  longer  that  the  blades;  heads 
sessile  in  the  axils  and  on  the  sides  of  the  upper 
part  of  the  stem  or  branches,  2//~3//  in  diameter 
in  flower,  becoming  bright  red  and  5//-8//  in  di- 
ameter in  fruit,  and  then  somewhat  resembling 
strawberries;  seed  compressed,  ovate,  enclosed  by 
the  calyx,  or  when  quite  mature  slightly  exserted. 

In  dry  soil,  Nova  Scotia  to  Alaska,  south  to  New 
Jersey,  Illinois,  Minnesota,  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  Colorado  and  Utah  and  to  Nevada.  Also  in  Europe. 
June-Aug. 

4.    CYCLOLOMA  Moq.  Emim.  Chenop.  17.       1840. 

An  annual  diffusely  branched  glabrous  or  cobwebby-pubescent  herb,  with  alternate  peti- 
oled irregularly  toothed  leaves,'  and  small  sessile  bractless  flowers  in  panicled  interrupted 
spikes.  Calyx  5-lobed,  the  lobes  keeled  in  flower,  a  thin  horizontal  irregularly  dentate  wing 
developing  below  them  in  fruit.  Stamens  5.  Styles  2-3.  Fruit  (except  its  summit)  enclosed 
by  the  calyx,  depressed.  Seed  horizontal;  embryo  a  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm. 
[Greek,  circle-border,  alluding  to  the  calyx- wing.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  north  central  North  America. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.  577 

i.    Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.) 
Coult.     Cycloloma.     (Fig.   1376.) 

Kochia  atriplicifolia  Spreng.  Nactr.  Fl.  Hal.  2: 35.  1801. 
Cycloloma pla typhvlluni  Moq.  Enum.  Chenop.  18.  1840. 
C.  atriplicifolium  Coult.  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 143.  1894. 

Pale  green  or  becoming  dark  purple,  bushy- 
branched,  6/-20/  high,  the  stem  and  branches  angu- 
lar and  striate.  Leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slender  petioles, 
irregularly  sinuate-dentate  with  acute  teeth,  \f-$f 
long  or  the  upper  much  smaller;  spikes  numerous 
in  terminal  panicles,  loosely  flowered,  \'-^f  long, 
slender;  fruit,  including  the  winged  calyx,  2"  broad; 
calyx-lobes  not  completely  covering  the  summit  of 
the  utricle,  which  appears  as  a  5-rayed  area. 

Along  streams  and  on  banks,  Manitoba  to  Indiana 
and  Illinois,  west  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  Nebraska 
and  Arizona.  Summer. 

5.    MONOLEPIS  Schrad.  Ind.  Sem.  Gott.  4.       1830. 

Low  annual  branching  herbs,  with  small  narrow  alternate  entire  toothed  or  lobed  leaves, 
and  polygamous  or  perfect  flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  a  single  persistent 
herbaceous  sepal.  Stamen  i.  Styles  2,  slender.  Utricle  flat,  the  pericarp  adherent  to  the 
smooth  vertical  seed.  Embryo  a  very  nearly  complete  ring  in  the  mealy  endosperm,  its 
radicle  turned  downward.  [Greek,  single-scale,  from  the  solitary  sepal.] 

Three  known  species,  natives  of  western  North  America,  the  following  one  reaching  our  limits. 

1.  Monolepis  Nuttalliana  (R.   &  S.) 
Greene.     Monolepis.     (Fig.  1377.) 

Blitum  chenopodioides  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  4.      1818.      Not 

Lam.  1783. 

Blitum  NuttaUianum  R.  &  S.  Mant.  i:  65.      1822. 
Monolepis  chenopodioides  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part 

2,  85.      1849. 

Monolepis  Nuttalliana  Greene,  PL  Fran.  168.      1891. 

Slightly  mealy  when  young,  pale  green,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  when  old;  stem  3/-i2/  high;  branches 
many,  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline, 
short-petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile,  Y^'-iY?.'  long, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  lin- 
ear or  linear-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  2-4  times 
as  long  as  the  ascending  lateral  ones;  flowers  clus- 
tered in  the  axils;  sepal  oblanceolate  or  spatulate, 
acute  or  subacute;  pericarp  minutely  pitted,  about 
Y^'  broad;  margins  of  the  seed  acute. 

In  alkaline  or  dry  soil,  Manitoba  and  the  Northwest 
Territory  to  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico  and 
southern  California.  June-Sept. 

6.    ATRIPLEX  L.  Sp.  PI.  1052.      1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  often  scurfy-canescent  or  silvery.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled  or  sessile,  or  some  of  them  opposite.  Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  small, 
green,  in  panicled  spikes  or  capitate-clustered  in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  bractless,  con- 
sisting of  a*3-5 -parted  calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens;  filaments  separate  or  united 
by  their  bases;  a  rudimentary  ovary  sometimes  present.  Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  2 
bractlets  which  enlarge  in  fruit  and  are  more  or  less  united,  sometimes  quite  to  their  summits, 
their  margins  entire  or  toothed,  their  sides  smooth,  crested,  tubercled  or  winged;  perianth 
none;  ovary  globose  or  ovoid;  stigmas  2.  Utricle  completely  or  partially  enclosed  by  the 
fruiting  bractlets.  Seed  vertical  or  rarely  horizontal;  embryo  annular,  the  radicle  pointing 
upward  or  downward;  endosperm  mealy.  [From  a  Greek  name  of  orache.] 

About  130  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  45  others 
occur  in  the  western  parts  of  North  America.  . 

Annual  herbs;  stems  or  branches  erect,  diffuse  or  ascending. 

Leaves  hastate,  ovate,  rhombic-lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate. 

Plants  green,  glabrous  or  sparingly  scurfy,  not  silvery;  leaves  slender-petioled. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  several  times  longer  than  wide.  i.  A.  patula. 

Leaves  triangular-hastate,  the  lower  only  1-2  times  as  long  as  wide.        2.  A.  hastata. 


578 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


Plant  very  scurfy;  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  short-petioled.  3.  A.  rosea. 
Plants  densely  silvery;  leaves  hastate,  entire  or  little  toothed. 

Staminate  spikes  dense,  short;  leaves  petioled.  4.  A.  argentea. 

Staminate  spikes  elongated  interrupted;  upper  leaves  sessile.  5.  A.  expansa. 

"  Leaves  oblong,  densely  silvery,  entire;  plant  of  sea  beaches.  6.  A.  arenaria. 
Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs;  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  entire;  plants  of  the  western  plains. 

Fruiting  bractlets  suborbicular,  wingless,  their  sides  crested  or  tubercled.  7.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Fruiting  bractlets  appendaged  by  4  vertical  reticulated  wings.  8.  A,  canescens. 

i.    Atriplex  patula  L,.     Spreading  Orache.      (Fig.  1378.) 

Atriplex patula  L,.  Sp:  PI.  1053.      1753. 
Atriplex  liltoralis  L.  Sp.  PI.  1054.      1753. 

Annual,  dark  green,  glabrous  or  somewhat  scurfy 
above;  stem  much  branched,  diffuse,  ascending  or 
sometimes  erect,  i°-3°  long.  Leaves  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  or  the  uppermost 
nearly  sessile,  entire,  sparingly  toothed,  or  3-lobed 
below  the  middle,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed 
or  cuneate  at  the  base,  i/-5/  long,  2//-i}4/  wide; 
flowers  in  panicled  interrupted  slender  mostly  leaf- 
less spikes,  and  usually  also  capitate  in  the  upper 
axils;  fruiting  bractlets  united  only  at  the  base, 
fleshy,  triangular  or  rhombic,  3//-4//  wide,  their  sides 
often  tubercled;  radicle  of  the  embryo  ascending. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Nova  Scotia  and  Ontario 
to  southern  New  York  and  New  Jersey.  Naturalized 
from  Europe,  or  perhaps  indigenous  northward.  Native 
also  of  Asia.  Much  less  common  than  the  following 
species.  July-Aug. 

2.    Atriplex  hastata  L,.     Halberd-leaved  Orache.     (Fig.  I379-) 

Atriplex  hastata  I,.  Sp.  PI.  1053.      1753. 
A.patulumvar.  hastatumA..Gray,  Man.  Ed.5,  409.  1867. 
Atriplex  patuki  var.  subspicata  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am. 

Acad.  9:  107.      1874. 

Annual,  pale  green,  or  purple,  somewhat  scurfy, 
at  least  when  young;  stem  erect  or  ascending, 
branched,  i°-2^°  tall.  Leaves  slender-petioled, 
acuminate,  the  lower  broadly  triangular-hastate, 
seldom  more  than  twice  as  long  as  wide,  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed,  \'-\'  long,  truncate  or  narrowed 
at  the  base,  the  basal  lobes  divergent,  acute  or  acu- 
minate; upper  leaves  sometimes  triangular-lanceo- 
late; inflorescence  as  in  the  preceding  species;  the 
fruiting  bractlets  sometimes  broader. 

In  salt  meadows  and  waste  places  mostly  near  the 
coast,  New  Brunswick  to  South  Carolina,  and  in  saline 
soil,  Manitoba  to  British  Columbia,  Nebraska  and 
Utah.  Also  in  Europe.  The  western  plant  is  more 
scurfy  than  the  eastern.  Aug.-Oct. 


3.   Atriplex  rosea  L.     Red  Orache. 

(Fig.  1380.) 
Atriplex  rosea  L,  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1493.      1763. 

Annual,  pale  green  and  very  scurfy,  stem  erect  or  de- 
cumbent, usually  much  branched,  i°-2%°  high-  Leaves 
ovate  or  rhombic-ovate,  short-petioled  or  the  upper  ses- 
sile, coarsely  sinuate-dentate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  y^'-^Yi' 
long,  ^'-sYz'  wide,  often  turning  red;  flowers  mostly 
in  axillary  capitate  clusters,  often  dense,  or  some  in 
few  terminal  spikes;  fruiting  bractlets  broadly  ovate  or 
triangular-hastate,  strongly  veined,  mealy-white,  dry, 
about  3"  broad,  united  only  at  their  bases,  their  margins 
toothed  or  lacerate  and  sides  tubercled. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast,  Nova  Scotia  to  northern  New 
York  and  New  Jersey.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Aug.-Oct. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY.  579 

4.    Atriplex  argentea  Nutt.     Silvery  Orache.     (Fig.  1381.) 

Atriplex  argentea  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  198.      1818. 

Annual,  pale,  densely  silvery-scurfy  or  becom- 
ing smooth,  stem  erect  or  ascending,  bushy- 
branched,  6/-2o/  high,  angular.  Leaves  firm,  tri- 
angular-hastate or  rhombic-ovate,  mostly  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  subtruncate  at  the  base, 
petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  entire  or  sparingly 
dentate,  ^/-2/long,  the  basal  lobes  short;  flowers 
in  capitate  axillary  clusters,  or  the  staminate  in 
short  dense  spikes;  fruiting  bractlets  suborbicu- 
lar,  rhombic  or  broader  than  high,  2//-4//  wide, 
united  nearly  to  their  summits,  the  margins 
sharply  toothed,  the  sides  sometimes  tubercled 
or  crested;  radicle  of  the  embryo  pointing  down- 
ward. 

In  dry  or  saline  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Utah. 
June-Sept. 

Myi 

rvrv> 

5.    Atriplex  expansa  S.  Wats.     Sessile- 
leaved  Orache.     (Fig.  1382.) 

Atriplex  expansa  S.  Wats.  Proe.  Am.  Acad.  9:  116. 
1874. 

Annual,  densely  silvery-scurfy,  similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  but  stouter,  the  stem  erect, 
widely  branched,  sometimes  6°  taU-  Leaves  thin, 
triangular-hastate  or  rhombic-ovate,  toothed  or 
entire,  sessile  or  the  lower  very  short-petioled, 
ty-ity  long  and  nearly  as  wide  at  the  base; 
pistillate  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  the  stami- 
nate mostly  in  slender  interrupted  solitary  or 
panicled  spikes  sometimes  4'  long;  fruiting 
bractlets  broad,  united  nearly  to  their  summits, 
tubercled,  their  margins  strongly  toothed. 

Western  Kansas  (according  to  A.  S.  Hitchcock)  to 
Chihuahua  and  New  Mexico,  west  to  California. 
July-Oct. 

6.    Atriplex  arenaria  Nutt.     Sea-beach 
Atriplex.     (Fig.  1383.) 

Atriplex  arenaria  Nutt.  Gen.  i:  198.      1818. 

Annual,  pale,  densely  silvery-scurfy,  stem 
bushy-branched,  6/-i8/  high,  the  branches  as- 
cending or  decumbent,  angular,  slender.  Leaves 
oblong,  entire,  acute  or  obtuse  and  mucronulate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  rounded  at  the  base, very 
short-petioled  or  sessile,  X/~I/^/  long>  2^//-io// 
wide,  the  midvein  rather  prominent,  the  lateral 
veins  few  and  obscure;  flowers  in  axillary  clus- 
ters much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  fruiting  bract- 
lets  triangular  wedge-shaped,  broadest  above, 
2//-3//  wide,  united  nearly  to  the  several-toothed 
summits,  their  margins  entire,  their  sides  reticu- 
lated, or  sometimes  crested  or  tubercled;  radicle 
of  the  embryo  pointing  downward. 

On  sandy  sea  beaches,  Nova  Scotia  (?);  Massa- 
chusetts to  Florida.  July-Sept. 


580  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

7.    Atriplex  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.     NuttalPs  Atriplex.     (Fig.  1384.) 


Atriplex  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.   9: 
116.     1874. 


A  finely  scurfy  pale  green  shrub,  i°-2^°  tall, 
the  branches  erect  or  ascending,  rather  stiff, 
striate  or  terete,  leafy,  the  bark  nearly  white. 
Leaves  oblong,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse  or  subacute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  sessile,  entire,  YZ'-I'  l°ng>  2//-5//  wide; 
flowers  in  terminal  spikes  and  capitate  clustered 
in  the  axils,  often  strictly  dioecious;  fruiting 
bractlets  ovate  or  suborbicular,  united  to  above 
the  middle,  iX//~2X//  broad,  the  margins 
toothed,  the  sides  crested,  tubercled  or  spiny. 

In  dry  or  saline  soil,  Manitoba  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Nevada. 
Aug. -Oct. 


8.    Atriplex  canescens  (Pursh)  James.     Bushy  Atriplex.      (Fig.  1385.) 

Calligonum  canescens  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  370. 
1814. 

Atriplex  canescens  James,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 
(II.)  2:  178.      1825. 

A  pale  densely  scurfy  shrub,  i°-3°  high,  re- 
sembling the  preceding  species  and  with  simi- 
lar foliage.  Flowers  in  short  terminal  spikes 
and  in  axillary  clusters,  commonly  dioecious, 
sometimes  monoecious;  bractlets  ovate  in 
flower,  united  nearly  to  their  summits;  in  fruit 
appendaged  by  4  broad  thin  distinct  wings, 
which  are  2//-4//  broad  at  the  middle  and  usu- 
ally about  twice  as  high,  strongly  reticulate- 
veined,  not  tubercled  nor  crested,  toothed  near 
their  summits  or  entire. 

In  dry  or  saline  soil,  South  Dakota  and  Nebraska 
to  New  Mexico  and  Mexico,  west  to  Nevada  and 
California.  July-Sept. 

7.    EUROTIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  260.     1763. 

Pubescent  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  entire  narrow  leaves  and  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious  flowers,  capitate  or  spicate  in  the  axils.  Staminate  flowers  not  bracteolate, 
consisting  of  a  4-parted  calyx  and  as  many  exserted  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  2-bracteolate, 
the  bractlets  united  nearly  or  quite  to  their  summits,  densely  covered  with  long  silky  hairs, 
2-horned;  calyx  none;  ovary  ovoid,  sessile,  pubescent;  styles  2,  exserted.  Seed  vertical; 
embryo  nearly  annular  in  the  mealy  endosperm,  its  radicle  pointing  downward.  [From  the 
Greek  for  hoariness  or  mould.] 

Two  known  species,  the  following  of  western  North  America,  the  other  of  western  Asia  and 
eastern  Europe. 


GOOSEFOOT  FAMILY. 


581 


i.  Eurotia  lanata  (Pursh)  Moq.    American 
Eurotia.     White  Sage.     (Fig.  1386.) 

Diotis  lanata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  602.      1814. 
Eurotia  lanala  Moq.  Enum.  Chenop.  81.      1840. 

A  stellate-pubescent  erect  much-branched  shrub 
i°-3°  high,  the  hairs  long,  white  when  young,  be- 
coming reddish  brown,  the  branches  ascending,  very 
leafy.  Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  short- 
petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  ^'-2'  long,  2//-4)^//  wide,  their 
margins  revolute,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  lateral 
veins  few;  flowers  densely  capitate  in  the  upper 
axils,  forming  terminal  leafy  spikes;  bracts  lanceo- 
late, 2//~4//  long  in  fruit,  appendaged  by  4  tufts  of 
spreading  hairs;  calyx-lobes  acute,  pubescent;  utricle 
loose,  the  pericarp  readily  separating  from  the  large 
seed. 

In  dry  soil,  Northwest  Territory  to  western  Nebraska 
and  New  Mexico,  Nevada  and  California.  June-Sept. 


8.  KOCHIA  Roth;  Schrad.  Journ.  Bot.  i:  307.  pi.  2.  1799. 
Perennial  or  annual  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  sessile  narrow  entire  leaves,  and 
perfect  or  pistillate  flowers,  sometimes  bracteolate,  clustered  in  the  axils.  Calyx  5-lobed, 
herbaceous  or  membranous,  wingless,  or  sometimes  developing  a  horizontal  wing,  enclosing 
the  fruit.  Stamens  3-5,  their  filaments  linear.  Ovary  ovoid,  narrowed  upward  into  the 
style;  stigmas  2.  Utricle  pear-shaped  or  oblong,  the  pericarp  membranous,  not  adherent 
to  the  seed.  Seed  inverted;  the  testa  thin;  embryo  annular;  endosperm  little  or  none. 
[Name  in  honor  of  W.  D.  J.  Koch,  1771-1849,  Director  of  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Erlangen.] 

About  35  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  introduced  from  Europe.  An 
indigenous  species,  K.  Americana,  occurs  in  the  western  United  States. 

i.   Kochia  Scoparia  (L,.)  Roth.    Kochia. 
(Fig.  1387.) 

Ckenopodtum  Scoparia  L,.  Sp.  PI.  221.      1753. 
Kochia  Scoparia  Roth;  Schrad.  Neues  Journ.  Bot. 
3: 85.      1809. 

Annual,  pubescent  or  becoming  glabrate,  stem 
erect,  slender,  rather  strict,  branched,  leafy,  i°- 
2^°  tall.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate  or  linear,  cili- 
ate,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  i/-2/  long,  \"-2'r 
wide,  the  upper  gradually  smaller;  flowers  sessile, 
solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  forming 
short  dense  bracted  spikes;  fruiting  calyx-seg- 
ments each  with  a  short  triangular  horizontal 
wing. 

In  waste  places,  Ontario,  Vermont  and  northern 
New  York.  Adventive  from  Europe.  Native  also 
of  Asia.  July-Sept. 

9.    CORISPERMUM  L,  Sp.  PI.  4.       1753. 

Annual  herbs,  with  alternate  narrow  entire  i-nerved  leaves,  and  perfect  bractless  small 
green  flowers,  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  terminal  narrow  leafy  spikes,  the  upper 
leaves  shorter  and  broader  than  the  lower.  Calyx  of  a  solitary  thin  broad  sepal,  or  rarely  2. 
Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more,  and  one  of  them  longer.  Ovary  ovoid;  styles  2.  Utricle  ellipsoid, 
mostly  plano-convex,  the  pericarp  firmly  adherent  to  the  vertical  seed,  its  margins  acute  or 
winged.  Embryo  annular  in  the  somewhat  fleshy  endosperm,  its  radicle  pointing  downward. 
[Greek,  bug-seed.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  subarctic  zones.  Only  the  following  is 
known  to  occur  in  North  America. 


582  CHENOPODIACEAE. 

i.    Corispermum  hyssopifolium  I,.     Bug-seed.     (Fig.  1388.) 

Corispermum  hyssopifolium  L.  Sp.  PI.  4.      1753. 

Glabrous  or  pubescent,  rather  pale  green, 
somewhat  fleshy,  stem  striate,  erect,  sometimes- 
zigzag,  usually  much  branched,  6/-2°  tall,  the 
branches  slender,  ascending  or  divergent,  spar- 
ingly leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile, 
l/z'-2f  long,  i//-2//  wide,  cuspidate  at  the  apex; 
upper  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  appressed- as- 
cending, or  at  length  spreading,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  X/~/^/  l°ng>  scarious-mar- 
gined;  utricle  i//-2//  long,  YZ"-\"  thick,  nar- 
rowly winged,  obtuse,  subacute  or  mucronate 
by  the  persistent  styles. 

In  sandy  soil,  shores  of  the  Great  I^akes  to  the 
Northwest  Territory,  Arctic  America  and  British 
Columbia,  south  to  Kansas,  Texas  and  Arizona. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  The  small-fruited  form 
(var.  microcarpum  S.  Wats.)  occurs  from  Kansas 
southward.  July-Sept. 


10.    SALICORNIA  I,.  Sp.  PI.  3.       1753. 

Fleshy  glabrous  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  terete  branches,  the  leaves  re- 
duced to  mere  opposite  scales  at  the  nodes,  the  flowers  sunken  3-7  together  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  ones,  forming  narrow  terminal  spikes,  perfect  or  the  lateral  ones  staminate. 
Calyx  obpyramidal  or  rhomboid,  fleshy,  3-4-toothed  or  truncate,  becoming  spongy  in  fruit, 
deciduous.  Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  solitary,  exserted;  filaments  cylindric,  short;  anthers 
oblong,  large;  ovary  ovoid;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Utricles  enclosed  by  the  spongy  fruiting 
calyx,  the  pericarp  membranous.  Seed  erect,  compressed;  embryo  conduplicate;  endo- 
sperm none.  [Name  Greek,  salt-horn;  from  the  saline  habitat,  and  horn-like  branches.] 

About  10  species,  natives  of  saline  soil,  widely  distributed  in  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 
Only  the  following  are  known  to  inhabit  North  America. 

Annuals;  stem  erect. 

Scales  very  short,  acute  or  blunt;  spikes  \"-\%"  in  diameter.  i.  5.  herbacea. 

Scales  mucronate-tipped;  spikes  2' -3"  in  diameter.  2.  5.  Bigelovii^ 

Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock;  stems  trailing  or  decumbent.  3.  5.  ambigua. 


i.    Salicornia  herbacea  L,.     Slender  Glass  wort.     (Fig.  1389.) 


Salicornia  Europaea  var.  herbacea  L,.  Sp.  PI.  3.    1753. 
Salicornia  herbacea  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  5.      1762. 

Annual,  6'-2°  tall,  stem  erect,  much  branched, 
the  branches  slender,  ascending  or  nearly  upright, 
their  joints  2-4  times  as  long  as  thick.  Scales  acute 
or  rather  obtuse,  \"  long  or  less,  broadly  ovate  or 
wider  than  long;  fruiting  spikes  if-$f  long,  about 
\Yz"  in  diameter;  middle  flower  of  the  3  at  each 
joint  twice  as  high  as  the  lateral  ones,  reaching 
nearly  to  the  top  of  the  joint;  utricle  pubescent. 

In  salt  marshes,  Anticosti  to  Georgia;  about  salt 
springs  in  central  New  York;  in  saline  soil  from  Mani- 
toba to  British  Columbia,  south  to  Kansas  and  Utah. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  The  plant  often  turns  bright 
red  in  autumn,  forming  vividly  colored  areas  in  the  salt 
marshes,  hence  called  Marsh  Samphire.  July-Sept. 


GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.  583 

2.    Salicornia  Bigelovii  Torr.     Bigelow's  Glasswort.     (Fig.  1390.) 


Salicornia  mucronata  Bigel.  Fl.  Bost.  Ed.  2,  2. 
1824.      Not  Lag.  1817. 

Salicornia   Virginica  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.    13: 
Part  2,  145.     1849.     Not  L.     1753. 

Salicornia  Bigelovii  Torr.  Bot.  Mex.  Bound. 
Surv.  184.      1859. 

Annual,  stem  and  branches  stout,  erect  or 
nearly  so,  2/-i2/  tall.  Scales  ovate  or  trian- 
gular-ovate, sharply  mucronate,  i//-i^// 
long,  at  length  spreading;  fruiting  spikes 
Yz'-iYz'  long,  2//-3//  in  diameter,  their  joints 
not  longer  than  thick;  middle  flower  slightly 
higher  than  the  lateral  ones,  reaching  very 
nearly  to  the  end  of  the  joint;  utricle 
pubescent. 

In  salt  marshes,  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Plant  bright  red  in  autumn.  July-Sept. 


3.    Salicornia  ambigua  Michx.     Woody  Glasswort.     (Fig.  1391.) 


Salicornia  ambigua  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  2. 
1803. 


Perennial  by  a  woody  rootstock,  stem  trail- 
ing or  decumbent,  6f-2°  long,  the  branches 
ascending  or  erect,  slender,  nearly  or  quite 
simple,  rather  long-jointed,  s'-S'  long. 
Scales  broadly  ovate  or  wider  than  high> 
acute  or  obtuse,  appressed  or  slightly  diver- 
gent; fruiting  spikes  Yt'~^Yz'  long,  about  2//r 
in  diameter,  their  joints  not  longer  than 
thick;  flowers  all  about  equally  high  and 
about  equalling  the  joints. 


On  sea  beaches  and  salt  meadows,  Massachu- 
setts to  Florida  and  Texas,  and  on  the  Pacific 
Coast.  Perhaps  identical  with  S.fruticosa  L-, 
of  Europe.  Aug.-Sept. 


ii.    SARCOBATUS  Nees  in  Max.  Reise  N.  A.  i:  510.       1839. 

An  erect  much  branched  shrub,  with  spiny  branches,  alternate  linear  fleshy  entire  ses- 
sile leaves.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  the  staminate  in  terminal  ament-like  spikes, 
the  pistillate  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  rarely  several  together.  Staminate  flowers  without  a 
calyx;  stamens  2-5  together  under  peltate  rhombic-ovate  acute  spirally  arranged  scales; 
filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so;  calyx  compressed,  ovoid  or  ob- 
long, slightly  2-lipped,  adnate  to  the  bases  of  the  2  subulate  exserted  papillose  stigmas,  ap- 
pendaged  by  a  narrow  border  which  expands  into  a  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit. 
Seed  vertical,  the  testa  translucent,  double;  embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral,  green;  endo- 
sperm none.  [Name  Greek,  flesh-thorn,  from  the  fleshy  leaves  and  thorny  stems.] 

A  monotypic  genus  of  western  North  America. 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 

i.   Sarcobatus  vermiculatus  (Hook.) 

Torr.     Grease-wood. 

(Fig.  1392.) 

Batis  (?)  vermiculata  Hook.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2-128 

1838. 
Sarcobatus  vermicularis  Torr.  Emory's  Rep.  150. 

1848. 

Glabrous  or  the  young  foliage  somewhat  pu- 
bescent, much  branched,  2°-io°  high,  the 
branches  slightly  angled,  leafy,  nearly  white, 
some  of  them  leafless  and  spine-like.  Stem 
i '-3'  in  diameter;  wood  yellow,  very  hard; 
leaves  obtuse  or  subacute,  X/~IX/  l°ng»  I//- 
iXx/  wide,  narrowed  at  the  base;  spikes  of 
staminate  flowers  X/-I/  long,  i/^//-2//  in  dia- 
meter, cylindric,  short-peduncled  or  sessile; 
wing  of  the  calyx  4//-6//  broad  when  mature, 
conspicuously  veined. 

In  dry  alkaline  and  saline  soil,  western  Ne- 
braska, Wyoming  to  Nevada  and  New  Mexico. 
Wood  extensively  used  for  fuel,  for  want  of  better, 
in  the  regions  where  it  occurs.  June-July.  Fruit 
mature  Sept.-Oct. 

12.    DONDIA  Adans.  Fam.  PI.  2:  261.       1763. 
[SUAEDA  Forsk.  Fl.  AEg.  Arab.  69.    pi.  i8b.      1775.] 

Fleshy  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  narrowly  linear  thick  or 
nearly  terete  entire  sessile  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polygamous  bracteolate  flowers,  solitary  or 
clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-cleft,  the  segments  sometimes  keeled  or 
even  slightly  winged  in  fruit,  enclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Styles  usually  2,  short. 
Pericarp  separating  from  the  vertical  or  horizontal  seed.  Embryo  coiled  into  a  flat  spiral. 
Endosperm  wanting  or  very  little.  [In  honor  of  Jacopodi  Dondi,  Italian  naturalist  of  the 
fourteenth  century.] 

About  50  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  some  6  others  occur 
in  the  western  and  southern  parts  of  North  America. 

Annuals  of  the  Atlantic  sea  coast. 

Dark  green,  not  glaucous;  sepals  acutely  keeled;  seed  black.  i.  D.  Americana. 

Light  green,  glaucous;  sepals  scarcely  keeled;  seed  dark  red.  2.  D.  maritima. 

Perennial  of  the  western  plains.  3.  D.  depressa. 


i.    Dondia  Americana  (Pers.)  Brit- 
ton.     Tall  Sea-Blite. 
(Fig.  1393.) 

Salsola  salsa  var.  Americana  Pers.  Syn.  i:  296. 

1805. 
Suaeda  linearis  var.  ramosa  S.  Wats.    Proc. 

Am.  Acad.  9:  87.      1874. 

Annual,  dark  green  or  purplish  green, 
not  glaucous,  stem  erect,  strict,  i°-3°  tall, 
pale  green  or  nearly  white,  branched,  the 
branches  slender,  very  leafy,  erect-ascend- 
ing or  sometimes  recurved,  more  or  less  se- 
cund.  Leaves  of  the  stem  linear-subulate, 
X/-I^/  long,  those  of  the  branches  much 
shorter,  somewhat  3-angled,  lanceolate-sub- 
ulate, widest  just  above  the  base,  the  upper 
surface  flat;  sepals  purple-green,  glaucous, 
acutely  keeled  or  almost  winged;  seed 
orbicular,  black,  shining,  y2"  broad. 

On  salt  marshes  and  along  salt  water  ditches, 
Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey  and  probably  fur- 
ther south.  Aug.-Sept. 


GOOSEFOOT   FAMILY.  585 

2.    Dondia  maritima  (L.)  Druce.     Low  Sea-Blite.     (Fig.  1394.) 


Chenopodium  maritimum  L.  Sp.  PI.  221.    1753. 
Suaeda  maritima  Dumort.  Fl.  Belg.  22.     1827. 
Dondia  maritima  Druce,  Ann.  Scot.  Nat.  Hist. 
1896: 42.      1896. 

Annual,  pale  green  and  somewhat  glaucous, 
stem  erect  or  decumbent,  bushy-branched, 
5/-i5/  high,  becoming  brownish,  the  branches 
ascending.  Leaves  5//-i2//  long,  those  of 
the  branches  not  conspicuously  shorter  than 
the  upper  ones  of  the  stem,  3-angled,  broad- 
est at  the  base;  sepals  pale  green,  rounded  or 
very  obtusely  keeled,  somewhat  roughened; 
seed  orbicular,  dark  brownish  red,  shining, 
about  ix/  in  diameter. 

On  sea  beaches,  stony  and  muddy  shores,  and 
in  salt  marshes,  Maine  to  southern  New  York. 
Also  on  the  coasts  of  Europe.  Our  plant  is, 
perhaps,  specifically  different  from  the  Euro- 
pean. July-Sept. 


3.    Dondia  depressa  (Pursh)  Britton.     Western  Elite.     (Fig.  1395.) 


Salsola  depressa  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  197.   1814. 

Suaeda  depressa  S.  Wats.  Bot.  King's  Exp.  294. 
1871. 

Perennial  by  a  deep  slender  woody  root  or 
sometimes  annual,  branched  from  the  base 
and  usually  also  above,  6/-2°  tall,  the 
branches  decumbent  or  ascending,  usually 
very  leafy.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  yzf-if 
long,  broadest  at  or  just  above  the  base,  or 
the  upper  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate  and 
commonly  much  shorter;  sepals  acute,  one 
or  more  of  them  strongly  keeled  in  fruit; 
seed  about  YZ"  in  diameter,  rather  dull,  min- 
utely reticulated. 


In  saline  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest 
Territory,  south  to  Nebraska,  Colorado  and 
Nevada.  June-Aug. 


13.    SALSOLA  L.  Sp.  PI.  222.       1753. 

Annual  or  perennial  bushy-branched  herbs,  with  rigid  subulate  prickle-pointed  leaves, 
and  sessile  perfect  2-bracteolate  flowers,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  sometimes  several  together. 
Calyx  5-parted,  its  segments  appendaged  by  a  broad  membranous  horizontal  wing  in  fruit 
and  enclosing  the  utricle.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  depressed;  styles  2.  Utricle  flattened.  Seed 
horizontal;  embryo  coiled  into  a  conic  spiral;  endosperm  none.  [Name  Latin,  a  diminutive 
of  salsus,  salty.] 

About  50  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution  on  seashores  and  in  saline  districts,  occa- 
sionally pernicious  weeds  in  cultivated  grounds. 


Calyx  coriaceous,  not  conspicuously  veined;  plant  maritime. 
Calyx  membranous,  very  strongly  veined;  plant  an  inland  weed. 


1.  5.  Kali. 

2.  5".  Tragns. 


536 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


i.    Salsola  Kali  L.     Saltwort.     (Fig.  1396.) 

Salsola  Kali  L.  Sp.  PI.  222.      1753. 

Annual,  glabrous  or  often  pubescent,  loosely 
much  branched,  i°-2°  high,  the  branches  as- 
cending or  spreading,  mostly  stout,  somewhat 
ridged.  Leaves  dull  green  or  grayish,  3//-io// 
long,  succulent,  lanceolate-subulate,  swollen  at 
the  base,  the  midvein  excurrent  into  a  stout 
yellowish  green  prickle;  flowers  solitary  in  the 
axils;  wing  of  the  persistent  calyx  nearly  orbi- 
cular, lobed,  becoming  lacerate,  not  conspicu- 
ously veined,  2//-4//  in  diameter;  calyx  coria- 
ceous, not  conspicuously  veined,  its  wing  not 
longer  than  the  ascending  lobe. 

On  sea  beaches,  Cape  Breton  Island  to  Florida. 
Also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  July-Sept. 


2.  Salsola  Tragus  L.     Russian  Thistle. 
(Fig.  1397.) 

Salsola  Tragus  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  322.      1762. 
Salsola  Kali  var.  Tragus  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13: 
Part  2,  187.      1849. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  bushy 
branched,  the  branches  usually  slender.  Leaves 
and  outer  branches  usually  bright  red  at  matu- 
rity; leaves  not  noticeably  swollen  at  the  base, 
linear,  prickle-tipped,  less  fleshy;  calyx  mem- 
branous, conspicuously  veiny,  its  wing  longer 
than  the  ascending  lobe. 

In  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places,  New  Jersey 
to  Ontario,  the  Northwest  Territory  and  Kansas.  A 
very  troublesome  weed  in  many  parts  of  the  Central 
and  Western  States.  Naturalized  from  northern 
Europe  or  Asia.  July-Sept. 

Family  16.     AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Expos.  Fam.  i:  204.     1805, 

AMARANTH  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  some  exotic  genera  low  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  simple 
mostly  entire  thin  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green  or  white,  perfect,  monoecious, 
polygamous,  or  dioecious,  bracteolate,  variously  clustered,  usually  in  terminal 
spikes  or  axillary  heads.  Petals  none.  Calyx  herbaceous  or  membranous,  2-5- 
parted,  the  segments  distinct  or  united  at  the  base,  equal,  or  the  inner  ones 
smaller.  Stamens  1-5,  mostly  opposite  the  calyx-segments,  hypogynous;  fila- 
ments distinct,  united  at  the  base,  or  into  a  tube;  anthers  i -celled  or  2-celled. 
Ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose,  i -celled;  ovule  solitary  in  the  following  genera,  am- 
phitropous  (several  in  some  tropical  genera);  style  short,  elongated  or  none; 
stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  utricle,  circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly  or  indehiscent, 
i -seeded  in  our  genera.  Seed  mostly  smooth;  embryo  annular;  endosperm 
mealy,  usually  copious. 

About  40  genera  and  425  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  warm  regions. 

Anthers  2-celled;  leaves  alternate. 

Calyx  5- parted  or  of  5  sepals.  i.  Amaranlhus. 

Calyx  of  the  pistillate  flowers  wanting.  2.  Acnida. 

Anthers  i -celled;  leaves  opposite. 

Flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters.  3.  Cladothrix. 

Flowers  variously  spicate  or  paniculate. 

Calyx  5-cleft;  filaments  united  into  a  tube.  4.  Froelichia. 

Calyx  5-parte,d;  filaments  united  at  the  base.  5.  Iresine. 


AMARANTH   FAMILY. 


587 


i.   AMARANTHUS  L.  Sp.  PL  989.      1753. 

Annual  branched  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs,  most  of  the 
species  weeds,  with  alternate,  petioled  pinnately  veined  entire,  undulate  or  crisped  leaves 
and  small  monoecious  polygamous  or  dioecious  green  or  purplish  mostly  3-bracteolate 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  2-5  distinct  sepals.  Stamens 
2-5;  anthers  2-celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or 
oblong  utricle,  circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly  or  indehiscent,  2-3  beaked  by  the  persis- 
tent styles.  Embryo  annular.  [Greek,  unfading  flower,  from  the  dry,  unwithering  bracts.] 

About  50  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution.     Besides  the  following  some  22  others  occur 
in  the  southern  and  western  United  States. 
Utricle  circumscissile,  the  top  falling  away  as  a  lid. 

Flowers,  at  least  the  upper,  in  dense  terminal  spikes. 
Axils  not  spine-bearing. 

Spikes  stout,  4" -7"  thick. 
Spikes  slender,  2-3"  thick. 
A  pair  of  stout  spines  in  each  axil. 

Flowers  all  in  small  axillary  clusters,  mostly  shorter  than  the  leaves. 
Plant  prostrate ;  sepals  4  or  5. 
Plant  erect,  bushy-branched;  sepals  3. 
Utricle  indehiscent,  membranous,  coriaceous  or  fleshy. 

Upper  flowers  in  terminal,  more  or  less  elongated  spikes. 

Sepals  5,  clawed;  flowers  dioecious;  southwestern  species. 
Bracts  cuspidate -tipped,  short. 
Bracts  subulate,  long  and  sharp. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  oblong  or  spatulate;  flowers  monoecious  or  polygamous;  in  waste  places. 
Utricle  smooth,  dry,  scarious.  8.  A.  lividus. 

Utricle  fleshy,  3-5-nerved.  9.  A.  deflexus. 

Flowers  all  in  small  axillary  clusters  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Plant  not  fleshy;  stem  prostrate;  leaves  crisped.  10.  A.  crispus. 

Sea-coast  fleshy  plant;  stem  short,  erect;  leaves  not  crisped.  n.  A.  pumilus. 


1.  A. 

2.  A. 
3-  A. 

4.  A 
5-  A. 


retroflexus. 

hybridus. 

spinosus. 

blitoides. 
graecizans. 


6.  A.  Torreyi. 

7.  A.  Palmeri. 


i.    Amaranthus  retroflexus  I,. 

Amaranthus  retroflexus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  991.      1753. 

Roughish-puberulent,  rather  light  green,  stem 
stout,  erect  or  ascending,  commonly  branched,  i°- 
10°  tall.  I/eaves  ovate,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  or  cuneate  at  the  base,  the 
larger  3/-6/  long,  their  margins  undulate  or  entire; 
flowers  green,  densely  aggregated  in  terminal  and 
axillary  spikes,  which  are  sessile,  stout,  obtuse 
or  subacute,  ovoid-cylindric,  erect  or  ascending, 
j^/-2^/  long,  4//~7//  thick;  bracts  subulate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  5  scarious  narrowly  oblong  or  slightly 
spatulate  mucronate-tipped  and  often  emarginate 
sepals;  stamens  5;  utricle  slightly  wrinkled,  thin, 
circumscissile,  rather  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

A  weed,  in  cultivated  and  waste  soil,  throughout 
North  America  except  the  extreme  north.  Also  in  Eu- 
rope. Naturalized  from  tropical  America.  Aug.-Oct. 


Rough  Pigweed.     (Fig.  1398.) 


2.    Amaranthus  hybridus  L,.      Slender 
Pigweed.     (Fig.  1399.) 

Amaranthus  hybridus  L.  Sp.  PI.  990.      1753. 
Amaranthus  hypochondriacus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  991.      1753. 
A.  chlorostachys  Willd.  Amaranth.  34.   pi.  10.  f.  19.      1790. 
Amarantus  chlorostachys  var.  hybridus  S.    Wats,   in  A. 

Gray,  Man.  F,d.  6,  428.      1890. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  darker  green, 
or  purple,  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous;  stem  usually 
slender,  erect,  usually  branched,  2°-8°  tall.  Leaves 
bright  green  on  both  sides  or  paler  beneath,  usually 
smaller,  slender-petioled;  spikes  linear-cylindric,  axil- 
lary and  forming  dense  terminal  panicles,  ascending, 
somewhat  spreading  or  drooping;  bracts  subulate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  5  oblong  acute  or  cuspidate  sepals; 
stamens  5 ;  utricle  scarcely  wrinkled,  circumscissile. 

A  weed,  in  waste  grounds,  range  of  the  preceding  spe- 
cies. Naturalized  from  tropical  America.  Aug.-Oct. 


588 


AMARANTHACEAE. 


Amaranthus  hybridus  paniculatus  (I,.)  Uline  &  Bray,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5:  145.      1894. 
Amaranthus  paniciilatus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1406.      1763. 

Flowers  and  foliage  more  or  less  deeply  tinged  with  red  or  purple ;  leaves  sometimes  lanceolate 
and  bracts  shorter.     Range  of  the  type,  but  less  abundant. 

3.    Amaranthus  spinosus  I,.     Spiny 

Amaranth.      (Fig.  1400.) 
Amaranthus  spinosus  I,.  Sp.  PI.  991.      1753. 

Rather  dark  green,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pu- 
bescent above,  stem  stout,  erect  or  ascending, 
ridged,  usually  much  branched,  sometimes  red,  i°- 
4°  high.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  slender-petioled,  acute  at  both  ends,  \f- 
3'  long,  with  a  pair  of  rigid  stipular  spines  X'-l' 
long  at  each  node,  the  rnidvein  excurrent;  flowers 
in  numerous  capitate  axillary  clusters,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  petioles  and  in  dense  terminal 
linear-cylindric  spreading  or  drooping  spikes  i/-6/ 
long;  bracts  lanceolate- subulate  about  as  long  as 
the  5  scarious  oblong  mucronate-tipped  i-nerved 
sepals,  and  the  thin  imperfectly  circumscissile 
utricle;  stamens  5. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  soil,  Massachusetts  to  Penn- 
sylvania, Ohio  and  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and  Mexico. 
Naturalized  from  tropical  America.  A  troublesome 
weed  southward.  June-Sept. 

4.  Amaranthus  blitoides  S.  Wats. 
Prostrate  Amaranth.  (Fig.  1401.) 
A.  blitoides  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12:  273.  1877. 
Nearly  or  quite  glabrous,  rather  pale  green, 
stem  diffusely  branched,  prostrate  and  spreading 
on  the  ground,  ridged,  6r-20  long,  often  forming 
mats.  I/eaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  X/-I/  l°ng. 
obtuse  or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  slen- 
der petioles,  sometimes  longer  than  the  blades; 
flowers  in  small  axillary  clusters  mostly  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  lit- 
tle longer  than  the  4  or  5  oblong-lanceolate  acute 
or  cuspidate  sepals;  stamens  3;  utricle  nearly 
smooth,  circumscissile,  equalling  or  slightly 
longer  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places,  especially  along  the  principal 
routes  of  travel,  Maine  to  southern  Ontario  and  Min- 
nesota, south  to  New  Jersey,  Missouri  and  Kansas. 
Naturalized  from  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
where  it  appears  to  be  indigenous  from  Utah  and 
Colorado  to  Mexico.  June-Oct. 

5.    Amaranthus  graecizans  I,.     Tum- 
ble-weed.    (Fig.  1402.) 

Amaranthus  graecizans  I,.  Sp.  PI.  990.      1753- 
A  maranthus  albus  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  1404.      1763. 

Glabrous,  pale  green,  stem  erect,  bushy- 
branched,  whitish,  6/-2°  tall,  the  branches  slen- 
der, ascending.  I/eaves  oblong,  spatulate  or 
obovate,  YZ'-^/Z'  long,  slender-petioled,  papil- 
lose, the  midvein  excurrent;  flowers  polyga- 
mous, several  together  in  small  axillary  clusters 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  commonly  not  longer 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  subulate,  pungent- 
pointed,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  3 
membranous  sepals;  stamens  3;  utricle  wrinkled, 
circumscissile,  longer  than:  he  sepals. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  sou,  throughout  North 
America.  Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 
The  leaves  fall  away  in  autumn,  and  on  the  western 
plains  the  plant,  thus  denuded,  is  freely  uprooted 
and  blown  before  the  wind,  whence  the  popular 
name.  June-Sept. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY. 


589 


6.    Amaranthus  Torreyi  (A.  Gray)  Benth. 

(Fig.  1403.) 

Amblogyne  Torreyi  A.  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  5:  167. 

1861. 
Amarantus  Torreyi  Benth.;  S.  Wats.  Bot.  Cal.  2:  42. 

1880. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  stem  stout  or  slender, 
erect,  grooved,  usually  much  branched  above,  2°- 
3°  tall.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  rhombic-lanceolate, 
thin,  narrowed  above  to  a  rather  blunt  apex,  mostly 
cuneate  at  the  base,  i%'-4f  long,  X'-i'  wide,  slen- 
der-petioled;  flowers  dioecious,  borne  in  terminal 
slender  sometimes  panicled  spikes  and  in  small  ax- 
illary clusters;  bracts  shorter  than  or  about  equal- 
ling the  5  sepals,  cuspidate;  sepals  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  obovate  or  broadly  spatulate,  clawed,  obtuse 
or  emarginate,  those  of  the  staminate  flowers  nar- 
rower and  subacute;  utricle  dry,  indehiscent. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Nebraska  to  Nevada,  south  to 
Mexico.  Plant  with  the  aspect  of  Acnida.  June-Aug. 


Torrey's  Amaranth. 


Amaranthus  Palmeri  S.  Wats, 
mer's  Amaranth.      (Fig.  1404.) 


Pal- 


Amaranlhus  Palmeri  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  12: 
274.      1876. 

Somewhat  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  stem 
erect,  slender,  branched,  2°-3°  tall,  usually  pubes- 
cent above.  Leaves  ovate,  rhombic -ovate  or  the 
upper  lanceolate,  blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  prominently  veined,  slender-petioled,  the 
lower  petiole  often  longer  than  the  blades;  flowers 
dioecious,  borne  in  elongated  erect  or  drooping 
spikes  often  \'  long  or  more,  and  some  of  them 
commonly  in  small  clusters  in  the  upper  axils; 
bracts  subulate,  spiny-awned,  spreading,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  sepals  5,  spatulate,  clawed; 
utricle  dry,  indehiscent. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Kansas  (according  to  A.  S. 
Hitchcock)  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  west  to  California. 
June-Sept. 


8.    Amaranthus  lividus  L/.     Purplish 
Amaranth.      (Fig.  1405.) 

A  ma ranlh us  lividus  L,.  Sp.  PI.  990.      1753. 

Euxolus  lividus  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.   13:  Part  2,   275. 
1849. 

Glabrous,  rather  succulent,  purplish-green,  stem 
erect,  slender,  branched,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  ovate, 
entire,  i'-3'  long,  strongly  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  slender-petioled;  flowers 
monoecious  or  polygamous,  in  dense  terminal 
spikes  and  in  capitate  axillary  clusters  usually  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
2  or  3  oblong  or  spatulate  sepals;  utricle  dry,  scar- 
ious,  smooth,  indehiscent,  longer  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places,  eastern  Massachusetts  to  southern 
New  York.  Adventive  from  tropical  America.  July- 
Sept. 


590 


AMARANTHACEAE. 


9.    Amaranthus  deflexus  L,.     L,ow 
Amaranth.     (Fig.  1406.) 


Amaranthus  deflexus  L,.  Mant.  2:  295. 
Euxolus  deflexus  Raf.  Fl.  Tell.  3:  42. 


1771. 
1836. 


Glabrous,  purplish -green,  rather  succulent,  stem 
usually  much  branched,  erect,  stout  or  slender, 
i°-3°  tall.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval  obtuse  retuse  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the 
base,  i '-3'  long,  ^'-i^'  wide,  slender-petioled, 
the  petioles  often  as  long  as  the  blades  or  the 
lower  ones  longer;  flowers  polygamous  in  dense, 
mostly  short  and  thick  terminal  spikes  and  capi- 
tate in  the  axils;  bracts  shorter  than  the  2  or  3  ob- 
long or  spatulate  sepals  usually  very  short;  utricle 
fleshy,  3-5-nerved,  smooth,  indehisccnt,  rather 
shorter  than  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places  and  ballast  along-  the  coast,  Massa- 
chusetts to  southern  New  York.  Also  in  California. 
Probably  adventive  from  tropical  America.  July-Sept. 


10.    Amaranthus  crispus  (L,esp.  &  Thev. )  Braun. 

(Fig.  1407.) 

Euxolus  crispus  L,esp.  &  Thev.  Bull.  Soc.  Bot.  France, 
6: 656.      1859. 

Amarantus crispus  Braun;  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  428. 
1890. 

Pubescent,  stem  copiously  branched,  slender, 
spreading  on  the  ground,  prostrate,  forming  mats 
8/-2^°  in  diameter.  Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
mostly  acute  at  the  apex  and  narrowed  at  the  base, 
petioled,  4//-i/  long,  their  margins  remarkably 
crisped;  petioles  shorter  than  or  exceeding  the 
blades;  flowers  all  in  small  axillary  clusters  shorter 
than  the  petioles;  bracts  lanceolate,  cuspidate, 
shorter  than  the  5  spatulate  spreading  sepals;  sta- 
mens (always?)  3;  utricle  wrinkled,  indehiscent, 
about  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

In  waste  places,  New  York  city,  Brooklyn  and  Al- 
bany, N.  Y.  Also  in  France.  Native  region  unknown. 
June-Sept. 


Crisp-leaved  Amaranth. 


Coast 


ii.  Amaranthus  pumilus  Raf. 
Amaranth.     (Fig.  1408.) 

Amarantus  pumilus  Raf.  Med.  Rep.  (II.)  5:  ^60. 

1808. 
Euxolus  pumilus  Chapm.  Fl.  S.  States,  381.     1860. 

Glabrous,  fleshy,  branched,  the  branches  pros- 
trate or  ascending,  $'-8'  long.  Leaves  ovate, 
rhombic-ovate  or  suborbicular,  most  of  them 
clustered  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches,  ob- 
tuse or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  prominently  veined,  peti- 
oled, 3//-io//  long,  the  veins  often  purple;  flowers 
few  together  in  small  axillary  clusters;  bracts 
lanceolate,  subacute,  shorter  than  the  5  oblong 
obtuse  sepals;  stamens  5;  anthers  yellow;  utricle 
fleshy,  indehiscent,  faintly  5-ribbed,  slightly 
wrinkled,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals 
when  mature;  seed  very  large  for  the  genus. 

On  sea  beaches,  Rhode  Island  to  North  Carolina. 
June-Sept. 


AMARANTH  FAMILY. 


591 


2.    ACNIDA  L.  Sp.  1027.      1753. 

Annual,  erect  or  decumbent,  glabrous  branching  herbs,  similar  to  the  dioecious  Amar- 
anths, with  alternate  petioled  thin  pinnately  veined  leaves.  Flowers  small,  green,  1-3- 
bracted,  in  terminal  and  axillary,  continuous  or  interrupted  spikes,  or  clustered  in  the  axils. 
Staminate  flowers  consisting  of  5  scarious  erect  i-nerved  mucronate  sepals  longer  than  the 
bracts,  and  as  many  stamens;  filaments  subulate,  distinct;  anthers  2-celled.  Pistillate  flowers 
without  a  calyx;  ovary  ovoid  or  subglobose;  stigmas  2-5,  papillose  or  plumose,  short  or 
elongated.  Utricle  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  or  membranous  and  bursting  irregularly  or  cir- 
cumscissile;  seed  erect,  smooth  and  shining.  [Greek,  without  nettle.] 

About  4  species,  natives  of  eastern  North  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

Utricle  fleshy,  angled,  indehiscent;  salt-marsh  plant.  i.  A.  cannabina. 

Utricle  membranous,  dehiscent  or  indehiscent,  not  angled;  plants  of  fresh-  water  swamps. 

2.  A.  tamariscina. 


(Fig.  1409.) 


i.    Acnida  cannabina  L.     Salt-marsh  Water-hemp. 

Acnida  cannabina  L,.  Sp.  PI.  1027.      1753. 

A.  rusocarpa  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  2:  234.  pi.  50.      1803. 

Succulent,  stem  stout  or  slender  (sometimes  i'  in 
•diameter  at  the  base),  usually  much  branched,  i°- 
10°  tall,  the  branches  ascending.  Leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate  but  generally  blunt-pointed  and  apiculate 
at  the  apex,  2/-6/  long,  %f-\}£'  wide,  narrowed  at  the 
base,  entire  or  slightly  undulate;  petiole  usually 
shorter  than  the  blade;  staminate  spikes  i/-5/  long, 
usually  dense;  sepals  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate-ob- 
long, acute,  acuminate  or  obtusish,  cuspidate  or  mu- 
cronate; fertile  spikes  dense  or  loose;  stigmas  slender, 
papillose-  hispid,  %ff  long;  utricle  fleshy,  indehis- 
cent, 3-5-angled,  subglobose  or  obovoid,  i//-2//  long 
when  mature,  becoming  black,  much  longer  than 
the  bracts. 

In  salt  and  brackish  marshes,  and  up  the  rivers  to  fresh 
water,  Massachusetts  to  Florida.  July-Aug. 

Acnida  Floridana  S.  Wats.  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  10:  376,  a  more  slender  plant,  of  the  southern  At- 
lantic coast,  with  narrower  slender-petioled  leaves,  the  flowers  in  elongated  interrupted  spikes, 
and  a  smaller  utricle,  may  occur  in  southern  Virginia. 

2.    Acnida  tamariscina  (Nutt.)  Wood. 
Western  Water-hemp.    (Fig.  1410.) 

Amarantus  tamariscinus    Nutt.  Trans.  Am.   Phil.  Soc. 

(II.)  5:  165.      1833-37. 
Acnida  tamariscina  Wood,  Bot.  &  Fl.  289.      1873. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  much  branched, 
erect,  the  branches  usually  slender,  erect-ascending. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2/-6/  long, 
mostly  long-acuminate,  but  sometimes  obtuse  at  the 
apex  and  mucronate  or  cuspidate-tipped,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  petioles  commonly  shorter  than  the  blades; 
spikes  mostly  loose  or  interrupted,  often  5'  long;  se- 
pals lanceolate,  subulate-acuminate;  stigmas  plumose, 
rather  short;  utricle  membranous,  not  angled,  W-T." 
long,  circumscissile;  bractlets  lanceolate,  cuspidate. 

In  swamps,  Illinois  to  South  Dakota,  Louisiana  and 
New  Mexico.  July-Sept. 

Acnida  tamariscina  tuberculata  (Moq.  )  Uline  &  Bray,  Bot.  Gaz.  20:  157.      1895. 
Acnida  tuberculata  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  278.      1849. 
Acnida  tamariscina  var.  subnuda  S.  Wats,  in  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  6,  429.      1890. 

Tall,  erect,  sometimes  10°  high,  with  flexuous  branches;  inflorescence  spicate;  utricle  ovoid, 
tubercled,  indehiscent.  Vermont  to  Manitoba,  Tennessee  and  Nebraska.  This  and  the  following 
varieties  perhaps  constitute  a  distinct  species. 

Acnida  tamariscina  concatenate  (Moq.)  Uline  &  Bray,  Bot.  Gaz.  20:  158.      1895. 
Acnida  cannabina  var.  concatenata  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  278.      1849. 
Montelia  tamariscina  var.  concatenata  A.  Gray,  Man.  Ed.  5,  413.      1867. 

Stem  often  decumbent;  flowers  larger,  in  separated  glpmerules.     Range  of  preceding  variety. 

38 


592 


AMARANTHACEAE. 


Acnida  tamariscina  prostrata  Uline  &  Bray,  Bot.  Gaz.  20: 158.      1895. 

Stems  diffuse  and  prostrate  or  sometimes  ascending;  leaves  rarely  over  i'  long,  spatulate4 
flowers  in  axillary  clusters  or  in  separated  glomerules.  Michigan  and  South  Dakota  to  Missouri.  ' 

3.    CLADOTHRIX  Nutt.;  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  359.       1849. 

Annual  or  perennial  diffusely  branched  stellate-pubescent  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  or 
slightly  undulate  petioled  leaves,  and  very  small  perfect  3-bracted  flowers,  solitary  or  clustered 
in  the  axils.  Calyx  of  5  equal  pilose  erect  dry  oblong  i-nerved  sepals.  Stamens  5,  hypogy- 
nous,  their  filaments  united  at  the  base,  their  anthers  i-celled.  Ovary  subglobose;  style  short; 
stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.  Utricle  globose,  indehiscent.  [Greek,  branch-hair,  from  the 
stellate  pubescence.] 

About  4  species,  natives  of  southwestern  North  America  and  Mexico. 

i.  Cladothrix  lanuginosa  Nutt.    Cladothrix. 
(Fig.  1411.) 

Achyranthes  lanuginosa  Nutt.  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  (II.) 

5:  166.      1833-37. 
Cladothrix  lanuginosa  Nutt;    Moq.  in  DC.   Prodr.   13: 

Part  2,  360.      1849. 

Perennial,  somewhat  woody  at  the  base,  or  sometimes 
annual,  stem  terete,  much  branched,  sometimes  thick- 
ened at  the  nodes,  the  branches  prostrate  or  ascending, 
4/-i2/  long.  Leaves  orbicular,  broadly  ovate  or  rhom- 
bic-ovate, obtuse  or  acute,  usually  narrowed  at  the  base, 
entire,  inconspicuously  veined,  rather  firm,  2//-i2// 
wide,  the  petioles  shorter  than  or  equalling  the  blades; 
flowers  y2"  broad  or  less,  mostly  clustered  in  the  axils 
of  small  upper  leaves  toward  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

In  dry  soil,  Kansas  to  Texas,  Arizona  and  Mexico. 
June-Sept. 

4.  FROELICHIA  Moench,  Meth.  50.       1794. 

Annual,  erect  woolly  or  silky,  branching  or  simple  herbs,  with  opposite  sessile  entire  or 
slightly  undulate  narrow  leaves,  or  the  lower  and  basal  ones  contracted  into  petioles.  Flow- 
ers perfect,  3-bracted,  often  bracteolate,  in  panicled  dense  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  nearly 
terete,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  very  woolly,  its  tube  longitudinally  crested  and  sometimes  tuber- 
cled  in  fruit.  Stamens  5,  their  filaments  united  into  a  tube,  which  is  5-cleft  at  the  summit  and 
bears  the  i-celled  anthers  between  its  lobes.  Ovary  ovoid;  style  slender  or  wanting;  stigma 
capitate  or  penicillate.  Utricle  indehiscent,  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  united  filaments.  [Name 
in  honor  of  J.  A.  Froelich,  a  German  botanist.] 

About  12  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  following,  2  others  occur  in  the  Southwestern 
States. 


Stout,  2°-4°  tall;  crests  of  fruiting  calyx  continuous,  dentate. 
Slender,  io'-2o'  tall;  crests  of  fruiting  calyx  interrupted. 


1.  F.  Floridana. 

2.  F.  gracilis. 


ll 


i.    Froelichia  Floridana  (Nutt.)  Moq. 
Florida  Froelichia.     (Fig.  1412.) 

Oplotheca  Floridana  Nutt.  Gen.  2:  79.      1818. 
Froelichia  Floridana  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  420. 
1849. 

Stem  stout,  2°-4°  tall,  the  branches  slender,  erect- 
ascending,  leafless  above.  Upper  leaves  linear  or  lin- 
ear-oblong, sessile,  acute  or  acuminate  at  both  ends, 
i/~3/  long,  the  lower  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  3/-6/  long,  %'-\'  wide,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles;  spikes  mostly  opposite,  nar- 
rowly ovoid  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  subacute,  l/t'-\r 
long;  fruiting  calyx  with  prominent  longitudinal 
wing-like  toothed  crests. 

In  dry  soil,  Illinois  and  Minnesota  to  Nebraska  and 
Colorado,  south  to  Tennessee,  Florida,  Kansas  and  Texas. 
June-Sept. 


AMARANTH   FAMILY.  593 


2.   Froelichia  gracilis  Moq.     Slender 
Froelichia.     (Fig.  1413.) 

Froelichia  gracilis  Moq.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2,  420. 
1849. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species  but  the  stem  slen- 
der, branched,  especially  from  the  base,  or  sometimes 
simple,  io/-20/  tall.  Leaves  all  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
acute  at  both  ends,  9" -2'  long,  sessile  or  the  lower 
commonly  spatulate,  obtusish  and  narrowed  into  very 
short  petioles;  spikes  alternate  or  opposite,  oblong, 
mostly  obtuse,  X/-I/  long;  fruiting  calyx  with  5  longi- 
tudinal rows  of  processes  or  these  confluent  into  inter- 
rupted crests. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Nebraska  and  Colorado  to  Texas. 
Perhaps  intergrades  with  the  preceding  species.  June- 
Sept. 


5.    IRESINE  P.  Br.  Civ.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Jam.  358.       1756. 

Annual  or  perennial  tall  herbs,  with  opposite  broad  petioled  thin  leaves  and  very  small 
polygamous  perfect  or  dioecious  3-bracted  white  flowers,  in  large  terminal  panicles  or  pan- 
icled  spikes.  Calyx  5-parted,  the  pistillate  usually  woolly-pubescent.  Stamens  5,  rarely  less; 
filaments  united  by  their  bases,  filiform;  anthers  i -celled.  Utricle  very  small,  subglobose, 
indehiscent.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  woolly  pubescence.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Besides  the  following  another  occurs 
in  the  southwestern  United  States. 

sft 

i.    Iresine  paniculata  (L/.)  Kuntze. 
Blood-leaf.     Juba's  Bush.     (Fig.  1414.) 

Celosia  paniculata  L,.  Sp.  PI.  206.      1753. 
Iresine  celosioides  L.  Sp.  Pi.  Ed.  2,  1456.      1763. 
Iresine  paniculata  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  PL  542.      1891. 

Annual,  stem  erect,  usually  branched,  slender, 
2°-5°  tall,  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  ovate, 
ovate-lanceolate  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  2'-6' 
long,  slender-petioled,  pinnately  veined,  nearly  or 
quite  glabrous;  flowers  very  numerous,  \"  broad 
or  less,  in  large  terminal  much  branched  panicles; 
calyx  and  bracts  silvery,  dry;  pistillate  flowers 
•white-villous  at  the  base,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
bracts. 

In  dry  soil,  Ohio  to  Kansas,  south  to  Florida  and 
Texas.  Widely  distributed  in  tropical  America. 
Aug.-Sept. 

Family  17.  PHYTOLACCACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst  Ed.  2,  213.  1836. 

POKEWEED  FAMILY. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees)  with  alternate  entire  mostly  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  polygamous  or  monoecious  usually  racemose 
flowers.  Calyx  4~5-parted  or  of  4  or  5  distinct  sepals,  its  segments  or  sepals 
imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx-segments 
or  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more  numerous,  hypogynous;  filaments 
subulate  or  filiform,  distinct  or  united  at  the  base;  anthers  2 -celled,  the  sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent,  often  nearly  separated.  Ovary  superior,  several-celled 
in  most  of  the  genera;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cavities,  amphitropous.  Styles  as 
many  as  the  carpels,  short  or  none;  stigmas  linear  or  filiform.  Fruit  a  berry  in 
the  following  genus,  capsular  or  samaroid  in  some  tropical  genera.  Endosperm 
of  the  seed  mealy  or  fleshy. 

About  22  genera  and  85  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics. 


594 


PHYTOLACCACEAE. 


i.    PHYTOLACCA  I,.  Sp.  PI.  41.       1753. 

Tall  perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody),  with  ample  petioled  exstipulate 
leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  which  by  the  further  growth  of  the  stem  be- 
come opposite  the  leaves.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base  and  often  1-3  bracted  above.  Calyx 
of  4  or  5  persistent  rounded  sepals.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx;  anthers 
mostly  oblong.  Ovary  subglobose,  composed  of  5-15  distinct  or  somewhat  united  carpels. 
Fruit  a  depressed-globose  5~i5-celled  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  i  in  each  cavity,  erect,  compressed; 
embryo  annular  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [Name  Greek  and  French,  referring  to  the  crimson 
juice  of  the  berries.] 

About  10  species,  the  following  of  eastern  North  America,  the  others  of  tropical  distribution. 

i.  Phytolacca  decandra  L.  Poke.  Scoke.  Pigeon-berry.  Garget.  (Fig.  1415.) 

Phytolacca  decandra  L.  Sp.  PI.  Ed.  2,  631.     1762. 

A  glabrous  strong-smelling  succulent  erect 
branching  herb,  4°- 12°  tall,  the  root  peren- 
nial, large,  poisonous,  the  stem  stout,  its  pith 
divided  into  disks  separated  by  lens-shaped 
cavities.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pinnately  veined,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  S'-ia'  long;  petioles  fa' -4.' 
long;  racemes  peduncled,  2/-8/ long;  pedicels 
divergent,  2//-6//  long,  each  with  a  subulate- 
lanceolate  bractlet  at  its  base  and  usually  2 
similar  ones  above;  flowers  perfect;  calyx 
white,  2//-3//  broad,  its  sepals  suborbicular, 
or  oval;  stamens  10,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
sepals;  ovary  green,  lo-celled;  styles  recurved; 
berry  dark  purple,  5//-6//  in  diameter,  3//~4// 
high,  very  juicy,  its  10  carpels  conspicuous 
when  dry. 

In  various  situations,  Maine  and  Ontario  to 
Minnesota,  Florida  and  Texas.  Sometimes  a 
troublesome  weed.  Naturalized  in  Europe.  The 
young  shoots  are  eaten  like  asparagus.  June-Sept. 
Berries  ripe  Aug. -Oct.  Also  called  Inkberry. 

*  Family  18.     NYCTAGINACEAE  Lindl.  Nat.  Syst.  Ed.  2,  213.     1836. 

FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  genera  trees  or  shrubs)  with  simple  entire  leaves,  and 
regular  flowers  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters,  in  the  following  genera  sub- 
tended by  involucres  of  distinct  or  united  bracts.  Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior, 
usually  corolla-like,  its  limb  campanulate,  tubular  or  salverform,  4~5-lobed  or 
4-5-toothed.  Stamens  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  2-celled,  dehis- 
cent by  lateral  slits.  Ovary  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  the  perianth,  sessile  or 
stipitate,  i-celled,  i-ovuled;  ovule  campy lotropous;  style  short  or  elongated; 
stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  ribbed,  grooved  or  winged  anthocarp. 

About  17  genera  and  250  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  America. 
Involucre  of  united  bracts;  pairs  of  leaves  equal.  i.  Allionia. 

Involucre  of  separate  bracts;  pairs  of  leaves  mostly  unequal.  2.  Abronia. 

i.    ALLIONIA  L,oefl.  Iter  Hisp.  181.       1758. 
[OXYBAPHUS  L'Her.;  Willd.  Sp.  PI.  i:  185.     1797.] 

Forking  herbs,  with  opposite  equal  leaves,  and  involucres  in  loose  terminal  panicles. 
Involucre  5-lobed  (of  5  partially  united  bracts)  3-5-flowered,  becoming  enlarged  and  reticu- 
late-veined after  flowering.  Perianth  campanulate,  its  tube  constricted  above  the  ovary,  its 
limb  corolla-like,  deciduous.  Stamens  3-5,  generally  3,  unequal,  hypogynous.  Fruit  ob- 
ovoid  or  clavate,  strongly  ribbed,  pubescent  in  our  species.  [Name  in  honor  of  Chas. 
Allioni,  1725-1804,  a  botanist  of  Turin.] 

About  20  species,  natives  of  North  and  South  America,  one  Asiatic. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate,  cordate  or  oblong-ovate,  all  petioled. 
Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  only  the  lower  petioled. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so  except  the  inflorescence. 

Plant  densely  pubescent  all  over. 
Leaves  linear,  sessile. 

Plant  tall,  i°-2°  high;  branches  erect-ascending. 

Plants  low,  4/-io'  high,  diffusely  branched;  branches  divergent. 
Involucres  axillary,  their  lobes  ovate-oblong,  acute. 


1.  A.  nyctaginea. 

2.  A.  albida. 

3.  A.  hirsuta. 

4.  A.  linearis. 


5-  A. 
Involucres  clustered  at  the  ends  of  branches,  lobes  semicircular,  obtuse.  6.  A 


Bodini. 
Buslii. 


FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY. 


595 


i.    Allionia  nyctaginea  Michx.     Heart-leaved  Umbrella-wort.     (Fig.  1416.) 

Allionia  nyctaginea  Michx.  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  100.  1803. 
Oxybaphus  nyctagineus  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  429.  1830. 

Stem  angled,  often  4-sided  below,  rather  slender, 
glabrous  or  but  slightly  pubescent,  i°-3°  tall.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  2/-4/  long,  i'-3'  wide,  acute  at  the 
apex,  cordate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  base,  all 
petioled  except  the  small  bract-like  uppermost  ones, 
glabrous  or  nearly  so;  peduncles  and  pedicels  com- 
monly somewhat  pubescent;  involucre  shorter  than 
the  flowers;  perianth  red;  stamens  3-5,  exserted; 
style  exserted;  fruit  oblong  or  narrowly  obovoid, 
very  pubescent. 

In  dry  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest  Territory,  Illi- 
nois, Louisiana,  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  May-Aug. 

Allionia  nyctaginea  ovata  (Pursh)  Morong,  Mem.  Torn 

Club,  5:  146.      1894. 

Allionia  ovata  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  97.     1814. 
Oxybaphus  nyctagineus  var.  oblongifolius  Torr.  Bot. 
Mex.  Bound.  Surv.  174.     1859. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  pblanceolate  or  obovate, 
not  at  all  cordate  at  the  base;  inflorescence  very  pubes- 
cent. Nebraska  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico. 

2.  Allionia  albida  Walt.     Pale  Umbrella- 
wort.     (Fig.  1417.) 

Allionia  albida  Walt.  Fl.  Car.  84.      1788. 
Oxybaphus  albidus  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2, 
434.      1849. 

Stem  erect,  furrowed  or  striate,  4-sided  below, 
i°-3°  tall,  glabrous  or  pubescent  above,  the  pe- 
duncles and  branches  commonly  more  or  less 
glandular  and  viscous.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 3-veined  from  the  base,  glabrous, 
pubescent  or  ciliate,  the  upper  sessile,  the  lower 
short-petioled;  involucre  much  enlarged  in  fruit, 
pubescent,  ciliate,  becoming  whitish  and  purple- 
veined;  perianth  pink  or  lilac;  stamens  and  style 
often  exserted;  fruit  with  5  or  6  obtuse  hispid 
ribs,  roughened  in  the  furrows. 

South  Carolina  to  South  Dakota  and  Colorado, 
south  to  Florida,  Missouri  and  Texas.  May-Aug. 


3.    Allionia  hirsuta  Pursh.     Hairy  Um- 
brella-wort.    (Fig.  1418.) 

Allionia  hirsuta  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  728.     1814. 
Oxybaphus  hirsutus  Choisy  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part  2, 
433-      1849. 

Stem  slender,  i°-3°  tall,  erect,  angled  and  stri- 
ate, glandular-pubescent,  especially  at  the  nodes, 
occasionally  glabrate  toward  the  base.  Leaves 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  apex, 
sessile  or  the  lowest  sometimes  short-petioled, 
pubescent,  i/-3/loug;  branches  and  petioles  very 
pubescent;  inflorescence  usually  contracted; 
stamens  often  5;  fruit  narrowly  obovoid,  the  ribs 
obtuse,  sometimes  with  low  intermediate  ribs  in 
the  furrows. 

In  dry  soil,  Minnesota  to  the  Northwest  Territory, 
south  to  Wisconsin,  Colorado  and  Texas.  July-Aug. 


NYCTAGINACEAE. 

4.  Allionia  linearis  Pursh.     Narrow-leaved 
Umbrella- wort.     (Fig.  1419.) 

Allionia  linearis  Pursh,  Fl.  Am.  Sept.  728.  1814. 
Calymenia  angustifolia  Nutt.  Fraser's  Cat.     Name  only. 

1813. 
Oxybaphns  angustifolius  Sweet,  Hort.  Brit.  429.      1830. 

Stem  slender,  terete  or  somewhat  4-angled  below, 
glabrous,glaucous,i°-4X0  tall,erect,  the  branches  and 
peduncles  sometimes  puberulent.  Leaves  linear, thick, 
i-nerved,  \f-2}hf  l°ng.  i^//-4//  wide,  obtuse  or  acute 
at  the  apex,sessile  or  the  lower  occasionally  short-peti- 
oled;  involucre  about  3-flowered,  green  before  flow- 
ering; perianth  purple,  longer  than  the  involucre;  sta- 
mens and  style  exserted;  fruit  commonly  roughened 
in  the  furrows  between  the  5  prominent  ribs. 

Tn  dry  soil,  Minnesota  to  Utah,  south  to  Texas  and 
Mexico.  June- Aug. 

5.  Allionia  Bodini  (Holzinger)  Morong.    Bodin's Umbrella- wort.   (Fig.  1420.) 

i 

Oxybaphus  Bodini  Holzinger,  Contr.  Nat.  Herb,  i:  287. 

pi.  21.      1893. 
Allionia  Bodini  Morong,  Mem.  Torr.  Club,  5: 355.    1894. 

Low,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent,  stem  whit- 
ish, diffusely  branched,  slender,  2/~5/  high,  the 
branches  divergent.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  sessile, 
X'"1/^'  l°ng>  x//  wide  or  less,  slightly  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  fleshy;  involucres  solitary  and  short-pe- 
duncled  in  the  upper  axils,  finely  pubescent,  about 
3/r  broad  when  mature,  5-lobed  to  about  the  middle, 
the  lobes  ovate-oblong,  acute;  fruit  narrowly  obovoid, 
obtusely  5-ribbed,  very  pubescent,  2>£//  high. 

In  dry  soil,  eastern  Colorado  and  western  Kansas. 
June-July. 


6.    Allionia    Bushi  Britton.     Bush's 
Umbrella-wort.     (Fig.  1421.) 

Allionia   Bushi  Britton,  Bull.  Torr.    Club,   22:    223. 

1895- 

Low,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy,  stem  nearly 
white,  diffusely  branched,  about  8/  high,  the 
branches  slender,  widely  divergent.  Leaves  nar- 
rowly linear,  sessile,  i/-3/  long,  i//-i^//  wide, 
blunt,  their  width  almost  uniform  from  base  to 
apex;  involucres  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  at  first  campauulate  and  longer  than  the 
flowers,  at  length  rotate  and  becoming  io//  broad, 
membranous,  pubescent,  finely  reticulate-veined, 
their  short  lobes  semicircular,  rounded,  the  mid- 
veins  prominent. 

In  dry  ground;  Jackson  Co.,  Missouri.     Aug. 

2.   ABRONIA  Juss.  Gen.  448.       1774. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  thick  entire  leaves,  one  of  each  pair 
somewhat  larger  than  the  other.  Stems  ascending,  erect  or  prostrate,  branching,  mostly  glan- 
dular-pubescent, with  clustered  or  solitary  numerous-flowered  involucres  on  long  axillary 
peduncles.  Flowers  sessile,  usually  conspicuous.  Perianth-tube  elongated,  tubular  or  fun- 
nelform,  the  limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  obcordate  or  emarginate.  Stamens  3-5,  un- 


FOUR-O'CLOCK   FAMILY. 


597 


equal,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  perianth;  anthers  linear-oblong,  included.  Style  filiform. 
Fruit  dry,  i-5-winged,  the  wings  broad  or  narrow,  reticulate-veined.  Seed  cylindric,  smooth, 
shining.  [Name  from  the  Greek,  graceful.] 

About  15  species,  all  American.  Besides  the  following,  some  10  others  occur  in  western  North 
America. 

Perennial;  flowers  white;  wings  of  the  fruit  i"  broad  or  less.  i.  A.  fragrans. 

Annual;  flowers  pink;  wings  thin,  4" -7"  broad,  very  conspicuous.  2.  A.  micrantha. 

i.    Abronia  fragrans  Nutt.     White 
Abronia.     (Fig.  1422.) 

Abronia  fragrans  Nutt. ;  Hook.  Kew  Journ.  Bot.  5: 
261.      1853. 

Perennial,  viscid-pubescent,  stem  erect  or  as- 
cending, usually  much  branched,  i°-2°  high. 
Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  oblong-elliptic,  petioled, 
obtuse  at  the  apex,  cuneate,  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  base,  i/-2^/long;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
5  or  6,  large,  ovate  or  obovate,  white;  flowers 
white,  very  numerous  in  the  involucres,  5//-io// 
long,  fragrant,  opening  at  night;  fruit  4//~5// 
high,  coriaceous  with  5  or  sometimes  fewer,  un- 
dulate coarsely  reticulated  wings  about  i//  wide, 
which  do  not  close  over  its  summit. 

In  dry  soil,  Iowa  to  Nebraska  and  Montana,  south 
to  Texas  and  Mexico.  June-Aug. 

i    \^l  ^  ' 

2.  Abronia  micrantha.     (Torr. )  Chois. 
•  Pink  Abronia.     (Fig.  1423.) 

Tripteridium  micranthum  Torr.  Frem.  Rep.  96. 

1845. 
Abronia  micrantha  Chois.  in  DC.  Prodr.  13:  Part 

2,  436.      1849. 
Abronia  Cycloptera  A.  Gray,  Am.  Journ.  Sci.  (II.) 

15: 3i9-      1853. 

Annual,  glabrous  below,  more  or  less  glandu- 
lar-pubescent above,  stem  ascending,  branched, 
i°-2°  high.  Leaves  similar  to  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding species  in  size  and  outline;  involucral 
bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate; flowers  several  or  numerous,  about  <$ff 
long,  bright  pink;  calyx-limb  4//-8//  broad; 
fruit  nearly  i'  high,  its  2-4  membranous  wings 
4//_7//  broad,  entire-margined,  shining,  very 
conspicuous,  glabrous,  united  over  the  body  of 
the  fruit,  beautifully  reticulate-veined. 

In  dry  soil,  western  Nebraska  to  Wyoming  and 
Nevada,  south  to  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  June-Aug. 

Family  19.     AIZOACEAE  A.  Br.;  Aschers.  Fl.  Brand.  60.       1864. 

CA.RPET-WEED  FAMILY. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  mostly  prostrate  and  branching,  with  (in 
our  species)  opposite  or  verticillate  leaves  and  solitary  cymose  or  glomerate  per- 
fect, small  regular  flowers.  Stipules  none  or  scarious,  or  the  petiole-bases 
dilated.  Calyx  4~5-cleft  or  4~5-parted.  Petals  small  or  none  in  our  species. 
Stamens  perigynous,  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  fewer,  or  more  numerous. 
Ovary  usually  free  from  the  calyx,  3-5 -celled,  and  ovules  numerous  in  each  cell 
in  our  species.  Fruit  a  capsule  with  loculicidal  or  circumscissile  dehiscence. 
Seeds  amphitropous;  seed-coat  crustaceous  or  membranous;  endosperm  scanty  or 
copious;  embryo  slender,  curved. 

22  genera  and  about  500  species,  mostly  of  warm  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Fleshy,  sea-coast  herbs;  leaves  opposite;  capsule  circumscissile.  i.  Sesuvium. 

Not  fleshy;  leaves  verticillate;  capsule  3-valved.  2.  Mollugo. 


598 


AIZOACEAE. 


i.    SESUVIUM  L.  Syst.  Ed.  10,  1058.      1759. 

Fleshy  decumbent  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  solitary  or  clustered  axil- 
lary pink  or  purplish  flowers.  Stipules  none,  but  the  petioles  often  dilated  and  connate  at 
the  base.  Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse.  Petals  none.  Stamens 
5  60,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Filaments  filiform,  sometimes  united  at  the  base. 
Ovary  3-5-celled.  Styles  3-5,  papillose  along  the  inner  side.  Capsule  membranous,  oblong, 
3-5-celled,  circumscissile.  Seeds  round-reniform,  smooth;  embryo  annular. 

About  4  species,  natives  of  sea-coasts  and  saline  regions.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 
in  the  Southern  States  and  in  the  alkaline  areas  of  the  Far  West. 

i.    Sesuvium  maritimum  (Walt.)  B.S.P.     Sea  Purslane.     (Fig.  1424.) 

Pharnaceum  maritimum  Walt.  Fl.  Car. 

117.      1788. 

Sesuvium  pentandrum  Ell.  Bot.  S.  C.  & 
Ga.  i:  556.      1821. 

Sesuvium  maritimum  B.S.P.  Prel.  Cat. 
N.  Y.  20.      1888. 

Annual,  glabrous,  decumbent  or  as- 
cending, rarely  erect,  branches  2/-i2r 
long.  Leaves  obovate  or  spatulate, 
entire,  rounded  or  slightly  emarginate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  a  petiole  or 
the  upper  ones  sessile,  4//-i2//  long; 
flowers  sessile  or  very  nearly  so,  about 
i"  broad,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils; 
stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  calyx- 
lobes;  capsule  ovoid,  about  2"  high, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Sands  of  the  seashore,  eastern  Long 
Island,  N.  Y.,  to  Florida.  July-Sept. 

2.    MOLLUGO  L.  Sp.  PI.  89.       1753. 

Herbs,  mostly  annual,  much  branched,  with  verticillate,  or  in  some  species  basal  or  al- 
ternate leaves,  and  small  cymose  or  axillary  whitish  flowers.  Stipules  scarious,  membran- 
ous, deciduous.  Calyx  5-parted.  Sepals  persistent,  scarious-matgined.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  3-5,  when  3  alternate  with  the  cells  of  the  ovary,  when  5  alternate  with  the  sepals. 
Ovary  ovoid  or  globose,  usually  3-celled.  Capsule  usually  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidally 
dehiscent.  Seeds  small,  the  testa  smooth,  granular  or  sculptured. 

About«i2  species,  most  of  them  of  tropical  distribution.  Besides  the  following,  another  occurs 
in  the  Southwestern  States. 

i.   Mollugo  verticillata  L.     Carpet- 
weed.     (Fig.  1425.) 

Mollugo  verticillata  L-  Sp.  PI.  89.      1753. 

Prostrate,  glabrous,  not  fleshy,  much 
branched,  spreading  on  the  ground  and 
forming  patches  sometimes  20'  in  diameter. 
Leaves  verticillate,  in  5's  or  6's,  spatulate,  ob- 
ovate or  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  6//-i2//  long, 
narrowed  into  a  petiole;  flowers  axillary,  less 
than  \ff  broad;  pedicels  filiform;  sepals  ob- 
long, slightly  shorter  than  the  ovoid  capsule, 
which  appears  roughened  by  the  projecting 
seeds;  seeds  reniform,  usually  smooth  and 
shining. 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds,  New 
Brunswick  and  Ontario  to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida,  Texas  and  Mexico.  Native  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  America,  now  widely^  distrib- 
uted as  a  weed.  Also  called  Indian  Chickweed. 
May-Sept. 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


[Classes  and  Families  in  SMALI,  CAPITALS;  genera  in  heavy  face  ;  synonyms  in  italics.  . 

Abama                        400    Agrostis                               Allium 

Andropogon 

Americana              401 

Elliottiana               160       tncoccum                412 

glomeratus 

1  02 

Abies                              56 

exarata                     160 

vineale                     4J3 

Hallii 

IOI 

a  Ida                           54 
balsamea                   57 

filiformis                142    Allosorus 
hyemalis                  161        acrostichoides 

Halepensis 
Jamesii 

104 
103 

Canadensis        54,  56 
Caroliniana            56 
Fraseri                       57 
Mariana                  55 

Indica                      154 
intermedia              162 
juncea                      154 
latifolia                   158 

Alnus                            5" 
Alnobetula              512 
glutinosa                  513 
incana                      512 

macrourum 
maritimus 
provincialis 
saccharoides 

1  02 

IOI 
IO2 
103 

nigra                         55 
Abronia                       596 

longifolia               151 
Me.ricana               142 

maritima                 513 
rugosa                      512 

scoparius 
Torreyanus 

IOI 

103 

Cycloplera             597 
fragrans                   597 
micrantha               597 
Achroanthes                475 
monophylla            475 
unifolia                    476 

Novae-Angliae       162 
pauciflora               144 
perennans               161 
racemosa                 143 
rubra                        161 
rupestris                 161 

serrulata                 512 
viridis                     512 
Alopecurus                  148 
agrestis                    148 
alpinus                     149 
aristulattis             149 

vaginatus 
Virginicus 
Androstephium 
coeruleum 
violaceum 
ANGIOSPERMAE 

102 
102 

415 
4l6 
4l6 

61 

Achyranthes 
lamiginosa             592 
Acnida                  589,  591 
cannabina                591 
Floridana                591 
rusocarpa               591 
tamariscina             591 
tuberculata            591 
Acorus                          364 

scabra                      161 
serotina                   156 
Spica-venti            167 
sobolifera                142 
sylvatica                 159 
tenuifiora               144 
Virginica               153 
vulgaris                  159 
Aira                             168 

fulvus                      149 
geniculatus             149 
Monspeliensis        157 
pratensis                  149 
AMARANTHACEAE    586 
Amaranthus                587 
albus                        588 
blitoides                  588 
crispus                     59° 

Anonyma 
aquatica 
capitata 
Anthoxanthum 
odoratum 
Apera 
Spica-venti 
Aplectrum 
hyemale 

526 
443 

167 
167 
481 
481 

Calamus                  364 
Acrostichum 
alpinum                    10 
areolatum                 20 
hyperboreum            10 
Ilvense                      10 
platyneuros              23 
polypodioides           33 
Thelypteris              15 
Adiantum                      27 
Capillu's-Veneris      27 
pe  datum                    27 
Adicea                         533 
pumila                     533 
Aegilops 
aromatica               177 
Agave                          445 
Virginica                  445 
Agropyron                   226 
(inc.  Triticum} 

aquatica                  194 
atropurpurea         170 
caespitosa                169 
caryophyllea           168 
coerulea                   187 
cr  is  tat  a                    194 
flexuosa                  170 
melicoides               210 
nitida                      193 
obtusata                  192 
praecox                    169 
pur  pur  ea                185 
subspicata               171 
AIZOACEAE                 597 
Aletris                          425 
aurea                        426 
farinosa                   425 
Alisma                           84 
cordifolia                 86 
Plantago-aquatica    85 

chlorostachys          587 
de  flex  us                    59° 
graecizans                588 
hybridus                   587 
hypochondriacus  587 
lividus                      589 
Palmeri                    589 
paniculatus            588 
pumilus                   590 
retroflexus               587 
spinosus                   588 
tamariscinus         591 
Torreyi                     589 
AMARYLLIDACEAE   443 
Amaryllis 
Atamasco                444 

Torreyi                   589 
Amianthtum 
leimanthoides        406 

spicatum                 4SI 
ARACEAE                   360 
A  rceu  thobium 
minutum                535 
pusillum                 535 
Arctagrostis               157 
latifolia                    J57 
Arethusa                    469 
bulbosa                    469 
spicata                     481 
see  Pogonia      467-8 
Arisaema                    3°i 
atrorubens              361 
Dracontium            3°i 
triphyllum              361 
Aristida                        133 
Americana             136 
basiramea                134 
desman  tha               137 
dichotoma               133 

caninum                  228 

tenellum                    8.s 

muscaetoxicum     403       mspersa 

M* 

dasystachyum        227       subulata                    92        Nuttallii                 405       fasciculata 
glaucum                 226    ALISMACEAE               84    Ammophila                 166       gracilis 

136 
133 

repens                      226    Allionia                     594~6        arenaria                   166       lanata 

•135 

tenerum                   227        albida                       .so*  i      arundinacea          166        lanosa 

135 

unilaterale             228 

Bodini                      596 

Amphicarpon               109       ohgantha 

135 

violaceum               227 

Bushi                        596 

Amphicarpon         no  j      purpurascens 

134 

Agrostis                       159       hirsuta                     595 

Purshii                   no 

purpurea 

135 

airoides                   155 

linearis                     596    Anacharis 

ramosissima 

*34 

alba                           159 
algida                      150 

nyctaginea              595        Canadensis              93       stricta 
oz/afo                        595    Andropogon                  100       tuberculosa 

$ 

altissima                  162 

Allium                          41  1 

alopecuroides           98 

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  537 

arachnoides           160 

Canadense               414 

ambiguus               178    Aristoiocma 

539 

aspera                      151 
asperifolia              160 
brevifolia               153 

cernuum                  413 
mutabile                   414 
Nuttallii                   414 

argenteus                101        Clematitis 
argyraeus                 101        macrophylla 
avenaceum              104        Serpentaria 

54° 
540 
540 

canina                      160 

ornithogaloides     415 

Belvisii                   101        Sz/>/zo 

54° 

compressa               156 
cryptandra             155 
diffusa                     143 

reticulatum             415 
Schoenoprasum     412 
stellatum                 413 

dissitiflorus             102 
Elliottii                    103 
furcatus                    102 

tomentosa 
Arrhenatherum 

avenaceum 

541 
173 

elata                         162 

striatum                 415 

glaucus                   103        elatius 

173 

6oo 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


Arum 

Betula 

Calamagrostis 

Carex 

Dracontium 

361        papyrifera               509 

robust  a 

165 

castanea           319,  320 

triphyllum 

361        populifolia              508 

stricta 

165 

cephaloidea    "       348 

Virginicum 

362       pumila                •     511 

sylvatica 

164 

cephalophora  349,  344 

Arundinaria 

233        viridis             512,  513 

Calamovilfa 

166 

chordorhiza            341 

macrosperma- 

233    Blechnum 

brevipilis 

166 

Collinsii                  292 

tecta 

233         Virginicum             20 

longifolia 

167 

communis              333 

Arundo 

Bletia 

Calla 

363 

comosa                    301 

festucacea 

209       aphylla                    481 

palustris 

363 

compacta                 296 

Phragmiles 

184    Blitum                  571,576 

sagittaefolia 

362 

concinna                 332 

tecla 

233       Bonus-Henricus   574 

Calligomtm 

conjuncta                 342 

see  Calamagrostis               capitatum                576 

canescens 

580 

conoidea                   325 

163-6  !     chenopodioides      577 

Calochortus 

421 

cost  at  a                     316 

Asarum 

538       glaucum                 571 

Gunnisoni 

422 

costellata                 316 

arifolium 

539       Nuttallianum        577 

Nuttallii 

422 

Crawei             323,  360 

Canadense 

538        rub  r  n  m                   574 

Calopogon 

crinita              314,  315 

macranthum 

539    Boehmeria                    533 

pulchellus 

480 

cristata                    357 

Virginicum 

538        cylindrica                534 

Calymenia 

cristatella                357 

Asparagus 

428    Botrychium                       2 

angustifolia 

596 

Crus-corvi               343 

officinalis 

428       boreale                        2 

Calypso 

477 

cryptocarpa            314 

Aspidium 

gracile                        4 

borealis 

477 

curta  var.                351 

see  Dryopteris 

13-18       lanceolatum               4 

bulbosa 

477 

cuspidata                311 

Asplenium 

22        L,unaria                       3 

Camassia 

Davisii                      318 

acrostichoides 

26       matricariaefolium     3 

Fraseri 

423 

debilis              320,  321 

angustifolium 

24       simplex                       2 

Camptosorus 

21 

decomposita           343 

Bradleyi 

26       ternatum  and  var.     3 

rhizophyllus 

21 

deflexa                     334 

ebeneum 

23       Virginianum              4 

Campulosus 

177 

Deweyana               354 

ebenoides 

23    Bouteloua                     179 

aromaticus 

177 

digitalis                    328 

Filix-foemina 

26       curtipendula           180 

Cannabis 

530 

distans                      324 

fontanum 

25       hirsuta                     180 

sativa 

530 

Douglasii                 342 

montanum 

25       oligostachya           180 

Capriola 

175 

Drummondiana   338 

parvulum 

23       racemosa                 180 

Dactylon 

175 

durifolia                  338 

pinnatifidum 

22    Brachyelytrum            146 

Carex 

284-360 

eburnea                   332 

platyneuron 

23  ;      aristatum               146 

abacta 

292 

echinata  var.          350 

rhizophylla 

21        erectum                   146 

abbreviata 

324 

Eleocharis               346 

Ruta-muraria 

25    Briza                            199 

acutiformis 

303 

Emmonsii              334 

th  elyptero  ides 

26        Canadensis             211 

adusta 

357 

exilis                       340 

Trichomanes 

24       media                       199 

aestivalis 

317 

extensa                    323 

viride 

24        minor                        199 

alata 

359 

festucacea               359 

Asprella 

B  ROM  ELI  ACE  AE            374 

alba  setifolia 

332 

fill  folia                     339 

Hystrix 

233    Bromus                         219 

alb  leans 

334 

filiformis                 305 

Virginica 

129       asper                        220 

albolutescens 

359 

ftlipendtila             314 

A  theropogon 

breviaristatus         223 

Albursina 

329 

flaccosperma          322 

oligostachyus 

180       brizaeformis           223 

alopecoidea 

344,  345 

flava                 323,  324 

Atriplex 

578       ciliatus                    219 

alpina 

306 

flexilis                    319 

arenaria 

579       erectus                     220 

altocaulis 

326 

foenea              357,  358 

argentea 

579       giganteus                218 

ambusta 

297 

folliculata               293 

canescens 

580       hordeaceus              222 

aniphibola 

321 

forrnosa           318,  320 

expansa 

579        Kalmii                      221 

angustata 

308 

Frankii                     301 

hastata 

578       mollis                      222 

aperta 

308 

Fraseri                     336 

littoralis 

578       Porteri                     221 

anceps  var. 

327 

Fraseriana            336 

Nuttallii 

580       purgans           219,  221 

aquatilis 

309 

fulva                        324 

patula 

578       racemosus               222 

arcta 

352 

fusca                        307 

rosea 

578       Schraderi               224 

arctata 

320 

gigantea          294,  295 

Avena 

172       secalinus                 222 

arid  a 

355 

glabra                     321 

elatior 

173       squarrosus               223 

arenaria 

342 

glareosa                   353 

fatua 

173       sterilis                      221 

argyrantha 

357 

glauca                      315 

flavescens 

171        tectorum                  220 

aristata 

302 

glaucodea               322 

mollis 

171        unioloides               224 

Asa-Grayi 

293 

globnlaris              293 

palustris 

171    Broussonetia                529 

Assiniboinensis     319 

Goodenovii             309 

Pennsylvanica 

171  ;      papyrifera               529 

Atlantica 

350 

gracilis                   299 

Smithii 

172    Brunnichia                   568 

at  rat  a  ovata 

306 

gracillima               317 

spicata 

174       cirrhosa                   569 

atratiformis 

306 

grandis                     295 

striata 

172    Buchloe 

atrofusca 

313 

granularis                322 

Azolla 

35  I      dactyl  aides              183 

aurea 

331,  295 

gravida                    ,345 

Carolinana 

35    Bulbilis                         183 

Backii 

338 

Grayi                      293 

Balis 

dactyloides             183 

Baileyi 

299 

grisea                321,  322 

vermiculata 

584     BURMANNIACEAE        455 

Barrattii 

312 

gynandra                  315 

Beckmannia 

181    Burmannia                   455 

Bellardi 

284 

gynocrates              340 

erucaeformis 

181        biflora                      456 

Bella-villa 

294 

Haleana                  322 

Belamcanda 

Calamagrostis              163 

Bicknellii 

360 

Halei        294,  322,  343 

Chinensis 

453       arenaria                 166 

bicolor 

331 

Hartii                        299 

BETULACEAE 

506        brevipilis                166 

Bigelovii 

310 

Haydeni                   308 

Betula 

508        breviseta                   164 

blanda 

327 

Heleonastes            352 

alba 

508       Canadensis              163 

Boottiana 

336 

heterostachya         323 

Alnobetula 

512  ,      cinnoides                 165 

bromoides 

354 

hirsuta             316,  317 

Alnus               512,  513        confinis                     165 

brunnescens 

351 

hirta                         306 

glandulosa              510       Lapponica              165 

bullata 

298 

Hitchcockiana       325 

lenta 

510       Langsdorfii             164 

Buxbaumii 

307 

Hoppneri                310 

lutea 

510        longifolia                167 

caespitosa 

309 

Houghtonii             305 

Michauxii 

311        Macouniana            163 

canescens 

351,  352 

hyperborea             310 

nana 

511        neglecta                   165 

capillaris 

320 

hystricina               300 

nigra 

509       Nuttalliana           165 

capitata 

339 

incurva                     341 

occidentalis 

509       Pickeringii            164 

Careyana 

328 

interior            350,  351 

papyracea 

509  ,      Porteri                     164 

Caroliniana 

3*7 

intumescens           293 

INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


60 1 


Carex 

Carex 

Carpinus 

Cinna 

irrigua                   313 

Redowskyana         340 

Caroliniana             506 

lateralis                  102 

Jamesii                    337 

retrocurva              329 

I'irginiana            507 

latifolia                    158 

Knieskerni             320 

retroflexa                 347 

Carya 

pendula                   158 

laeviconica             302 

retrorsa             294,  298 

alba                          485 

Cladium                           281 

lagopina                  353 

Richardson!            332 

amara                     485 

mariscoides             281 

lagopodioides         356 

rigida                      309        olivaeformis          484 

Cladothrix                    592 

lanuginosa              305 

riparia                      303       porcina                   487 

lanuginosa              592 

laxiculmis               329 

rosea                        347        foment  osa                486 

Clintonia                       428 

laxiflora    327-329,  322 

rostra  ta                   292           see  Hicoria        485-6 

borealis                    428 

Leavenworthii       349 

rupestris                  338    Castanea                      514 

cilia  t  a                      429 

lenticularis              309 

sabulosa                  358 

dentata                     515 

umbellata               429 

leporina                   356 

salina               310,  311 

pumila                     515 

umbellulata            429 

leptalea                    339 

Saltuensis               326        vesca  var.  Amer.   515 

Coix 

limosa              313,  331 

Sartwellii                346    Catabrosa                     194 

dactyloides               98 

littoralis                   312 

saxatilis                   296       aquatica                   194 

Colpodium 

livida                       331 

scabrata                   304    Caulinia 

latifolium               157 

longirostris             319 

scabrior                  346 

flexilis                      8  1 

Comandra                     536 

Louisianica             294 

Schweinitzii            300 

Guadalupensis        81 

livida                         537 

lupuliformis           294 

scirpoidea               337 

Celosia 

pallida                     536 

lupulina                   294 

scoparia           356,  358 

paniculata              593 

umbellata                536 

lurida                       299 

setacea                     346 

Celtis                            526 

COMMELINACEAE        374 

macrokolea             315 

setifolia                   332 

Mississippiensis    527 

Commelina                    375 

Magellanica            313 

Shortiana                303 

occidentals     526,  527 

agraria                   375 

marcida                   344 

siccata                      355 

pumila                    526 

communis        375,  376 

tnaritima                 314 

si  lice  a                      358 

Cenchrus                       1  27 

dubia                       380 

maxima                  344 

Smithii                   317 

Carolinianus         127 

erecta                375,  376 

Meadii                     327 

sparganioides         348 

racemosa                 105 

hirtella                     375 

media                      334 

squarrosa         301,  302 

tribuloides              127 

longi  folia              375 

membranacea         296 

stellulata  var.         350 

Ceratochloa 

nudiflora                  375 

membranopacta     296 

slenolepis                301 

breviaristata          223 

Virginica                 376 

Michauxii             292 

stenophylla             341 

Ceresia 

Willdenovii           376 

Michauxiana        292 

sterihs                      350 

fluitans                   106 

Comptonia                   488 

microglo'chin         285 

Steudelii               337 

Chamaecyparis              58 

peregrina                 489 

miliacea                  311 

stipata                      343 

sphaeroidea              59 

Conostylis 

miliaris            295,  296 

straminea         358-360 

thyoides                     59 

Americana             446 

mirabilis               358 

striata                     304 

Chamaelirium              402 

CONVALLARIACEAE  427 

misandra                 312 

stricta                       308 

Carolinianum       402 

Convallaria                   434 

monile                     297 

strictior                  321        luteuni                     402 

bifiora                     433 

Muhlenbergii         349 

styloflexa                328    Chamaeraphis 

commutata             434 

muricata                  348 

stylosa                     307       glauca                      126 

majalis                     434 

Muskingumensis  355 

subspathacea          310 

Italica                      127 

racemosa                 429 

mutica                     322 

subulata                  292 

verticillata             126 

stellata                     430 

nardina                    340 

Sullivantii             317 

viridis                     1  26 

trifolia                    430 

Nebraskensis          308 

supina                      338 

Cheilanthes                    30 

Cooperia                       444 

nigro-marginata     335 

sychnocephala        360 

Alabamensis             30 

Drummondii           444 

Norvegica               351 

tenella                     346 

dealbata                    32 

Coprosmanthus 

Novae-Angliae       324 

tenera                       358 

gracilis                       31 

herbaceus                439 

oblita                       321 

tentaculata             299 

lanosa                        31 

tamnifolius            439 

Oederi                      323 

tenuiflora                 352 

lanuginosa               31 

Corallorhiza                 477 

Olneyi                     297 

tenuis               320,  321 

tomentosa                 31 

Corallorhiza           478 

oligantha                285 

teretiuscula             344 

CHENOPODIACEAE    569 

innata                     478 

oligocarpa               325 

tetanica            326,  327 

Chenopodium                 570 

Macraei                  479 

oligosperma            295 

Texensis                  347 

album               570,  571 

multiflora                479 

oval  a                        306 

Torreyana      318,  324 

ambrosioides          575 

odontorhiza             478 

oxylepis                    318 

Torreyi                  324 

anthelminticum     575 

striata                       479 

pallescens               324 

torta                  311,  314 

Berlandieri             572 

Wisteriana              478 

paludosa         .         303 

tribuloides       356,  357 

Bonus-Henricus    574 

Corispermum                581 

panicea                    330 

triceps              316,  317  |      Boscianum              572 

hyssopifolium        582 

Parryana                  307 

trichocarpa              302  !      Botrys                      574 

Cornucopiae 

pauciflora        285,  292 

trisperma                 353       capitatum               576 

allissima                 162 

pedicellata              333 

Tuckermani            298        Fremontii                572 

hiemalis                  161 

Peckii                      334 

typhinoides             302       glaucum                   571 

perennans               161 

pedunculata           333 

umbellata                335 

hybridum                 573 

Corylus                         507 

Pennsylvanica        333 

utriculata                 297  i      leptophyllum  548,  571 

Americana              507 

pi  eta                          336 

ursina                     353 

maritimum            585 

rostrata                    508 

plantaginea     329,  330 

Vahlii                     306 

multtfidnm           576 

Crypsis 

platyphylla             330 

vaginata                 326 

murale                     573 

schoenoides             147 

podocarpa               313 

varia                 333,  334 

polyspermum         571 

squarrosa                183 

polystachya     294,  352 

venusta  -minor      321  <      Scoparia                 581 

Cryptogramma               28 

polymorpha            326 

verrucosa                315        rubrum                    574 

acrostichoides          28 

polytrichoides        339 

vestita                      304       urbicum                   573 

Cte  nium 

Porte  ri                    315 

virescens         316,  320        viride                      570 

Americanum         177 

praecox                    335 

viridula                    324    Chloris                          178 

Cupressus 

prairea                    344 

vulgaris          309,  310       curtipendula          180 

disticha                     58 

prasina                     31  1 

vulpina                   342       verticillata              178 

thyoides                    59 

pratensis                  354 

vulpinoidea            345    CHORIPETALAE         482 

Cycloloma                     576 

Pseudo-Cyperus 

Walteriana              304    Chrosperma                  402 

atriplicifolia           577 

300,  301 

Willdenovii            337       tnuscaetoxicum     403 

platyphyllum         577 

ptychocarpa            330 

Xalapensis             349    Chrysopogon                 103 

Cymbidium 

pubescens        336,  317 

xanthocarpa            345       avenaceus                104 

hyemale                   481 

pulla                 295,  296 

xanthophysa          292        nutans                      104 

odontorhizon         478 

Raeana                     295 

xerantica                 355    China                            158 

pulchellum             480 

ramosa                   344 

xerocarpa               308        arundinacea            158 

Cynodon 

rariflora                   312 

Carpinus                      506       glomerata              102 

Dae  'ty  Ion                 175 

602 


INDEX  OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


Cynosurus 

200 

Dichromena 

Eleocharis 

Eragrostis 

Aegyptius 

182 

latifolia 

257 

ochreata 

249 

trichodes 

191 

cri  status 

200 

leucocephala 

256 

olivacea 

250 

Erianthus 

98 

Indicus 

181 

Dicksonia 

12 

ovata 

251 

alopecuroides 

98 

CYPERACEAE 

234 

pilosiuscula 

12 

palustris 

251 

brevibarbis 

99 

Cyperus 

234 

punctilobula 

12 

pauciflorus 

262 

compactus 

99 

acuminatus 

239 

DlCOTYLEDONES 

482 

pygmaea 

262 

saccharoides 

99 

ari  status 

237 

Digitaria 

quadrangulata 

249 

ERIOCAULACEAE 

371 

arundinaceus 

247 

filiformis 

III 

Robbinsii 

249 

Eriocaulon 

37i 

Baldwinii 

246 

humifusa 

III 

rostellata 

256 

anceps 

373 

calcaratus 

238 

paspaloides 

109 

tenuis 

255 

articulatum 

37i 

compressus 

238 

sanguinalis 

III 

Torreyana 

253 

compressum 

372 

cylindricus 

245 

DlOSCOREACEAE 

446 

tortilis 

253 

decangulare 

372 

dentatus 

240 

Dioscorea 

447 

tricostata 

254 

flavidulum 

373 

diandrus 

236 

villosa 

447 

tuberculosa 

253 

gnaphalodes 

372 

echinatus 

246 

Diotis 

Watsoni 

252 

septangulare 

37i 

Engelmanni 

243 

I  ana  t  a 

58i 

Wolfii 

252 

Eriochloa 

no 

esculentus 

241 

Diplachne 

186 

Eleogenus 

Polystachya 

no 

erythrorhizos 

241 

fascicularis 

1  86       ochreatus 

249 

punctata 

no 

ferox 

242 

rigida 

190    Eleusine 

181 

Eriocoma 

ferruginescens 

242 

Disporum 

43i 

Aegyptia 

182 

cuspid  'a  ta 

141 

filiculmis 

245 

lanuginosum 

431        Indica 

181 

Eriogonum 

542 

flavescens 

235 

trachycarpum 

432       mucronata 

182 

alatum 

542 

flavicomus 

237 

Distichlis 

198    Elodea 

Alleni 

543 

fuscus 

239 

maritima 

198  i      Canadensis 

93 

annuum 

544 

Grayi 

246 

spicata 

198    Elymus 

230 

brevicaule 

546 

Halei 

241 

Dondia 

584 

Americanus 

231 

campanulatum 

546 

Hallii 

240 

Americana 

584 

arenarius 

232 

cernuum 

546 

Haspan 

239 

depressa 

585 

Canadensis 

231 

corymbosum 

544 

Houghtoni 

246 

maritima 

585 

condensatus 

232 

effusum 

544 

Hydra 

240 

Dracaena 

elymoides 

232 

flavum 

545 

inflexus 

237 

borealis 

428 

glaucifolius 

231 

gnaphaloides 

545 

Lancastriensis 

244 

umbellulata 

429 

glaucus 

231 

Jamesii 

543 

Michauxianus 

242 

Dracontium 

Hystrix 

233 

lachnogynum 

546 

microdontus 

237 

foetidum 

363 

Macounii 

231 

Lindheimerianum 

Nuttallii 

236 

Dryopteris 

J3 

Sibiricus 

231 

544 

ovularis 

245 

acrostichoides 

14 

Sitanion 

232 

longifolium 

543 

parvus 

242 

aculeata 

15 

striatus 

230 

micranthum] 

546 

phymatodes 

241 

Boottii 

18 

Virginicus 

230 

microthecum 

544 

pseudovegetus 

238 

Braunii 

15 

Elyna 

283 

multiceps 

545 

refractus 

244 

cristata 

16 

Bellardi 

284 

parviflorum 

545 

retrofractus 

244 

dilatata 

18 

spicata 

284 

pauciflorum 

545 

rivularis 

236 

Filix-mas 

J7 

Elytrosperm  u  m 

sericeum         543, 

545 

rotundus 

240 

fragrans 

16 

Calif  ornicum 

267 

Texanum 

543- 

Schweinitzii 

238 

Goldieana 

17 

Epipactis 

469 

Eriophorum 

271 

spathaceus 

247 

intermedia 

18 

co  n  valla  rio  ides 

473 

alpinum 

271 

speciosus 

242 

Lonchitis 

M 

Helleborine 

469 

capita/um 

272 

strigosus 

243 

marginalis 

17        latifoliav&r. 

469 

cyperinum 

271 

Torreyi 

245 

Noveboracensis 

15        viridiflora 

469 

gracile 

273 

Cypripedium 

457 

simulata 

16 

EQUISETACEAE 

35 

latifolium 

273 

acaule 

457 

spinulosa 

18 

Equisetum 

35 

polystachyon 

273 

album 

458 

Thelypteris 

15 

arvense 

36 

russeolum 

272 

arietinum 

457 

Dulichium 

247 

fluviatile 

37 

Scheuchzeri 

272 

bulbosum 

477 

arundinaceum 

247 

hyemale 

38 

triquetrtim 

273 

candidum 

458 

spathaceum 

247 

laevigatum 

38 

vaginatum 

272 

hirsutum 

458 

Dupatya 

372 

limosum 

37 

Virginicum 

273 

parviflorum 

459 

flavidula 

373 

littorale 

37 

Erythronium 

419 

pubescens 

458 

Dupontia 

209 

palustre 

37 

albidum 

420 

reginae 

458 

Cooleyi 

210 

pratense 

36 

Americanum 

420 

spectabile 

458 

Fisheri 

2O9 

robustum 

38 

angustatuin 

420 

Cystopteris 

12 

Eatonia 

192 

scirpoides 

39 

bracteattim 

420 

bulbifera 

12 

Dudleyi 

193  I      sylvaticum 

36 

mesachoreum 

421 

fragilis 

13 

nitida 

193       variegatum 

39 

propullans 

421 

montana 

13 

obtusata 

192    Eragrostis 

187 

Eurotia 

580 

Dactylis 

2OO 

Pennsylvanica 

193       campestris 

I9I 

lanata 

58i 

glomerata 

2OO 

Echinodorus 

85  I      capillaris 

1  88 

Euxolus 

see  Spartina 

I75~7 

cordifolius 

86        Caroliniana 

189 

crispus 

590 

Dactyloctenium 

182 

parvulus 

85 

curtipedicellata 

deflexus 

590 

Aegyptium 

182 

radicans 

86        Eragrostis 

189 

lividus 

589 

Aegyptiacum 

182 

rostratus 

86       erythrogona 

1  88 

pumilus 

590 

Danthbnia 

173 

tenellus 

85        Frankii 

1  88 

FAGACEAE 

513 

Alleni 

174 

Eleocharis 

248        hypnoides 

192 

Fagopyrum 

553 

compressa 

174 

acicularis 

252        major 

189 

esculentum 

553 

sericea 

174 

acuminata 

255        megastachya 

189 

Fagopyrum 

553 

spicata 

174 

albida 

254       minor 

189 

Tataricum 

554 

Deschampsia 

169 

atropurpurea 

250       oxylepis 

191 

Fagus 

5H 

atropurpurea 

170 

capitata 

250       pectinacea 

190 

Americana 

5H 

caespitosa 

169 

compressa 

255  j      pilosa 

188 

Castanea 

515 

flexuosa 

170 

Engelmanni 

251        poaeoides 

189 

ferruginea 

5H 

Deyeuxia 

equisetoides 

248        Purshii 

189 

pumila 

515 

Macouniana 

163 

intermedia 

255       refracta 

191 

Festuca 

215 

Diarrhena 

interstincta 

248        rep  tans 

192 

decumbens 

185 

Americana 

196 

melanocarpa 

254        secundiflora 

191 

diandra 

196 

Dichromena 

256 

microcarpa 

253        sessilispica 

190 

duriuscula 

217 

colorata 

256 

mutata 

249        tennis 

191 

elatior 

217 

INDEX   OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


603 


Festuca 

Habenaria 

Hystrix 

233    Juncus 

fascicularis            186 

obtusata 

461  '      Hystrix 

233       Gerardi                    385 

fluitans                   213 

orbiculata 

461    Iresine 

593        Greenei                    387 

gigantea                    218 

peramoena 

466       celosioides 

593       gymnocarpus          383 

Myuros                    216 

psycodes 

466       paniculata 

593        Leersii                    383 

nutans                      218 

tridentata 

463    IRIDACEAE 

447        longistylis                388 

octoflora                  216 

virescens 

464    Iris 

447       marginatus              388 

ovina                        217 

viridis 

463        aphylla 

450       maritimus               384 

pratensis                 217 

HAEMODORACEAE 

442        Caroliniana 

449       megacephalus  392,  394 

rubra                        216 

Hamiltonia 

cristata 

451  i      militaris                   391 

scabrella                  217 

oleifera 

537        cuprea 

450       nemorosus              397 

Shortii                       218 

Heleochloa 

147        Duerinckii 

450       nodosus                   392 

tenella                      216 

schoenoides 

147       fulva 

450       parviflorus            397 

unioloid.es               224 

Helonias 

401        Germanica 

450       pelocarpus              390 

Fimbristylis                 259 

asphodeloides 

401       gracilis 

450       pilosus                     396 

autumnalis              260 

bullata 

402  !      hexagona 

448       polycephalus          393 

Baldwiniana         260 

graminea 

403        Hookeri 

449       repens                      388 

capillaris                258 

Hemerocallis 

410       lacustris 

451        Richardsonianus    391 

castanea                   259 

flava 

411        Missouriensis 

449       robustus                  395 

congest  a                   260 

fulva 

411        prismatica 

450       Roemerianus          384 

laxa                           260 

Hemicarpha 

275        Pseudacorus 

451        scirpoides                393 

spadicea                  259 

micrantha 

•275  I      verna 

452       secundus                  386 

Vahlii                       260 

subsquarrosa 

275        versicolor 

448       setaceus                   387 

Fritillaria                    419 

Heteranthera 

379        Virginica       448, 

450       Smithii                   383 

alba                          422 

dubia 

380     ISOETACEAE 

45       spicatus                  397 

atropurpurea          419 

graminea 

380    Isoetes 

45        stygius                      389 

Froelichia                     592 

limosa 

380       Braunii 

46       subtilis                    390 

Floridana                592 

reniformis 

380       Butleri 

48       tenuis                       386 

gracilis                     593 

Hexalectris 

480        echinospora 

46       Torreyi                     392 

Fuirena                         274 

aphyllus 

481        Engelmanni 

48       trifidus                     385 

hispida                    274 

squamosus 

481        lacustris 

46       triglumis                 390 

simplex                    274 

Hicoria 

484       macrospora 

46       Vaseyi                      386 

squarrosa                 274 

(inc.Carya  &Jug-            melanopoda 

48   Juniperus                      59 

Gemmingia                   452 

lans  in  part) 

muricata 

47       communis                59 

Chinensis                453 

alba 

486       riparia 

47       nana                           60 

Gisopteris 

aquatica 

485        saccharata 

47       Sabina                      60 

palmata                      7       glabra               48* 

>,  487  ;      Tuckermani 

46        Sibirica                     60 

Glyceria                                 laciniosa 

486    Ixia 

Virginiana                 60 

see  Panicularia  210-214       microcarpa 

486       acuta 

452    Kobresia                         284 

Gonopyrum                           minima 

485        Chinensis 

453       bipartita                  284 

Americanum         568        ovata 

485    Ixophorus 

125        caricina                  284 

Goodyera                                Pecan 

484        (inc.  Setaria) 

scirpina                  284 

see  Peramium      474-5       sulcata 

486        glaucus 

126    Kochia                          581 

GRAMINEAE                94  !  Hierochloe 

Italicus 

127        Americana              581 

Graphephorum              210        alpina 

132       verticillatus 

126       atriplicifolia          577 

festucaceitm            209        borealis 

132       viridis 

126       Scoparia                  581 

flexuosum               186       pauciflora 

132     JUGLANDACEAE 

483    Koeleria                        193 

melicoideum           210    Holcus 

1  68   Juglans 

483       cristata                     194 

Gymnopogon                 178       alpimis 

132       cinerea 

484       nitida                     194 

ambiguus                 178        Halepensis 

104       nigra 

483  i     Pennsylvania       193 

brevifolius               179       lanatus 

168       tomentosa 

486    Koenigia 

racemosus               178        laxus 

197           see  Hicoria    484-487        Islandica                542 

GYMNOSPERMAE         49       odoratus 

132     JUNCACEAE 

381    Korycarpus                  196 

Gyrostachys                 470    Homalocenchrus 

1  28    Juncoides 

396       arundinaceus        196 

(inc.  Spiranthes)               (inc.  Leersia) 

(inc.  Luzula) 

diandrus                  196 

cernua                      471        lenticularis 

129       campestre 

398    Kyllinga                       247 

gracilis                     472        oryzoides 

1  29       hyperboreurn 

398        macula/a                 275 

latifolia                  470        Virginicus 

129       nemorosum 

397       ovularis                  245 

odorata                     471    Homotropa 

nivale 

398       pumila                    247 

plantaginea             470        macranthum 

539       parviflorum 

397  i  Lachnanthes 

praecox                    471    Hordeum 

228        pilosum 

396  .      tinctoria                 443 

Romanzoffiana       470       jubatum 

229       spicatum 

397    Lachnocaulon               373 

simplex                   472        murinum 

229    Juncus 

381        anceps                      373 

Gymnostichum                      nodosum 

228       acuminatus 

395       Michauxii             373 

Hystrix                  233       prat.ense 

228       alpinus 

391    Laportea 

Gyrotheca                     442       pusillum 

229       aristulatus 

388        Canadensis             533 

capitata                    443    Humulus 

529       articulatus 

391    Lappago 

tinctoria                 443  I      I,upulus 

530       asper 

392        racemosa                 105 

Habenaria                     460    Hyacinthus 

Balticus 

384    Larix                             54 

(inc.  Orchis  in  part)          botryoides 

424       biglumis 

389       Americana              54 

blephariglottis       465        racemosus 

425       brachycarpus 

393       laricina                      54 

bracteata                  463    Hydrocharis 

brachycephalus 

394    Leersia 

ciliaris              464,  465       cordifoha 

94       bufonius 

385       see  Homalocenchrus  1  29 

clave  llata                 463       Spongia 

94       bulbosus 

390    LEITNERIACEAE       489 

cristata                     464 

Hymenocallis 

i\/\/\        Caesariensis 

392    Leitneria                      489 

dilatata                    462 

occidentalis 

445        campestris 

398        Floridana                489 

fimbriaia                466 

HYMENOPHYLLA- 

Canadensis 

394   LEMNACEAE              365 

flava                           464 

CEAE 

6       castaneus 

389    Lemna                          365 

grandiflora              466 

Hypopeltis 

conglomerates 

383       Angolensis              365 

Hookeriana            461 

obtusa 

1  1        debilis 

395       gibba                        367 

hyperborea              462 

Hypbporum 

dichotomus 

387       minor                       366 

integra                     463 

verticillatum 

283        diffusissimus 

396       paucicostata            365 

lacera                       465 

Hypoxis 

445       effusus              382 

383       perpusilla                366 

leucophaea             465 

erecta 

446       Engelmanni 

393       polyrhiza                365 

nivea                        462 

hirsuta 

446       filiformis 

383       trisulca                    366 

604 


INDEX   OF  I.ATIN   NAMES. 


Lemna 

Manisuris 

Myrica 

Osmunda 

Valdiviana 

366       rugosa 

IOO 

cerifera 

488 

Claytoniana 

6 

Lemotrys 

MARANTACEAE 

454 

Gale 

487 

interrupla 

6 

hyacinthina 

423    Mariscus* 

Myriopleris 

lanceolata 

4 

Leptanthus 

cylindricus 

245 

gracilis 

3i 

Lunaria 

3 

see  Heteranthera 

380  ;  Mariscus 

NAIADACEAE 

65 

regalis 

5 

Leptochloa 

182  i      echinatus 

246 

Naias 

80 

Struthiopteris 

9 

mucronata 

182    MARSILEACEAE 

33 

flexilis 

81 

ternata 

3 

Leptorchis 

476    Marsilea 

33 

gracillima 

81 

Virginiana 

4 

liliifolia 

476 

mucronata 

34 

Gaudalupensis 

81 

Ostrya 

507 

Loeselii 

477 

natans 

34 

Indica 

81 

Virginiana 

5°7 

Lepturus 

225        quadrifolia 

33 

major 

80 

Virginica 

507 

filiformis 

226       vestita 

34 

marina 

80 

Oxybaphus 

paniculatus 

179    MAYACACEAE 

367 

Nardus 

224 

see  Allionia 

594-6 

Leucocrinum 

411    Mayaca 

368 

stricta 

224 

angustifolius 

596 

montanum 

411        Aubleti 

368 

Nasmythia 

Bodini 

596 

LILIACEAE 

410 

Michauxii 

368 

articulafa 

371 

hirsutus 

595 

Lilium 

416 

Medeola 

435 

Narthecium 

Oxyria 

553 

andinum 

417 

Virginiana 

435 

Americanum 

401 

digyna 

553 

Canadense 

417 

MELANTHACEAE 

399 

glutinosum 

400 

reniformis 

553 

Carolinianum 

418 

Melanthium 

7 
406 

ossifragum 

401 

Paepalanthus 

373 

Catesbaei 

417 

g  1  an  cum. 

405 

pubens 

400 

flavidulus 

373 

Grayi 

418 

hybridum 

407 

Nazia 

105 

Pancratium 

Philadelphicum 

416 

lati  folium 

407       racemosa 

105 

Carolinianum 

445 

superbum        417, 

418 

m  uscaetoxicum 

403    Nemastylis 

452 

occidentale 

445 

tigrinum 

419 

parviflorum 

407 

acuta 

452 

Panicularia 

2IO 

umbellatum 

417 

racemosum 

400 

gemmi  flora 

452 

(inc.  Glyceria) 

Limnobium 

94       Virginicum 

406 

Neottia 

acuti  flora 

213 

Spongia 

94 

Melica 

194 

see  Gyrostachys 

470-2 

Americana 

212 

Limodorum 

480 

altissima 

J95 

pubescens 

474 

angustata 

215 

praecox 

47i 

diffusa 

195 

Nephrodium 

Canadensis 

211 

tuberosum 

480 

mutica 

J95 

acrostichoides 

H 

distans 

215 

unifolium 

480 

parviflora 

J95 

lanosum 

31 

elongata 

212 

Li  par  is 

Porteri 

J95 

puncMobulum 

12 

fluitans 

213 

liliifolia 

476 

Smithii 

172    Notholaena 

32 

laxa 

211 

Loeselii 

477 

Microstylis 

dealbata 

32 

nervata 

212 

Lipocarpha 

275 

monophylla 

475 

nivea 

32 

obtusa 

211 

maculata 

275 

oph  ioglossoides 

476 

Nothoscordum 

415 

pallida 

213 

Liquidambar 

Milium 

141 

bivalve 

4!5 

Panicum 

112 

asplenifolia 

489 

amphicarpon 

110 

stria  turn 

415 

agrostidiforme 

"5 

peregrina 

489 

ciliatum 

no 

NYCTAGINACEAE 

594 

agrostoides 

"5 

Listera 

472 

compressum 

109 

Oakesia 

amarum 

122 

australis 

473 

effusum 

141 

puberula 

410 

anceps 

"5 

convallarioides 

473 

punctatum 

no 

sessilifolia 

409 

angustifolium 

122 

cordata 

473 

Milla 

Onoclea 

8 

autumnale 

124 

Lolium 

225 

coerulea 

416 

sensibilis 

9 

barbulatum 

120 

perenne 

225    Molinia 

187 

Struthiopteris 

9 

boreale 

II9 

temulentum 

225       coerulea 

187 

Onychium 

campestre 

123 

Lophiola 

446     MONOCOTYLEDONES   62 

densum 

30 

capillare           123,  124 

Americana 

446    Mollugo 

598    OPHIOGLOSSACEAE       i 

carinatum 

114 

aurea 

446       verticillata 

598 

Ophioglossum 

i 

clandestinum 

118 

Lophiocarpus 

86    Monolepis 

577 

vulgatum 

i 

colon  um 

"3 

Lophotocarpus 

86 

chenopodioides 

577 

Ophrys 

commutatum 

117 

calycinus 

87        Nuttalliana 

577 

cernua 

47i 

consanguineum 

122 

LrORANTHACEAE 

534    MORACEAE 

527 

Corallorhiza 

478 

Crus-galli 

"3 

Luzula 

Moms 

527 

cordata 

473 

Curtisii 

114 

see  Juncoides 

396 

alba 

528 

liliifolia 

476 

Dactylon 

175 

LYCOPODIACEAE 

39 

papyrifera 

529 

Loeselii 

477 

debile 

125 

Lycopodium 

39 

rubra 

528 

monophyllos 

475 

depauperatum 

121 

alpinum 

42 

Muhlenbergia 

141 

Oplotheca 

dichotomum 

120 

alopecuroides 

4i 

ambigua 

J43 

Florida  na 

592 

diffusum 

124 

annotinum 

42 

capillaris 

145    ORCHIDACEAE 

456 

digitarioides 

114 

apodum 

45 

comata 

144    Orchis 

459 

divaricatum 

114 

Carolinianum 

43       deb  i  Us 

145 

fissa 

466 

divergent 

124 

clavatum 

43       diffusa 

144 

rotundifolia 

460 

elongatum 

H5 

complanatum 

43 

erecta 

146 

spectabilis 

459 

filiforme 

in 

dendroideum 

4i 

glomerata 

H3 

see  Habenaria 

460-6 

flexile 

124 

inundatum 

4i 

gracillima 

H5 

Ornithogalum 

423 

geniculatum 

123 

lucidulum 

40 

Mexicana 

142 

bivalve 

415 

gibbum 

125 

obscurum 

4i 

microsperma 

145 

hirsutum 

446 

g  lab  rum 

in 

rupestre 

44 

pungens 

146 

nutans 

424 

glaucum 

126 

sabinaefolium 

42 

racemosa 

143       umbellatum 

423 

hians 

114 

selaginoides 

44 

sobolifera 

142    Orontium 

f 

364 

hirtellum 

"3 

Selago 

40 

sylvatica 

143       aquaticum 

364 

hispidum 

"3 

Lygodium 

7        tenuiflora 

144    Oryzopsis 

139 

involutum 

121 

palmatum 

7        Willdenovii 

144 

asperifolia 

140 

Italicum 

127 

Madura 

Munroa 

183 

Canadensis 

139 

languinosum 

121 

aurantiaca 

529  '      squarrosa 

183 

cuspidata 

141 

latifolium 

"5 

Macounastrum 

541    Muscari 

424 

juncea 

J39 

laxiflorum 

119 

Islandicum 

542        botryoides 

424 

melanocarpa 

140 

lineare 

in 

Maianthemum 

racemosum 

425 

membranacea 

141 

longifolium 

116 

Canadense 

431    MYRICACEAE 

487 

micrantha 

140 

macrocarpon 

"7 

Malax  is 

Myrica 

487 

OSMUNDACEAE 

4 

melicarium 

114 

unifolia 

476  :      asplenifolia 

489 

Osmunda 

5 

microcarpon 

116 

Manisuris 

100       Carolinensis 

488 

cinnamomea 

5 

miliaceum 

123 

INDEX   OF   LATIN   NAMES. 


605 


Panicum 

Phegopteris 

Poa 

Polygonum 

minus 

124 

calcarea 

19 

Eragrostis 

189       scandens 

566 

nervosum 

117 

Dryopteris 

19 

flava 

205       setaceuni 

559 

nitidum 

120 

hexagonoptera 

19      flexuosa 

206        Tataricum 

554 

nudum 

124 

Phegopteris 

19  ;     glauca 

205       tenue 

564 

obtusum 

114       polypodioides 

19 

glumaris 

208       Virginian  urn 

561 

pauciflorum 

118    Philotria 

93 

hypnoides 

192       viviparum 

555 

pedunculatum 

118        Canadensis 

93 

interrupta 

191        Zuccarinii 

567 

Porterianum 

117    Phippsia 

150 

laxa 

203     POLYPODIACEAE 

8 

proliferum 

123        algida 

150 

maritima 

214    Polypodium 

32 

pubescens 

121    Phleum 

147 

nemoralis 

205        bulbiferum 

12 

ramnlosum 

120       alpinum 

148        nervata 

212       cristattim 

16 

rostratum 

115       pratense 

147       obtusa 

211        dilatatum 

18 

sanguinale 

in 

schoenoides 

147       pectinacea 

190        Dryopteris 

19 

scoparium       118, 

121 

Phoradendron 

535       pilosa 

1  88  I      Filix-foemina 

26 

Scribnerianum 

118 

flavescens 

535 

pratensis 

204       Filix-mas 

17 

sphaerocarpon 

116 

Phragmites 

184       pseudopratensis 

204  j     fontanuiii 

25 

strict  um 

121        communis 

184        refracta 

191  ;     fragile 

13 

verrucosum 

125        Phragmites 

184  '     seslerioides 

184  i     fragrans 

16 

verticillatum 

1  26    PHYTOLACCACEAE 

593 

serotina 

205        hexagonoptera 

19 

virgatum 

122    Phytolacca 

594 

sylvestris 

206        incanum 

33 

z'iride 

126       decandra 

594 

tenuifolia 

208  '<      Lonchitis 

H 

viscidum 

121    Picea 

54 

tenuis 

188  i      marginale 

Walteri             113, 

117 

alba 

54 

trichodes 

191        montanum 

13 

Wilcoxianum 

119 

Canadensis 

54 

trivialis 

204       Noveboracense 

15 

xanthophysum 

118 

Mariana 

55 

Wolfii 

207        obtusum 

ii 

Pardanthus 

nigra 

55 

Pogonia 

467        Phegopteris 

19 

Chinensis 

453 

rubra 

55 

affinis 

468 

polypodioides 

33 

Parietaria 

534 

Pilea 

divaricata 

468 

Robertianum 

19 

Pennsylvanica 

534 

pumila 

533 

ophioglossoides 

467        spinulosum 

18 

Paspalum 

105 

PlNACEAE 

49 

pendula 

467       vulgare 

32 

ambiguum 

in 

Pinus 

50 

trianthophora 

467    Polypogon 

157 

arenarium 

108 

alba 

54 

verticillata 

468 

Monspehensis 

ciliatifolium 

107 

australis 

POLYGONACEAE 

541  '  Polystichum 

13 

compressum 

109 

balsam  ea 

57 

Polygonatum 

433      PONTEDERIACEAE 

379 

dasyphyllum 

107 

Banksiana 

52 

biflorum 

433    Pontederia 

379 

deb  He 

108 

Canadensis 

56 

commutatum 

434 

cordata 

379 

dilatatum 

107 

divaricata 

52 

giganteum 

434 

lancifolia 

379 

distichum 

106 

echinata 

52 

Polygonella 

568 

limosa 

380 

EUiottii 

109 

Fraseri 

57 

Americana 

568 

Populus 

490 

filiforme 

in 

in  ops 

52 

articulata 

568 

acuminata 

491 

Floridanum 

108  \      laricina 

54 

ericoides 

568 

alba 

490 

fluitans 

106 

mil  is 

52    Polygonum 

554 

angulata 

493 

laeve 

108 

nigra 

55 

acre 

560 

angusti  folia 

491 

longipedunculatum           palustris                    51 

amphibium 

555 

Atheniensis 

492 

108  !     pendula 

54 

arifolium 

567 

balsamifera 

491 

macrospermum 

1  08       ponderosa 

articulatum 

568 

candicans 

491 

membranaceum 

1  06  .      pungens 

53 

aviculare 

56i 

Carolinensis 

493 

Michauxianum 

109  !      resinosa 

Bellardi 

562  ;      deltoides 

493 

mucronatum 

1  06       rigida 

53 

camporum 

564       dilatata 

493 

ovatum 

107 

rubra 

55 

Careyi 

559       grandidentata 

492 

paspaloides 

109 

Strobus 

50 

cilinode 

565       heterophylla 

492 

platycaulon 

109 

Taeda 

53 

Convolvulus 

565       monilifera 

493 

pubescens 

107        Virginiana 

52 

cristatum 

566       nigra 

493 

sanguinale 

1  1  1    Planeia 

525 

cuspidatum 

567 

tremuloides 

492 

setaceuni 

107        aquatica 

526 

densiflorum. 

556    Potamogeton 

65 

tristachyum 

109 

Platanthera 

Douglasii 

565        alpinus 

68 

Walterianum 

106       see  Habenaria  461 

,  465 

dumetorum 

566       amplifolius 

67 

Pellaea 

29       holopetala 

465 

emersum 

556       angustifolius 

70 

atropurpurea 

29  j      rotundifolia 

460 

e  rectum 

563 

Claytomi 

67 

densa 

30    Pleuropogon 

196 

exsertum 

563 

compressus 

72-74 

gracilis 

29        Sabinii 

196 

Fagopyrum 

553 

confervoides 

72 

Stelleri 

29    Poa 

201 

glaucum 

562 

crispus 

72 

Peltandra 

362        abbreviata 

2O2 

Hartwrightii 

556 

diversifolius 

76 

alba 

362 

airoides 

215 

Hydropiper 

560 

Faxoni 

68 

sagittaefolia 

362 

alpina 

203 

hydropiperoides 

560 

filiformis 

77 

undulata 

362 

alsodes 

2O7 

incanum 

557 

flabellatus 

78 

Virginica 

362 

andina 

2O8 

incarnatum 

557 

fluitans 

68 

Peramium 

474 

angustata 

215 

lapathifolium 

557 

foliosus 

73 

(inc.  Goodyera) 

annua 

201        littoral  e 

562 

Friesii 

74 

Menziesii 

475 

aquatica 

212  !      longistylum 

558 

gemmiparus 

76 

pubescens 

474 

arida 

208       maritimum 

562 

gramineus 

69 

repens 

474 

autumnalis 

206       mite 

560 

heterophyllus 

69 

Phalaris 

130 

brevifolia 

207 

Muhlenbergii 

556 

Hillii 

73 

Americana 

130 

Buckleyana 

208 

nodosum 

'557 

hybridus 

76 

arundinacea 

130 

caesia 

205 

Opelousanum 

559 

Illinoensis 

70 

Canariensis 

capillaris 

1  88 

orientale 

561 

interruptus 

78 

Caroliniana 

130 

Caroliniana 

188-9 

Pennsylvanicum 

557 

lateralis 

75 

erucaeformis 

181 

cenisia 

203 

Persicaria 

558 

lonchites 

68 

intermedia 

130 

Chapmaniana 

202 

persicarioides 

558 

lucens 

70 

oryzoides 

129 

compressa 

2O2 

Portori  cense 

556 

major 

74 

pi  eta 

130 

cristata 

202 

punctatum 

560 

Mysticus 

Pharnaceum 

debilis 

206 

Rayi 

563 

natans 

66 

maritimum 

598        distans 

214 

ramosissimum 

564 

Niagarensis 

73 

Phegopteris 

18        elongaia 

212 

sagittatum 

567       Nuttallii 

67 

6o6 


INDEX   OF  LATIN  NAMES. 


Potamogeton                        Razoumofskya 

535 

Salicornia 

Schollera 

Oakesianus               66       pusilla 

535 

Eiiropaea  var.        582 

graminea 

380 

obtusifolius              73    Redfieldia 

1  86 

fruticosa                  583 

Scilla 

Panormitanus        75       flexuosa 

1  86 

herbacea                 582 

Fraseri 

423 

pauciflorus              73    Renealmia 

mucronata             583 

Scirpus 

261 

pectinatus                 77       usneoides 

374 

Virginica              583 

acicularis 

252 

perfoliatus                71    Rottboellia 

Salix                            493 

acuminatus 

255 

praelongus                71       filiformis 

226 

adenophylla           504 

Americanus 

265 

pulcher                     67        rugosa 

zoo       alba                          496 

atropu  rpureus 

250 

pusillus                74-76    Roubieva 

575       amygdaloides         495 

atro  virens 

269 

Robbinsii                  78       multifida 

576       angustata               503 

autumnalis 

260 

rufescens                  68  !  Rumex 

547 

arctica                      502 

caespitosus 

262 

rutilus                       74       Acetosa 

548 

argyrocarpa             500 

Californicus 

267 

spathulaeformis      69       Acetosella 

547 

Babylonica              496 

campestris 

267 

Spirillus                    77       altissimus 

549 

balsamifera             504 

Canbyi 

266 

trichoides                 72        Britannica        549 

550 

Barclayi                    504 

capt  11  art's 

258 

Tuckermani            72        conglomerates 

55i 

Bebbiana                 498 

capitatus 

250 

Vaseyi                       74       crispus 

55i 

Brownii                    502 

castaneus 

259 

Zizii                           70  !      digynus 

553 

Candida                    501 

Clintoni 

263 

zosteraefolius           72        Engelmanni 

548 

coerulea                  496 

cylindricus 

266 

Prosartes 

hastatulus 

548 

cordata                    503 

cyperinus 

271 

lanuginosa             431 

hydrolapa  th  u  m 

550 

Cutleri                    505 

debilis 

264 

trachycarpum        432 

maritimus 

552       desertorum             500 

divaricatus 

270 

Psilocarya                    257 

obtusifolius 

552       discolor                   499 

equisetoides 

248 

nitens                       257 

occidentalis 

550       eriocephala             499 

Eriophorum 

271 

rynchosporoides    257       orbiculatus 

550      falcata                     494 

fluviatilis 

268 

scirpoides               258        Patientia 

550       fluviatilis                 497 

glaucescens 

252 

PTERIDOPHYTA             i        persicarioides 

552  ,      fragilis                     496 

Hallii 

264 

Pteris                             28       pulcher 

552       glauca                      501 

intermedius 

255 

Alabamensis            30       salicifolius 

549       gracilis                   500 

interstinctus 

248 

aquilina                     28       sanguineus 

551        glaucophylla          503 

lacustris 

266 

atropurpurea          29       venosus 

548       herbacea                  505 

leptolepis 

266 

caudata                     28       verticillatus 

549 

humilis                   498 

lineatus 

270 

gracilis                     29    Ruppia 

78 

longifolia               497        maritimus      266, 

268 

Stelleri                     29       maritima 

79       lucida                      495  ;      micranthus 

275 

Puccinellia                   214       lacustris 

79       Missouriensis         503  i      microcarpus 

269 

airoides                   215        occidentalis 

79 

myrtilloides            505  '      mucronatus 

266 

angustata                 215    Rynchospora 

276       nigra                494,  495 

mutatus 

249 

distans                     214        (inc.  Schoenus) 

petiolaris                 500 

nanus 

262 

maritima          214,  215       alba 

277        phylicifolia     500,  502 

nitens 

257 

Pyrularia                     537       axillaris 

279       prinoides                499 

Olneyi 

265 

oleifera                   537       capillacea 

278       purpurea                 497 

ovatus 

251 

pubera                     537       cephalantha 

279       reticulata                 497 

palustris 

251 

Quamasia                      422        corniculata 

276       rostrata                  498 

pauciflorus 

262 

h3racinthina             423        cymosa 

280       sericea             499,  503 

Peckii 

270 

Quercus                        515       fusca 

279       tristis                       499 

planifolius 

263 

acuminata               522       glomerata 

278       Uva-ursi                  505 

polyphyllus 

269 

alba                          520       gracilenta 

279       vestita                      498 

pungens 

265 

ambigua                 516       inexpansa 

280       viminalis                 501 

quadrangulatus 

249 

aquatica                  519       Knieskernii 

278        vitellina                  496 

retrofractus 

244 

bicolor                    521        macrostachya 

276       Wardii                     495 

robustus 

268 

Brittoni                   518       nitens 

257    Salsola                         585 

rostellatiis 

256 

coccinea                  517       oligantha 

277       depressa                  585 

rufus 

267 

digitata                    518       pallida 

277        Kali                          586 

Smithii 

264 

falcata                     518       paniculata 
heterophylla           519        scirpoides 

278       salsa  var.                 584 
258        Tragus                     586 

spadiceus 
subterminalis 

259 
263 

ilicifolia                 518       Torreyana 

280    SALVINIACEAE            34 

supinus 

264 

imbricaria               520  :  Sagittaria 

87    Salvinia                         34 

sylvaticus         268, 

269 

lauri  folia                  519        ambigua 

90       natans                        34 

Tatora 

267 

Leana                       520 

arifolia 

89   SANTALACEAE           536 

tenuis 

255 

lyrata                       521 

calvcina 

87 

Sarcobatus                   583 

Torreyi 

265 

macrocarpa     520,  521        cristata 

91        vermiculatus          584 

tortilis 

253 

Marylandica            518 

cuneata 

89    Satyrium 

tuberculosus 

253 

Michauxii           •    522 

Engelmanniana 

88 

repens                     474 

Vahlii 

260 

minor                       520 

falcata 

90 

SAURURACEAE          482 

validus 

266 

Muhlenbergii        522 

graminea 

91  ]  Saururus                      482 

Wolfii 

252 

nana                         518 

heterophylla 

90       cernuus                   482 

Scleria 

281 

nigra                 518,  519 

lancifolia 

qo    Savastana                    131 

laxa 

282 

oblusiloba               520 

latifolia 

88 

alpina                      132 

oligantha 

281 

olivaeformis           521 

longiloba 

89 

odorata                    132 

pauciflora 

283 

palustris          516,  520 
Phellos             518,  519 

longirostra 
natans 

88 
92 

pauciflora                132 
Schedonnardus             179 

reticularis 
Torreyana 

282 
282 

platanoides             521 
prinoides                 523 

platyphylla 
pubescens 

92 

88 

paniculatus             179 
Tex  anus                  179 

triglomerata 
verticillata 

282 
283 

Prinus              520,  522 

pusilla 

92 

SCHEIICHZERIACEAE   82 

Scolochloa 

209 

rubra                516,  518 

radicans 

86 

Scheuchzeria                 84 

festucacea 

209 

Rudkini                    518 

rigida 

90 

palustris                    84 

Scolopendrium 

21 

stellata                    520 

sagiitaefolia 

88 

SCHIZAEACEAE                  7 

Sclopendrium 

21 

Texana                     517 

subulata 

92 

Schizaea                            7 

vu  Ig  are 

21 

tinctoria                 517 

teres 

91 

pusilla                         7 

SELAGINELLACEAE 

44 

tridentata                520 

variabilis 

88 

Schoenus 

Selaginella 

44 

velutina                  517 

SALICACEAE 

490 

mariscoides            281 

apus 

45 

virens                     523 

Salicornia 

582 

rufus                       267 

rupestris 

44 

Virginiana              523 

ambigua 

583 

Schoenus 

selaginoides 

44 

Rajania  ovala          569 

Bigelovii 

583 

see  Rynchospora  276-80 

spinosa 

44 

INDEX  OF  LATIN   NAMES. 


607 


Serapias 

Sporobolus 

Trichochloa 

Uvularia 

viridiflora             469 

cuspidatus 

153 

microsperma          145 

a  mplexifolia 

432 

Sesleria 

depauperatus 

153 

Trichodium 

grandiflora 

409 

dactyloides              183 
Sesuvium                     598 

heterolepis 
Indicus 

155 
154 

see  Agrostis             159 
Trichomanes                    6 

perfoliata 
puberula 

409 
410 

maritimum             598 

junceus 

154 

radicans                       6 

sessilifolia 

409 

pentandrum           598 
Set  aria 

longifolius 
minor 

151 

152 

Tricuspis 

purpurea                185 

Vagnera 
(inc.  Smilacina) 

429 

daciyloides              183 

neglectus 

152 

Triglochin                       82 

amplexicaulis 

429 

see  Ixophorus    126-127 

pilosus 

152 

data                           83 

racemosa 

429 

Sieglingia                     184 

serotinus 

156 

maritima                   83 

stellata 

43° 

decumbens              185 

vaginaeflorus 

152 

palustris                    83 

tri  folia 

43° 

purpurea                  185 

Virginicus 

153 

striata                        83 

VALLISNERIACEAE 

92 

seslerioides             184 

Stenanthium 

4°3 

triandra                   83 

Vallisneria 

92 

stricta                       185 

angustifolium 

403 

Trillium                        435 

spiralis 

93 

Sisyrinchium               453 

gramineum 

403 

cernuum                  437 

Vaseya 

aiiceps              453,  454 

robustum 

404 

erectum                   437 

comata 

144 

angustifolium         454 
Atlanticum              454 

Stenophyllus 
capillaris 

258 
258 

erythrocarpum      438 
grandiflorum          437 

Veratrum 
a  ngustifoliu  m 

407 
403 

Jlt'i'inudiana          453    Stipa 

137 

nivale                       436 

luteum 

402 

graminoides            453  i      avenacea 

138 

recurvatum             436 

parviftorum 

407 

mttcroiialum          454        barbata 

138 

rhomboideutn        437 

viride 

408 

Si  tan  ion                                 bicolor 

138 

sessile                       436 

Woodii 

408 

clvnioides                 232        capillaris 

H5 

undulatum              438     Vilfa 

SMILACEAE                438 

comata 

138 

Triodia 

see  oporooolus      152-6 

Sniilacina 

juncca 

139 

cuprea                      184 

Viscum 

b  if  oii  a                      431  j      Macounii 

137 

decumbens               185 

fiavescens 

535 

see  Vagnera         429       membranacea 

141 

stricta                       185 

Windsoria 

Smilax                           438 

Richardsonii 

137 

Tripsacum                      97 

stricta 

185 

Bona-nox                 441 

spartea              138, 

139 

dactyloides               98 

pallida 

213 

caduca                     440 

Virginica 

138 

Tripierella 

Woodsia 

9 

ecirrhata                   439 

viridula 

138 

coerulea                   456 

alpina 

10 

glauca                      440 

Streptopus 

432    Tripteridium 

glabella 

10 

liastata                    441 

amplexifolius 

432 

micranthum          597 

hyperborca 

10 

herbacea                  439 

lanuginosus 

431 

Trisetum                      170 

Ilvensis 

10 

hispida                    440 

roseus 

433 

flavescens                171 

obtusa 

II 

lanceolata                442 

Suaeda 

palustre                   171 

Oregana 

II 

laurifolia                  441 

depressa 

585 

Pennsylvanicum    171 

scopulina 

II 

Pseudo-China         441 

linearis  var. 

584 

Pratense                   171 

Woodwardia 

20 

pulverulenta          439 

maritima 

585 

subspicatum            171 

angiistifolia 

20 

quadrangularis    440 
rotundifolia            440 

Sy  tn  pi  oca  rp  us 
foelidus 

363 

Triticum 
see  Agropyron  226,  228 

areolata 
Virginica 

2O 
20 

spinulosa                 440 

Syntherisma 

no 

Tsuga                             55 

Wolffia 

367 

tamnifolia                439 

nliformis 

in 

Canadensis                56 

Brasiliensis 

367 

lainnoides               441 

glabra 

in 

Caroliniana               56 

Columbiana 

367 

Walter!                   442 

linearis 

in 

TYPHACEAE                62 

Xanthosoma 

Sorghum                       104 

praecox 

in 

Typha                           62 

sagittaefolia 

362 

avcnaceuni              104 
Halepense               104 

sanguinalis 

scroll  na 

in 
in 

angusti  folia              63 
latifolia                      62 

Xerophyllum 
asphodeloides 

401 
401 

nu  tans                      104 

villosa 

in 

Udora                           93 

set  if  ol  in  in- 

401 

SPARGANIACEAE        63 

TAXACEAE 

61 

ULMACEAE                523 

XYRIDACEAE 

•}68 

Sparganium                    63 

Taxodium 

57 

Ulmus                         524 

Xyris 

368 

androcladum            64       distichum 

58 

alata                         525 

Caroliniana 

370 

anguslifolium         64    Taxus 

61 

Americana              524 

communis 

369 

eurycarpum              63       baccata 

61 

campestris              524 

difformis 

369 

fluitans                      64        brevifolia 

61 

fulva                         525 

el  at  a 

370 

minimum                  64 

Canadensis 

61 

pubescens                525 

fimbriata 

370 

simplex                      64 

minor 

61 

racemosa                 524 

flexuosa 

369 

Spartina                       175 

Thalia 

455 

Uncinia                        284 

Jupacai 

370 

allerniflora            177 

dealbata 

455 

microglochin          285 

montana 

369 

cynosuroides           175 

Thesin  »i 

Unifolium                     430 

torta 

370 

glabra                       177 

umbellatum 

536 

Canadense               431 

Yucca 

426 

gracilis                     176 

Thuja 

58 

Uniola                           197 

angustifolia 

427 

juncca                       176 

occidentalis    . 

58 

gracilis                   197 

baccata 

426 

patens                      176 

Tillandsia 

374 

laxa                           197 

filamentosa 

427 

polystachya             176 

usneoides 

374 

latifolia                    197 

glauca 

427 

stricta                       177 

Tipularia 

479 

paniculata                198 

Zannichellia 

79 

Spathyema                   363 

discolor 

480 

spicata                     198 

palustris 

80 

foetida                     363 

uni  folia 

480 

stricta                      198 

Zephyranthes 

443 

Sl'KK.MATOPHYTA           49 

Tofieldia 

399 

Urachne 

Atamasco 

444 

Spiranthes 

glutinosa 

400 

asperifolia               140 

Zizania 

128 

decipiens                 475 

palustris 

399 

micrantha               140 

aquatica 

128 

graminea  var.        471 

pubescens 

400 

racemosa                 140 

niiliacea 

128 

see  Gyrostachys  470 

racemosa 

400 

URTICACEAE              530 

Zizaniopsis 

127 

Spirodela                      365 

Toxylon 

528 

Urtica                          531 

niiliacea 

128 

polyrhiza                 365 

pomiferum 

529 

chamaedryoides     532 

Zostera 

82 

Sporobolus                    150 

Trachynotia 

cylindrica               534 

marina 

82 

(inc.  Vilfa) 

polystachya 

176 

divaricata              533 

Zygadenus 

404 

airoides                    155 

Tradescantia 

377 

dioica                       531 

elegans 

405 

argutus                     154 

brevicaulis 

378 

gracilis                     531 

glaberrimus 

404 

asper                          151 

flexuosa 

378 

pumila                    533 

glaucits 

405 

asperifolius             156 

montana 

377 

urens                         532 

leimanthoides 

406 

brevifolius              153 

pilosa 

378 

Urticastrum                 532 

Nuttallii 

405 

compressus             156 

rose  a 

378 

divaricatum            533 

venenosus 

405 

cryptandrus             155 

Virginiana 

377    Uvularia                      408 

39 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


Abele                           490 

Beaked  Rush 

Bulrush 

Coral-root                478-9 

Abronia                       597 

Torrey's                   280 

Olney's                     265 

Crested                    481 

Adam-and-Eve           481 

White                       277 

Peck's                      270 

Early                       478 

Adam's  Needle          427 

Beckmannia               181 

Prairie                      267 

Large                       479 

Adder's  Mouth       475-6 

BEECH  FAMILY         513 

Reddish                   270 

Small-flowered       478 

ADDER'S  TONGUE 

Beech                    506,  514 

River                        268 

Striped                    479 

FAMILY                      i 

Beech-fern                    19 

Salt  Marsh              268 

Wister's                  478 

Adder's  Tongue     2,  420 

Bellwort                409-10 

Small-fruited          269 

Cork-elm                    524 

Agave                          445 

Bindweed                   565 

Spreading               270 

CORK-WOOD  FAMILY 

Alder                       512-3 

BIRCH  FAMILY          506 

Torrey's                   265 

489 

Allionia                        595 

Birch                      508-11 

Wood                       268 

Cork-wood                  489 

Alpine  Bistort            555 

American  White    508 

BUNCH-FLOWER 

Cotton-grass           271-3 

AMARANTH  FAMILY  586 

Black                        510 

FAMILY     399 

Cotton-wood           491-3 

Amaranth               588-90 

Canoe                       509 

Bunch-flower          406-7 

Couch-grass                226 

AMARYLLISFAMILY  443 

Cherry                     510 

Bur-head                       86 

Crested  Dwarf  Iris    451 

Amphicarpon             no 

Dwarf                      51  1 

BURMANNIA  FAMILY 

Cucumber-root,    In- 

Androstephium        416 

Glandular                510 

455 

dian                          435 

Arbor-vitae                   58 

Gray                          510 

Burmannia                 456 

Curly-grass                    7 

Arctagrostis                157 

Low                          511 

BUR-REED  FAMILY     63 

Cycloloma                  577 

Arethusa                     469 

Paper                        509 

Bur-reed                    63-4 

Cypress                         58 

Aristida                   I33~7 

Red                           509 

Calamus-root              364 

Cyperus                     234 

Branched                 134 

River                       509 

Calypso                       477 

Awned                     237 

Bushy                      136 

Scrub                       510 

Cane                           233 

Baldwin's                246 

Erect                        136 

Sweet                       510 

CARPET-WEED  FAMILY 

Brown                       239 

Few-flowered          135 

Western  Red          509 

597 

Coarse                     242 

Forked                     134 

Yellow                     510 

Carpet-weed               598 

Coast                        237 

Purple                      135 

BIRTHWORT  FAMILY 

Carrion-flower           439 

Elegant                    237 

Purplish                   134 

537 

Catbrier                      440 

Engelmann's          243 

Sea-beach                136 

Birthwort                    540 

CAT-TAIL  FAMILY      62 

Flat                          238 

Slender                    133 

Bistort                          555 

Cat-tail                      62-3 

Globose                   245 

Western                   137 

Bitternut                     485 

Cedar                       58-60 

Gray's                      246 

Woolly                     135 

Blackberry  Lily         453 

Chain-fern                    20 

Hale's                      241 

Arrow-arum                362 

Black  Walnut             483 

Chair-maker's  Rush  265 

Hall's                       240 

ARROW-GRASS  FAMILY 

Blazing-star                402 

Cheat,  Chess         219-24 

Houghton's             246 

82 

Elite                  576,  584-5 

Chestnut                     515 

Lancaster                244 

Arrow-grass                 83 

Blood-leaf                   593 

Chickweed,  Indian   598 

Low                          236 

Arrow-head             82-90 

BLOODWORT  FAMILY 

Chinquapin                 515 

Marsh                      238 

ARROWROOT  FAMILY 

442 

Chive  Garlic               412 

Michaux's               242 

454 

Blue  Beech                 506 

Chives                         412 

Nuttall's                  236 

ARUM  FAMILY          360 

Blue-eyed  Grass         453 

Chloris                         178 

Pine-barren             245 

Arum                      362-3 

Blue  Flag              448-50 

Christmas-green          43 

Red-rooted              241 

Asaruni                   538-9 

Bog-asphodel             401 

Cladothrix                  592 

Reflexed                  244 

Asparagus                   428 

Bouteloua                   180 

Clearweed                  533 

Rough                      244 

Aspen                          492 

Brachyelytrum           146 

Cliff-brake               29-30 

Schweinitz's           238 

Asphodel             399,  401 

Brake,  Bracken      28-30 

Climbing  False 

Sheathed                 239 

Atamasco  Lily           444 

Brome  Grass         219-24 

Buckwheat    566 

Shining                   236 

Atriplex                 579~8o 

Barren                      221 

CLIMBING  FERN 

Short-pointed         239 

Azolla                             35 

Corn                         223 

FAMILY       7 

Slender                   245 

Bald  Cypress               58 

Downy                      220 

Climbing  Fern              7 

Straw-colored         243 

Bald  Rush                257-8 

Fringed                   219 

Clintonia                 428-9 

Toothed                    240 

Balm-of-Gilead          491 

Hairy                        220 

CLUB-MOSS  FAMILY  39 

Yellow             235,  241 

Balsam  Fir                   57 

Quakegrass             223 

Club-moss                40-3 

Cypress                         58 

Balsam  Poplar           491 

Schrader's               224 

Club-rush                    262 

Cystopteris             12-13 

Barley                       228-9 

Smooth                    221 

Clinton's                 263 

Darnel                         225 

Bastard  Toad-flax      536 

Upright                   220 

Chairmaker's          265 

Day-flower              375-6 

BAYBERRY  FAMILY  487 

Brunnichia                 569 

Dwarf                      262 

Day  Lily                     411 

Bayberry                      488 

BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY 

Few-flowered         262 

Dichromena           256-7 

Beaked  Rush              277 

54i 

Hall's                       264 

Diplachne                    186 

Brown                      279 

Buckwheat      553-6,  566 

Red                           267 

Disporum               431-2 

Capillary                  278 

Buffalo-nut                 537 

Smith's                    264 

Ditch-moss                   93 

Capitate                   279 

Bugseed                       582 

Tufted                      262 

Dock                       548-51 

Clustered                278 

Bulrush                       265 

Water                       263 

Bitter                       552 

Few-  flowered         277 

Bog                           266 

Weak-stalked          264 

Bloody                      55i 

Grass-like                280 

California                267 

Wood                       263 

Broad-leaved          552 

Knieskern's            278 

Canby's                    266 

Colic-root                425-6 

Clustered                551 

Nodding                  280 

Dark-green              269 

Comandra               536-7 

Curled                     551 

Pale                          277 

Great                         266 

CONIFERS               49~53 

Fiddle                      552 

Slender                    279 

Leafy                        269 

Cooperia                     444 

Golden                    552 

INDEX   OF   ENGLISH   NAMES. 


609 


Dock 

Fern 

Grass 

Grass 

Great  Water           550 

Hay-scented              12 

Black  Oat                138 

Pigeon                      126 

Pale                          549 

Holly                     14-15 

Blue-eyed            453-4 

Pleuropogon           196 

Patience                   550 

Lady                            26 

Blue                  202,  204 

Plume                        99 

Peach-leaved           549 

Lip                        30-31 

Blue-joint                 163 

Porcupine                139 

Red-veined             551 

Maiden-hair              27 

Bottle  -brush            233 

Poverty                     133 

Sour                         548 

Male                           17 

Brachyelytrum       146 

Prickle                     105 

Smaller  Green        551 

Moonwort                   3 

Brome                 219-24 

Quake,  Quaking     199 

Swamp                      549 

New  York                  15 

Bouteloua                180 

Quitch                       226 

Tall                           549 

Oak                              19 

Buffalo                      183 

Rattlesnake             211 

Veined                      548 

Ostrich                        9 

Bur                           127 

Ray                            225 

Water                       550 

Polypody               32-3 

Canary                  130-1 

Redfieldia                186 

Western                    550 

Rock-brake               28 

Cane                           233 

Red-top    159,  184,  205 

White                        550 

Royal                             5 

Carnation                 330 

Reed        128,  130,  158, 

Willow-leaved        549 

Sensitive                      9 

Catch-fly                   129 

163-7,  176,  184 

Door-weed                  561 

Shield                    15-18 

Chess            219,  221-3 

Rice             128,  139-40 

Dragon-root                 361 

Spleenwort          22-26 

Chloris                     i;x 

Rice  Cut                  129 

I)rcK\VKKi>  FAMILY 

Sweet                       489 

Cockspur                  113 

Rush  Cat's-tail        147 

365 

Venus-hair                27 

Couch                       226 

Rush                      151-4 

Duckweed               365-7 

Walking                     21 

Cotton                  271  -3 

Rye                     225,  230 

Dulichium                   247 

Wall  Rue                   25 

Cord                          1  71  1 

Sand                           1X5 

Dupatya                       373 

Wood                         17 

Crab,          109,  in,  181 

.Sand-reed                 166 

Dupontia                      209 

Woodsia               10-11 

Curly                             7 

Salt-meadow           176 

Dutchman's  Pipe      540 

Field  Sorrel                547 

Darnel                       225 

Schedonnardus       179 

Eaton  i  a                     192-3 

FILMY-FKRN  FAMILY  6 

Diplachne                iX(> 

Scolochloa               209 

Eel-grass                 82,  93 

Fimbristylis          259-60 

Dog's-tail                  200 

Scutch                       175 

ELM  FAMILY            523 

Fiorin                            159 

Dog's-tooth              175 

Scutch  Cane            233 

Elm                          524-6 

Firs                                57 

Dropseed      144,  154-6 

Sea  Oats                   198 

Elyna                           284 

Flag                 364,  448-51 

Dupontia                 209 

Seneca                      132 

Equisetum                   39 

Fleur-de-lis         447,  450 

Eatonia                192-3 

Sieglingia                 1X5 

Eragrostis                   188 

Florida  Moss              374 

Eel                       72,  93 

Small  Cane              233 

Blunt-scaled            192 

Flower-de-luce          447 

Egyptian                 182 

Smut                        154 

Capillary                  188 

Fly-poison                   403 

Eragrostis          188-92 

Soft                           1  68 

Clustered                 191 

FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAM- 

False Oat                 171 

Spear  201-3,  2O5~8,  214 

Creeping                   192 

ILY                         594 

False  Red-top        205 

.Spike                     197-8 

Frank's                    iss 

Fox-tail            126,  148-9 

Fescue                   216-8 

Squirrel-tail           229 

Hair-like                 191 

Fragrant  Hickory     486 

Finger                      HI 

Stagger                    444 

LOW                          189 

Fritillaria                   419 

Fiorin                       159 

Star           380,  425,  446 

Meadow                   191 

Froelichia               592-3 

Fox-tail        126,  148-9 

Stipa                     137-8 

Prairie                      190 

Frog's-bit                      94 

Gama                         98 

Sweet  Vernal          131 

Purple                      190 

Fuirena                       274 

Goose                       214 

Terrell                      230 

Pursh's                      189 

Garget                         594 

Grama                      180 

Thin                          161 

Short-stalked          lop 

Garlic                     412-15 

Graphephorum      210 

Timothy                    147 

Strong-scented        189 

Geranium,  Feather  574 

Gymnopogon       178-9 

Toothache                177 

Tufted                      ix8 

Glasswort                582-3 

Hair  145,  161,  168-170 

Tumble-weed          123 

Eriogonum             542-6 

Golden  Club               364 

Hard                         226 

Velvet                      1  68 

Allen  'e                     543 

Good  King  Henry     574 

Heather                   185 

Water  Oats              1  28 

Annual                     544 

(',(  )(  ISKKOOTFAMILY  569 

Hedgehog               127 

Wheat                   227-8 

Branched                 545 

Goose  foot                 570-6 

Herd's               147,  159 

White                       1  29 

Crisp-leaved            544 

Berlandier's            572 

Holy                          132 

Whorl                       194 

Few-flowered         545 

Bosc's                       572 

Hungarian               127 

Wild  Oat              173-4 

James'                      543 

City                          573 

Indian                      104 

Wild  Rye              230-2 

Long-leaved            543 

Cut-leaved               576 

Indian  Rice             128 

Windlestraw  ,        167 

Long-rooted            546 

FeatherGeranium  574 

Ivray                          225 

Wire                  154,  181 

Narrow-leaved       546 

Fremont's               572 

Johnson                   104 

Wirebent                 224 

Nodding                  546 

Good  King  Henry  574 

Joint                           106 

Witch                       123 

Slender                    544 

Jerusalem  Oak        574 

June                           204 

Wool                         27  1 

Winged                   542 

Many-seeded           571 

Koeleria                   194 

Yard                         181 

Yellow                     545 

Maple-leaved          573 

Korycarpus              196 

Yellow-eyed      369-70 

Eurotia                        581 

Narrow-leaved        571 

Leptochloa              182 

Grass-pink                  480 

False  Aloe                  445 

Nettle-leaved          573 

Lyme                       232 

Grass-wrack                 82 

False  Buckwheat      566 

Mexican  Tea           575 

Manna                  211-3 

Greasewood                584 

False  Garlic               415 

Oak-leaved              571 

Manisuris                 100 

Green  Arrow-arum    362 

False  Hellebore        408 

Perennial                574 

Mat                           224 

Green  Brier            440-2 

False  Nettle               534 

Red                           574 

Mat-  weed                 166 

Green  Dragon            361 

False  Oat                    171 

Turnpike  Geranium 

Marsh                175,  177 

Ground  Hemlock        61 

Feather  Geranium    574 

574 

Meadow 

Ground  Pine                41 

FKRN  FAMILIES     1-33 

Upright                   573 

201-7,  2I2>  214-5 

Gymnopogon          178-9 

Fern                           1-33 

White                       570 

Melic                        195 

Hackberry                  526 

Beech                         19 

Wormseed               575 

Mesquite                  180 

Hair  Grass 

Brake,  Bracken  28-30 

Grape-fern                  2-4 

Millet 

Early                        169 

Bristle                         6 

Grape-Hyacinth     424-5 

1  10,  123,  127,  141 

Long-awned            145 

Brittle                        13 

Graphephorum          210 

Molinia                    187 

Mountain                 170 

Chain                        20 

GRASS  FAMILY     94-233 

Mountain  Rice  139-41 

Rough                      161 

Christmas                  14 

Grass                      94  233 

Muhlenbergia     142-6 

Silvery                     168 

Cinnamon                   5 

Arctagrostis            157 

Munro's                   183 

Tufted                      169 

Clayton's                     6 

Aristida                i33~7 

Nard                         224 

Wavy                         170 

Cliff-brake           29-30 

Barnyard                  113 

Nimble  Will            144 

Hartford  Fern               7 

Climbing                      7 

Barley                  228-9 

Nut                           241 

Hart's-tongue               21 

Curly-grass                 7 

Bear                         427 

Oat         138,  171-4,  198 

Hazel-nut                 507-8 

Cystopteris          12-13 

Beard      98,  101-3,  157 

Orchard                     200 

Hellebore                     408 

Goldie's                     17 

Beckmannia            181 

Oryzopsis                  141 

Helleborine                469 

Grape                       2-4 

Bent              160-2,  167 

Panic                  113-125 

Hemicarpha                275 

Hartford                      7 

Bermuda                  175 

Phippsia                   150 

Hemlock                 56,  61 

Hart's  Tongue          21 

Black                        385 

Phleum                    148 

Hemp                    530,  591 

6io 


INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


Hickory                  484-7 

Lily                                    1  Notholaena                  32 

Osier                    496-501 

Big  Shag-bark        486 

Atamasco                 444 

Nut-grass                     241 

Ostrich-fern                    9 

Bitter-nut                485 

Blackberry              453 

Nut-rush                  281-3 

Panicum,  Panic  Grass 

Fragrant                  486 

Canada                     417 

Oak                          516-23 

114-25 

King-nut                 486 

Carolina                   418 

Barren                      518 

Agrostis-like           115 

Mocker-nut             486 

Day                           411 

Basket                     522 

Barbed                     1  20 

Pecan                       484 

Mariposa                 422 

Bear                           518 

Beaked                      115 

Pig-nut                    487 

Philadelphia           416 

Black                       517 

Blunt                        114 

Shag-bark                485 

Red                      416-17 

Black-jack               518 

Diffuse                     124 

Shell-bark                485 

Southern  Red         417 

Bur                            521 

Forked                      120 

Small-fruited          486 

Tiger                         419 

Chestnut              522-3 

Gaping                      114 

Swamp                     485 

Turk's-cap              418 

Cow                           522 

Gibbous                    125 

White-heart            486 

Western  Red          417 

Iron                          520 

Hairy                        1  21 

White  Walnut        485 

Wild  Yellow           417 

Jerusalem                574 

Hispid                      118 

Hop                               530 

Wood                        416 

Laurel                      519 

Large-fruited          117 

Hop-Hornbeam         507 

Yellow                     417 

Live                         523 

Lax-flowered          119 

Hornbeam               5°6~7 

LILY-OF-THE-  VALLEY 

Mossy-cup               521 

Long                        115 

Horned  Rush              276 

FAMILY              427 

Overcup                  521 

Long-leaved            116 

Horsebrier                 440 

Lily-of-the-Valley    431, 

Pin                            516 

Narrow                    114 

HORSETAIL  FAMILY  35 

434 

Post                      520-1 

Narrow  -leaved        1  22 

Horsetail                   35-7 

Lip-fern                   30-31 

Quercitron              517 

Northern                 119 

Hyacinth                  423-5 

Lipocarpha                 275 

Red                           516 

Porter's                     117 

Hymenocallis             445 

LIZARD'S-TAIL  FAM- 

Rock Chestnut       522 

Round-fruited        1  1  6 

Indian  Chickweed    598 

ILY  482 

Scarlet                     517 

Scribner's                 118 

Indian  Cucumber- 

Lizard's-tail                482 

Scrub                       518 

Sea-beach                 122 

root  435 

Long-moss                  374 

Scrub-chestnut       523 

Shining                    120 

Indian  Poke               408 

Lophiola                     446 

Shingle                     520        Slender                     118 

Indian  Turnip            361 

Lophotocarpus            87 

Spanish                   518'      Small-fruited          116 

Inkberry                     594 

Macounastrum           542 

Swamp               516-21 

Spreading               1  23 

Iresine                         593 

Maiden-hair  Fern       27 

Texan  Red               517 

Starved                    121 

IRIS  FAMILY              447 

Mariposa  Lily           422 

Water                       519 

Tall  Smooth            122 

Iris                           451-2 

Marsh  Samphire       582 

White                   520-1 

Variable                    117 

Iron-wood                   507 

MARSILEA  FAMILY    33 

Willow                     519 

Velvety                    121 

Ivray                            225 

Marsilea                    33-4 

Yellow                      522 

Warty                       1  25 

Jack-in-the-pulpit     361 

MAYACA  FAMILY      367 

Oak  Fern                       19 

Wilcox's                  119 

Jerusalem  Oak           574 

Mayaca                        368 

Oat                               138 

Wiry                          1  24 

Joint-weed                   568 

Mat-weed                    166       False                        171 

Wood                        1  24 

Juba's  Bush                 593 

Meadow  Grass                       Purple                      172 

Paper  Mulberry         529 

Juniper                    59~6o 

201-7,  212-15       Sea                           198 

Paspalum                    105 

King-nut                      486 

Annual                     201        Smith's                    172 

Ciliate-leaved         107 

Knotgrass                   561 

Arctic                       215 

Wild                         173 

Crab-grass                109 

Knotweed                   561 

Flat-stemmed         202 

Oat  Grass                J7V-4 

Field                        i  08 

Be  Hard's                  562 

Fowl                         205        Black                        138 

Flat                          109 

Bushy                      564 

Grove                       207    Oil-nut                 484,  537 

Florida                    108 

Douglas'                   565 

Prairie                     204    Onion,  wild         413-415 

Joint-grass               106 

Erect                        563 

Reed                         212    Orache                     578-9 

Long-stalked          108 

Japanese                   567 

Rough  ish                 204 

ORCHID  FAMILY       456 

Slender                    107 

Long-fruited           563 

Slender                    215 

Orchis                    459-66 

Tall                           107 

Prairie                     564 

Spreading               214 

Bog                  461,  462 

Walter's                   106 

Ray's                         563 

Wavy                       203 

Crane-fly                  480 

Water                       106 

Seaside                    562 

Wood                       205       Crested  Yellow      464 

Pecan                            484 

Shore                       562 

Melanthium               407 

Fen                           477  ;  Pellitory                     534 

Slender                    564 

Mexican  Tea               575 

Fringeless  Purple  466 

Persicaria                   555 

Virginia                    561 

Millet    100,  123,  127,  141        Hooker's                 461 

Bristly                      559 

Kobresia                     284 

MISTLETOE  FAMILY             Large  Purple  -fringed 

Carey's                    559 

Kochia                        581 

534                                          466 

Dense-flowered      556 

Koeleria                      194 

Mistletoe                      535        Large  Round-leaved 

Dock-leaved           557 

Korycarpus                 196 

Moccasin  Flower      457                                        461 

Hart  Wright's        556 

Kyllingia                     247 

Mocker-nut                 486        Leafy  Green            462 

Lady's  Thumb       558 

Ladies'  Slipper          457 

Molinia                        187  ;      Long-bracted          463 

Long-styled            558 

Large  Yellow         458 

Monolepis                   577  \      Northern  Bog         461 

Opelousas               559 

Ram's-head             457 

Moonwort                        3        Pale  Green              464 

Pale                          557 

Showy                       458 

Moss,  Long,  Florida  374        Prairie  White-fringed 

Pennsylvania          557 

Small  White           458 

Moose  Elm                 525                                        465 

Slender  Pink          557 

Small  Yellow         459 

Mountain  Rice      139-41        Purple-fringed       466        Southwestern          558 

Stemless                  457 

Mud  Plantain             380       Ragged                    465  !      Swamp                    556 

Lady-fern                       26 

Muhlenbergia       142-46  ,      Showy                     459       Water                      555 

Lady's  Thumb           558 

Filiform                   145       SmallGreenWood  463    Phippsia                     159 

Ladies'  Tresses      470-2 

Hairy                        144  ;      Small  Northern  Bog 

Phleum                       140 

Fragrant                  471 

Marsh                       143                                        461 

PICKEREL-  WEED 

Grass-leaved           471 

Meadow                    142        Small  Pale  Green  464 

FAMILY     379 

Hooded                   470 

Minnesota                143        Small  Round-leaved 

Pickerel-weed            379 

Little                        472 

Prairie                      146                                        460 

Pig-nut                         4S7 

Nodding                   471 

Rock                          142        Small  So.  Yellow  463    Pigeon  Berry              594 

Slender                   472 

Slender                    144       Smaller  Purple-             Pigweed              570,  587 

Wide-leaved           470 

Small-seeded          143,         fringed                 466    PINE  FAMILY               49 

Lamb's  Quarters        570 

Wood                       143  ;      Southern  Small 

Pine 

Larch                             54 

MULBERRY  FAMILY  527           White                   462 

Bull                             52 

Leek                             412 

Mulberry                  528-9       Tall  Leafy  Green   462 

Canadian                    51 

Leitneria                      489 

Naias                           80-1        Tall  White  Bog      462 

Candlewood             53 

Leptochloa                 182 

Necklace  Poplar        493        Tubercled                464 

Frankincense           53 

Leucocrinum             411 

Nemastylis                  452 

White-fringed        465 

Georgia                     51 

LILY  FAMILY            410 

NETTLE  FAMILY       530 

Yellow-fringed       464 

Gray                           52 

Lily                       4"-44 

Nettle                      53!~34    Oryzopsis                     141 

Ground                      41 

Asa-Gray's              418 

Noah's  Ark                457  1  Osage  Orange             529 

Hard                          51 

INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


611 


Pine 

Red-root                      443 

Sagittaria                90-92 

Sedge 

Hickory                     53 

Red-top                159,  184 

Saltwort                      586 

Frank's                    301 

Hudson  Bay              52 

Reed             128,  166,  184 

SALVINIA  FAMILY      34 

Fraser's                   336 

Jersey                         52 

Reed  Grass              163-7 

Salvinia                         34 

Fringed                    314 

Labrador                   52 

Bog                           165 

Samphire,  Marsh      582 

Glaucescent            322 

Loblolly                     53 

Langsdorf's             164 

Sand-reed                    166 

Glaucous                 315 

Long-leaved              51 

Long-leaved            167 

SANDALWOOD  FAMILY 

Golden-fruited       331 

Northern  Scrub       52 

Macoun's                 163 

536 

Goodenough's        309 

Old-field                    53 

Narrow                     165    Savin                             60 

Graceful                  317 

Pitch                          53 

Nuttall's                  165  i  Schedonnardus          179 

Grass-like                330 

Red                              51 

Pickering's              164    Scheuchzeria               84 

Gray                         321 

Sap                             53 

Porter's                    164  |  Scolochloa                  209 

Gray's                      293 

Scrub                         52 

Salt                           176 

Scoke                           594 

Green                       324 

Short-leaved             52 

Sea  sand                  166 

Scottish  Asphodel     T.QQ 

Greenish-white      359 

Southern                   51 

Short-haired            166    Scouring  Rush             ^8 

Hairy-fruited          302 

Spruce                       52 

Wood                       158 

Sea-Blite                  584-5 

Hairy                        306 

Table-mountain       53 

Rice                              128 

Sea-Purslane              598 

Hair-like                  320 

Torch                         53 

Richweed                    533 

SEDGE  FAMILY         234 

Handsome               318 

Virginia                     51 

Rock-brake                   28    Sedge                    292-360 

Hare's-foot     353,  356 

Western  Yellow      51 

Roubieva                    576 

Alpine                      306 

Hart  Wright's        299 

Weymouth                 50 

ROYAL  FERN 

Arctic  Hare's-foot  353 

Hay                          357 

White                         50 

FAMILY        4 

Assiniboia               319 

Hayden's                 308 

Yellow                        51 

Royal  Fern                     5 

Awl-fruited             343 

Heavy                       345 

PINE-APPLE  FAMILY 

Ruppia                          79 

Awned                     302 

Hidden-fruited      314 

374 

RUSH  FAMILY          381 

Back's                      338 

Hillside                   355 

Pink,  Swamp             402 

Rush                            382 

Bailey's                    299 

Hirsute                    316 

Pipe-vine                    541 

Awl-leaved              387 

Barratt's                  312 

Hitchcock's            325 

PIPEWORT  FAMILY  371 

Bald                      257-8 

Bent                          328 

Hop                          294 

Pipewort                 371-3 

Baltic                       384 

Bicknell's                360 

Hop-like                  294 

Planer-tree                  526 

Bayonet                    391 

Bigelow's                310 

Hoppner's               310 

Plantain            85,  474-5 

Beaked               277-80 

Black                        306 

Houghton's            305 

Pleuropogon               196 

Black-grass             385 

Black-edged            335 

Hudson  Bay           352 

Pogonia                   467-8 

Bog                           382 

Blackened               297 

Inland                      350 

POKE-WEED  FAMILY 

Brownish-fruited  390 

Bladder                    293 

Involute-leaved      341 

593 

Bulbous                   390 

Blunt  Broom           356 

James'                     337 

Poke,  Pokeweed       594 

Bulrush              265-70 

Boott's                     336 

Large                        295 

Poke,  Indian              408 

Canada                     394 

Bottle                       297 

Large-panicled       343 

Polypody                   32-3 

Carolina                   394 

Bristle-leaved         -1-12 

Leavenworth's       349 

PONDWEED  FAMILY  65 

Chair-maker's         265       Bristle-stalked       339 

Lenticular               309 

Pondweed               66-81 

Chestnut                  389        Bristly                     301 

Lesser  Panicled     344 

Alga-like                   72 

Common                  382 

Bristly-spiked        346 

Lesser  Prickly        348 

Blunt-leaved             73 

Creeping                 388 

Broad-leaved          330 

Little  Prickly         350 

Capillary                   76 

Club                      262-4 

Broad-winged         359 

Livid                        331 

Clasping-leaved       71 

Clustered  Alpine   389 

Brome-like             354 

Long                         293 

Curled-leaved           72 

Diffuse                     396 

Brown                      307 

Long-awned            313 

Eel-grass                   72 

Forked                     387 

Browned                  357 

Long-beaked          319 

Faxon's                     68 

Glomerate               383 

Brownish                 351 

Long-bracted          323 

Fennel-leaved          77 

Grass-leaved           388 

Bur-reed                  348 

Long-stalked          333 

Filiform                    77 

Greene's                  387 

Button                      298 

Loose-flowered       327 

Floating                    66 

Highland                 385 

Capitate                   339 

Loose-flowered 

Fries'                         74 

Horned                    276 

Carey's                     328 

Alpine  312 

Hill's                         73 

Jointed                     391 

Carnation-grass      330 

Low  Northern        332 

Illinois                       70 

Knotted                   392 

Carolina                   317 

Louisiana                294 

Interrupted               78 

Long-styled            388 

Cat-tail                     302 

Magellan                 313 

Large-leaved            67 

Many-headed          393 

Chestnut                  319 

Marsh  Straw           358 

Leafy                         73 

Mat                           266 

Clustered                344 

Meadow                   322 

Long-leaved              68 

Moor                        389 

Coast                        340 

Mead's                     327 

Mystic  Pond             71 

New  Jersey            392 

Collins'                    292 

Mud                          313 

Northern                   68 

Nut                      281-83 

Crawe's                    323 

Muhlenberg's         349 

Nuttall's                    67 

Pennsylvania          383 

Creeping                 341 

Muskingum            355 

Oakes'                         66 

Richardson's          391 

Crested                    357 

Nard                         340 

Opposite-leaved      75 

Roetner's                 384 

Curved                     341 

Narrow-leaved       321 

Rafinesque's             76 

Scirpus-like            393 

Cuspidate                31  1 

Nebraska                 308 

Robbins'                    78 

Sea                           384 

Cyperus-like           W> 

Necklace                 297 

Shining                     70 

Secund                     386        Dark  green              321 

New  England         334 

Slender                      74 

Sharp-fruited         395  ,      Davis'                      318 

Nodding                  315 

Small                         75 

Short-fruited          39-5        Dense  Long-beaked 

Northeastern          296 

Spatulate-leaved      69 

Slender                    386                                         360 

Northern                  334 

Spiral                         77 

Small-headed         394        Dewey's                   354 

Northern  Clustered 

Spotted                      67 

Soft                          382        Douglas'                  342 

352 

Various-leaved         69 

Spike                  248-56        Downy  Green         316 

Northern  Meadow  354 

Vasey's                       74 

Stout                        395        Drooping                 311 

Norway                     351 

White-stemmed       71 

Thread                     383  !      Drooping  Wood     320 

Oval-headed           349 

Ziz's                           70 

Three-flowered       390       Dry-spiked              355 

Pale                          324 

Poplar                      490-3 

Three-square          265       Eastern                    350 

Parry's                      307 

Prince's  Feather       561 

Toad                         385        Emmons'                 334 

Parti-colored           331 

Purslane,  Sea             598 

Torrey's                   392       Fescue                     359 

Pennsylvania         333 

Putty-root                   481 

Twig                         281        Few-flowered         292 

Plantain-leaved      329 

QUILLWORT  FAMILY  45 

Two-flowered         389        Few-fruited            325 

Pointed  Broom       356 

Quillwort                 45-8 

Vasey's                    386       Few-seeded            295 

Porcupine                300 

Quitch-grass               226 

Yard                         386       Fibrous-rooted       333 

Pubescent               336 

Rattlesnake  Plantain 

Wood                    396-8       Field                        325 

Rae's                        295 

474-5 

Russian  Thistle         s86       Fox                           -us 

Rave  n  '  s-  f  oot           343 

Red  Cedar                    60    Rye                           230-2 

Fox-tail                   344 

Redowsky's             340 

Redfieldia                   186    Sage,  White               581 

Fragile                     296 

Reflexed                  347 

INDEX  OF  ENGLISH  NAMES. 


Sedge 

Shag-bark                485-6 

Star-grass     380,  425,  446 

Wild  Spikenard        429 

Retrorse                   298 

Shell-bark  Hickory  485 

Star-of-Bethlehem 

WILLOW  FAMILY      490 

Ribbed                      316 

Shield-fern             15-18 

423-4 

Willow                        494 

Richardson's          332 

Sieglingia                    185 

Stenanthiutn           403-4 

Arctic                       502 

River-bank              303 

Silver-leaf  Poplar     491 

Stenophyllus              258 

Balsam                     504 

Rock                          338 

Skunk  Cabbage         363 

Stipa                          137-8 

Barclay's                  504 

Rough                       304 

Slippery  Elm             525 

Strawberry  Elite        576 

Bearberry                505 

Russet                      296 

Small-fruited  Hickory 

Sugar-berry                 526 

Bebb's                       498 

Sallow                       299 

486 

Swamp  Hickory        485 

Bitter                       497 

Salt-marsh               310 

Smartweed                 560 

Swamp  Pink     "         402 

Black                        494 

Sand                          342 

SMILAX  FAMILY       438 

Sweet  Fern                 489 

Blue                         496 

Sart  well's                346 

Smilax                          439 

Sweet  Flag                 364 

Bog                            505 

Schweinitz's           300 

Snake-mouth             467 

Sweet  Gale                 487 

Brittle                       496 

Scirpus-like            337 

Snake-root                   540 

Tacamahac                  491 

Broad-leaved          503 

Seabeach                  358 

Solomon's  Seal 

Tamarack                     54 

Crack                       496 

Seaside                    314 

430-1,  433-4 

TAPE-GRASS  FAMILY  92 

Desert                      500 

Sharp-scaled           318 

Sorrel               547-8,  553 

Tape-grass                     93 

Dwarf                      505 

Sheathed                 326 

Southern  Hackberry 

Tear-thumb                567 

Dwarf  Gray            499 

Short-leaved           312 

527 

Thalia                          455 

Furry                       504 

Short's                     303 

Sowbane                     573 

Three-square              265 

Glaucous                 499 

Silvery                      351 

Spanish  Bayonet       426 

Thistle,  Russian,       586 

Glossy                      495 

Slender                     305 

Spear-grass     201-8,  214 

Timothy                       147 

Ground                     502 

Slender-stalked      320 

Alpine                     203 

Toad-flax                    536 

Golden  Osier          496 

Slender  Wood        328 

Arctic                       203 

Tofieldia                     400 

Hairy                         498 

Soft  Fox                  342 

Buckley's                 208 

Trailing  Christmas- 

Heart-leaved          503 

Soft-leaved             346 

Chapman's               202 

green    43 

Hoary                         501 

Southern  Glaucous 

Flexuous                  206 

Tumble-weed     123,  588 

Huntingdon           496 

3i5 

Glaucous                 205 

Turkey-beard             401 

Missouri                  503 

Sparse-flowered     352 

L.arge-flowered       208 

Twayblade                   473 

Net-veined              497 

Spreading                329 

L,OW                               2OI-2 

Broad-lipped          473 

Northern                 501 

Squarrose                 301 

Mountain                 203 

Heart-leaved          473 

Osier                496,  501 

Stellate                     347 

Northern                 205 

I^arge                       476 

Peach-leaved          495 

Straw                       358 

Prairie                     208 

L,oesel's                   477 

Prairie                     498 

Summer                  317 

Sea                           214 

Southern                  473 

Purple                      497 

Swamp                    303 

Short-leaved          207 

Twisted  Stalk        432-3 

Pussy                        499 

Texas                       347 

Sylvan                     206 

Umbrella-wort       595~6 

Ring                          496 

Thicket                    330 

Weak                       206 

Uncinia                       285 

River-bank              497 

Thin-fruited           322 

Wolf's                      207 

Venus-hair                   27 

Rose                         497 

Thin-leaved             348 

SPIDERWORT  FAMILY 

Wahoo                         525 

Robert  Brown's      502 

Thread-leaved        339 

374 

Wake-robin            436-8 

Sage                          499 

Three-fruited         353 

Spiderwort             377~8 

Walking-fern               21 

Sandbar                   497 

Torrey's                    324 

Spike-rush                  248 

Wall  Rue                      25 

Shining                   495 

Tuckerman's          298 

Beaked                     256 

WALNUT  FAMILY     483 

Silky                         499 

Tussock                   308 

Black-fruited          254 

Walnut                    483-5 

Silver                       500 

Twisted                   31  1 

Bright  green           250 

Water  Arum               363 

Slender                    500 

Umbel-like             335 

Capitate                   250 

Water  Beech              506 

Tea-leaved              502 

Variable                   326 

Creeping                 251 

Water  Elm                 526 

Ward's                     495 

Variegated               307 

Engelmann's          251 

Water  Hemp              591 

Weeping                  496 

Velvet                       304 

Flat-stemmed         255 

Water  Hickory          485 

Whipcord                 497 

Vernal                       335 

Knotted                    248 

Water  Oats                 128 

White                        496 

Walter's                  304 

Large-tubercled     253 

Water  Pepper            560 

Wolffia                        367 

Water                        309 

Matted                      255 

WATER  PLANTAIN 

Wood  Rush             396-8 

Weak  Arctic           338 

Needle                     252 

FAMILY  84 

Woodsia                   10-11 

Weak  Clustered     353 

Ovoid                       251 

Water  Plantain           85 

Woolly  Pipe-vine      541 

White-Bear             329 

Pale                          249 

Water  Thyme              93 

Wormseed                  575 

White-scaled          355 

Purple                      250 

Water-weed                  93 

YAM  FAMILY            446 

Willdenow's           337 

Quadrangular         249 

Waxberry                   488 

Yam-root                    447 

Wood's                    326 

Robbins'                   249 

Wax-myrtle                 488 

YELLOW-EYED 

Woolly                     305 

Slender                    255 

Wheat-grass            227-8 

GRASS  FAMILY  368 

Yellow                      323 

Small-fruited         253 

White  Arrow-arum   362 

Yellow-eyed  Grass  369- 

Yellow-fruited       345 

Three-ribbed          254 

White  Hellebore       408 

370 

Yellowish                292 

Twisted                   253 

White-heart  Hickory 

Yellow  Flag               451 

SELAGINELLA  FAMILY 

White                        254 

486 

YEW  FAMILY              61 

44 

Wolf's                       252 

White  Sage                 581 

Yew,  American           61 

Selaginella                44-5 

Spleenwort             22-26 

White  Walnut        484-5 

Zannichellia                 80 

Sensitive  Fern              9 

Spikenard                   429 

Wild  Ginger               538 

Zizaniopsis                  128 

Serpentary                  540 

Spruce                      54-55 

Wild  Hyacinth          423 

Zygadenus              404-6 

Sheep-sorrel               547 

Stagger-grass             444 

Wild  Onion         413,  415 

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